Nakazawa, M.

Nakazawa, M., et al., Cold fusion and low level neutron measurements. Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi, 1990. 32: p. 114 (In Japanese).

Nakazawa, M., Urtra low-level neutron counting. Hoshasen, 1990. 16(3): p. 8 (in Japanese).

Narita, S.

Narita, S., et al. Gamma Ray Detection and Surface Analysis on Palladium Electrode in DC Glow-like Discharge Experiment. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

We performed glow-like discharge experiments using deuterated palladium cathode in deuterium atmosphere to investigate the possibility of inducing low-energy nuclear reaction. Anomalous gamma ray emissions in the 80 - 230keV region were sometimes observed. It was assumed that a nuclear reaction took place during the experiment, producing short-lived radioisotopes, and these radioisotopes emitted the gamma rays in their decay processes. Elements and their isotopic abundance on the palladium cathodes were investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to find evidence of a nuclear reaction.

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Narita, S., et al. Discharge Experiment Using Pd/CaO/Pd Multi-layered Cathode (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Narita, S., et al. Discharge Experiment Using Pd/CaO/Pd Multi-layered Cathode. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Nassikas, A. A.

Nassikas, A.A. The Cold Fusion as a Space-Time Pumping Process. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Nassisi, V.

Nassisi, V., Incandescent Pd and Anomalous Distribution of Elements in Deuterated Samples Processed by an Excimer Laser. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 14.

Nassisi, V., Transmutation of elements in saturated palladium hydrides by an XeCl excimer laser. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 468.

Nassisi, V. and M.L. Longo, Experimental results of transmutation of elements observed in etched palladium samples by an excimer laser. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 247.

Nassissi, V.

Nassissi, V., Incandescent Pd and Anomalous Distribution of Elements in Deuterated Samples Processed by an Excimer Laser. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 14.

Natter, H.

Natter, H., et al., Hydrogen in nanocrystalline palladium. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 84.

Nayar, M. G.

Nayar, M.G., et al., Preliminary Results Of Cold Fusion Studies Using A Five Module High Current Electrolytic Cell, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 2.

Introduction
In their first cold fusion paper Fleischmann et al. suggested that an electrolytic cell with large volume and surface area and high current density may cause fusion reactions resulting in the production of significant amounts of heat and nuclear particles. The experiments reported in this paper present the results of our early efforts to design and operate a high current modular Pd-Ni electrolytic cell and look for cold fusion reactions.

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Nedospasov, A. V.

Nedospasov, A.V. and E.V. Mudetskaya, Comments on the possible nature of 'cold fusion' phenomena. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 121.

Nefedov, V. I.

Nefedov, V.I., Cold nuclear fusion? Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1991(1): p. 49 (in Russian).

Nezu, S.

Nezu, S. and T. Sano. Measurement of Hydrogen Loading Ratio of Pd Electrodes Cathodically Polarized in Aqueous Solutions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Nicholson, J. P.

Nicholson, J.P., A search for particle emission from a gas-loaded deuterium-palladium system in the alpha-beta phase. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 383.

Niedra, J. M.

Niedra, J.M. and I.T. Myers, Replication of the apparent excess heat effect in light water-potassium carbonate-nickel-electrolytic cell. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(7): p. 62.

Nimtz, G.

Nimtz, G. and P. Marquardt, A proposal for a lukewarm nuclear fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 518.

Nishimiya, N.

Nishimiya, N., et al., Hyperstoichiometric Hydrogen Occlusion by Palladium Nanoparticles Included in NaY Zeolite. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2001. 319: p. 312.

Nishizawa, K.

Nishizawa, K., Radiation Protection Aspects of cold fusion. Hoken Butsuri, 1990. 25: p. 288 (in Japanese).

Nishizawa, K., Neutron measurements in cold fusion. Hoshasen, 1991. 17(1): p. 4 (in Japanese).

Noble, G.

Noble, G., J. Dash, and L. McNasser. Electrolysis of Heavy Water with a Palladium and Sulfate Composite. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Nohmi, T.

Nohmi, T., et al. Basic Research On Condensed Matter Nuclear Reaction Using Pd Powders Charged With High Density Deuterium. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

We have constructed an experimental system to replicate the phenomenon of heat and ⁴He generation by D₂ gas absorption in nano-sized Pd powders reported by Arata, and to investigate the underlying physics. We performed calorimetry during D₂ or H₂ absorption with micronized powders of Si, Pd and Pd-black. With D₂, after the palladium deuteride formed, the cell produced 8.3 ±4.5 kJ (or 2.6 ±1.4 kJ/g), which is somewhat larger than the systematic error of 4.0 kJ estimated from an H₂ blank.

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Nomura, K.

Nomura, K. and E. Akiba, Trial of nuclear fusion. Busshitsu Kogaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku, 1994. 2(4): p. 439 (in Japanese).

none

none, 'New Physics' finds a haven at the patent office. Science, 1999. 284: p. 1252.

Noninski, V. C.

Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, Comments on 'measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and power in electrochemical cells having palladium cathodes'. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 579.

Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, Determination of the excess energy obtained during the electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 364.

Noninski, V.C., Excess heat during the electrolysis of a light water solution of K2CO3 with a nickel cathode. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 163.

Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, Notes on two papers claiming no evidence for the existence of excess energy during the electrolysis of 0.1M LiOD/D2O with palladium cathodes. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 474.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on a possible gamma-ray emission caused by a chemical process. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 201.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on claimed beta-particle emission decay. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 317.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on claimed transmutation of elements caused by a chemical process. J. Sci. Expl., 1996. 10: p. 249.

Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, On an experimental curiosity that if undetected may lead to erroneous far-reaching conclusions. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 248.

Norberg, R. E.

Norberg, R.E., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Hydrogen Absorbed into Palladium Wire. Phys. Rev., 1952. 86: p. 745.

