Mo, D. W.

Mo, D.W., et al. Real Time Measurements of the Energetic Charged Particles and the Loading Ratio (D/Pd). in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Mo, D.W., et al. The Evidence of Nuclear Transmutation Phenomeno in Pd-H System Using NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Mo, W.

Mo, W., et al. Search for Precursor and Charged Particles in "Cold Fusion". in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Moagar-Poladian, G.

Moagar-Poladian, G. A Possible Mechanism For Cold Fusion. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

We describe a mechanism for cold fusion that is able to explain how two hydrogen ions may come close enough so as to fusion as well as many of the different and independent experimental observations made during years of experiments. We present the mechanism, its weak points, the way it explains the respective phenomena and suggest some experiments that may validate further the model described by us. 

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Moffatt, W. G.

Moffatt, W.G., Pd-Li Phase Diagram. 1978: General Electric.

Moir, R. W.

Moir, R.W., Application of Muon-Catalyzed Fusion in Metal Hydrides For Isotope Production. 1989: Los Alamod.

Moizhes, B. Ya.

Moizhes, B.Y., Formation of a compact D2 molecule in interstitial sites - a possible explanation for cold nuclear fusion. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1991. 17: p. 540.

Montereali, R.

Montereali, R., et al. A Novel LiF-Based Detector For X-Ray Imaging In Hydrogen Loaded Ni Films Under Laser Irradiation. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

A novel soft X-ray imaging film detector, based on optically stimulated luminescence of active color centers in lithium fluoride, LiF, has been used to obtain the image of radiation emitted from a nickel film hydride loaded by electrolysis, under light coupling with an He-Ne laser.

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Montereali, R., et al. Lithium Fluoride X-Ray Imaging Film Detectors for Condensed Matter Nuclear Measurements (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Lithium Fluoride, LiF, is a radiation sensitive alkali halide material well known as dosimeter and as active medium in light-emitting devices and lasers. Point defects can be produced in LiF crystals and films by different kinds of radiation. Some of these electronic defects, known as colour centres, are optically active, with broad absorption and emission bands in the visible spectral range. Novel thin-film imaging detectors for soft X-rays, based on photoluminescence from aggregate colour centres in LiF, have been proposed and are
currently under development, successfully extending their operation also in the hard X-ray region, up to 10 keV. Recently their use was proposed and preliminarily tested to obtain
the image of radiation emitted from a nickel film hydride loaded by electrolysis, under light coupling with an He-Ne laser.

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Montgomery, J. R.

Montgomery, J.R., et al. Correlated Nuclear and Thermal Measurements in D/Pd and H/Pd Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Monti, R. A.

Monti, R.A., Low energy nuclear reactions: Experimental evidence for the alpha extended model of the atom. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 131.

Monti, R.A. Nuclear Transmutation Processes of Lead, Silver, Thorium, Uranium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Moon, D.

Moon, D., A Cold Fusion Theory. 1993.

Moon, D., Addendum to "Mechanisms of a disobedient science". Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5/6): p. 89.

Moon, D., Review of a cold fusion theory: Mechanisms of a disobedient science. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(28): p. 33.

Moon, D. The Nucleovoltaic Cell. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Described in this paper is a cold fusion device that is conceptually designed to convert the energy release, from deuteron-deuteron fusion, directly to electricity at an efficiency worthy of commercial development. The working element is an N-type semiconductor which has been coated with a thin film (a few hundred angstroms) of hydrogen-active metal, for example palladium, and which is joined to a P-type semiconductor at the PN-junction. The working element is not an “electrode,” as such, but an “electron pump.”

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Moore, A.

Moore, A., The Comportment of Palladium-Hydrogen System Toward Alternating Electric Current. Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1939. LXXV: p. 237.

Moore, G. A.

Moore, G.A. and D.P. Smith, The Occlusion and Diffusion of Hydrogen in Metals. A. Metallographic Study of Nickel-Hydrogen. Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1937. LXXI: p. 545.

Morgan, J. D.

Morgan, J.D., Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 1990. 93: p. 6115.

Morgan, J.D. and H.J. Monkhurst, Simple model for accurate calculation of Coulomb-barrier penetration factors in molecular fusion rates. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1990. 42(9): p. 5175.

Morioka, S.

Morioka, S., Nuclear fusion triggered by positron annihilation at vacancies in deuterated metals. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107A: p. 2755.

Morrey, J. R.

Morrey, J.R., et al., Measurements of helium in electrolyzed palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 659.

Morrison, D. R. O.

Morrison, D.R.O., A view from CERN. Physics World, 1989. 2: p. 17.

Morrison, D.R.O. Review of Cold Fusion. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Morrison, D.R.O., The Rise And Decline of Cold Fusion. Physics World, 1990: p. 35.

Morrison, D.R.O., Review of cold fusion. Sov. Phys. Usp., 1991. 34: p. 1055.

Morrison, D.R.O., Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by Fleischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 185: p. 498.

Morrison, D.R.O., Review of Progress in Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 48.

Mosier-Boss, P. A.

Mosier-Boss, P.A. and S. Szpak, The Metal Hydrogen System: Interphase Participation in H-Transport. 1995, Naval Control, Command and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 The metal/hydrogen system is a key element in the construction of ecologically preferred energy conversion/storage devices. Although reduced to practice decades ago, its effectiveness requires further examination of a number of issues, among them the role that the electrode/electrolyte interphase plays during the charging/discharging processes. In this communication the following topics are considered: Thermodynamics and kinetics of the structure of the interphase, the identity and components of the driving force(s) for the absorption/desorption of hydrogen, and the discussion of the applicable transport equation. Agreement between theoretical results and observed behavior is illustrated and selected design approaches affecting cell performance are explored.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A. and S. Szpak, The Pd/(n)H system: transport processes and development of thermal instabilities. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112: p. 577.

Summary. -- Surface temperature distribution associated with excess enthalpy production during the codeposition process is presented. The interpretation is sought via the multilayer concept of the electrode/electrolyte interphase. The effect of gas evolution on activities within the interphase is considered.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System (1), ed. S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss. Vol. 1 A Decade of Research at Navy Laboratories. 2002: SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, U.S. Navy.

Twelve years have passed since the announcement on 23 March 1989 by professors Fleischmann and Pons that the generation of excess enthalpy occurs in electrochemical cells when palladium electrodes, immersed in D2O + LiOH electrolyte, are negatively polarized. The announcement, which came to be known as “Cold Fusion,” caused frenzied excitement. In both the scientific and news communities, fax machines were used to pass along fragments of rumor and “facts.” (Yes, this was before wide spread use of the internet. One can only imagine what would happen now.) Companies and individuals rushed to file patents on yet to be proven ideas in hopes of winning the grand prize. Unfortunately, the phenomenon described by Fleischmann and Pons was far from being understood and even factors necessary for repeatability of the experiments were unknown. Over the next few months, the scientific community became divided into the “believers” and the “skeptics.” The “believers” reported the results of their work with enthusiasm that at times overstated the significance of their results. On the other hand, many “skeptics” rejected the anomalous behavior of the polarized Pd/D system as a matter of conviction, i.e., without analyzing the presented material and always asking “where are the neutrons?” Funding for research quickly dried up as anything related to “Cold Fusion” was portrayed as a hoax and not worthy of funding. The term “Cold Fusion” took on a new definition much as the Ford Edsel had done years earlier.
Dr. Frank E. Gordon, Head, Navigation and Applied Sciences Department, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego

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Mosier-Boss, P.A. and M. Fleischmann, Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System (2), ed. S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss. Vol. 2. Simulation of the Electrochemical Cell (ICARUS) Calorimetry. 2002: SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, U.S. Navy.

FOREWORD
The calorimetry of any electrochemical cell involves two types of activities: data collection and data evaluation. The required data are the cell potential–time and cell temperature–time series. The evaluation is based on conservation laws subject to constraints dictated by cell design and the adapted experimental procedure. Volume 2 of this report deals with the modeling and simulation of the Dewar-type calorimeter. It was written by Professor Fleischmann to provide an authoritative discussion of the calorimetry of electrochemical cells. The emphasis is on the interpretation of data and the accuracy of the determination of the excess enthalpy generation via the appropriate selection of heat transfer coefficients. The discussion of the calorimetry of the Dewar-type cells is presented in the form of technical report for a number of reasons,
among them: (i) its length would likely prohibit publication in topical journals, (ii) to clarify misunderstandings regarding the principles of calorimetry as applied to electrochemical cell in general and to the cell employed by Fleischmann and his collaborators, in particular.
S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier–Boss, eds.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al. Pd/D Co-Deposition: Excess Power Generation and Its Origin (paper and PowerPoint slides). in 233rd ACS National Meeting. 2007. Chicago, IL.

