Liaw, B. Y.

Liaw, B.Y., et al. Elevated Temperature Excess Heat Production Using Molten-Salt Electrochemical Techniques. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Liaw, B.Y., et al., Elevated-temperature excess heat production in a Pd + D system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 319: p. 161.

Liaw, B.Y., P.L. Tao, and B.E. Liebert. Recent Progress on Cold Fusion Research Using Molten Salt Techniques. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Liaw, B.Y. and B.E. Liebert. A Potential Shuttle Mechanism for Charging Hydrogen Species into Metals in Hydride-Containing Molten Salt Systems. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Liaw, B.Y. and Y. Ding. Charging Hydrogen into Ni in Hydride-containing Molten Salts. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Liaw, B.Y., P.L. Tao, and B.E. Liebert, Helium analysis of palladium electrodes after molten salt electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 92.

Liaw, B.Y. and Q.H. Gao. Thin Film Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia. in 9th International Conf. on Solid State Ionics. 1993. The Hague, The Netherlands.

Liboff, R. L.

Liboff, R.L., Fusion via metallic deuterium. Phys. Lett., 1979. 71A: p. 361.

Liboff, R.L., Feasibility of fusion of an aggregate of deuterons in the ground state. Phys. Lett., 1993. 174 A: p. 317.

Lida, T.

Lida, T., Deuteron fusion experiments with some foils implanted with deuteron beams. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 77.

Lietz, H.

Lietz, H., Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Status Report Germany. 2004.

This memo reports historical and present, experimental and theoretical research being done in Germany of relevance to Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS), Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), or Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR), sometimes called "cold fusion". Reported are current d+d fusion experiments far below the Coulomb barrier at Universities in Berlin and Bochum.

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Lietz, H., Unbeachtete Forschung: Kalte Fusion, in Telepolis. 2004.

Am 23. März 1989 wurde die Welt in Aufregung versetzt, als zwei Chemiker berichteten, sie hätten eine Kernfusion bei Raumtemperatur beobachtet. Berichte einer neuen, vielversprechenden Energiequelle liefen um die Welt. Nach einem halben Jahr, einem Negativbericht des US-Energieministeriums und einigen gescheiterten Versuchen, das Experiment zu reproduzieren, setzte sich in Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit die Überzeugung durch, es habe sich um einen Fehlalarm gehandelt. Jenseits des wissenschaftlichen und öffentlichen Mainstreams jedoch haben Wissenschaftler in den letzten 15 Jahren die Forschung vorangetrieben. In Italien und Japan sind dafür öffentliche Gelder zur Verfügung gestellt worden. In Hunderten Experimenten wird mittlerweile von der Messung von Fusionsprodukten, der Umwandlung von Elementen und einem Energiegewinn berichtet. Die Erforscher der kalten Fusion haben erreicht, dass das US-Energieministerium diese Berichte nun überprüft. Gespannt wartet die Fachwelt auf den Review. Der vorliegende Bericht schildert Forschungsergebnisse aus 15 Jahren und fragt, wie es möglich war, dass außerhalb des Internets kaum Informationen darüber bekannt geworden sind. Als Hauptgrund wird genannt, dass die kalte Fusion bisherigen Erkenntnissen widerspricht, Fusion sei nur heiß möglich. Berichtet wird auch, wie die kalte Fusion von Teilen der Politik und der Wissenschaft aktiv bekämpft worden ist. In jedem Fall ist die kalte Fusion eine Konkurrenz für die heiße Fusion, in die als Energiequelle der Zukunft bereits Milliardenbeträge investiert worden sind.

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Lievrouw, L. A.

Lievrouw, L.A., Communication and the social representation of scientific knowledge. Crit. Stud. Mass Commun., 1990. 7: p. 1.

Lihn, C. J.

Lihn, C.J., et al., The influence of deposits on palladium cathodes in D2O electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 324.

Lin, G. H.

Lin, G.H., et al., Electrochemical fusion: a mechanism speculation. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 280: p. 207.

Lin, G.H., et al., On electrochemical tritium production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 15: p. 537.

Lin, G.H., J.R. Bhardwa, and J. Bockris, Response to Noninski et al: Observation of beta radiation decay in low energy nuclear reaction. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 207.

Lin, G.H. and J. Bockris, Anomalous radioactivity and unexpected elements as a result of heating inorganic mixtures. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 100.

Lin, T. L.

Lin, T.L. and C.C. Liu, Cold fusion experiment at Department of Nuclear Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 487.

Lindley, D.

Lindley, D., Cold Fusion Gathering is Incentive to Collaborate. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 325.

Lindley, D., Does commercial pressure make for bad science? The World & I, 1989: p. 513.

Lindley, D., Double Blow for Cold Nuclear Fusion. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 567.

Lindley, D., No Evidence for Neutrons at Yale/BYU. Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 106.

Lindley, D., Noncommittal Outcome. Nature (London), 1989. 341: p. 679.

Lindley, D., Official Thumbs Down. Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 215.

Lindley, D., The Embarrassment of Cold Fusion. Nature (London), 1990. 344: p. 375.

This paper is available from:
 
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6265/pdf/344375a0.pdf
 
A copy is also available here:
 
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/inthenews/1990/Nature-Embarassment.shtml
 
These links along with some selected quotes from the paper are included in the version here.

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Lindley, D., Utah Faculty Protest Cold Fusion Dealings. Nature (London), 1990. 345: p. 561.

Linford, R. K.

Linford, R.K., Remarks of Rulon K. Linford. J. Fusion Energy, 1991. 10(1): p. 121.

Lipson, A. G.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Anomalous beta activity of products of mechanical working of a titanium- deuterated material. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1989. 15(10): p. 783.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Deuterium-deuterium fusion initiation by friction in the system titanium- deuterated polymer. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1989. 15(17): p. 26 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., Neutron emission during the mechanical treatment of titanium in the presence of deuterated substances. JETP, 1989. 49(11): p. 675.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Neutron generation by mechanical activation of metal surfaces. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(17): p. 54 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., Observation of neutrons from cavitation action on substances containing deuterium. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1990. 16(9): p. 89 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., Reproducible neutron emission by the combined effect of cavitation and electrolysis at the surface of a titanium cathode in electrolyte based on heavy water. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1991. 17(21): p. 33 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., V.A. Kuznetsov, and B.V. Deryagin, Scenarios of 'cold nuclear fusion' by concentration of elastic energy in crystals. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1991. 318(3): p. 636 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., The possibility of 'cold nuclear fusion' in deuterated ceramic YBa2Cu3O(7-x) in the superconducting state. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1991. 321(5): p. 958 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., Initiation of nuclear fusion by cavitation action on deuterium-containing media. Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1992. 62(12): p. 121 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., Neutron emission in monocrystals of KD2PO4, stimulated by ferroelectric phase transition. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fis., 1992. 18(16): p. 90 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., On the initiation of DD reactions in the zirconium-deuterium system. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 166: p. 43.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Parallel recording of pulsed thermal effects and neutron bursts in heterostructural Au/Pd/PdO, saturated with deuterium by electrochemical means. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1992. 18(20): p. 58 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., et al., Cold nuclear fusion induced in KD2PO4 single crystals by a ferroelectric phase transition. JETP, 1993. 76(6): p. 1070.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Is 'cold nuclear fusion' necessary to understand the anomalous thermal effects in the Pd-D(H) system? Phys. Dokl., 1993. 38: p. 286.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Possibilities for increasing the neutron emission in KD2PO4 crystals at the phase transition through the Curie point. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1993. 19(11): p. 729.

Lipson, A.G., et al., The generation of nuclear fusion products by a combination of cavitation action and electrolysis at the titanioum surface in deuterated electrolyte. Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1993. 63(7): p. 187 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., I.I. Bardyshev, and D.M. Sakov, Generation of hard gamma-radiation in KD2PO4 single crystals during the ferroelectric phase transition. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1994. 20: p. 957.

Lipson, A.G. and D.M. Sakov, Increase in the intensity of the external neutron flux in the irradiation of a KD2PO4 crystal at the point of the ferroelectric transition. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1994. 20: p. 954.