Norberg, R.E., Nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen absorbed into palladium wires. Phys. Rev., 1952. 86(5): p. 745.

Nordemann, D. J. R.

Nordemann, D.J.R., Cold fusion and geophysics: the current situation. Mineracao Metalurgia, 1989. 53: p. 51 (in Portuguese).

Norlander, P.

Norlander, P., et al., Multiple deuterium occupancy of vacancies in Pd and related metals. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40: p. 1990.

Notoya, R.

Notoya, R. and M. Enyo. Excess Heat Production in Electrolysis of Potassium Carbonate Solution with Nickel Electrodes. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Notoya, R. Alkali-Hydrogen Cold Fusion Accompanied by Tritium Production on Nickel. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Notoya, R., Cold fusion by electrolysis in a light water-potassium carbonate solution with a nickel electrode. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 202.

Notoya, R., Current status of cold fusion research. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1993. 39(9): p. 34 (in Japanese).

Notoya, R., Y. Noya, and T. Ohnishi, Tritium generation and large excess heat evolution by electrolysis in light and heavy water-potassium carbonate solutions with nickel electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 179.

Notoya, R. Nuclear Products of Cold Fusion Caused by Electrolysis in Alkali Metallic Ions Solutions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Notoya, R., Cold fusion arising from hydrogen evolution reaction on active metals in alkali metallic ions' solutions. Environ. Res. Forum, 1996. 1-2: p. 127.

Notoya, R., Low Temperature Nuclear Change of Alkali Metallic Ions Caused by Electrolysis. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 39.

Notoya, R., T. Ohnishi, and Y. Noya, Nuclear Reaction Caused by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water Solutions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 40.

Notoya, R., T. Ohnishi, and Y. Noya. Products of Nuclear Processes Caused by Electrolysis on Nickel and Platinum Electrodes in Solutions of Alkali-Metallic Ions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Nowicka, E.

Nowicka, E. and R. Du•s, H2 dissociative adsorption on palladium hydride and titanium hydride surfaces: Evidence for weakly bound state of hydrogen adatoms. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 506.

NREL

NREL, Energy Overview from NREL. 2006, NREL. p. 17.

This document has no connection to cold fusion, but it is valuable public domain information, it is no longer in print, and it does not appear to be available elsewhere on the Internet.
 Pages 2 – 16 are from the U.S. DoE Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (NREL), Hydrogen Program Plan--FY 1993--FY 1997, June 1992, Appendixes A and C.
 Page 17 shows a graph published by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2001. The graph shows that most energy is lost as “rejected energy” (waste heat), especially in Electricity generation (70% waste) and Transportation (80% waste). Better technology would greatly reduce this waste. Most generators convert only 33% of the heat from burning coal or gas into electricity; advanced generators convert 40%. Most automobiles convert only 15% of the heat from gasoline into useful vehicle propulsion; hybrid and electric automobiles convert 30% or more. This graph is based on the DoE Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review. This review is an excellent, comprehensive source of online information. See:
 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html

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Numata, H.

Numata, H., et al. Neutron Emission and Surface Observation During a Long-Term Evolution of Deuterium on Pd in 0.1 M LiOD. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Numata, H. and I. Ohno. In situ potentio, resisto and dilatomic measurement of repeated hydrogen absorption in Pd electrode by electrochemical cathodic loading method. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Numata, H. and M. Fukuhara, Low-temperature elastic anomalies and heat generation of deuterated palladium. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 300.

Numata, H. and I. Ohno, In Situ Potentiometric, Resistance, and Dilatometric Measurements of Palladium Electrodes During Repeated Electrochemical Hydrogen Absorption. Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 206.

Numata, H. and M. Ban. Magnetic Interaction Of Hypothetical Particles Moving Beneath The Electrode/Electrolyte Interface To Elucidate Evolution Mechanism Of Vortex Appeared On Pd Surface After Long-Term Evolution Of Deuterium In 0.1M LiOD. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Nygren, L. A

Nygren, L.A. and R.G. Leisure, Elastic Constants of a'-Phase PdHx Over the Temperature Range 4-300K. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1988. 37: p. 6482.

Nygren, L. A.

Nygren, L.A. and R.G. Leisure, Hydrogen hopping rates and hydrogen-hydrogen interactions in PdHx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 11: p. 7611.

Oates, W. A.

Oates, W.A. and T.B. Flanagan, Formation of Nearly Stoichiometric Palladium-Hydrogen Systems. Nature Phys. Sci., 1971. 231: p. 19.

Oates, W.A. and T.B. Flanagan, Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen in Palladium and its Alloys under Conditions of Constant Volume. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1977. 1(73): p. 993.

Ochiai, K.

Ochiai, K., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiments in Metal Foils Implanted with Deutron Beams. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Ochiai, K., et al. Measurement of High-Energetic Particles from Titanium Sheets Implanted with Deuterium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Ogawa, H.

Ogawa, H., et al. Correlation of Excess Heat and Neutron Emission in Pd-Li-D Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

To investigate the dominant factors that allow a reproducible nuclear reaction in D-Pd systems, the initial electric resistance and the hardness of the Pd cathode have been examined for excess heat generation and the excess neutron emission in LiOD-Pd electrolysis cells. Two background (control) runs and one foreground run with the Pd cathode of high electric resistance and high hardness gave no nuclear effects, while one foreground run with low electric resistance and low hardness gave appreciable excess neutron emission and the excess heat generation. Reversed correlation was found between the two nuclear effects.

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Oguro, K.

Oguro, K., Hydrogen absorbing alloys and low-temperature nuclear fusion. Zairyo, 1990. 39(437): p. 228 (in Japanese).

Oh, H. K.

Oh, H.K., Some observatins on the cavity of creation for cold fusion and the generation of heat. J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 1999. 94: p. 60.

Ohashi, H.