Early Pd/D co-deposition experiments demonstrated excess enthalpy, formation of hot spots, emission of low intensity radiation, and production of tritium.
 
Excess enthalpy is generated by highly energetic fast reactions that resemble “mini-explosions”. This view is supported by IR imaging (hot spots) and by the response of the pressure/temperature sensitive substrates (piezoelectric material) onto which the Pd/D films are co-deposited.
 
An external electric/magnetic field changes the shape of the individual globules of the “cauliflower” structure of the Pd/D co-deposited material.
 
New elements are observed that are associated with the morphological features formed by the action of the external E/B fields.
 
Using CR-39 detectors, tracks are obtained that are consistent with both nuclear charged particles and neutron knock-on tracks.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A., S. Szpak, and F. Gordon. Production of High Energy Particles Using the Pd/D Co-Deposition Process (PowerPoint slides). in APS March Meeting. 2007. Denver, CO.

PowerPoint slides from the American Physical Society March 2007 conference.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Use of CR-39 in Pd/D co-deposition experiments. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2007. 40: p. 293-303.

The use of CR-39, a solid state nuclear track detector, to detect the emission of energetic charged particles during Pd/D co-deposition is demonstrated. The pits observed in the CR-39 are attributed to the Pd/D cathode and are not due to radionuclide contamination in the cell components; nor to the impingement of D₂ bubbles on the surface of the CR-39; nor to chemical attack by D2, O2, or Cl2. The features (i.e., optical contrast, shape, and bright spot in the center of the pit) of the pits generated during Pd/D co-deposition are consistent with those observed for pits that are of a nuclear origin.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Detection of Energetic Particles and Neutrons Emitted During Pd/D Co-Deposition, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 311-334.

Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Reply to Comment on 'The Use of CR-39 in Pd/D Co-deposition Experiments': A Response to Kowalski. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2008. 44: p. 287-290.

Earlier we reported, in this journal, that the pits generated in CR-39 detectors during Pd/D co-deposition experiments are consistent with those observed for pits that are of a nuclear origin. Recently, that interpretation has been challenged. In this communication, additional experimental data and further analysis of our earlier results are provided that support our original conclusions.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Triple tracks in CR-39 as the result of Pd–D Co-deposition: evidence of energetic neutrons. Naturwiss., 2008. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0449-x(96): p. 135-142.

Mosier-Boss, P.A., F. Gordon, and L. Forsley, Characterization of Energetic Particles Emitted During Pd/D Co-Deposition for Use in a Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG), in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 119-135.

Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Characterization of tracks in CR-39 detectors obtained as a result of Pd/D Co-deposition. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2009. 46.

Earlier we reported that the pits generated in CR-39 detectors during Pd/D co-deposition experiments are consistent with those observed for pits that are of a nuclear origin. Spacer experiments and track modeling have been done to characterize the properties of the particles that generated the tracks in the CR-39 detectors. The effect of water on the energetics of the particles and their resultant tracks is discussed.

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Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Comparison of Pd/D co-deposition and DT neutron generated triple tracks observed in CR-39 detectors. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2010. 51.

Mueller, D.

Mueller, D. and L.R. Grisham, Nuclear reactions products that would appear if substantial cold fusion occurred. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 379.

Muguet, F. F.

Muguet, F.F. and M.P. Bassez-Muguet, Ab initio computations of one and two hydrogen or deuterium atoms in the palladium tetrahedral site. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 383.

Mukherjee, D.

Mukherjee, D. and A. Wordsworth, Stress relieving of palladium foils, controls its electro-catalytic properties. Tool & Alloy Steels, 1994: p. 323.

Mukhopadhyay, R.

Mukhopadhyay, R., et al., Real time deuterium loading investigation in palladium using neutron diffraction. Solid State Commun., 1990. 75: p. 359.

Muller, W.

Muller, W. and F. Besenbacher, A Note on the 3He+D Nuclear-Reaction Cross Section. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1980. 168: p. 111.

Muromtsev, V.

Muromtsev, V., V. Platonov, and I. Savvatimova. Neutrino-Dineutron Reactions (Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes. Y. Iwamura Effect). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Anomalous elemental changes have been observed on the Pd complexes after D₂ gas permeation. This effect -- effect Y. Iwamura -- belongs to a new category of nuclear reactions. The effect of Y. Iwamura can stimulate development of physics of electromagnetic interaction neutrino including physics of relic neutrino and physics of the dineutrons. It is possible to suggest that low-energy neutrino and even relic neutrino can initiate effect of transmutation in special cases. The suggested hypothesis application about new class ν− nuclear reaction existence can be useful for the problems: alternative energetic, radioactive isotopes reducing and rare isotopes production.

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Murr, L. E.

Murr, L.E., Palladium metallurgy and cold fusion: some remarks. Scr. Metallurg. Mater., 1990. 24: p. 783.

Murthy, T. S.

Murthy, T.S., et al., Tritium Analysis of Samples Obtained from Various Electrolysis Experiments at BARC, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 9.

The report summarises the methodology and techniques adopted for the determination of tritium content in various samples obtained during the initial sets of experiments conducted at Trombay in connection with studies on the feasibility of ‘Cold Fusion’.
 
The analyses were carried out at the Isotope Division and Health Physics Division.

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Musket, G.

Musket, G., Effects of Contamination on the Interaction of H Gas with Pd : A Review. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 45: p. 173.

Myers, S. M.

Myers, S.M., et al., Ion-Beam Studies of Hydrogen-Metal Interactions. J. Nucl. Mater., 1989. 165: p. 9.

Myers, S.M., et al., Search for Cold Fusion in Superstoichiometric Palladium Deuteride Using Ion Implantation. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 263.

Myers, S.M., et al., Superstoichiometry, accelerated diffusion, and nuclear reactions in deuterium-implanted palladium. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 9503.

Nace, D. M.

Nace, D.M. and J.G. Aston, Palladium Hydride. I. The Thermodynamic Properties of Pd2H Between 273 and 345 K. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957. 79: p. 3619.

Nace, D.M. and J.G. Aston, Palladium Hydride. III. The Thermodynamic Study of Pd2H Between 15 and 303Å K. Evidence for the Tetragonal PdH4 Structure in Palladium Hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957. 79: p. 3627.

Nace, D.M. and J.G. Aston, Palladium Hydride. III. The Thermodynamic Study of Pd2H Between 15 and 303 K. Evidence for the Tetragonal PdH4 Structure in Palladium Hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957. 79: p. 3627.

Nagasaki, T.

Nagasaki, T., R. Yamada, and H. Ohno, Ion-driven Permeation and Surface Recombination Coefficients of Deuterium for Silver. J. Nucl. Mater., 1992. 195: p. 324.

Nagel, D. J.

Nagel, D.J., The status of 'cold fusion'. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1998. 51: p. 653.

Nagel, D.J., Fusion Physics and Philosophy. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 137.

INTRODUCTION
 The advancement of science and technology normally occurs through evolutionary research and development. These activities and their fruits, knowledge and capabilities, might be very interesting and useful, but they normally do not challenge our overall view of the world. When something revolutionary comes to light, the potential paradigm shift, then we are forced to examine both our knowledge and our beliefs, which are intertwined. The topic called “cold fusion” caused reexamination of the physics of nuclear reactions and some aspects of the philosophy of science. We will consider these factors after a brief introductory survey of the complex experiments and results reported in the field, and the motivations for continued attention. “Cold fusion” is used here as an accepted label for the arena of interest, and not a statement about whatever processes might be involved.

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Nagel, D.J. and M.A. Imam. Energetics Of Defects And Strains In Palladium. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Pd employed as cathodes in cold fusion experiments contains various defects, each of which has an associated energy.  In principle, some of the energy in Pd due to defects that exist before a cold fusion experiment could be released as apparent excess heat during the experiment.  Energy densities were computed for high concentrations of vacancies, impurities (both substitutional and interstitial atoms), dislocations and grain boundaries, as well as for strains.  It is concluded that pre-existing defects and strains cannot account for the energies released during cold fusion experiments.  Nonetheless, defects may play other supporting or central roles in cold fusion.