Lipson, A.G. and D.M. Sakov. Amplification of the Neutron Flux Transmitted Through KD2PO4 Single-Crystal at the Ferroelectric Phase Transition State. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Generation of the products of DD nuclear fusion in high-temperature superconductors YBa2Cu3O7-deltaDy near the superconducting phase transition. Tech. Phys., 1995. 40: p. 839.

Lipson, A.G., D.M. Sakov, and E.I. Saunin, Interaction of weak neutron flux with triglycine sulphate (D0.6H0.4) at the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1995. 21(24): p. 25 (in Russian).

Lipson, A.G., I.I. Bardyshev, and D.M. Sakov. Possible Observation of the First Excited State of He4 Nucleus According to the g-Emission Data in KD2PO4 Crystals upon Transition Through Curie Point. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Lipson, A.G., et al., The nature of excess energy liberated in a Pd/PdO heterostructure electrochemically saturated with hydrogen (deuterium). Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 69: p. 1810.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Excess Heat Production and Nuclear Ash in PdO/Pd/PdO Heterostructure after Electrochemical Saturation with Deuterium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Possibility of mechanically stimulated transmutation of carbon nuclei in ultradisperse deuterium-containing media. Tech. Phys., 1997. 42: p. 676.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence for DD-Reaction and a Long-Range Alpha Emission in Au/Pd/PdO:D Heterstructure as a Result of Exothermic Deuterium Deposition. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Lipson, A.G., et al., Evidence for low-intensity D-D reaction as a result of exothermic deuterium desorption from Au/Pd/PdO:D heterostructure. Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 238.

Lipson, A.G., A.B. Karabut, and A.S. Roussetski. Anomalous enhancement of DD-reaction, alpha emission and X-ray generation in the high current pulsing deuterium glow-discharge with Ti-cathode at the voltages ranging from 0.8-2.5 kV. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 Using electronic noiseless solid state plastic track (CR-39) and Al₂O₃:C thermo-luminescent (TLD) detectors, the yields of charged particles (DD-reaction products and long-range α-particles) and X-ray photons are studied in the pulsing-periodic deuterium glow discharge with Ti-cathode at low discharge voltage (ranging of 0.8-2.5 kV) and high current density (300 – 600 mA/cm²). Analysis of DD-proton yields versus accelerating voltages, allowed to estimate the deuteron screening potential value U_S at the deuteron energy range of 0.8 < E_d < 2.45 keV. It was found that in this energy range the effective screening potential would be as high as U_S = 620 ±140 eV.

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Lipson, A.G., et al. Anomalous thermal neutron capture and sub-surface Pd-isotopes separation in cold-worked palladium foils as a result of deuterium loading. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 The process of thermal neutron absorption in the cold- worked Pd cathodes during electrolysis in NaOD/D2O solution under irradiation by Ultraweak Thermalized Neutron Field (UTNF) was studied. It was found that during deuterium loading the probability of thermal neutron absorption in a strained Pd is increased by a factor 8 compared to the unstrained (annealed) sample or sample where loading is not carried out. Symmetric separation of Pd isotope pairs of Pd108-Pd105 and Pd110-Pd104 occurring in the subsurface layer down to 500 A depth in the cold worked Pd foil loaded with deuterium is observed. It is established that observed Pd isotope separation is solely defined by a strong plastic deformation (mechanical strain), induced by deuterium loading in Pd-matrix. The effect of Pd-isotopes separation is strongly enhanced under UTNF irradiation

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Lipson, A.G., et al. In-Situ Charged Particles And X-Ray Detection In Pd Thin Film-Cathodes During Electrolysis In Li2SO4/H2O. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Measurements of energetic charged particle and soft X-ray emissions have been performed using calibrated CR-39 plastic track and LiF/Al₂O₃:C-Thermo-Luminescent (TLD)  detectors. It was found that during the electrolysis of thin Pd-film cathodes on the dielectric substrates, the alpha-particles ranging from 11.0-16.0 MeV and protons near 1.7 MeV are emitted. No significant X-ray emission with upper dose limit of ~ 1 mrem (corresponding to ~ 5.0 X-ray photon/s´cm² with E_x=10 keV) was detected.

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Lipson, A.G., et al. Phenomenon of an Energetic Charged Particle Emission From Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
The new phenomenon of energetic alpha (up to 16.0 MeV) and proton (~1.7 MeV) emissions has been discovered from a metal surface possessing a large affinity for hydrogen and loaded/excited by electrolysis, glow discharge or powerful laser. These various experiments on charged particle detection show a remarkable feature, namely all exhibit a similar specific energy yield of long-range alphas (1 alpha particle per 10-15 eV input energy/Pd(Ti) target atom) independent of the excitation power of delivering method (electrolysis, glow discharge or laser irradiation). This result suggests the mechanism of energy transfer causing the energetic particle emissions in hydrogen loaded metal targets is similar despite the seemingly dissimilar excitation techniques.

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Lipson, A.G., et al. Strong Enhancement of DD-reaction Accompanied by X-ray Generation in a Pulsed Low Voltage High-Current Deuterium Glow Discharge with a Ti-Cathode. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Using noiseless solid state plastic track (CR-39) and Al₂O₃:C thermo-luminescent (TLD) detectors, the yields of 3.0 MeV protons (from DD-reaction) and soft X-ray photons emitted from the cathode are studied in the pulsing-periodic deuterium glow discharge with Ti-cathode at low discharge voltages (ranging of 0.8-2.5 kV) and high current density (300 – 600 mA/cm²). Analysis of DD-proton yield versus accelerating voltages, allowed to estimate the deuteron screening potential value U_S at the deuteron energy range of 0.8 < E_d < 2.45 keV. It was found a strong DD-reaction enhancement  in glow discharge (the effective screening potential U_e = 610 ±150 eV) compared to that for accelerator experiments at higher deuteron energies (E_lab ³2.5 keV) and lower beam  current density (50- 500 mA/cm2). X-ray measurements showed an intensive (I_x = 10¹³-10¹⁴ s^-1-cm^-2) soft X-ray emission (with a mean energy of quantum E_x = 1.2-1.5 keV) directly from the Ti cathode. The X-ray yield is strongly dependent on a deuterium diffusivity in the near –the –surface layer of cathode.

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Lipson, A.G., G.H. Miley, and H. Momota. Enhancement of First Wall Damage in ITER Type TOKAMAK Due to LENR Effects (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Lipson, A.G., G.H. Miley, and H. Momota. Enhancement of First Wall Damage in ITER Type TOKAMAK Due to LENR Effects. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence of Supersoichiometric H/D LENR Active Sites and High Temperature Superconductivity in a Hydrogen-Cycled Pd/PdO (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same title.

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Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence of Supersoichiometric H/D LENR Active Sites and High Temperature Superconductivity in a Hydrogen-Cycled Pd/PdO. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Generation of DD-Reactions in a Ferroelectric KD2PO4 Single Crystal During Transition Through Curie Point (Tc = 220 K) (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same title.

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Lipson, A.G., et al. Generation of DD-Reactions in a Ferroelectric KD2PO4 Single Crystal During Transition Through Curie Point (Tc = 220 K). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

A new approach to develop a source of 2.45 MeV neutrons caused by polarization reversal in KD₂PO₄ single crystal (DKDP) during its passage through the Curie point (Tc = 220 K) is presented. The background of this approach is referred to observation of neutron/proton emission in DKDP during paraelectric - ferroelectric phase transition to spontaneous polarization state (and vice versa) upon the heating/cooling of crystal through Curie point Tc = 220 K.  The proposed source is based on earlier established proof of deuteron acceleration and neutron generation in the crystalline lattice of ferroelectrics during their transition to spontaneously polarized state (polarization reversal). In order to obtain neutron yield for practical application, the proposed solution foresees a separate DKDP crystals serving as cathode and anode and undergo to simultaneous ferroelectric phase transition in low-pressure deuterium atmosphere.