Ohashi, H. and T. Morozumi, Decoding of thermal data in Fleischmann & Pons paper. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1989. 26(7): p. 729.

Ohmori, T.

Ohmori, T., et al., Ex situ observation of electrochemically hydrogenated palladium using a scanning tunneling microscope. Chem. Lett., 1991. 1991: p. 96.

Ohmori, T. and M. Enyo. Excess Heat Production during Electrolysis of H2O on Ni, Au, Ag and Sn Electrodes in Alkaline Media. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Ohmori, T. and M. Enyo, Excess heat evolution during electrolysis of H2O with nickel, gold, silver, and tin cathodes. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 293.

Ohmori, T. and M. Enyo, Iron Formation in Gold and Palladium Cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 15.

ABSTRACT
 Investigation of some reaction products possibly produced by electrolyzing with Au and Pd electrodes in Na2SO4, K2CO3, and KOH light water solutions was made. The electrolysis was performed for 7 days with a constant current of 1 A. After the electrolysis the elements accumulated in the electrode were analyzed by means of AES. In every case a notable amount of Fe atoms were detected together with a certain amount of excess energy evolution, being in the range of 9 x 10¹⁵ to 1.8 x 10¹⁶ atoms/cm² for Au and of 1.2 x 10¹⁵ to 4.0 x 10¹⁶ atoms/cm² for Pd. The isotopic abundance of these Fe atoms was measured by means of SIMS, which was 6.5, 77.5, and 14.5% for ⁵⁴Fe, ⁵⁶Fe and ⁵⁷Fe, respectively, at the top surface of Au electrode, obviously different from the natural values. For Pd electrode, a considerable increase in the contents of ⁵⁴Fe and ⁵⁷Fe was observed.

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Ohmori, T., T. Mizuno, and M. Enyo, Isotopic distributions of heavy metal elements produced during the light water electrlysis on gold electrodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 90.

Ohmori, T., T. Mizuno, and M. Enyo, Isotopic distributions of heavy metal elements produced during the light water electrolysis on gold electrodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 90.

Ohmori, T., et al., Low temperature nuclear transmutation forming iron on/in gold electrode during light water electrolysis. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1997. 22: p. 459.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Nuclear transmutation occurring in the electrolysis on several metal electrodes. Curr. Topics Electrochem., 1997. 5: p. 37.

Ohmori, T., et al., Transmutation in the electrolysis of lightwater - excess energy and iron production in a gold electrode. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 210.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Excess energy evolution and transmutation. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 14.

Ohmori, T., et al., Nuclear transmutation reaction occurring during the light water electrolysis on Pd electrode. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 35.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno. Strong Excess Energy Evolution, New Element Production, and Electromagnetic Wave and/or Neutron Emission in the Light Water Electrolysis with a Tungsten Cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Ohmori, T., et al., Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 367.

Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Nuclear transmutation reaction caused by light water electrolysis on tungsten cathode under incandescent conditions. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(27): p. 34.

Ohmori, T., Reply to 'Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system''. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 243.

Ohmori, T., Letter to the Editor: 'Reply to 'Comments on "Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system". Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 274.

Ohmori, T., Recent development in solid state nuclear transmutation occurring by the electrolysis. Curr. Topics Electrochem., 2000. 7: p. 101.

Ohms, D.

Ohms, D., D. Rahner, and K. Wiesener, Kernfusion in einer Elektrolysezelle?" ("Nuclear fusion in an electrolysis cell?"). Mitteilungsblatt - Chem. Ges. DDR, 1989. 36: p. 151 (in German).

Ohta, M.

Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Possible Mechanisms of Coherent Multibody Fusion. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis on nuclear transmutation by MPIF/SCS method. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis of Nuclear Transmutation Induced from Metal Plus Multibody-Fusion-Products Reaction. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ICCF-10 PowerPoint presentation.

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Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis Of Nuclear Transmutation Induced From Metal Plus Multibody-Fusion-Products, Reaction (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Nuclear transmutation is analyzed by the selective channel scission model. The fission product yields for Pd plus a or 8Be reactions are calculated as secondary reactions of the multi-body fusion. And an anomalous isotopic ratio of Fe, which is reported by many researchers, is also analyzed and the analytical result shows good consistency with experimental results.

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Ohta, T.

Ohta, T., Is cold fusion possible? A proposal of the concept of "surfusion. Hyomen Kagaku, 1989. 10(11): p. 896 (in Japanese).

Oka, Y.

Oka, Y., S. Koshizuka, and S. Kondo, D2O-fueled fusion power reactor using electrochemically induced deuterium-deuterium D-Dn, D-Dp and deuterium-tritium reactions - preliminary design of a reactor system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 263.

Oka, Y., S. Koshizuka, and S. Kondo, Electrochemically induced deuterium-tritium fusion power reactor - preliminary design of a reactor system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 260.

Okabe, S.

Okabe, S., Some new scientific fields related to exoelectron emission and fracto-emission. Poverkhnost, 1993(7): p. 34.

Okamoto, H.

Okamoto, H. and S. Nezu. Measurements of Hydrogen Loading Ratio of Pd Anodes Polarized in LiH-LiCl-KCl Molten Salt Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Okamoto, H., et al. Approach to Obtain Higher Deuterium Loading Ratios of Palladium Cathodes. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Okamoto, M.

Okamoto, M., et al. Behavior of Key Elements in Pd for the Solid State Nuclear Phenomena Occurred in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Okamoto, M., et al. Excess Heat Generation, Voltage Deviation, and Neutron Emission in D2O-LiOD Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Okamoto, M., et al., Excess Heat Generation, Voltage Deviation, and Neutron Emission in D2O-LiOD Systems. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 176.

ABSTRACT
To elucidate the mechanism of the excess heat generation (EHG), the correlation of the EHG with the nuclear effects, especially the excess neutron emission (ENE), and electrochemical effects, especially the cell voltage (CV) change, is discussed based on the data obtained in a series of electrolysis of heavy water or light water in D₂(H₂)O-LiOD(H)-Pd systems.