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Nagel, D.J. Powers, Materials and Radiations from Low Energy Nuclear Reactions on Surfaces. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.

Nuclear reactions that occur at low kinetic energies produce thermal energy at some rate (powers), nuclear reaction products (materials) and, in some cases, energetic photons or particles (radiations). Experimental evidence indicates that low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) occur on or very near to the surfaces of solid lattices. The rates of such reactions depend on the total area of the lattices in an LENR experiment, the fraction of that area which is active and the number of reactions per area per second. The powers further depend on the energy per reaction. The production rates of materials are related to the masses of the reaction products. And, the fluxes of radiations depend on the fraction of the reactions that produce energetic quanta. These factors are examined in this paper. A simple, but useful graphical method to relate surface areas to output nuclear powers is presented. It is used to make the first estimate of the active fraction of a surface in LENR experiments. Optimization of power outputs from LENR experiments is discussed in relation to the various factors cited above and to past work. The several intersections between LENR and both nano-science and nanotechnology are examined. A new engineering discipline will be required to turn the current science of LENR into practical sources of energy, materials and maybe radiations.

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Nagel, D.J. The Case for LENR At or Near Surfaces: More Experimental Evidence (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.

Introduction and Agenda
 
There is much experimental evidence, which indicates that LENR occur on surfaces of solid materials.
 
Simple equations relate the reaction rates to the surface area, the active fraction & the number of reactions per active area per second.
 
The equations are used to compute energy production rates (power) and the production rates for  nuclear ash or energetic radiations.
 
This talk provides numerical and graphical means to compute power production at surfaces in LENR experiments.

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Nagel, D.J., Scientific Overview of ICCF15. Infinite Energy, 2009(88): p. 21.

The research topic which was first and poorly called “cold fusion” has been of international interest since its beginning in 1989. Hence, a series of International Conferences on Cold Fusion (ICCF) has been held on three continents during the past two decades. In recent years, the topic has come to be viewed as part of the larger field of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science; therefore conferences during the last few years have been called the International Conference on
Condensed Matter Nuclear Science even though the moniker of ICCF has been maintained. At present, the key reactions are often called Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), with the main scientific website on the topic being www.lenr.org. But there remains confusion not only about
what to call the field, but about the several scientific riddles at the heart of the field.

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Nagel, D.J., et al., eds. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF-14). Vol. 1. 2010.

As a result of the empirical knowledge now in hand, it is not unreasonable to imagine safe and green sources of nuclear power for homes, free of carbon emissions, which also will relieve stress on the power grid, because they might be small and distributed. LENR could be the basis for portable nuclear power sources, maybe even batteries. The production of clean drinking water by desalination or by purification of polluted river waters is one of the many, and perhaps the most attractive potential applications of LENR. The world health implications of clean water would be momentous. Those of us who work on the Fleischmann-Pons Effect find it an exciting and challenging field of research with remarkable practical potential. As a scientific effect, it is already historic. It remains to be seen if it will turn out to be a “game changing” practical source of energy. The field is indeed EXCITING NEW SCIENCE and it offers POTENTIAL CLEAN ENERGY.

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Nagel, D.J., et al., eds. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF-14). Vol. 2. 2010.

Proceedings continued from Volume 1.

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Nagel, D.J., Check List for LENR Validation Experiments. 2011, LENR-CANR.org.

Focardi and Rossi demonstrated a boiler device on 14 January 2011, which converted water at about 13°C to steam at 101°C. It was said to involve nuclear reactions between nickel built into the device and input hydrogen gas. An electrical heater in the device consumed about 1000 W at startup. Later, once the reactions started and provided heat, the input power was reduced to about 400 W. Consumption of hydrogen gas was essentially negligible.

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Nager, U.

Nager, U., et al., High Precision Calorimetric Apparatus for Studying Electrolysis Reactions. Rev. Sci. Instr., 1990. 61(5): p. 1504.

Nakada, M.

Nakada, M., et al. A Role of Lithium for the Neutron Emission in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Nakada, M., T. Kusunoki, and M. Okamoto. Energy of the Neutrons Emitted in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Nakamitsu, Y.

Nakamitsu, Y., et al., Study of cold nuclear fusion with electrolysis at low-temperature range. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107: p. 117.

Nakamura, K.

Nakamura, K., T. Kawase, and I. Ogura, Possibility of element transmutation by arcing in water. Kinki Daigaku Genshiryoku Kenkyusho Nenpo, 1996. 33: p. 25 (in Japanese).

Nakamura, K., Y. Kishimoto, and I. Ogura, Element Conversion by Arcing in Aqueous Solution. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 53.

Nakata, T.

Nakata, T., Y. Tsuchida, and K. Kunimatsu. Absorption of Hydrogen into Palladium Foil Electrode: Effect of Thiourea. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Nakata, T., et al. Excess Heat Measurement at High Cathode Loading by Deuterium During Electrolysis of Heavy Water using Pd Cathode. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Nakazawa, M.

Nakazawa, M., et al., Cold fusion and low level neutron measurements. Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi, 1990. 32: p. 114 (In Japanese).

Nakazawa, M., Urtra low-level neutron counting. Hoshasen, 1990. 16(3): p. 8 (in Japanese).

Narita, S.

Narita, S., et al. Gamma Ray Detection and Surface Analysis on Palladium Electrode in DC Glow-like Discharge Experiment. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

We performed glow-like discharge experiments using deuterated palladium cathode in deuterium atmosphere to investigate the possibility of inducing low-energy nuclear reaction. Anomalous gamma ray emissions in the 80 - 230keV region were sometimes observed. It was assumed that a nuclear reaction took place during the experiment, producing short-lived radioisotopes, and these radioisotopes emitted the gamma rays in their decay processes. Elements and their isotopic abundance on the palladium cathodes were investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to find evidence of a nuclear reaction.

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Narita, S., et al. Discharge Experiment Using Pd/CaO/Pd Multi-layered Cathode (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Narita, S., et al. Discharge Experiment Using Pd/CaO/Pd Multi-layered Cathode. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Nassikas, A. A.

Nassikas, A.A. The Cold Fusion as a Space-Time Pumping Process. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Nassisi, V.

Nassisi, V., Incandescent Pd and Anomalous Distribution of Elements in Deuterated Samples Processed by an Excimer Laser. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 14.

Nassisi, V., Transmutation of elements in saturated palladium hydrides by an XeCl excimer laser. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 468.

Nassisi, V. and M.L. Longo, Experimental results of transmutation of elements observed in etched palladium samples by an excimer laser. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 247.

Nassissi, V.

Nassissi, V., Incandescent Pd and Anomalous Distribution of Elements in Deuterated Samples Processed by an Excimer Laser. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 14.

Natter, H.

Natter, H., et al., Hydrogen in nanocrystalline palladium. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 84.

Nayar, M. G.

Nayar, M.G., et al., Preliminary Results Of Cold Fusion Studies Using A Five Module High Current Electrolytic Cell, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 2.

Introduction
In their first cold fusion paper Fleischmann et al. suggested that an electrolytic cell with large volume and surface area and high current density may cause fusion reactions resulting in the production of significant amounts of heat and nuclear particles. The experiments reported in this paper present the results of our early efforts to design and operate a high current modular Pd-Ni electrolytic cell and look for cold fusion reactions.

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Nedospasov, A. V.

Nedospasov, A.V. and E.V. Mudetskaya, Comments on the possible nature of 'cold fusion' phenomena. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 121.

Nefedov, V. I.

Nefedov, V.I., Cold nuclear fusion? Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1991(1): p. 49 (in Russian).

Nezu, S.

Nezu, S. and T. Sano. Measurement of Hydrogen Loading Ratio of Pd Electrodes Cathodically Polarized in Aqueous Solutions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Nicholson, J. P.

Nicholson, J.P., A search for particle emission from a gas-loaded deuterium-palladium system in the alpha-beta phase. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 383.

Niedra, J. M.

Niedra, J.M. and I.T. Myers, Replication of the apparent excess heat effect in light water-potassium carbonate-nickel-electrolytic cell. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(7): p. 62.