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Lipson, A.G., et al. Reproducible Nuclear Emissions from Pd/PdO:Dx Heterostructure during Controlled Exothermic Deuterium Desorption (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Reproducible Nuclear Emissions from Pd/PdO:Dx Heterostructure during Controlled Exothermic Deuterium Desorption. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Lipson, A.G. Edge plasma effects in ITER-type TOKAMAK caused by an enhancement of DD/DT reaction in metals at high currentlow energy deuteron bombardment. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

LENR effects could also affect the processes at the first wall and divertor of TOKAMAK. Now LENR are not taken into account as a possible source of radiation damage in thermonuclear reactors.

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Lipson, A.G., A.S. Roussetski, and E.I. Saunin. Analysis of #2 Winthrop Williams' CR-39 detector after SPAWAR/Galileo type electrolysis experiment. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Analysis of the CR-39 detectors from SRI's SPAWAR/Galileo type electrolysis experiments #7 and #5. Signature of possible neutron emission. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Charged Particle Emissions Upon Electron Beam Excitation of Deuterium Subsystem in the Pd and Ti- Deuteride Targets. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Energetic charged particle emissions accompanying deuterium desorption from specially prepared Pd/PdO:Dx and TiDx targets in vacuum, stimulated by electron beam (J ~ 0.6 mA/cm², U = 30 keV) have been studied using a set of CR-39 plastic track detectors covered with various metal foil filters. It was found that the electron bombardment of those targets is caused by statistically significant emissions of DD-reaction product (3 MeV protons), as well as high energy alpha particles (11-20 MeV). At the same time the Pd/PdO:Dx and the TiDx samples show no sign of nuclear emissions during vacuum exposure without e-beam stimulation.  Extrapolation of both the DD-reaction cross section and the enhancement factor (consistent with calculated screening potential Ue = 750 eV) to very low deuteron energy allowed us to satisfactorily describe the detected DD-reaction yield in Pd/PdO:Dx target, assuming “hot” deuteron (Ed ~ 3.0 eV) generation under e-beam bombardment. This result strongly supports the theoretical prediction with regards to electron excitation of the D- subsystem in Pd- deuterides

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Lipson, A.G. and I.P. Chernov. Status of Russian research on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in non-equilibrium condensed matter, based on publications in peer-reviewed journals. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Charged Particle Emissions in Metal Deuterides Upon e-Beam Excitation of Their Deuterium Subsystem (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Recent ab-initio study of hydrogen desorption from metal hydrides with a high hydrogen solubility [V.M., Silkin, I.P Chernov et. al, Phys. Rev., B 76, 245105 (2007)], showed that excitation of the hydrogen subsystem in those deuterides results in plasmon formation leading to generation of strong electric fields (F ~ 10E8V/cm) within at a lattice parameter scale (a ~ 0.3-0.4 nm). As a result, the mean energy of desorbed protons/deuterons (Ed) escaping from the hydride surface would effectively be increased from kT ~ 1/40 eV to several eV (Ed= F x a ~ 3-4 eV) or two orders of magnitude increase, effectively producing "hot" deuterons

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Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence for Fast Neutron Emission During SRI’s SPAWAR/Galileo-Type Electrolysis Experiments #7 and #5, Based on CR-39 Track Detector Record (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Objectives
Verify reported nuclear emissions using Pd electrodeposition technique and CR-39 detectors (P. Boss et al).
* Ag(or other metal)-wire cathodes
* 107-108pits/cm2where the cathode meets the CR-39.
* Identify pits caused by mechanical defects -electric discharge
* Test the applicability of our track identification technique (A. Roussetski et al, ICCF-12, Yokohama, 2005)
* successive etching of CR-39
* plot track diameter evolution vs. removed depth
* Simultaneous CR-39 exposure and in-situ neutron detection.
* Compare Live (D2O) to Blank (H20)
* Compare Background (CR-39 2m from cell) to Foreground
* Compare to BF3 proportional detector count rate.

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Lipson, A.G., et al., Hot Deuteron Generation and Charged Particle Emissions on Excitation of Deuterium Subsystem in Metal Deuterides, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 95-117.

Lipson, A.G., et al. Surface Morphology of Metal Deuterides Upon e-Beam Excitation of Their Deuterium Subsystem (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Recent ab-initio theoretical study of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and metal deuterides indicate a new mechanism for deuteron acceleration, which along with possible large electron screening in the metal targets could potentially strongly enhance the yield of DD-reaction in metal deuterides at room temperature. In this research we continue our study with regards to the role of electromagnetic excitation of hydrogen subsystem in metal deuterides to enhance the yield of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). To this aim we have carried out 5 series of experiments on charged particle detection using plastic track detectors CR-39, under in-vacuum electronbeam stimulation of various metal deuterides during spontaneous deuterium desorption (if any) from the deuterated samples.

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Lisowski, W.

Lisowski, W., et al., Atomic H Desorption from Thin Palladium Hydride Films. Appl. Surf. Science, 1988. 31: p. 157.

Little, S.

Little, S., G. Luce, and M. Little. MOAC - A High Accuracy Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Studies. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Liu, B.

Liu, B., et al. Triggering A Deuterium Flux In Pd Wire Using Electromagnetic Field. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

An electromagnetic field is applied on a long-thin Pd wire to test the effect of an electrical potential on the loading of the deuterium gas into the palladium, which was proposed by Del Giudice, De Ninno and their group during ICCF-9. The preliminary experimental results showed that this electromagnetic field triggered not only the loading, but also the “excess heat” because of the deuterium flux effect as proposed by Xing Z. Li and his group.

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Liu, B., et al. “Excess Heat� Induced by Deuterium Flux in Palladium Film. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Liu, B., et al. "Excess heat" in a Gas-Loading D/Pd System with Pumping inside Pd Tube. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Liu, B., et al. Wave Nature of Deuterium Flux Permeating through Palladium Thin Film with Nanometer Coating Layers ---(I) Experimental Observation---- (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Wave nature of deuterium flux permeating through the palladium thin film is revealed using nanometer coating layers. Three sets of experimental data[1,2,3] agree with wave in multiple-layer theory quantitatively or qualitatively. Other than granular particle diffusion model and surface catalyst model, the wave nature of deuterons inside the coating layers must be included in order to explain the experimental phenomena.

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Liu, F. S.

Liu, F.S., The phonon mechanism of the cold fusion. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1996. 10: p. 1129.

Liu, F.

Liu, F., et al., Nature of short range interaction between deuterium atoms in palladium. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72: p. 891.

Liu, R.

Liu, R., et al., Measurement of neutron energy spectra from the gas discharge facility. Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao, 1994. 11(2): p. 115 (in Chinese).

Liu, Z.

Liu, Z., et al., Photoemission studies of Pd/D system with high deuterium content. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1990. 7: p. 125.

Lo, S. Y.

Lo, S.Y., Enhancement of nuclear fusion in a strongly coupled cold plasma. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3(16): p. 1207.

Lobanov, V. V.

Lobanov, V.V., et al., Studies of neutron emission from TiFe alloy loaded with deuterium at room temperature. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1991. 17(23): p. 22 (in Russian).

Lochak, G.

Lochak, G. and L. Urutskoev. Low-energy nuclear reactions and the leptonic monopole. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Our report surveys the experimental and theoretical studies carried out at the RECOM since 1998 and the theoretical studies of leptonic monopoles by Georges Lochak (Fondation Louis de Broglie). We will outline briefly all the results to give the overall picture of our research.

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Loebich, Jr., D.

Loebich, J., D. and C.J. Raub, Das Zustandsdiagramm Lithium-Palladium und die Magnetischen Eigenschaften der Li-Pd Legierungen. J. Less-Common Met., 1977. 55: p. 67.

Lohr, L. L.

Lohr, L.L., Electronic structure of palladium clusters: implications for cold fusion. J. Phys. Chem., 1989. 93: p. 4697.

Lomovskii, O. I.

Lomovskii, O.I., A.F. Eremin, and V.V. Boldyrev, Isotope heat effect in reactions with libreration of hydrogen on palladium catalytic particles. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 309: p. 879 (In Russian).

Lonchampt, G.