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Okoye, S.

Okoye, S., Cold Fusion, The Unlimited Energy Source: A Myth Or Reality?, in NigeriaWorld. 2005.

Olayo, M. G.

Olayo, M.G., et al., Absorption of deuterium in titanium plates induced by electric discharges. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998. 23: p. 885.

Oleari, L.

Oleari, L. On the Probability of Collisions of the Nuclei in H2 and D2 Molecules. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Olemskoj, A. I.

Olemskoj, A.I. and E.A. Toropov, On the fluctuation theory of cold fusion. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1990. 35(11): p. 1619 (in Russian).

Oliphant, M. L.

Oliphant, M.L., P. Harteck, and Rutherford, Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen. Nature (London), 1934. 133: p. 413.

Olofsson, G.

Olofsson, G., I. Wadsoe, and L. Eberson, Design and testing of a calorimeter for measurements on electrochemical reactions with gas evolution. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1991. 23: p. 95.

Ono, H.

Ono, H., et al., Absorption and desorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium. Denki Tsushin Daigaku Kiyo, 1991. 4: p. 235 (in Japanese).

Oppenheimer, J. R.

Oppenheimer, J.R. and M. Phillips, Note on the Transmutation Function for Deuterons. Phys. Rev., 1935. 48: p. 500.

Oriani, R. A.

Oriani, R.A., et al., Calorimetric measurements of excess power output during the cathodic charging of deuterium into palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 652.

A Seebeck-effect calorimeter was used to establish that generation of energy, in excess of the electrical energy input, can occur during the electrolysis of D₂O. The magnitude of the excess power is measured with respect to the electrolysis of H₂O as the baseline. The excess power levels of >60 W/cm³ palladium and excess energies of 74 kJ cannot be un­derstood in terms of recombination of D₂ and O₂ within the calorimeter, other chemical reactions, or a storage-and-relaxation mechanism.

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Oriani, R.A. The Physical and Metallurgical Aspects of Hydrogen in Metals (translation into Chinese). in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Translated by W.-S. Zhang.

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Oriani, R.A. The Physical and Metallurgical Aspects of Hydrogen in Metals. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
To attempt to optimize the anomalous phenomena that today go under the label “cold fusion” the experimentalist should be aware of the many aspects of the behavior of hydrogen in metals and of its entry into and egress from metals.  This paper discusses the equilibrium characteristics of the isotopes of hydrogen in metals.  The first section discusses the thermodynamics of the terminal solutions of metal-hydrogen systems including the enthalpies of solutions, H-H interactions, effect of third elements, distribution of isotopes between the phases, site occupation, and the molar volume of hydrogen in metallic solutions.

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Oriani, R.A. A Brief Survey of Useful Information About Hydrogen in Metals. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

introduction
            Because cold fusion phenomena are notoriously erratic, and the parameters necessary to obtain reproducible and consistent results are poorly understood it is important to be aware of what is known about the state of hydrogen in metals and of the dynamics of its entry into and release from a metal.  This short paper cannot do more than indicate some of the important areas; the interested reader can obtain more information by reading the references (1-3).

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Oriani, R.A., An investigation of anomalous thermal power generation from a proton-conducting oxide. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 281.

Abstract
A high-temperature Seebeck effect calorimeter, in which the thermoelectric emf across a large-area enveloping thermopile is a measure of the heat flux from a power source, has been constructed to examine the claimed generation of excess thermal energy from a proton-conducting oxide immersed in deuterium gas. The claim has been confirmed in a few experiments out of many unsuccessful ones.

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Oriani, R.A., Anomalous heavy atomic masses produced by electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 76.

Oriani, R.A. Anomalous Heavy Atomic Masses Produced by Electrolysis. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

abstract
            By applying to electrolysis cathodes a technique that produces essentially only oxides that are volatile at room temperature, spectroscopically determined masses between 222 and 351 are found that cannot be ascribed to known compounds.  In particular the masses found between 231 and 240 AMU cannot be ascribed to random signals but do correspond to CO2 the carbon of which is a neutron-rich nuclide as predicted by a recent theory of polyneutron nuclear reactions.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher, Generation of Nuclear Tracks during Electrolysis. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41: p. 6180-6183.

PLEASE NOTE! The printer made a major error in this paper. The version in our library is correct. The abstract begins:
 We show that energetic charged particles are produced during electrolysis of a D2O solution of Li2SO4 in a cell with a platinum anode and a palladium cathode. CR-39 plastic detectors, designed for recording alpha particles from radon decay, were immersed in the electrolyte during electrolysis. They recorded significantly larger numbers of energetic particle tracks than were recorded by control detectors not subject to electrolysis. Statistical analysis shows only a 3 * 10^-6 probability that the electrolysis tracks and the control tracks could have arisen from a common population. We conclude that there is a causal relationship between electrolysis and the production of energetic charged particles. Because track formation requires particle energies substantially greater than thermal or electrochemical energies it seems inescapable that a nuclear reaction was responsible.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Detection of Energetic Charged Particles During Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