ABSTRACT
 
Replication of experiments claiming to demonstrate excess heat production in light water-Ni-K2CO3 electrolytic cells was found to produce an apparent excess heat of 11 W maximum, for 60 W electrical power into the cell. Power gains ranged from 1.06 to 1.68. The cell was operated at four different dc current levels plus one pulsed current run at 1 Hz, 10% duty cycle. The 28 liter cell used in these verification tests was on loan from a private corporation whose own tests with similar cells are documented to produce 50 W steady excess heat for a continuous period exceeding hundreds of days. The apparent excess heat can not be readily explained either in terms of nonlinearity of the cell's thermal conductance at a low temperature differential or by thermoelectric heat pumping. However, the present data do admit efficient recombination of dissolved hydrogen-oxygen as an ordinary explanation. Calorimetry methods and heat balance calculations for the verification tests are described. Considering the large magnitude of benefit if this effect is found to be a genuine new energy source, a more thorough investigation of evolved heat in the nickel-hydrogen system in both electrolytic and gaseous loading cells remains warranted.

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Nigmatulin, R. I.

Nigmatulin, R.I., R.P. Taleyarkhan, and R.T. Lahey, Evidence for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation revisited. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A J. Power Eng., 2004. 218.

Nigmatulin, R.I., et al., Theory of supercompression of vapor bubbles and nanoscale thermonuclear fusion. Phys. Fluids, 2005. 17.

Nimtz, G.

Nimtz, G. and P. Marquardt, A proposal for a lukewarm nuclear fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 518.

Nishimiya, N.

Nishimiya, N., et al., Hyperstoichiometric Hydrogen Occlusion by Palladium Nanoparticles Included in NaY Zeolite. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2001. 319: p. 312.

Nishizawa, K.

Nishizawa, K., Radiation Protection Aspects of cold fusion. Hoken Butsuri, 1990. 25: p. 288 (in Japanese).

Nishizawa, K., Neutron measurements in cold fusion. Hoshasen, 1991. 17(1): p. 4 (in Japanese).

Noble, G.

Noble, G., J. Dash, and L. McNasser. Electrolysis of Heavy Water with a Palladium and Sulfate Composite. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Nohmi, T.

Nohmi, T., et al. Basic Research On Condensed Matter Nuclear Reaction Using Pd Powders Charged With High Density Deuterium. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

We have constructed an experimental system to replicate the phenomenon of heat and ⁴He generation by D₂ gas absorption in nano-sized Pd powders reported by Arata, and to investigate the underlying physics. We performed calorimetry during D₂ or H₂ absorption with micronized powders of Si, Pd and Pd-black. With D₂, after the palladium deuteride formed, the cell produced 8.3 ±4.5 kJ (or 2.6 ±1.4 kJ/g), which is somewhat larger than the systematic error of 4.0 kJ estimated from an H₂ blank.

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Nomura, K.

Nomura, K. and E. Akiba, Trial of nuclear fusion. Busshitsu Kogaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku, 1994. 2(4): p. 439 (in Japanese).

none

none, 'New Physics' finds a haven at the patent office. Science, 1999. 284: p. 1252.

Noninski, V. C.

Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, Comments on 'measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and power in electrochemical cells having palladium cathodes'. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 579.

Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, Determination of the excess energy obtained during the electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 364.

Noninski, V.C., Excess heat during the electrolysis of a light water solution of K2CO3 with a nickel cathode. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 163.

Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, Notes on two papers claiming no evidence for the existence of excess energy during the electrolysis of 0.1M LiOD/D2O with palladium cathodes. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 474.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on a possible gamma-ray emission caused by a chemical process. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 201.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on claimed beta-particle emission decay. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 317.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on claimed transmutation of elements caused by a chemical process. J. Sci. Expl., 1996. 10: p. 249.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, On an experimental curiosity that if undetected may lead to erroneous far-reaching conclusions. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 248.

Norberg, R. E.

Norberg, R.E., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Hydrogen Absorbed into Palladium Wire. Phys. Rev., 1952. 86: p. 745.

Norberg, R.E., Nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen absorbed into palladium wires. Phys. Rev., 1952. 86(5): p. 745.

Nordemann, D. J. R.

Nordemann, D.J.R., Cold fusion and geophysics: the current situation. Mineracao Metalurgia, 1989. 53: p. 51 (in Portuguese).

Nordlander, P.

Nordlander, P., et al., Multiple deuterium occupancy of vacancies in Pd and related metals. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40: p. 1990.

Notoya, R.

Notoya, R. and M. Enyo. Excess Heat Production in Electrolysis of Potassium Carbonate Solution with Nickel Electrodes. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Notoya, R. Alkali-Hydrogen Cold Fusion Accompanied by Tritium Production on Nickel. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Notoya, R., Cold fusion by electrolysis in a light water-potassium carbonate solution with a nickel electrode. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 202.

Notoya, R., Current status of cold fusion research. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1993. 39(9): p. 34 (in Japanese).

Notoya, R., Y. Noya, and T. Ohnishi, Tritium generation and large excess heat evolution by electrolysis in light and heavy water-potassium carbonate solutions with nickel electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 179.

Notoya, R. Nuclear Products of Cold Fusion Caused by Electrolysis in Alkali Metallic Ions Solutions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Notoya, R., Cold fusion arising from hydrogen evolution reaction on active metals in alkali metallic ions' solutions. Environ. Res. Forum, 1996. 1-2: p. 127.

Notoya, R., Low Temperature Nuclear Change of Alkali Metallic Ions Caused by Electrolysis. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 39.

Notoya, R., T. Ohnishi, and Y. Noya, Nuclear Reaction Caused by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water Solutions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 40.

Notoya, R., T. Ohnishi, and Y. Noya. Products of Nuclear Processes Caused by Electrolysis on Nickel and Platinum Electrodes in Solutions of Alkali-Metallic Ions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Nowicka, E.

Nowicka, E. and R. Du‱s, H2 dissociative adsorption on palladium hydride and titanium hydride surfaces: Evidence for weakly bound state of hydrogen adatoms. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 506.

NREL

NREL, Energy Overview from NREL. 2006, NREL. p. 17.

This document has no connection to cold fusion, but it is valuable public domain information, it is no longer in print, and it does not appear to be available elsewhere on the Internet.
 Pages 2 – 16 are from the U.S. DoE Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (NREL), Hydrogen Program Plan--FY 1993--FY 1997, June 1992, Appendixes A and C.
 Page 17 shows a graph published by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2001. The graph shows that most energy is lost as “rejected energy” (waste heat), especially in Electricity generation (70% waste) and Transportation (80% waste). Better technology would greatly reduce this waste. Most generators convert only 33% of the heat from burning coal or gas into electricity; advanced generators convert 40%. Most automobiles convert only 15% of the heat from gasoline into useful vehicle propulsion; hybrid and electric automobiles convert 30% or more. This graph is based on the DoE Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review. This review is an excellent, comprehensive source of online information. See:
 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html

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Numata, H.

Numata, H., et al. Neutron Emission and Surface Observation During a Long-Term Evolution of Deuterium on Pd in 0.1 M LiOD. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Numata, H. and I. Ohno. In situ potentio, resisto and dilatomic measurement of repeated hydrogen absorption in Pd electrode by electrochemical cathodic loading method. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Numata, H. and M. Fukuhara, Low-temperature elastic anomalies and heat generation of deuterated palladium. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 300.

Numata, H. and I. Ohno, In Situ Potentiometric, Resistance, and Dilatometric Measurements of Palladium Electrodes During Repeated Electrochemical Hydrogen Absorption. Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 206.

Numata, H. and M. Ban. Magnetic Interaction Of Hypothetical Particles Moving Beneath The Electrode/Electrolyte Interface To Elucidate Evolution Mechanism Of Vortex Appeared On Pd Surface After Long-Term Evolution Of Deuterium In 0.1M LiOD. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Nygren, L. A.

Nygren, L.A. and R.G. Leisure, Elastic Constants of a'-Phase PdHx Over the Temperature Range 4-300K. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1988. 37: p. 6482.

Nygren, L.A. and R.G. Leisure, Hydrogen hopping rates and hydrogen-hydrogen interactions in PdHx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 11: p. 7611.

Oates, W. A.

Oates, W.A. and T.B. Flanagan, Formation of Nearly Stoichiometric Palladium-Hydrogen Systems. Nature Phys. Sci., 1971. 231: p. 19.

Oates, W.A. and T.B. Flanagan, Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen in Palladium and its Alloys under Conditions of Constant Volume. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1977. 1(73): p. 993.

Ochiai, K.