Lonchampt, G., L. Bonnetain, and P. Hieter. Reproduction of Fleischmann and Pons Experiments. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract
 The objective of this work is to check the reliability of the initial Fleischmann and Pons calorimeter for studying cold fusion from ambient to boiling temperature. After describing our experimental set up, the assessment of excess heat from the enthalpy balance is discussed. We have observed deposits on the electrodes after electrolysis, which, in our opinion, have a determining role in the excess heat generation. We show raw data from three runs. It is concluded that this calorimeter is well adapted for such cold fusion investigation.

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Lonchampt, G., et al. Excess Heat Measurement with Patterson Type Cells. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

We have measured excess heat in a Patterson type cell doing electrolysis of light water in Li₂SO₄ with a cathode made of 0.6 mm nickel palladium beads and a platinum anode. The cell employed is similar to the CETI cell, the main difference being its increased diameter, allowing the use of more beads and a larger current with a relatively low current density. The experiment lasted 90 days. We show that a total excess energy of 800 kJ is produced, and cannot be explained by a chemical reaction. No nuclear ashes have been searched for at this stage.

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Lonchampt, G., et al. Excess Heat Measurement with Pons and Fleischmann Type Cells. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
 In experiments similar to the original Pons and Fleischmann description, we have done runs with palladium and platinum cathodes up to boiling in LiOD and Li₂SO₄. We show that up to 29% excess heat is produced at boiling, in accordance with our previous work, and in qualitative agreement with data obtained by Pons and Fleischmann but with lower magnitude. In addition we show that after boiling when the electrolyte is neutralized with sulfuric acid, excess heat is systematically observed at low temperature, even with platinum cathodes.

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Long, H. Q.

Long, H.Q., et al. Anomalous Effects in Deuterium/Metal Systems. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Long, H.Q., et al. The Anomalous Nuclear Effects Inducing by the Dynamic Low Pressure Gas Discharge in a Deuterium/Palladium System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Long, H.

Long, H., et al. New Experimental Results of Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Metal Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Longhurst, G. R.

Longhurst, G.R., T.J. Dolan, and G.L. Henriksen, An investigation of energy balances in palladium cathode electrolysis experiments. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 337.

Lopez Garcia, A. R.

Lopez Garcia, A.R., et al., Gamma-radiation detection limits for electrochemically induced deuterium cold-fusion rates. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 105: p. 987.

Lopez, E.

Lopez, E., et al. Search for Charged-Particle d-d Fusion Products in an Encapsulated Pd Thin Film. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Lorenzini, E.

Lorenzini, E., P. Tartarini, and M. Trentin, Cold fusion: status of the research. Tec. Ital., 1990. 55(1): p. 1 (in Italian).

Louis, E.

Louis, E., et al., Calculation of hydrogen-hydrogen potential energies and fusion rates in palladium hydride (PdxH2) clusters (x=2,4). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 42: p. 4996.

Louthan, Jr, M. R.

Louthan, J., M. R., et al., Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals. Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1972. 10: p. 357.

Lowther, J. E.

Lowther, J.E., Hot spots in palladium hydride and cold fusion. Suid-Afrik. Tydskr. Wetenskap, 1991. 87: p. 17.

Lpson, A. G.

Lpson, A.G., et al., Yield of nuclear fusion products from absorption of elastic energy in deuterated metals. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1992. 323(6): p. 1097 (in Russian).

Lu, R.

Lu, R., X-ray emission and cold nuclear fusion in glow discharge process of a kind of gas. Trends Nucl. Phys., 1995. 12(1): p. 44 (in Chinese).

Lu, R., Electron-ion bound state and it initiating a little nuclear fusion. High Power Laser Part. Beams, 1998. 10(2): p. 315 (in Chinese).

Lu, R. Some Problems in Solar Physics and Astrophysics. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Lu, R. A kind of new physical process and it role in solar physics amdastrophysics. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Ludecki, C. M.

Ludecki, C.M., G. Deublein, and R.A. Huggins, Thermodynamic Characterization of Metal Hydrogen Systems by Assessment of Phase Diagrams and Electrochemical Measurements. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1987. 12: p. 81.

Luo, N.

Luo, N., et al. In-Situ Charactorization of Sputtered Pd Thin-Films Undergoing Electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Abstract
 In-situ measurements on the resistance and temperature variations of Pd thin films are carried out during electrolysis. The measurement is made possible by covering parts of the Pd films with a protective layer of thermal and electric insulators. Electrical contacts are made by using either silver epoxy or indium soldering. The resistance-loading curve deviates somewhat from the typical curve for a bulk Pd/H(D) system. The initial resistance increase shows a much faster hydrogen diffusion rate along the film axis than that observed in bulk systems. The characteristic resistance-loading curve is explained by the electronic band structures of Pd loaded with different H(D) fractions. An excess heat of 30% during the electrolysis process was detected using an open  calorimeter and a novel circuit switching methodology. The corresponding excess power density reaches 100 W/cm3.

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Luo, N., G.H. Miley, and A.G. Lipson. Modeling of Surface and Bulk Effects in Thin-Film Pd Cathodes and High Proton Loading. in AVS, ICMSC Conference. 2002. Cleveland, Ohio.

Abstract
Electronic structure modeling is carried out for bulk PdH system with implications for some surface effects. The calculation is performed under the frame work of density functional theory. The results provide new insight into the charge state of H inside Pd. The H is slightly negatively charged over the composition range studied in this paper, and the negative charge around the proton increases with an increasing loading in hydrogen. By studying the behavior of H at the “bridging” site, which is also important to surface configuration, this paper helps explain why the effective charge observed in H drift experiments is different from the static charge state.

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Luo, N., et al. Enhancement Of Nuclear Reactions Due To Screening Effects Of Core Electrons. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Recent progress in understanding the screening effects of core level atomic electrons is summarized in this paper. Some preliminary results on core electron screening were reported before [1]. The studies focus on two types of nuclear reactions in some metal lattices: fusion between deuterons and also proton capture by medium and heavy lattice nuclei. In both reactions the energy of the light nuclear species, proton or deuteron, is on the KeV (1000 electron volts) scale, while that of heavy nuclei is essentially zero. A standard atomic code is used to obtain the core electron charge density and the potential profile in the metal atom. This Hartree-Fock-Slater type code was originally written by Herman and Skillman and later modified by others and available online. For the D-D reaction, the charge density obtained then gives an estimate on the screening length. The corresponding enhancement in Coulomb barrier tunneling can be obtained from this data.  For the proton capture reaction, an ion dynamic code written to simulate the motion of KeV protons in Pd/Ni lattice, CLAIRE, was modified to take into account the realistic atomic potential, including core electron contributions. In both cases, our result shows a significant nuclear reaction enhancement. The reaction rate calculated roughly matches the scale of excess heat observed in some metal hydride/deuteride experiments.

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Luo, N. and G.H. Miley. First-Principles Studies Of Ionic And Electronic Transport In Palladium Hydride. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The transport properties of palladium hydride/deuteride are investigated using state-of-the-art density functional computational tools. This aspect of loaded hydride is important in that the resistance-loading curve is often used as a diagnostic in experiments to estimate the loading ratio. Understanding transport provides other important insights into some features of the nuclear reaction mechanism. This research involves both ionic and electronic degrees of freedom. For the ionic part, the focus is on the charge state of hydrogen/deuteron, in both a static and a dynamic (hopping) situation. Experiments show that hydrogen hops as fractional-charged positive ion in Pd lattice [1,2] while previous band structure calculations [3-5] always gave a negatively charged H in the ground state. This discrepancy is addressed in the current research and some results are already published [6]. The collective motion of ions is studied in the phonon structure and electron-phonon coupling constant using a perturbation density functional theory. The electronic part focuses on the density of state and the Fermi surface, which when combined with the electron-phonon coupling constant, determine the temperature and the H/D loading dependant resistivity curves. Our numerical results [7] qualitatively match experimental trends. The possible connections between this transport theory/mechanism and the non-equilibrium conditions required for excess heat are discussed.

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Lyakhov, B. F.

Lyakhov, B.F., et al., Anomalous heat release in the Pd/PdO system electrolytically saturated with hydrogen. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1993. 67: p. 491.

Lynch, D. L.

Lynch, D.L., et al., Spectroscopic studies of surface and subsurface hydrogen/metal systems. J. Chem. Phys., 1992. 97(7): p. 5177.