By the use of Cr-39 particle track detectors immersed in the electrolyte, we confirm that a nuclear reaction of as-yet unknown nature can take place during electrolysis.  With Li₂SO₄ dissolved in D₂O or H₂O and either Pd or Ni as cathodes, a very large statistical difference in nuclear track generation is found between detector chips immersed during electrolysis and the control chips immersed in similar solutions not subjected to electrolysis.  The probability that the electrolysis tracks and the control tracks could have by chance arisen from a common population is 2.5 x 10-5, 1.2 x 10-6, and 5.8 x 10-4 for the systems Pd/D₂O, Pd/H₂O, and Ni/D₂O, respectively.  We conclude that there is a causal relationship between electrolysis and energetic charged particles and that neither Pd nor D₂O is essential for the generation of a nuclear reaction.  Some implications for theoretical considerations are presented.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Energetic Charged Particles Produced in the Gas Phase by Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

abstract
            CR-39 plastic detector chips suspended in the vapor over the electrolytic solution during electrolysis record the tracks of highly energetic charged particles.  The probability that the track densities found in these detector chips and the generally smaller track densities found in controls belong to a common population is 3 x 10^-10 by the Mann-Whitney statistical test.  It is therefore concluded that a nuclear reaction that originates in the vapor phase can accompany electrolysis.  Occasionally huge numbers of nuclear tracks are recorded by detector chips in the vapor over active electrolysis cells.  One such experiment is analyzed in which two contiguous detector chips recorded approximately 40,000 tracks.  Analysis of track orientations shows that the shower of charged particles originated in a compact source in the vapor between the chips at about 2 mm from one of the chips.  A new type of nuclear reaction is indicated. 

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Energetic particle shower in the vapor from electrolysis. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Approximately 40,000 energetic charged particles were recorded in a pair of plastic detector chips suspended in the vapor over an active electrolysis cell. Particle track locations and orientations were revealed by examining the etch pits produced by chemical etching. Analysis of track orientations indicates that the shower originated in a compact source in the vapor between the chips. The total magnitude of the shower is estimated to have been 150,000 particles and its duration is estimated to have been a few seconds. A previously unknown type of nuclear reaction is indicated.

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Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Nuclear reactions produced in an operating electrolysis cell. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

We report the results of experiments in which CR-39 plastic particle-detection chips were exposed in various environments within and surrounding operating electrolysis cells. Because CR-39 detectors record only particles with energies in excess of about 0.2 MeV the detected particles must have arisen in nuclear reactions. Evidence for such reactions was found in deuterium gas behind a palladium cathode that served as part of the cell enclosure, in air behind a similarly disposed nickel cathode, in air beyond the glass wall of the electrolysis cell, and in oxygen gas above the anode when anode and cathode were placed in separate arms of a U-tube cell. These results, augmented by earlier work indicating nuclear reactions within the electrolyte and in the hydrogen-oxygen gas over the electrolyte, cannot be understood in terms of conventional nuclear theory.

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Osman, F.

Osman, F., et al., Supporting the Josephson Interpretation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Stabilization of Nuclear Waste. Am. J. Applied Sci. 2, 2005. 6: p. 1049-1057.

Abstract: Brian Josephson appealed at the meeting of the Nobel Laureates July 2004 against the ignorance of physicist to the phenomenon of cold fusion. Though there are good reasons against many publications to this topic but not to all what was reported. It seems to be indicated to summarize the following serious, reproducible and confirmed observations on reactions of protons or deuterons incorporated in host metals such as palladium, nickel and other metals. We underline the confusing discovery by Cockroft and Oliphant with the anomalously low energy for nuclear reactions which was hundred times lower than in the usual cases when smashing nuclei against their Coulomb potential. A similar unexpected result was that of Otto Hahn’s-the chemist!-discovery of fission that had changed the world. A significant result for cold fusion was seen in gaseous atmosphere or discharges between palladium targets, rather significant and fully reproducible, e.g. from the “life after death” heat production of such high values per host atom that only nuclear reactions can be involved. This supports the earlier evaluation of neutron generation in fully reversible experiments with gas discharges hinting that a reasonable screening effect-preferably in the swimming electron layer-may lead to reactions at nuclear distances d of picometers with reaction probability times U of about megaseconds similar to the K-shell capture radioactivity. Further electrolytic experiments led to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) where the involvement of pollution could be excluded from the generation of very seldom rare earth elements. A basically new theory for DD cross sections is used to confirm the picometer-megasecond reactions of cold fusion. Other theoretical aspects are given from measured heavy element distributions similar to the standard abundance distribution, SAD, in the Universe with consequences on endothermic heavy nuclei generation, magic numbers and to quarkgluon plasmas. One application may be the elimination of long lived nuclear waste by transmutation into stable nuclei.

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Osterwalder, J.

Osterwalder, J. and L. Schlapbach, Unoccupied Electronic States in Cerium Hydrides. Physica B, 1985. 130: p. 524.

Ota, K

Ota, K. and T. Kobayashi, Cold fusion and calorimetry. Netsu Sokutei, 1997. 24(3): p. 138 (Japan., Engl. abstr.).

Ota, K.

Ota, K., et al. Heat Production at the Heavy Water Electrolysis Using Mechanically Treated Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Ota, K., et al. Heat Measurement of Water Electrolysis Using Pd Cathode and the Electrochemistry. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Ota, K., H. Yoshitake, and N. Kamiya, Present status of cold fusion. Hyomen Kagaku, 1993. 14(9): p. 570 (in Japanese).

Ota, K., et al. Effect of Boron for the Heat Production at the Heavy Water Electrolysis using Palladium Cathodes. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Ota, K., et al., Effect of boron for the heat production during the heavy water electrolysis using palladium cathode. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 26.

Ota, K., et al. Heat Measurement During the Heavy Water Electrolysis using Pd Cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Ota, K., et al. Some Experimental Results on Heat Measurement During Water Electrolysis. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Oya, Y.

Oya, Y., et al. Hydrogen Isotope Effect Induced by Neutron Irradiation in Pd-LiOD(H) Electrolysis. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Oya, Y., et al. Material Conditions to Replicate the Generation of Excess Energy and the Emission of Excess Neutrons. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
The key parameters for occurrence of the anomalous phenomena, especially excess heat generation and emission of excess neutrons, have been investigated through a series of electrolytic experiments in Pd-LiOD(H) systems. Seven key parameters are identified. In the present work, a series of systematic experiments has been carried out with some param­eters fixed. By controlling the key parameters completely, the anomalous phenomena with appreciable correlation between the excess heat generation and the excess neutron emission can be replicated successfully.