Ochiai, K., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiments in Metal Foils Implanted with Deutron Beams. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Ochiai, K., et al. Measurement of High-Energetic Particles from Titanium Sheets Implanted with Deuterium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Ogawa, H.

Ogawa, H., et al. Correlation of Excess Heat and Neutron Emission in Pd-Li-D Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

To investigate the dominant factors that allow a reproducible nuclear reaction in D-Pd systems, the initial electric resistance and the hardness of the Pd cathode have been examined for excess heat generation and the excess neutron emission in LiOD-Pd electrolysis cells. Two background (control) runs and one foreground run with the Pd cathode of high electric resistance and high hardness gave no nuclear effects, while one foreground run with low electric resistance and low hardness gave appreciable excess neutron emission and the excess heat generation. Reversed correlation was found between the two nuclear effects.

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Oguro, K.

Oguro, K., Hydrogen absorbing alloys and low-temperature nuclear fusion. Zairyo, 1990. 39(437): p. 228 (in Japanese).

Oh, H. K.

Oh, H.K., Some observatins on the cavity of creation for cold fusion and the generation of heat. J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 1999. 94: p. 60.

Ohashi, H.

Ohashi, H. and T. Morozumi, Decoding of thermal data in Fleischmann & Pons paper. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1989. 26(7): p. 729.

Ohmori, T.

Ohmori, T., et al., Ex situ observation of electrochemically hydrogenated palladium using a scanning tunneling microscope. Chem. Lett., 1991. 1991: p. 96.

Ohmori, T. and M. Enyo. Excess Heat Production during Electrolysis of H2O on Ni, Au, Ag and Sn Electrodes in Alkaline Media. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Ohmori, T. and M. Enyo, Excess heat evolution during electrolysis of H2O with nickel, gold, silver, and tin cathodes. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 293.

Ohmori, T. and M. Enyo, Iron Formation in Gold and Palladium Cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 15.

ABSTRACT
 Investigation of some reaction products possibly produced by electrolyzing with Au and Pd electrodes in Na2SO4, K2CO3, and KOH light water solutions was made. The electrolysis was performed for 7 days with a constant current of 1 A. After the electrolysis the elements accumulated in the electrode were analyzed by means of AES. In every case a notable amount of Fe atoms were detected together with a certain amount of excess energy evolution, being in the range of 9 x 10¹⁵ to 1.8 x 10¹⁶ atoms/cm² for Au and of 1.2 x 10¹⁵ to 4.0 x 10¹⁶ atoms/cm² for Pd. The isotopic abundance of these Fe atoms was measured by means of SIMS, which was 6.5, 77.5, and 14.5% for ⁵⁴Fe, ⁵⁶Fe and ⁵⁷Fe, respectively, at the top surface of Au electrode, obviously different from the natural values. For Pd electrode, a considerable increase in the contents of ⁵⁴Fe and ⁵⁷Fe was observed.

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Ohmori, T., T. Mizuno, and M. Enyo, Isotopic distributions of heavy metal elements produced during the light water electrlysis on gold electrodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 90.

Ohmori, T., T. Mizuno, and M. Enyo, Isotopic distributions of heavy metal elements produced during the light water electrolysis on gold electrodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 90.

Ohmori, T., et al., Low temperature nuclear transmutation forming iron on/in gold electrode during light water electrolysis. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1997. 22: p. 459.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Nuclear transmutation occurring in the electrolysis on several metal electrodes. Curr. Topics Electrochem., 1997. 5: p. 37.

Ohmori, T., et al., Transmutation in the electrolysis of lightwater - excess energy and iron production in a gold electrode. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 210.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Excess energy evolution and transmutation. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 14.

Ohmori, T., et al., Nuclear transmutation reaction occurring during the light water electrolysis on Pd electrode. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 35.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno. Strong Excess Energy Evolution, New Element Production, and Electromagnetic Wave and/or Neutron Emission in the Light Water Electrolysis with a Tungsten Cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Ohmori, T., et al., Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 367.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Nuclear transmutation reaction caused by light water electrolysis on tungsten cathode under incandescent conditions. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(27): p. 34.

Ohmori, T., Reply to 'Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system''. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 243.

Ohmori, T., Letter to the Editor: 'Reply to 'Comments on "Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system". Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 274.

Ohmori, T., Recent development in solid state nuclear transmutation occurring by the electrolysis. Curr. Topics Electrochem., 2000. 7: p. 101.

Ohms, D.

Ohms, D., D. Rahner, and K. Wiesener, Kernfusion in einer Elektrolysezelle?" ("Nuclear fusion in an electrolysis cell?"). Mitteilungsblatt - Chem. Ges. DDR, 1989. 36: p. 151 (in German).

Ohta, M.

Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Possible Mechanisms of Coherent Multibody Fusion. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis on nuclear transmutation by MPIF/SCS method. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis of Nuclear Transmutation Induced from Metal Plus Multibody-Fusion-Products Reaction. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Nuclear transmutation is analyzed by the selective channel scission model. The fission product yields for Pd plus a or 8Be reactions are calculated as secondary reactions of the multi-body fusion. And an anomalous isotopic ratio of Fe, which is reported by many researchers, is also analyzed and the analytical result shows good consistency with experimental results.

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Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis Of Nuclear Transmutation Induced From Metal Plus Multibody-Fusion-Products, Reaction (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ICCF-10 PowerPoint presentation.

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Ohta, T.

Ohta, T., Is cold fusion possible? A proposal of the concept of "surfusion. Hyomen Kagaku, 1989. 10(11): p. 896 (in Japanese).

Oka, Y.

Oka, Y., S. Koshizuka, and S. Kondo, D2O-fueled fusion power reactor using electrochemically induced deuterium-deuterium D-Dn, D-Dp and deuterium-tritium reactions - preliminary design of a reactor system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 263.

Oka, Y., S. Koshizuka, and S. Kondo, Electrochemically induced deuterium-tritium fusion power reactor - preliminary design of a reactor system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 260.

Okabe, S.

Okabe, S., Some new scientific fields related to exoelectron emission and fracto-emission. Poverkhnost, 1993(7): p. 34.

Okamoto, H.

Okamoto, H. and S. Nezu. Measurements of Hydrogen Loading Ratio of Pd Anodes Polarized in LiH-LiCl-KCl Molten Salt Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Okamoto, H., et al. Approach to Obtain Higher Deuterium Loading Ratios of Palladium Cathodes. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Okamoto, M.

Okamoto, M., et al. Behavior of Key Elements in Pd for the Solid State Nuclear Phenomena Occurred in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Okamoto, M., et al. Excess Heat Generation, Voltage Deviation, and Neutron Emission in D2O-LiOD Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Okamoto, M., et al., Excess Heat Generation, Voltage Deviation, and Neutron Emission in D2O-LiOD Systems. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 176.

ABSTRACT
To elucidate the mechanism of the excess heat generation (EHG), the correlation of the EHG with the nuclear effects, especially the excess neutron emission (ENE), and electrochemical effects, especially the cell voltage (CV) change, is discussed based on the data obtained in a series of electrolysis of heavy water or light water in D₂(H₂)O-LiOD(H)-Pd systems.

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Okoye, S.

Okoye, S., Cold Fusion, The Unlimited Energy Source: A Myth Or Reality?, in NigeriaWorld. 2005.

Olayo, M. G.

Olayo, M.G., et al., Absorption of deuterium in titanium plates induced by electric discharges. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998. 23: p. 885.

Oleari, L.

Oleari, L. On the Probability of Collisions of the Nuclei in H2 and D2 Molecules. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Olemskoj, A. I.

Olemskoj, A.I. and E.A. Toropov, On the fluctuation theory of cold fusion. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1990. 35(11): p. 1619 (in Russian).

Oliphant, M. L.

Oliphant, M.L., P. Harteck, and Rutherford, Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen. Nature (London), 1934. 133: p. 413.

Olofsson, G.

Olofsson, G., I. Wadsoe, and L. Eberson, Design and testing of a calorimeter for measurements on electrochemical reactions with gas evolution. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1991. 23: p. 95.

Ono, H.

Ono, H., et al., Absorption and desorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium. Denki Tsushin Daigaku Kiyo, 1991. 4: p. 235 (in Japanese).

Oppenheimer, J. R.

Oppenheimer, J.R. and M. Phillips, Note on the Transmutation Function for Deuterons. Phys. Rev., 1935. 48: p. 500.

Oriani, R. A.