Lynch, J. F.

Lynch, J.F. and T.B. Flanagan, An investigation of the dynamic equilibrium between chemisorbed and absorbed hydrogen in the palladium/hydrogen system. J. Phys. Chem., 1973. 77: p. 2628.

Lynch, J.F., J.D. Clewley, and T.B. Flanagan, The Formation of Voids in Palladium Metal by the Introduction and Removal of Interstital Hydrogen. Philos. Mag. A, 1973. 28: p. 1415.

Ma, Q.

Ma, Q., et al. The Analysis of the Neutron Emission from the Glow Discharge in Deuterium Gas Tube. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Ma, Q., et al. The Analysis of the Neutron Emission from the Glow Discharge in Deuterium Gas Tube. in ICCF4, Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Ma, Y. L.

Ma, Y.L., H.X. Yang, and X.X. Dai, A theoretical study of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys., 1992. 12: p. 171 (in Chinese).

Ma, Y.L., H.X. Yang, and X.X. Dai, Nuclear-fusion enhancement in condensed matter with impacting and screening. Europhys. Lett., 1993. 24: p. 305.

Macy, M.

Macy, M., ICCCF15 in Rome, Italy. Infinite Energy, 2009(88): p. 11.

The Fifteenth International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF15) took place in Italy on October 5-9, 2009 at Angelicum University. Angelicum resides in the heart of Rome just behind Trajan’s Markets, at the opposite end to the Colosseum and between the Roman Forums -- the central area around which the ancient Roman civilization developed -- and the Quirinale Palace, the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.

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Maddox, J.

Maddox, J., End of Cold Fusion in Sight. Nature (London), 1989. 340: p. 15.

Maddox, J., Farewell (not fond) to cold fusion. Nature (London), 1990. 344(6265): p. 365.

This paper is available from:
 
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6265/pdf/344365a0.pdf
 
A copy is also available here:
 
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/inthenews/1990/Nature-Farewell.shtml
 
These links along with some selected quotes from the paper are included in the version here.

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Maeland, A. J.

Maeland, A.J. and T.R.P. Gibb, X-Ray Diffraction Observations of The Pd-H system Through the Critical Region. J. Phys. Chem., 1961. 65: p. 1270.

Magnouche, A.

Magnouche, A. and R. Fromageau, Hydrogen Dissolution in Palladium: A Resistometric Study Under Pressure. J. Appl. Phys., 1984. 56: p. 1617.

Maizza, G.

Maizza, G., et al., Study on deuterium absorption of Pd at high-pressure D2 gas and low temperatures. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 14D: p. 27.

Malakoff, D.

Malakoff, D., DOE to Review Nuclear Grant. Science, 1999. 285: p. 505.

Malhotra, S. K.

Malhotra, S.K., M.S. Krishnan, and H.K. Sadhukhan, Material Balance of Tritium in Electrolysis of Heavy Water. 1989.

Mallove, E.

Mallove, E., MIT Urgent Media Advisory,. 1989.

Mallove, E., Fire From Ice. 1991, NY: John Wiley.

Here is the Preface and Prologue to the book Fire From Ice: Searching for the Truth Behind the Cold Fusion Furor by Eugene F. Mallove, a reprint of 1991 Edition, 338 pp., Paperback. It is available from Infinite Energy Press, P.O. box 2816, Concord, NH 03302-2816, www.infinite-energy.com

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Mallove, E., Cold Fusion: Still a Hot Topic? Phys. Today, 1994. March: p. 93.

Mallove, E., Alchemy Nightmare: Skeptic Finds Heavy Element Transmutation Cold Fusion Experiment! Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(2): p. 30.

At ICCF5 in April, EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) cold fusion program direc­tor Dr. Tom Passell gave an overview of the cold fusion field. The biggest news from his talk, however, was the first public revelation of the results of the EPRI-funded work of physi­cist Dr. Kevin Wolf at Texas A&M University. This research occurred back in 1992, but oth­ers—including Dr. Wolf—have since tried to keep these results from surfacing. Why?

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Mallove, E., Excess heat in cavitation devices: World-wide testing reports. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(3): p. 16.

Mallove, E. and J. Rothwell. Preliminary Assessment of the "Kinetic Furnace" of Kinetic Heating Systems, Inc.ÛAn Apparently Excess Energy Producing Technology Employing Unknown Non-Chemical Reactions of Water in Contact With Metals. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Mallove, E. and J. Rothwell. Preliminary Assessment of the "Kinetic Furnace" of Kinetic Heating Systems, Inc.óAn Apparently Excess Energy Producing Technology Employing Unknown Non-Chemical Reactions of Water in Contact With Metals. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Mallove, E., Preliminary confirmation test of Dr. Leslie Case's catalytic fusion process. 1998.

Mallove, E., MIT Special Report. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 64.

MIT has played an extraordinary role in the history of cold fusion. By acts of commission and omission it continues to do so. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the startling announcement by Drs. Fleischmann and Pons on March 23, 1989, it is imperative that Infinite Energy explore the major role of MIT in shaping the history of the investigation of cold fusion.

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Mallove, E., Progress in catalytic fusion. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): p. 9.

Mallove, E. and J. Rothwell, The pseudoscientists of APS. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(25): p. 23.

Mallove, E., The strange birth of the water fuel age: The cold fusion "miracle" was no mistake. 2000.

Mallove, E., The triumph of alchemy: Professor John Bockris and the transmutation crisis at Texas A&M. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(32): p. 9.

Mallove, E. LENR and "Cold Fusion" Excess Heat: Their Relation to Other Anomalous Microphysical Energy Experiments and Emerging New Energy Technologies. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

This paper is at:
 http://www.infinite-energy.com/resources/iccf10.html
 It begins:
 During the past 15 years, indisputable experimental evidence has built up for substantial excess heat (far beyond ordinary chemical energy) and low-energy nuclear reaction phenomena in specialized heavy hydrogen and ordinary hydrogen-containing systems.¹ The primary theorists in the field that is properly designated Cold Fusion/LENR have generally assumed that the excess heat phenomena is commensurate with nuclear ash (such as helium), whether already identified or presumed to be present but not yet found. That was an excellent initial hypothesis. However, the commensurate nuclear ash hypothesis has not been proved, and appears to be approximately correct in only a few experiments. During this same period, compelling evidence— although not as broadly verified as data from cold fusion/LENR— has also emerged for other microphysical sources of energy that were previously unexpected by accepted physics. . . .

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Maly, J. A.

Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 307.

Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Response to 'Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I''. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 112.

Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Electron Transitions on Deep Dirac Levels II. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 59.

Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Reply to 'Letter to the Editor' Fusion Technol. 27, 348 [1995]". Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 386.

Mamyrin, B. A.

Mamyrin, B.A., L.V. Khabarin, and V.S. Yudenich, Anomalously High Isotope Ratio in Helium in Technical-Grade Metals and Semiconductors. Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1978. 23: p. 581.

Manduchi, C.

Manduchi, C., et al., Anomalous effects during the interaction of subatmospheric D2(H2) with Pd from 900C to room temperature. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107 A: p. 171.

Manduchi, C., et al., Electric-field effects on the neutron emission from Pd deuteride samples. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1995. 108: p. 1187.

Manuel, A. J.

Manuel, A.J. and J.M.P. St Quinton, The magnetic susceptibility of palladium and palladium-rhodium alloys from 1.85 to 293Ã…K. Proc. Royal Soc London, A, 1963. 273: p. 412.

Manuel, A.J. and J.M.P. St Quinton, The magnetic susceptibility of palladium and palladium-rhodium alloys from 1.85 to 293�K. Proc. Royal Soc London, A, 1963. 273: p. 412.

Maoka, T.

Maoka, T. and M. Enyo, Hydrogen Absorption by Palladium Electrode Polarized in Sulfuric Acid Solution Containing Surface Active Substances- I. The Cathodic Region. Electrochim. Acta, 1981. 26(5): p. 607.

Marcus, H. L.

Marcus, H.L., AES Examination of CF Samples. 1990: letter.

Marcus, M.