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Oya, Y., et al. The Role of Alkaline Ions in Dynamic Movement of Hydrogen Isotopes in Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

ABSTRACT
 Electrolysis in Pd-LiOD(H), NaOD(H) and KOD(H) systems was carried out to clarify the specific role of the lithium for tremendously high density and the dynamic movement of the deuterium on the surface of the Pd cathode. Only for LiOD system with pulse mode current electrolysis, anomalous high density of deuterium and lithium and the dynamic movement of deuterium are observed on the surface of the Pd cathode. A clear difference in absorption, desorption and depth profiles between LiOD(H) and NaOD(H) or KOD(H) system with the pulse mode current electrolysis is identified. This difference is at­tributed to the lithium accumulation structure on the Pd surface; only the pulse mode current electrolysis of Pd-LiOD system brings about the anomalous phenomena.

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Oyama, N.

Oyama, N., et al., Electrochemical calorimetry of D2O electrolysis using a palladium cathode - an undivided, open cell system -. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1990. 63: p. 2659.

Oyama, N., et al., Probing absorption of deuterium into palladium cathodes during D2O electrolysis with an in situ electrochemical microbalance technique. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1990. 29(5): p. L818.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 The in situ observation of the absorption of deuterium (or hydrogen) into the Pd cathode during D2O (or H2O) electrolysis was made by an electrochemical microbalance technique which is based on the quartz-crystal electrode. The resonant frequency of the Pd-coated quartz-crystal electrode decreased with increasing amount of charge passed during electrolysis, and the frequency change for the D2O electrolysis was about twice that for the H2O electrolysis. The atom ratios of H/Pd and D/Pd of the H-Pd and D-Pd compounds resulting from the electrolysis were estimated to be 0.59 and 0.57, respectively.

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Oyama, N. and O. Hatozaki, Present and future of cold fusion - nuclear fusion induced by electrochemical reaction. Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 60: p. 220 (in Japanese).

Oyama, N., et al. Electrochemical Calorimetry of D2O Electrolysis Using a Palladium Cathode in a Closed Cell System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Oyama, N., N. Yamamoto, and T. Tatsuma. In-Situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Studies of Water Electrolysis at a Palladium Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Oyama, N., et al. In situ interferometric microscopy of Pd electrode surfaces and calorimetry during electrolysis of D2O solution containing sulfur ion. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Oyama, Y.

Oyama, Y., Very low level flux neutron measurement with an NE213 liquid scintillator. Hoshasen, 1990. 16: p. 15 (in Japanese).

Ozdemir, P.

Ozdemir, P., The Energy Release Mechanism of Newley-Formed Alpha Bosons in a Quantum Crystal Lattice. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 45.

Packham, N. J. C.

Packham, N.J.C., et al., Production of tritium from D2O electrolysis at a palladium cathode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 270: p. 451.

INTRODUCTION
In the present communication, we report data that may be relevant to the phenomenon of room temperature fusion. It is the contention of the authors that the alleged phenomenon is better characterized by the production of nuclear particles than by the measurement of bursts of heat. Here, we describe the observation of tritium produced in eleven D₂O electrolysis cells at levels 10²-10⁵ times above that expected from the normal isotopic enrichment of electrolysis. Particular attention has been paid to possible sources of contamination.

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Page, W. S.

Page, W.S. and D. Page. Two-dimensional Proton Conductors. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Palamalai, A.

Palamalai, A., et al., Preliminary experimental studies on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium. Trans. SAEST, 1990. 25: p. 73.

Paleschi, V.

Paleschi, V., et al., A plasma model of the process of cold nuclear fusion in metals. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 148: p. 345.

Palibroda, E.

Palibroda, E. and P. Gluck, Cold nuclear fusion in thin foils of palladium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1991. 154: p. 153.

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Paneth, F. and K. Peters, On the transmutation of hydrogen into helium. Ber., 1926. 59: p. 2039 (in German).

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Paneth, F., The transmutation of hydrogen into helium. Nature (London), 1927. 119: p. 706.

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Paolo, P., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.

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Pappas, P.T. The Electrically Induced Nuclear Fusion in a living Cell. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

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Para, A.F., et al., Neutron Monitoring and Related Measurements During Electrolysis of Heavy Water with Palladium and Titanium Cathodes: Activity Report. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 131.

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Parish, T.A., R.T. Perry, and W.B. Wilson, Neutron sources and spectra from cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 479.

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Park, A.E., Some thoughts on a simple mechanism for the 2H + 2H --> 4He cold fusion reaction. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 319.

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Park, R.L., The Cold Fusion Story Has Been an Object Lesson on Why Science Flourishes Only in the Open. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989: p. A44.

Park, R.L., Voodoo Science. 2000, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Park, R.

Park, R., Voodoo Science. 2000, New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 211 pages.

Park, Y. W.

Park, Y.W., et al., The observation of 2.2 MeV gamma-rays in an electrochemical cell. Sae Mulli, 1989. 29: p. 231.

Parmenter, R. H.

Parmenter, R.H. and W.E. Lamb Jr., Cold fusion in metals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1989. 86: p. 8614.

Parmenter, R.H. and W.E. Lamb Jr, Cold fusion in palladium: a more realistic calculation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1990. 87: p. 8652.

Parmenter, R.H. and W.E. Lamb Jr., More cold fusion in metals: corrected calculations and other considerations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1990. 87: p. 3177.

Parmenter, R.H., A possible scenario for the onset of cold fusion in deuterated metals. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 41.

It is suggested that a pair of deuterons in a deuterated metal may resonant-tunnel through the Coulomb barrier separating them and form a helium isomer characterized by L = 1, S = 1 and odd parity. . . .