Oriani, R.A., et al., Calorimetric measurements of excess power output during the cathodic charging of deuterium into palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 652.

A Seebeck-effect calorimeter was used to establish that generation of energy, in excess of the electrical energy input, can occur during the electrolysis of D₂O. The magnitude of the excess power is measured with respect to the electrolysis of H₂O as the baseline. The excess power levels of >60 W/cm³ palladium and excess energies of 74 kJ cannot be un­derstood in terms of recombination of D₂ and O₂ within the calorimeter, other chemical reactions, or a storage-and-relaxation mechanism.

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Oriani, R.A. The Physical and Metallurgical Aspects of Hydrogen in Metals (translation into Chinese). in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Translated by W.-S. Zhang.

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Oriani, R.A. The Physical and Metallurgical Aspects of Hydrogen in Metals. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
To attempt to optimize the anomalous phenomena that today go under the label “cold fusion” the experimentalist should be aware of the many aspects of the behavior of hydrogen in metals and of its entry into and egress from metals.  This paper discusses the equilibrium characteristics of the isotopes of hydrogen in metals.  The first section discusses the thermodynamics of the terminal solutions of metal-hydrogen systems including the enthalpies of solutions, H-H interactions, effect of third elements, distribution of isotopes between the phases, site occupation, and the molar volume of hydrogen in metallic solutions.

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Oriani, R.A. A Brief Survey of Useful Information About Hydrogen in Metals. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

introduction
            Because cold fusion phenomena are notoriously erratic, and the parameters necessary to obtain reproducible and consistent results are poorly understood it is important to be aware of what is known about the state of hydrogen in metals and of the dynamics of its entry into and release from a metal.  This short paper cannot do more than indicate some of the important areas; the interested reader can obtain more information by reading the references (1-3).

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Oriani, R.A., An investigation of anomalous thermal power generation from a proton-conducting oxide. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 281.

Abstract
A high-temperature Seebeck effect calorimeter, in which the thermoelectric emf across a large-area enveloping thermopile is a measure of the heat flux from a power source, has been constructed to examine the claimed generation of excess thermal energy from a proton-conducting oxide immersed in deuterium gas. The claim has been confirmed in a few experiments out of many unsuccessful ones.

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Oriani, R.A., Anomalous heavy atomic masses produced by electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 76.

Oriani, R.A. Anomalous Heavy Atomic Masses Produced by Electrolysis. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

abstract
            By applying to electrolysis cathodes a technique that produces essentially only oxides that are volatile at room temperature, spectroscopically determined masses between 222 and 351 are found that cannot be ascribed to known compounds.  In particular the masses found between 231 and 240 AMU cannot be ascribed to random signals but do correspond to CO2 the carbon of which is a neutron-rich nuclide as predicted by a recent theory of polyneutron nuclear reactions.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher, Generation of Nuclear Tracks during Electrolysis. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41: p. 6180-6183.

PLEASE NOTE! The printer made a major error in this paper. The version in our library is correct. The abstract begins:
 We show that energetic charged particles are produced during electrolysis of a D2O solution of Li2SO4 in a cell with a platinum anode and a palladium cathode. CR-39 plastic detectors, designed for recording alpha particles from radon decay, were immersed in the electrolyte during electrolysis. They recorded significantly larger numbers of energetic particle tracks than were recorded by control detectors not subject to electrolysis. Statistical analysis shows only a 3 * 10^-6 probability that the electrolysis tracks and the control tracks could have arisen from a common population. We conclude that there is a causal relationship between electrolysis and the production of energetic charged particles. Because track formation requires particle energies substantially greater than thermal or electrochemical energies it seems inescapable that a nuclear reaction was responsible.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Detection of Energetic Charged Particles During Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

By the use of Cr-39 particle track detectors immersed in the electrolyte, we confirm that a nuclear reaction of as-yet unknown nature can take place during electrolysis.  With Li₂SO₄ dissolved in D₂O or H₂O and either Pd or Ni as cathodes, a very large statistical difference in nuclear track generation is found between detector chips immersed during electrolysis and the control chips immersed in similar solutions not subjected to electrolysis.  The probability that the electrolysis tracks and the control tracks could have by chance arisen from a common population is 2.5 x 10-5, 1.2 x 10-6, and 5.8 x 10-4 for the systems Pd/D₂O, Pd/H₂O, and Ni/D₂O, respectively.  We conclude that there is a causal relationship between electrolysis and energetic charged particles and that neither Pd nor D₂O is essential for the generation of a nuclear reaction.  Some implications for theoretical considerations are presented.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Energetic Charged Particles Produced in the Gas Phase by Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

abstract
            CR-39 plastic detector chips suspended in the vapor over the electrolytic solution during electrolysis record the tracks of highly energetic charged particles.  The probability that the track densities found in these detector chips and the generally smaller track densities found in controls belong to a common population is 3 x 10^-10 by the Mann-Whitney statistical test.  It is therefore concluded that a nuclear reaction that originates in the vapor phase can accompany electrolysis.  Occasionally huge numbers of nuclear tracks are recorded by detector chips in the vapor over active electrolysis cells.  One such experiment is analyzed in which two contiguous detector chips recorded approximately 40,000 tracks.  Analysis of track orientations shows that the shower of charged particles originated in a compact source in the vapor between the chips at about 2 mm from one of the chips.  A new type of nuclear reaction is indicated. 

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Energetic particle shower in the vapor from electrolysis. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Approximately 40,000 energetic charged particles were recorded in a pair of plastic detector chips suspended in the vapor over an active electrolysis cell. Particle track locations and orientations were revealed by examining the etch pits produced by chemical etching. Analysis of track orientations indicates that the shower originated in a compact source in the vapor between the chips. The total magnitude of the shower is estimated to have been 150,000 particles and its duration is estimated to have been a few seconds. A previously unknown type of nuclear reaction is indicated.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Nuclear reactions produced in an operating electrolysis cell. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

We report the results of experiments in which CR-39 plastic particle-detection chips were exposed in various environments within and surrounding operating electrolysis cells. Because CR-39 detectors record only particles with energies in excess of about 0.2 MeV the detected particles must have arisen in nuclear reactions. Evidence for such reactions was found in deuterium gas behind a palladium cathode that served as part of the cell enclosure, in air behind a similarly disposed nickel cathode, in air beyond the glass wall of the electrolysis cell, and in oxygen gas above the anode when anode and cathode were placed in separate arms of a U-tube cell. These results, augmented by earlier work indicating nuclear reactions within the electrolyte and in the hydrogen-oxygen gas over the electrolyte, cannot be understood in terms of conventional nuclear theory.

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Oriani, R.A. Reproducible Evidence For The Generation Of A Nuclear Reaction During Electrolysis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Past work in this laboratory has shown that nuclear particles generated during electrolysis can be registered by CR39 plastic detectors held within the electrolyte solution, suspended in the vapor above the solution, or placed just below the metal cathode that serves as the bottom of the electrolyte compartment of the electrolysis cell. However, not every electrolysis experiment produced nuclear particles so that total reproducibility was not achieved. Therefore another experimental technique has been developed which has shown the generation of nuclear particles in each of twenty five consecutive electrolysis experiments using heavy or light water solutions of lithium salts. The damage trails caused by the nuclear particles are made visible by etching in hot concentrated caustic solution, and the electrolysis experiments are accompanied by suitable blank, or control, experiments. The damage trails begin either at the surface of the CR39 chip that faces toward the electrolyte, at the opposite surface, or totally within the 0.83 mm thickness of the plastic detectors. It is demonstrated that the nuclear damage trails could not have been caused by ordinary radionuclides contaminating anything involved in the experimental procedure. The described phenomena pose a formidable challenge to nuclear theory.

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Osman, F.

Osman, F., et al., Supporting the Josephson Interpretation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Stabilization of Nuclear Waste. Am. J. Applied Sci. 2, 2005. 6: p. 1049-1057.