Marcus, M., Cold fusion research is alive and well - but not in the mass media. St. Louis Journalism Rev., 1993. 22(153): p. 16.

Marinelli, M.

Marinelli, M., et al., Heat release from deuterated titanium-iron (TiFe) or lanthanum-nickel (LaNi5) on exposure to the air. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 102: p. 959.

Marini, P.

Marini, P., et al., Protocollo innovativo per l' ipercaricamento di catodi di Palladio con Idrogeno messo a punto all'INFN di Frascati, in 21mo Secolo. 1999.

Review in Italian.
 L'articolo espone, in linguaggio non strettamente specialistico, i risultati più recenti di una parte dell’attività sperimentale effettuata presso i Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell'Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare.

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Marion, J. B.

Marion, J.B., et al., A Versatile, High Efficiency 4 pi Neutron Detector. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1960. 8: p. 297.

Marmigi, A.

Marmigi, A., et al. Anomalous heat Generation by surface oxidized Pd wires in a hydrogen atmosphere. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Martin, S. E.

Martin, S.E., Using expert sources in breaking science stories: A comparison of magazine types. Journalism Quarterly, 1991. 68: p. 179.

Martynov, M. I.

Martynov, M.I., A.I. Mel'dianov, and A.M. Chepovskii, Experiments on the detection of nuclear reaction products in deuterated metals. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Termoyader Sintez, 1991(2): p. 77 (in Russian).

Marwan, J

Marwan, J. and S. Krivit, eds. Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, Oxford University Press.

Marwan, J. and S. Krivit, eds. Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, Oxford University Press.

Marwan, J.

Marwan, J. and S. Krivit, Acknowledgments, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. xi-xiii.

Marwan, J., Study of the Nanostructured Palladium Hydride System, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 353-375.

Marwan, J., Preface, Acknowledgments, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. ix-xi.

Mas, F.

Mas, F., et al., Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 1990. 93: p. 6118.

Massaron, M.

Massaron, M. and F. Lamperti, La fusione fredda (Cold fusion). Tecnol. Chim., 1990. 10(4): p. 98 (in Italian).

Mastromatteo, U.

Mastromatteo, U. Very Thin Nickel Layers Heated Over Curie Temperature Show High Temperature Spots in Hydrogen Loading Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Mastromatteo, U. An Energy Amplifier Device. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Mathews, C. K.

Mathews, C.K., et al., On the possibility of nuclear fusion by the electrolysis of heavy water. Indian J. Technol., 1989. 27: p. 229.

Mathur, M. S.

Mathur, M.S., et al. Recent Modifications to the Manitoba Deuterium Implantation Accelerator and a Study of the Properties of the Online Neutron Monitor Detector. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Matschele, T.

Matschele, T. and R. Kirchheim, Hydrogen as a Probe for the Average Thickness of a Grain Boundary. Scr. Metall., 1987. 21: p. 1101.

Matsuda, J. I.

Matsuda, J.I., T. Matsumoto, and K. Nagao, An attempt to detect (3)He from the cold nuclear fusion. J. Geochem., 1990. 24: p. 379.

Matsui, K.

Matsui, K. New Hydrogen Energy (NHE) Research Project in Japan. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Matsui, K., et al. Excess Heat Measurement and Nuclear Detection Experiments in the NHE Program. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Matsumoto, O.

Matsumoto, O., et al., Detection of neutrons in electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O solution by means of fission track method. Denki Kagaku, 1990. 58: p. 147.

Matsumoto, O., et al., Detection of tritium in cathode materials after the electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O solution. Denki Kagaku, 1990. 58: p. 471.

Matsumoto, O., et al. Tritium Production Rate. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Matsumoto, O., et al. Detection of Neutron and Tritium during Electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O Solution. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Matsumoto, T.

Matsumoto, T., 'Nattoh' model for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 532.

Matsumoto, T., Cold fusion observed with ordinary water. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 490.

Matsumoto, T., Observation of new particles emitted during cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 356.

Matsumoto, T., Prediction of new particle emission on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 647.

Matsumoto, T. Progress of NATTOH Model and New Particles Emitted During Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Matsumoto, T., Microscopic observations of palladium used for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 567.

Matsumoto, T. and K. Kurokawa, Observation of heavy elements produced during explosive cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 323.

Matsumoto, T., Observation of quad-neutrons and gravity decay during cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2125.

Matsumoto, T., Interference Phenomena Observed During Cold Fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 179.

Matsumoto, T., Observation of gravity decays of multiple-neutron nuclei during cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 164.

Matsumoto, T., Observation of stars produced during cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 518.

Matsumoto, T. Review for "Nottoh" Model and Experimental Findings during Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Matsumoto, T., Searching for tiny black holes during cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 281.

Matsumoto, T. Cold Fusion Experiments by Using Electrical Discharge in Water. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Matsumoto, T., Cold fusion experiments with ordinary water and thin nickel foil. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 296.

Matsumoto, T., Experiments of one-point cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 332.

Matsumoto, T., Observation of meshlike traces on nuclear emulsions during cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 103.

Matsumoto, T., Response to 'Comments on 'Experiments of one-point cold fusion''. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 347.

Matsumoto, T., Two Proposals Concerning Cold Fusion. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 1337.

Matsumoto, T., Artificial Ball-Lightning. Photographs of Cold Fusion. 1995.

Matsumoto, T. Cold Fusion Experiments Using Sparking Discharges in Water. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Matsumoto, T., Extraordinary Traces Produced during Pulsed Discharge in Water. Bull. Faculty of Eng., Hokkaido Univ,, 1995. 175.

Matsumoto, T., Mechanisms of cold fusion: Comprehensive explanations by the Nattoh model. Mem. Fac. Eng. Hokkaido Univ., 1995. 19(2): p. 201.

Matsumoto, T. Extraordinary traces on nuclear emulsions obtained during the Matsumae earthquakes in 1996. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Matsumoto, T. Carbon Tubes and Films Produced in a Lead Electrode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Matsumoto, T., Comments on "Evidence of micrometre-sized plasmoid emission during electrolysis cold fusion. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 108.

Matsumoto, T. Cold fusion like phenomena in natural fields. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Matsunaka, M.

Matsunaka, M., et al. Studies of coherent deuteron fusion and related nuclear reactions in solid. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China.

In order to induce coherent deuteron fusion in metal-deuteride, three kinds of experiments have been performed.　In the closed type D2O /Pd electrolysis experiment, significant amount of helium-4 atom was detected in upper gas of electrolysis cell and inside the palladium cathode by QMS analysis. In the discharge type electrolysis experiment, anomalous elements were detected on the surface of cathode palladium by PIXE analysis after experiment. The detected elements are iron and zinc. Under electron beam irradiation to highly D-loaded palladium, anomalous spectra were taken in X-ray measurement.

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Matsunami, N.

Matsunami, N., Solid state effects on tunnelling probability for d+d nuclear fusion at room temperature. Radiat. Effects Defects Solids, 1990. 112: p. 181.

Matsunami, N. A Mechanism for Cold Nuclear Fusion: Barrier Reduction by Screening Under Transient Coherent Flow of Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Matsuzaki, A.

Matsuzaki, A., T. Nishina, and I. Uchida, In situ low incident angle XRD technique with electrochemical methods. Application to deuterium charging into palladium cathode. Hyomen Gijutsu, 1994. 45: p. 106.

Mayer, F. J.

Mayer, F.J., J.S. King, and J.R. Reitz, Nuclear fusion from crack-generated particle acceleration. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 269.

Mayer, F.J., Comments on 'Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 511.

Mayer, F.J. and J.R. Reitz, Nuclear energy release in metals. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 552.

Mayer, F.J. and J.R. Reitz, On very low energy hydrogenic nuclear reactions. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 367.

Mayer, F.J. and J.R. Reitz. Summary of Progress in Hydron Physics. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Mayer, F.J. and J.R. Reitz, Response to 'Comments on "Nuclear energy release in metals"'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 95.

Mayer, R. E.

Mayer, R.E., et al., Neutron detection system for extremely low count rate. Calculation, construction and employment in search for 'cold fusion'. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1993. 324: p. 501.