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Parmenter, R.H., Enhancement of Cold Fusion Processes in Palladium by Catalytic Agents. Infinite Energy, 2002. 8(43): p. 66.

The process of fusion of a pair of deuterons into an α parti­cle in palladium metal can be enhanced by the presence of free protons. The process of fusion of lithium 6 and a deuteron into a pair of α particles can be enhanced by the presence of free neutrons. . . .

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Parmigiani, F.

Parmigiani, F. and P.G. Sona, Theoretical considerations on the cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(6): p. 913.

Paseka, I.

Paseka, I. and J. Vondrak, Cold nuclear fusion. Chem. Listy, 1990. 84: p. 897 (in Czech).

Passell, T. O.

Passell, T.O. Overview and Status of the EPRI Program on Deuterated Metals. in ASME Joint International Power Generation Conference. 1994. Phoenix, AZ.

Passell, T.O. Charting the Way Forward in the EPRI Research Program on Deuterated Metals. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Passell, T.O., Radiation data reported by Wolf at Texas A&M as transmitted by T. Passell. 1995, EPRI.

ABSTRACT
 Three cells were electrolyzed in series at constant low current 42 days near a neutron detector of low background (40 counts/hr) using a protocol of adding boron and aluminum at 0.001 molar to the 0.1 molar LiOD electrolyte at ~18^th day. Cathodes were loaded with deuterium at a few 10’s of milliamps/cm2, with a 12-hour cryogenic treatment at day 17. Cathodes were sanded and replaced in the cell every 7 days. On the ~21^st & 22^nd days two successive fast neutron episodes were observed at about 2 times background. The neutron detector is minimally sensitive to gamma rays but gammas were observed near the end of the 20-hour neutron episode. When the cells were dismantled in late Sept 1992, all three cathodes (6 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were observed to be mildly radioactive. Analysis by germanium gamma detectors revealed presence of 100 billion atoms of Ag, Pd, Rh, and (one) Ru isotopes having ratios unlike those from bombardment by high-energy deuteron or proton beams.

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Passell, T.O., Overview of EPRI Program in Deuterated Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 3(4): p. 1.

Passell, T.O. Search for nuclear reaction products in heat-producing palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Passell, T.O. Search for Nuclear Reaction Products in Heat-Producing Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Passell, T.O. and R. George. Trace Elements Added to Palladium by Exposure to Gaseous Deuterium. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
 This is an experimental program to investigate possible trace element changes brought about in palladium (Pd) after extensive electrolysis in heavy water electrolytes as well as long time contact of particulate Pd with gaseous deuterium. Of particular interest are cathodes and particulate Pd which had experienced episodes of excess heat production beyond all electrical and other inputs. This paper details the careful analysis by neutron activation analysis (NAA) of a set of three samples of finely powdered Pd exposed to high deuterium pressures (hundreds of atmospheres) near room temperature at the core of hollow cylindrical Pd cathodes. A fourth sample of unused Pd powder from the same batch used in the cathodes was analyzed as a control. The most prominent change observed in the three active samples versus the virgin Pd was the Zn-64 content. The active samples showed an increase in the Zn-64 isotope of 6 to 14 times that in the virgin Pd. Speculation regarding the source of this increased zinc varies from contamination during electron beam welding (used to seal off the hollow core) to nuclear reactions generated by high pressure deuterium gas on the large surface area Pd particles in the core.

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Passell, T.O. Pd-110/Pd108 Ratios and Trace Element Changes in Particulate Palladium Exposed to Deuterium Gas (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

PowerPoint slides for this paper.

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Passell, T.O. Pd-110/Pd108 Ratios and Trace Element Changes in Particulate Palladium Exposed to Deuterium Gas. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
 
Changes in Pd-110/Pd-108 ratios as well as the concentration of silver, gold, zinc, cobalt, iridium and lithium-7/6 ratios have been measured using neutron activation analysis (NAA) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) on a set of four samples of particulate palladium exposed to high-pressure deuterium gas in the hollow core of Arata-Zhang cathodes.  Three samples were from cathodes producing excess heat (10’s of megajoules) over a period of  several-months electrolysis, while the fourth was virgin powder from the same batch as that of the active samples.  If a nuclear process is the source of these changes, then multi-isotope elements such as silver, zinc, and iridium should show significant deviations in their isotopic ratios from the natural terrestrial values.  Surface trace lithium did indeed show such differences from that of the virgin material.  The Ag-109/107 ratio is currently under study by accelerator mass spectroscopy (AMS) for the one sample showing the greatest difference in Ag-109 content from that of the virgin material.  Since these variations may have explanations unrelated to nuclear reactions, these results are not yet definitive.  The 8% increase in the Pd-110/108 ratio for one of the four samples relative to the virgin material is one of the most difficult for which to find a conventional explanation.

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Passell, T.O. and T. Benson. Glow Discharge Calorimetry (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Passell, T.O. ICCF-14 Summary. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Patterson, J. A.

Patterson, J.A., Method for Electrolysis of Water to Form Metal Hydride. 1994: US Patent # 5,318,675.

Patterson, J.A., System for Electrolysis. 1996: US Patent #5,494,559.

Pauling, L.

Pauling, L., Explanations of cold fusion" (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 105.

Peat, F. D.

Peat, F.D., Cold fusion: The making of a scientific controversy. 1989: Contempory Books.

Pennisi, E.

Pennisi, E., Helium find thaws the cold fusion trail. Sci. News (Washington, DC), 1991. 139(12): p. 177.

Perez-Pariente, J.

Perez-Pariente, J. Evidence For The Ocurrence Of Lenr-Type Processes In Alchemical Transmutations. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Perfetti, P.

Perfetti, P., et al., Neutron emission under particular nonequilibrium conditions from palladium and titanium electrolytically charged with deuterium. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(6): p. 921.

Peroni, P.

Peroni, P., Cold fusion: what's going on? (Letters to the Editor). Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.