Abstract: Brian Josephson appealed at the meeting of the Nobel Laureates July 2004 against the ignorance of physicist to the phenomenon of cold fusion. Though there are good reasons against many publications to this topic but not to all what was reported. It seems to be indicated to summarize the following serious, reproducible and confirmed observations on reactions of protons or deuterons incorporated in host metals such as palladium, nickel and other metals. We underline the confusing discovery by Cockroft and Oliphant with the anomalously low energy for nuclear reactions which was hundred times lower than in the usual cases when smashing nuclei against their Coulomb potential. A similar unexpected result was that of Otto Hahn’s-the chemist!-discovery of fission that had changed the world. A significant result for cold fusion was seen in gaseous atmosphere or discharges between palladium targets, rather significant and fully reproducible, e.g. from the “life after death” heat production of such high values per host atom that only nuclear reactions can be involved. This supports the earlier evaluation of neutron generation in fully reversible experiments with gas discharges hinting that a reasonable screening effect-preferably in the swimming electron layer-may lead to reactions at nuclear distances d of picometers with reaction probability times U of about megaseconds similar to the K-shell capture radioactivity. Further electrolytic experiments led to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) where the involvement of pollution could be excluded from the generation of very seldom rare earth elements. A basically new theory for DD cross sections is used to confirm the picometer-megasecond reactions of cold fusion. Other theoretical aspects are given from measured heavy element distributions similar to the standard abundance distribution, SAD, in the Universe with consequences on endothermic heavy nuclei generation, magic numbers and to quarkgluon plasmas. One application may be the elimination of long lived nuclear waste by transmutation into stable nuclei.

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Osterwalder, J.

Osterwalder, J. and L. Schlapbach, Unoccupied Electronic States in Cerium Hydrides. Physica B, 1985. 130: p. 524.

Ota, K.

Ota, K., et al. Heat Production at the Heavy Water Electrolysis Using Mechanically Treated Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Ota, K., et al. Heat Measurement of Water Electrolysis Using Pd Cathode and the Electrochemistry. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Ota, K., H. Yoshitake, and N. Kamiya, Present status of cold fusion. Hyomen Kagaku, 1993. 14(9): p. 570 (in Japanese).

Ota, K., et al. Effect of Boron for the Heat Production at the Heavy Water Electrolysis using Palladium Cathodes. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Ota, K. and T. Kobayashi, Cold fusion and calorimetry. Netsu Sokutei, 1997. 24(3): p. 138 (Japan., Engl. abstr.).

Ota, K., et al., Effect of boron for the heat production during the heavy water electrolysis using palladium cathode. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 26.

Ota, K., et al. Heat Measurement During the Heavy Water Electrolysis using Pd Cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Ota, K., et al. Some Experimental Results on Heat Measurement During Water Electrolysis. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Oya, Y.

Oya, Y., et al. Hydrogen Isotope Effect Induced by Neutron Irradiation in Pd-LiOD(H) Electrolysis. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Oya, Y., et al. Material Conditions to Replicate the Generation of Excess Energy and the Emission of Excess Neutrons. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
The key parameters for occurrence of the anomalous phenomena, especially excess heat generation and emission of excess neutrons, have been investigated through a series of electrolytic experiments in Pd-LiOD(H) systems. Seven key parameters are identified. In the present work, a series of systematic experiments has been carried out with some param­eters fixed. By controlling the key parameters completely, the anomalous phenomena with appreciable correlation between the excess heat generation and the excess neutron emission can be replicated successfully.

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Oya, Y., et al. The Role of Alkaline Ions in Dynamic Movement of Hydrogen Isotopes in Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

ABSTRACT
 Electrolysis in Pd-LiOD(H), NaOD(H) and KOD(H) systems was carried out to clarify the specific role of the lithium for tremendously high density and the dynamic movement of the deuterium on the surface of the Pd cathode. Only for LiOD system with pulse mode current electrolysis, anomalous high density of deuterium and lithium and the dynamic movement of deuterium are observed on the surface of the Pd cathode. A clear difference in absorption, desorption and depth profiles between LiOD(H) and NaOD(H) or KOD(H) system with the pulse mode current electrolysis is identified. This difference is at­tributed to the lithium accumulation structure on the Pd surface; only the pulse mode current electrolysis of Pd-LiOD system brings about the anomalous phenomena.

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Oyama, N.

Oyama, N., et al., Electrochemical calorimetry of D2O electrolysis using a palladium cathode - an undivided, open cell system -. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1990. 63: p. 2659.

Oyama, N., et al., Probing absorption of deuterium into palladium cathodes during D2O electrolysis with an in situ electrochemical microbalance technique. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1990. 29(5): p. L818.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 The in situ observation of the absorption of deuterium (or hydrogen) into the Pd cathode during D2O (or H2O) electrolysis was made by an electrochemical microbalance technique which is based on the quartz-crystal electrode. The resonant frequency of the Pd-coated quartz-crystal electrode decreased with increasing amount of charge passed during electrolysis, and the frequency change for the D2O electrolysis was about twice that for the H2O electrolysis. The atom ratios of H/Pd and D/Pd of the H-Pd and D-Pd compounds resulting from the electrolysis were estimated to be 0.59 and 0.57, respectively.

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Oyama, N. and O. Hatozaki, Present and future of cold fusion - nuclear fusion induced by electrochemical reaction. Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 60: p. 220 (in Japanese).

Oyama, N., et al. Electrochemical Calorimetry of D2O Electrolysis Using a Palladium Cathode in a Closed Cell System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Oyama, N., N. Yamamoto, and T. Tatsuma. In-Situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Studies of Water Electrolysis at a Palladium Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Oyama, N., et al. In situ interferometric microscopy of Pd electrode surfaces and calorimetry during electrolysis of D2O solution containing sulfur ion. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Oyama, Y.

Oyama, Y., Very low level flux neutron measurement with an NE213 liquid scintillator. Hoshasen, 1990. 16: p. 15 (in Japanese).

Ozdemir, P.

Ozdemir, P., The Energy Release Mechanism of Newley-Formed Alpha Bosons in a Quantum Crystal Lattice. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 45.

Packham, N. J. C.

Packham, N.J.C., et al., Production of tritium from D2O electrolysis at a palladium cathode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 270: p. 451.

INTRODUCTION
In the present communication, we report data that may be relevant to the phenomenon of room temperature fusion. It is the contention of the authors that the alleged phenomenon is better characterized by the production of nuclear particles than by the measurement of bursts of heat. Here, we describe the observation of tritium produced in eleven D₂O electrolysis cells at levels 10²-10⁵ times above that expected from the normal isotopic enrichment of electrolysis. Particular attention has been paid to possible sources of contamination.

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Page, W. S.

Page, W.S. and D. Page. Two-dimensional Proton Conductors. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Palamalai, A.

Palamalai, A., et al., Preliminary experimental studies on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium. Trans. SAEST, 1990. 25: p. 73.

Paleschi, V.

Paleschi, V., et al., A plasma model of the process of cold nuclear fusion in metals. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 148: p. 345.

Palibroda, E.

Palibroda, E. and P. Gluck, Cold nuclear fusion in thin foils of palladium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1991. 154: p. 153.

Paneth, F.

Paneth, F. and K. Peters, On the transmutation of hydrogen into helium. Ber., 1926. 59: p. 2039 (in German).

Paneth, F. and K. Peters, On the transmutation of hydrogen to helium. Naturwiss., 1926. 43: p. 956 (in German).

Paneth, F., K. Peters, and P. Guenther, On the transmutation of hydrogen into helium. Ber., 1927. 60: p. 808 (in German).

Paneth, F., The transmutation of hydrogen into helium. Nature (London), 1927. 119: p. 706.

Paolo, P.

Paolo, P., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.

Pappas, P. T.

Pappas, P.T. The Electrically Induced Nuclear Fusion in a living Cell. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Para, A. F.

Para, A.F., et al., Neutron Monitoring and Related Measurements During Electrolysis of Heavy Water with Palladium and Titanium Cathodes: Activity Report. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 131.

Parish, T. A.

Parish, T.A., R.T. Perry, and W.B. Wilson, Neutron sources and spectra from cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 479.

Park, A. E.

Park, A.E., Some thoughts on a simple mechanism for the 2H + 2H --> 4He cold fusion reaction. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 319.

Park, R. L.

Park, R.L., The Cold Fusion Story Has Been an Object Lesson on Why Science Flourishes Only in the Open. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989: p. A44.

Park, R.L., Voodoo Science. 2000, New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 211 pages.

Park, Y. W.

Park, Y.W., et al., The observation of 2.2 MeV gamma-rays in an electrochemical cell. Sae Mulli, 1989. 29: p. 231.

Parmenter, R. H.

Parmenter, R.H. and W.E. Lamb, Cold fusion in metals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1989. 86: p. 8614.