Mazitov, R. K.

Mazitov, R.K., On the detection of cold nuclear fusion. Koord. Khim., 1989. 15(9): p. 1294 (in Russian).

Mazitov, R.K., Possibility of nuclear transformation in chemical reactions. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 307: p. 1158 (in Russian).

Mazzetti, P.

Mazzetti, P. Basic Concepts on the Theory of the Magnetic Properties of Solids. in Magnetic Properties of Matter. 1986. Villa Gualino, Turin: World Scientific.

Mazzolai, F. M.

Mazzolai, F.M., P.G. Bordoni, and F.A. Lewis, Elastic Energy Dissipation Effects in the Palladium-Hydrogen System. J. Less-Common Met., 1980. 74: p. 137.

McAllister, J. W.

McAllister, J.W., Competition among scientific disciplines in cold nuclear fusion research. Science in Context, 1992. 5: p. 17.

McBreen, J.

McBreen, J., Absorption of electrolytic hydrogen and deuterium by Pd: the effect of cyanide adsorption. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 287: p. 279.

McCevoy, A. J.

McCevoy, A.J. and C.T.D. O'Sullivan, Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.

McCracken, D. R.

McCracken, D.R., et al., In search of nuclear fusion in electrolytic cells and in metal/gas systems. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 121.

McCracken, G. M.

McCracken, G.M., et al., Experimental search for 'cold fusion' in the deuterium-titanium system. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1990. 23: p. 469.

McDonald, K. A.

McDonald, K.A., Energy Department Panel Remains Unconvinced by New Claims of Room-Temperature Fusion. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989: p. A1.

McDonald, K.A., Claims of Proponents of Cold Fusion Still Spark Controversy a Year Later. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1990.

McFee, R. W.

McFee, R.W., Review of ICCF1, Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990.

McIntyre, R.

McIntyre, R. Proposal for an Experiment designed to seek evidence for cold fusion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

In experiments carried out in 1990 to investigate the application of the gas phase as a medium for cold fusion, a Pd vessel was exposed to deuterium gas, dissociated in an electric discharge at between -10 and -20 degrees C. The thickness of the metal was about one millimeter. In the first of a number of experiments positive indications of fusion were observed but these could not be repeated in subsequent experiments. The inability to repeat results has been found to occur in other cold fusion experiments and signifies that the processes involved are not understood (1). Since 1990, a number of results have been obtained which may put these earlier failures in a new light. In particular, the discovery by Miles (2), who reported positive results during electrolysis from 6mm thick rod after failure with Pd electrodes one mm thick. This introduces the bulk of the metal as a possible factor in the occurrence of cold fusion. Another noticeable feature of the absorption of deuterium in Pd is the obvious signs of cold work done on the metal. The surface is roughened, cracks appear and measurements show an apparent 15% increase in volume. With these factors in mind, a hypothesis has been formulated which seeks to explain how this might influence the process of cold fusion.

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McKee, J. S. C.

McKee, J.S.C., et al. Neutron Emission from Low-Energy Deuteron Injection of Deuteron-Implanted Metal Foils (Pd, Ti, and In). in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

McKee, J.S.C., et al., The role of fractofusion in the creation of anomalies in neutron production from deuterium-implanted solids. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 1992. 67: p. 448.

McKee, S. G.

McKee, S.G., J.P. Magennis, and F.A. Lewis, Hydrogen Isotope Distribution Equilibria in the Pd/H2-H2O System. Surf. Technol., 1982. 16: p. 175.

McKee, S.G., et al., The Establishment of Equilibria in the Pd-H2-D2-H2O-D2O System. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 89: p. 475.

McKibben, J L.

McKibben, J.L., Strange-particle catalysis in the production of COH2 gas or iron. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(11): p. 37.

McKibben, J.L., Catalytic behavior of one (or two) subquarks bound to their nuclear hosts. Infinite Energy, 1997. 3(13/14): p. 103.

McKibben, J.L., Recent observations that yield information on catalytic particles. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 70.

McKibben, J. L.

McKibben, J.L., Can particles having both fractional electric charge and color charge with 1/r2 force be in existence since the big bang? 1989.

McKibben, J.L., Evidence for three primordially created particles and can one of them catalyze cold fusion? 1989.

McKibben, J.L., Explanation of low-intensity cold fusion. 1990.

McKibben, J.L., Passed-Over Evidence for Fractionally-Charged Particles with Associated Color Change. 1990.

McKibben, J.L., Particles as Standing Waves in a Superdense Aether. 1994.

McKibben, J.L., Can Cold Fusion be Catalyzed by Fractionally-Charged Ions that have Evaded FC Particle Searches. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(4): p. 14.

McKibben, J.L., The missed fractionally-charged particles. 1995.

McKibben, J.L., Design of a nuclear-powered steam engine or jet for space propulsion. 1998.

McKubre, M. C. H.

McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Calorimetry and Electrochemistry in the D/Pd System. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Experiments have been performed to examine the anomalous effects associated with the D/Pd system, and to discover some of the experimental variables that might be important to the effects. Experiments were concerned with calorimetry of the D/Pd system, but also monitored those experimental variables that might be important in causing the effects: the D/Pd ratio and its rate of change, interfacial phenomena such as the reduction of D₂O, or reduction of contaminant species.
 
Two types of calorimeters were employed: a differential calorimeter and a flow calorimeter. In both of these instruments the electrochemical cell was pressurized with D₂ gas to 60 atm. The calorimeters were designed to facilitate on-line measurement of the resistance of the Pd cathode, and for high quality measurements of the interfacial impedance. In both calorimeters the electrochemical system has produced evidence of heat output appearing in bursts, apparently in excess of known input power source. . . .

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McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Isothermal Flow Calorimetric Investigations of the D/Pd System. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

INTRODUCTION
An experimental program was undertaken to explore the central idea proposed by Fleischmann et al. that heat, and possibly nuclear products, could be created in palladium lattices under electrolytic conditions

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McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Excess Power Observations in Electrochemical Studies of the D/Pd System; The Influence of Loading. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT
 Excess power measurements have been carried out on a deuterium-based electrochemical system of novel design. The excess power generation is reported as a function of electrochemical current and cathode loading. A phenomenological model for excess power production is introduced and briefly discussed.

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McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Loading, Calorimeteric and Nuclear Investigation of the D/Pd System. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

McKubre, M.C.H., et al. An overview of excess heat production in feuterated palladium system. in IECEC Conference. 1994. Monterey, CA.

McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Development of Advanced Concepts for Nuclear Processes in Deuterated Metals, TR-104195. 1994, Electric Power Research Institute.

Abstract
 
The excess heat generated in electrochemical cells with palladium cathodes and heavy water electrolyte appears to be far too large to result from chemical or metallurgical transformation. The evidence implies that the heat source is a nuclear reaction of some as yet undetermined nature.
 
This book is available here:
 
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104195
 
The LENR-CANR.org version is searchable.

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McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Isothermal Flow Calorimetric Investigations of the D/Pd and H/Pd Systems. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 368: p. 55.

Abstract
 
Isothermal calorimetric studies of the D/Pd and H/Pd systems have been carried out at high deuterium (hydrogen) loadings (i.e. [D(H)]/[Pd] > 0.9) at approximately 30°C. Under these conditions, the generation of “excess power” was observed in a series of deuterium-based experiments, but not in a hydrogen-based experiment. The results of these experiments enable several (tentative) conclusions to be reached concerning the conditions necessary for the reproducible observation of this anomalous thermal effect.

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McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Concerning Reproducibility of Excess Power Production. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

McKubre, M.C.H., et al. New Hydrogen Energy Research at SRI. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Energy Production Processes In Deuterated Metals. 1998, EPRI: Palo Alto.