Petelenz, P.

Petelenz, P., Hypothetical D-D bound states in solid palladium. Acta Phys. Pol. A, 1989. 75: p. 929.

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Petit, C., Fusion Fever in Utah --State Aches With Pride, in Salt Lake City Chronicle. 1989: Salt Lake CityEditor.

Petrasso, R. D.

Petrasso, R.D., et al., Measurement of g-Rays from Cold Fusion. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 667.

Petrasso, R.D., et al., Problems with the gamma-ray spectrum in the Fleischmann et al experiments. Nature (London), 1989. 339(6221): p. 667.

Petrii, O. A.

Petrii, O.A., et al., Attempts to detect electrochemical cold nuclear fusion by determining the excess tritium. Sov. Electrochem., 1991. 27: p. 1240.

Petrillo, C.

Petrillo, C. and F. Sacchetti, A possible mechanism for bulk cold fusion in transition metal hydrides. Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10: p. 15.

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Phipps Jr., T.E., Neutron formation by electron penetration of the nucleus. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(26): p. 58.

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Picard, C., O.J. Kleppa, and G. Boureau, Thermodynamic Study of the Palladium-Hydrogen System at 245-352 C and at Pressures Up To 34 atm. J. Chem. Phys., 1978. 69: p. 5549.

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Picasso, L.E., Fusione: Fredda o calda?" (Fusion; cold or hot?). Accaio Inossid., 1989. 56(2): p. 5 (in Italian).

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Platt, C.

Platt, C., The Wired 25, in Wired. 1998.

This article is available at:
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.11/wired25.html
Life is short.

Especially when you’re determined to break all the rules.
 In any age, there are a few people who give the rest of us something we can truly aspire to - and never more so than today. Meet the Wired 25, class of 1998. They are actively, even hyperactively, inventing tomorrow. From a wide range of professions, they have one thing in common: devotion to a singular ambition. They are attempting the impossible, and whether they succeed or fail, they will have a lasting impact on your life (and the lives of your kids).

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Platt, C., What If Cold Fusion Is Real?, in Wired. 1998.

This article is available at:
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.11/coldfusion.html
It was the most notorious scientific experiment in recent memory - in 1989, the two men who claimed to have discovered the energy of the future were condemned as imposters and exiled by their peers. Can it possibly make sense to reopen the cold fusion investigation? A surprising number of researchers already have.

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Plotkin, H.

Plotkin, H., Power To The People. The return of cold fusion, in SF Gate. 1999.

This news article is archived here:
 http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/technology/archive/1999/03/15/coldfusion.dtl
 On Friday, March 26, 1999, the director of Menlo Park-based SRI International's Energy Research Center, Dr. Michael McKubre, will present the results of SRI's 10-year, $6 million-dollar effort to replicate the cold-fusion experiments of chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann.
McKubre's startling conclusion: Pons and Fleischmann were on to something.

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Plotkin, H., The war against cold fusion. What's realy behind it?, in SF Gate. 1999.

This news article is archived here:
 http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/technology/archive/1999/05/17/coldfusion2.dtl
 Two months ago, I reported that Dr. Michael McKubre, an electrochemist at Menlo Park-based SRI, was, like other researchers, generating unaccounted-for heat in a carefully-controlled cold fusion experiment. . . .

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Plotkin, H., Cold Fusion Rides Again. Science magazine publishes more evidence of tabletop nuclear reactions, in SF Gate. 2002.

This news article is archived here:
 http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2002/03/25/tbltpfusion.DTL
 Science magazine dropped a bombshell earlier this month: The prestigious journal published a paper by a team of researchers at Tennessee's Oak Ridge National Laboratory who say they have discovered evidence of what looks like nuclear fusion taking place in a relatively inexpensive tabletop device.
The findings bear striking similarities to the controversial cold-fusion claims made by chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann in 1989, although the particular experiment is different.

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Pokropivnii, V. V.

Pokropivnii, V.V. and V.V. Ogorodnikov, The bineutron model of cold nuclear fusion in metals. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1990. 16(21): p. 31 (in Russian).

Pokropivnii, V.V., Bineutron theory of cold nuclear fusion. Dokl. Akad. Nauk Ukr., 1993(4): p. 86 (in Russian).

Pons, S.

Pons, S. and M. Fleischmann, Some Comments on the History of the Field. 1989.

Pons, S. and M. Fleischmann, Calorimetric measurements of the palladium/deuterium system: fact and fiction. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 669.

Pons, S. and M. Fleischmann. Calorimetry of the Palladium-Deuterium System. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Pons, S., et al., Method and Apparatus for Power Generation. 1990: WO 90/10935,1990.

Pons, S. and M. Fleischmann. The Calorimetry of Electrode Reactions and Measurements of Excess Enthalpy Generation in the Electrolysis of D2O Using Pd-based Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Pons, S. and M. Fleischmann, Concerning the detection of neutron and gamma-rays from cells containing palladium cathodes polarized in heavy water. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 105A: p. 763.

Pons, S. and M. Fleischmann. Heat After Death. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
We have described elsewhere . . . that Pd and Pd-alloy electrodes cathodically polarised in D₂O solutions under extreme conditions can drive the calorimetric cells to the boiling point. We have then adopted the procedure of allowing the cells to boil to dryness. For these conditions the galvanostats are driven to the rail voltage (100 V) but the cell current is reduced to zero. We have then found that cells which contained D₂O frequently remain at high temperatures (in the vicinity of 100°C) before cooling rapidly to the bath temperature. Cells containing H₂O can also be driven to the boiling point but such cells cool immediately on terminating the experiments.
This phenomenon has become known as “Heat after Death” (the death referring to cessation of polarisation). Calibrations of the cells for such conditions show the generation of high levels of enthalpy at zero enthalpy input.
Methods of investigating such systems will be outlined.

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