Parmenter, R.H. and W.E. Lamb, Cold fusion in palladium: a more realistic calculation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1990. 87: p. 8652.

Parmenter, R.H. and W.E. Lamb, More cold fusion in metals: corrected calculations and other considerations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1990. 87: p. 3177.

Parmenter, R.H., A possible scenario for the onset of cold fusion in deuterated metals. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 41.

It is suggested that a pair of deuterons in a deuterated metal may resonant-tunnel through the Coulomb barrier separating them and form a helium isomer characterized by L = 1, S = 1 and odd parity. . . .

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Parmenter, R.H., Enhancement of Cold Fusion Processes in Palladium by Catalytic Agents. Infinite Energy, 2002. 8(43): p. 66.

The process of fusion of a pair of deuterons into an α parti­cle in palladium metal can be enhanced by the presence of free protons. The process of fusion of lithium 6 and a deuteron into a pair of α particles can be enhanced by the presence of free neutrons. . . .

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Parmigiani, F.

Parmigiani, F. and P.G. Sona, Theoretical considerations on the cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(6): p. 913.

Paseka, I.

Paseka, I. and J. Vondrak, Cold nuclear fusion. Chem. Listy, 1990. 84: p. 897 (in Czech).

Passell, T. O.

Passell, T.O. Overview and Status of the EPRI Program on Deuterated Metals. in ASME Joint International Power Generation Conference. 1994. Phoenix, AZ.

Passell, T.O. Charting the Way Forward in the EPRI Research Program on Deuterated Metals. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Passell, T.O., Radiation data reported by Wolf at Texas A&M as transmitted by T. Passell. 1995, EPRI.

ABSTRACT
 Three cells were electrolyzed in series at constant low current 42 days near a neutron detector of low background (40 counts/hr) using a protocol of adding boron and aluminum at 0.001 molar to the 0.1 molar LiOD electrolyte at ~18^th day. Cathodes were loaded with deuterium at a few 10’s of milliamps/cm2, with a 12-hour cryogenic treatment at day 17. Cathodes were sanded and replaced in the cell every 7 days. On the ~21^st & 22^nd days two successive fast neutron episodes were observed at about 2 times background. The neutron detector is minimally sensitive to gamma rays but gammas were observed near the end of the 20-hour neutron episode. When the cells were dismantled in late Sept 1992, all three cathodes (6 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were observed to be mildly radioactive. Analysis by germanium gamma detectors revealed presence of 100 billion atoms of Ag, Pd, Rh, and (one) Ru isotopes having ratios unlike those from bombardment by high-energy deuteron or proton beams.

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Passell, T.O., Overview of EPRI Program in Deuterated Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 3(4): p. 1.

Passell, T.O. Search for nuclear reaction products in heat-producing palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Passell, T.O. Search for Nuclear Reaction Products in Heat-Producing Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Passell, T.O. and R. George. Trace Elements Added to Palladium by Exposure to Gaseous Deuterium. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
 This is an experimental program to investigate possible trace element changes brought about in palladium (Pd) after extensive electrolysis in heavy water electrolytes as well as long time contact of particulate Pd with gaseous deuterium. Of particular interest are cathodes and particulate Pd which had experienced episodes of excess heat production beyond all electrical and other inputs. This paper details the careful analysis by neutron activation analysis (NAA) of a set of three samples of finely powdered Pd exposed to high deuterium pressures (hundreds of atmospheres) near room temperature at the core of hollow cylindrical Pd cathodes. A fourth sample of unused Pd powder from the same batch used in the cathodes was analyzed as a control. The most prominent change observed in the three active samples versus the virgin Pd was the Zn-64 content. The active samples showed an increase in the Zn-64 isotope of 6 to 14 times that in the virgin Pd. Speculation regarding the source of this increased zinc varies from contamination during electron beam welding (used to seal off the hollow core) to nuclear reactions generated by high pressure deuterium gas on the large surface area Pd particles in the core.

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Passell, T.O. Evidence for Lithium-6 Depletion in Pd Exposed to Gaseous Deuterium and Hydrogen. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Passell, T.O. Pd-110/Pd108 Ratios and Trace Element Changes in Particulate Palladium Exposed to Deuterium Gas (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

PowerPoint slides for this paper.

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Passell, T.O. Pd-110/Pd108 Ratios and Trace Element Changes in Particulate Palladium Exposed to Deuterium Gas. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
 
Changes in Pd-110/Pd-108 ratios as well as the concentration of silver, gold, zinc, cobalt, iridium and lithium-7/6 ratios have been measured using neutron activation analysis (NAA) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) on a set of four samples of particulate palladium exposed to high-pressure deuterium gas in the hollow core of Arata-Zhang cathodes.  Three samples were from cathodes producing excess heat (10’s of megajoules) over a period of  several-months electrolysis, while the fourth was virgin powder from the same batch as that of the active samples.  If a nuclear process is the source of these changes, then multi-isotope elements such as silver, zinc, and iridium should show significant deviations in their isotopic ratios from the natural terrestrial values.  Surface trace lithium did indeed show such differences from that of the virgin material.  The Ag-109/107 ratio is currently under study by accelerator mass spectroscopy (AMS) for the one sample showing the greatest difference in Ag-109 content from that of the virgin material.  Since these variations may have explanations unrelated to nuclear reactions, these results are not yet definitive.  The 8% increase in the Pd-110/108 ratio for one of the four samples relative to the virgin material is one of the most difficult for which to find a conventional explanation.

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Passell, T.O. and T. Benson. Glow Discharge Calorimetry (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Passell, T.O. ICCF-14 Summary. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Patterson, J. A.

Patterson, J.A., Method for Electrolysis of Water to Form Metal Hydride. 1994: US Patent # 5,318,675.

Patterson, J.A., System for Electrolysis. 1996: US Patent #5,494,559.

Pauling, L.

Pauling, L., Explanations of cold fusion" (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 105.

Peat, F. D.

Peat, F.D., Cold fusion: The making of a scientific controversy. 1989: Contempory Books.

Pemberton, S.

Pemberton, S., J. Mace, and D. Tasker. Quantum Mechancial Study of the Fleischmann-Pons Effect (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

The Fleischmann-Pons Effect [1] (FPE) was swiftly rejected when published in 1989, yet a significant number of researchers have since reported energy gains in similar experiments; for a review see ref. [2]. These gains have been associated with "cold fusion" or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) where energy is released from a deuterium-deuterium (d-d) fusion. Clearly, this raises fundamental questions because the probability of a d-d fusion, under the conditions of the FPE cell, is extremely small. As stated in ref. [1], "it is necessary to reconsider the quantum mechanics of electrons and deuterons in such host lattices."
 
The goal of this paper is to predict possible changes in the probability of d-d fusion, caused by perturbations to the energy barriers or positive interference caused by the effects of adjacent atoms in a lattice. We report preliminary work on formulating quantum-mechanical models of the behavior of deuterium atoms trapped in a lattice.

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Pennisi, E.

Pennisi, E., Helium find thaws the cold fusion trail. Sci. News (Washington, DC), 1991. 139(12): p. 177.

Perez-Pariente, J.

Perez-Pariente, J. Evidence For The Ocurrence Of Lenr-Type Processes In Alchemical Transmutations. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Perfetti, P.

Perfetti, P., et al., Neutron emission under particular nonequilibrium conditions from palladium and titanium electrolytically charged with deuterium. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(6): p. 921.

Peroni, P.

Peroni, P., Cold fusion: what's going on? (Letters to the Editor). Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.

Petelenz, P.

Petelenz, P., Hypothetical D-D bound states in solid palladium. Acta Phys. Pol. A, 1989. 75: p. 929.

Petit, C.

Petit, C., Fusion Fever in Utah --State Aches With Pride, in Salt Lake City Chronicle. 1989: Salt Lake CityEditor.

Petrasso, R. D.

Petrasso, R.D., et al., Measurement of g-Rays from Cold Fusion. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 667.

Petrasso, R.D., et al., Problems with the gamma-ray spectrum in the Fleischmann et al experiments. Nature (London), 1989. 339(6221): p. 667.

Petrii, O. A.

Petrii, O.A., et al., Attempts to detect electrochemical cold nuclear fusion by determining the excess tritium. Sov. Electrochem., 1991. 27: p. 1240.

Petrillo, C.

Petrillo, C. and F. Sacchetti, A possible mechanism for bulk cold fusion in transition metal hydrides. Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10: p. 15.