McKubre, M.C.H. and F.L. Tanzella. Materials Issues of Loading Deuterium into Palladium and the Association with Excess Heat Production. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
The ability of palladium cathodes to attain and maintain high loading levels, at high current density and for long times, is controlled by two factors: the condition of the electrochemical interface which allows the attainment of high deuterium activity; the defect density and mechanical condition of the bulk material which permits the Pd lattice to withstand and contain high bulk deuterium activities when these equilibrate to produce extreme pressures of deuterium gas inside closed incipient voids within the metal.  
Examples are given from a set of 26 intentionally similar current ramps which show three distinct Modes of loading performance: Mode A - a linear decrease of Pd resistance, beyond the resistance maximum, with logarithmic increase in electrochemical current; Mode B - an initial log-linear decrease on the Mode A trajectory, followed by a rapid increase in resistance when the resistance falls below a critical value; Mode C -  a shallow decrease in resistance with approximately symmetric increase as the [log] current density is increased beyond a threshold value similar to that for Mode B. Mode A is most frequently associated with the appearance of calorimetrically determined excess heat.

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McKubre, M.C.H., S. Crouch-Baker, and F.L. Tanzella, Conditions for the observation of excess power in the D/Pd system. 1999.

McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Finite Element Modeling of the Transient Colorimetric Behavior of the MATRIX Experimental Apparatus: 4He and Excess of Power Production Correlation through Numerical Results. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

McKubre, M.C.H., et al. The Emergence of a Coherent Explanation for Anomalies Observed in D/Pd and H/Pd System: Evidence for 4He and 3He Production. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Introduction
            Numerous observations have been made of apparent anomalies in carefully performed experimental studies of D/Pd and H/Pd systems.  Such anomalies include:  prompt emission of electrons and charged particles; unexplained heat in excess of known input sources; the residual presence of light elements (notably ³H, ³He and ⁴He); the possible occurrence of isotope anomalies in higher mass elements (including the host metal); unusual electrical conductance effects both stable and transient (not discussed in this paper).  The features that unify these apparently disparate observations are the common elements of the needed experimental stimuli, and the requirement for extended lattice coherent processes in any obvious explanation.

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McKubre, M.C.H. Closing comments summerizing the status and progress of experimental studies. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

McKubre summarizes his impressions and reports on experiments at the ICCF-9 conference, Beijing, China, 2002.

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McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Progress towards replication. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
A collaborative effort has been established formally between SRI International in Menlo Park, California, and ENEA (Frascati) in Italy.  In addition to providing a framework for an International replication effort, this collaboration is intended to focus the complementary skills of the two laboratories on carefully selected problems of Pd/D studies.

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McKubre, M.C.H. Review of experimental measurements involving dd reactions (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

PowerPoint slides presented at the Short Course on LENR for ICCF-10, August 25, 2003.

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McKubre, M.C.H. The Need for Triggering in Cold Fusion Reactions. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

It has long been recognized that initiation of the cold fusion heat effect observed in heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes requires simultaneous attainment of three conditions: (i) high loading or chemical potential of D within the Pd lattice; (ii) an initiation time at least ten times larger than the D diffusion time constant: (iii) a minimum or threshold electrochemical surface current or current density that is not correlated to the bulk D loading. In 1995 a fourth condition was added with the recognition [5] that (iv) deuterium flux plays an important role in determining the excess heat power density.

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McKubre, M.C.H. and F.L. Tanzella. Using resistivity to measure H/Pd and D/Pd loading: method and significance. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

The resistance ratio method is the most frequent technique used to determine the extent of interstitial loading of hydrogen or deuterium atoms into palladium electrodes, or extended structures used in electrolytic or gas phase cold fusion experiments. Specifically, advantage is taken of an empirical relationship between the measured resistance, R, normalized to that of the same body at the same temperature in the absence of hydrogen isotope, R°, hence R/R°, and the atomic fraction occupancy of octahedral interstitials, x = H/Pd or D/Pd. This method was first suggested and employed in cold fusion studies by the present authors [1], and received immediate and widespread acceptance because of the ease with which this experimental technique could be used to make insitu, real-time measurements of a parameter, D/Pd, anticipated [2] or hypothesized [3-6] at that time to relate to cold fusion heat excess or nuclear production.

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McKubre, M.C.H. Cold Fusion at SRI (PowerPoint slides). in APS March Meeting. 2007. Denver, CO.

Cold Fusion at SRI
An 18 Year Retrospective
(and brief Prospective)

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McKubre, M.C.H. and F.L. Tanzella. Mass Flow Calorimetry. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Discussion of the Mass Flow first principles calorimeter in this paper is based primarily on the analysis and experience gained at SRI in answering the question: “is there a Fleischmann Pons heat effect (FPE)”? Subsequently other mass flow calorimeters, or more generically heat balance calorimeters, were designed to answer this same question and some comment will be directed to the technical differences resulting from different design philosophies, specifically those designed and operated by ENEA, and Energetics Technologies.
Discussion will be undertaken of ideal and non-ideal calorimeter operation, design principles and practical implementation including long and short term accuracy and sensitivity as well as limitations of heat balance calorimeters as the vehicle chosen to study the FPE.

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McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Replication of Condensed Matter Heat Production, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 219-247.

McKubre, M.C.H. The Importance of Replication. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Much discussion in the Condensed Matter Nuclear Science or “Cold Fusion” fields centers on the subject of replication. It is a topic that comes up in essentially every conversation about the Fleischmann Pons Effect (FPE). Assembled here is a set of essentially personal views on this subject of replication.

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McKubre, M.C.H., F.L. Tanzella, and V. Violante. The Significance of Replication (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.

What have we learned in 18 years of experiments performed at SRI, about the experimental conditions for success and reasons for failed replication?

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McKubre, M. C.

McKubre, M.C. COLD FUSION, LENR, the Fleischmann-Pons Effect; ONE PERSPECTIVE on the STATE of the SCIENCE (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

* March 23rd1989 Fleischmann and Pons reported results of: an anomalous heat effect resulting from the extensive, electrochemical insertion of deuterium into palladium cathodes occurring over an extended period of timeby means of electrolysis of heavy water in alkaline electrolytes.
* This heat effect was at a level consistent with Nuclear but not Chemical energy or known lattice Storage effects, but occurred (mostly) without penetrating radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons) or activation (3H).
* Nuclear level heat effects have been observed in the D/Pd system with energies 100¡¦s or 1,000¡¦s times known chemical effects.

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McNally, J. R.

McNally, J.R., On the possibility of a nuclear mass-energy resonance in deuterium + deuterium reactions at low energy. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 237.

McNeil, J. A.

McNeil, J.A. Relativistic Hyperfine Interaction and the Spence-Vary Resonance. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Mebrahtu, T.

Mebrahtu, T., et al., Observations on the surface composition of palladium cathodes after D2O electrolysis in LiOD solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 267: p. 351.

Melendez, L.

Melendez, L., et al., Titanium deuteration with neutron emission through electrical discharges. Fusion Technol., 1998. 35: p. 71.

Melich, M. E.

Melich, M.E. and W.N. Hansen. Some Lessons from 3 Years of Electrochemical Calorimetry. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

An analysis of the time series data from the 16 Harwell FPH electrochemical cells is being conducted. Using generally accepted calorimetric principles and detailed numerical analysis, the behavior of “cold fusion” output data is used to estimate the instrumental sensitivity and the time varying accuracy of the results of the experiments. In Harwell’s D₂O Cell 3 there are more than ten time intervals where an unexplained power source or energy storage mechanism may be operating. A comparison to a previous analysis of Pons and Fleischmann data is made.

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Melich, M.E. and W.N. Hansen. Back to the Future, The Fleischmann-Pons Effect in 1994. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
From its initial public announcement on 23 March 1989, the Fleischmann-Pons Effect (FPE) has been attributed to:
nuclear fusion
nuclear fission
exotic chemistry
some previously unidentified law of nature
instrumental error.
 Highly public as well as private efforts were made in 1989 to decide if an FPE existed and if so, what caused it. This paper reevaluates some of the factual bases for the scientific and management judgments of 1989 with the advantage of what has been learned after four years of worldwide experimentation and analysis. We conclude that there is an FPE and its signature is heat. Data existed in 1989 that could have lead to this conclusion. The source of the excess heat is still not understood. Scientific progress was not made through this debate, which was largely uninformed by appropriate experimentation, and patent considerations may have played a determining role in the scientific progress associated with the FPE.

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