Hunter, G. W.

Hunter, G.W., et al., A Dewar Calorimeter for Electrochemical Studies. 1990.

Hurlbert, R. C.

Hurlbert, R.C. and J.O. Konecny, Diffusion of hydrogen through palladium. J. Chem. Phys., 1961. 34: p. 655.

Hurtak, J. J.

Hurtak, J.J., Cold Fusion Research: Models and Potential Benefits. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 128.

Hurtak, J.J. and P.G. Bailey, Cold fusion research: Models and potential benefits. 1997: www.padrak.com/ine/.

Huston, E. L.

Huston, E.L. and G.D. Sandrock, Engineering Properties of Metal Hydrides. J. Less-Common Met., 1980. 74: p. 435.

Hutchinson, D. P.

Hutchinson, D.P., et al., Initial Calorimetry Experiments in the Physics Division -ORNL. 1990: Oak Ridge, TN.

Iazzi, F.

Iazzi, F., et al. Correlated Measurements of D2 Loading and 4He Production in Pd Lattice. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
A series of measurements have been performed on a thin sheet of Pd in D₂ gas atmo­sphere with an electric field applied across its length. The results in terms of correlation between the average loading ratio near the cathode and in the middle of the sheet are reported: they indicate that under particular conditions the application of the electric field succeeds to shorten the loading time and to obtain local D/Pd ratios higher than the average value.

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Ichimaru, S.

Ichimaru, S., S. Ogata, and A. Nakano, Rates of nuclear fusion in metal hydrides. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1990. 59(11): p. 3904.

Ichimaru, S., et al., Statistical-mechanical theory of cold nuclear fusion in metal hydrides. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1990. 59: p. 1333.

Ichimaru, S., Cold nuclear fusion in pressurized liquid metals. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1991. 60: p. 1437.

Ichimaru, S. Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Ichimaru, S., Nuclear fusion in dense plasmas. Rev. Mod. Phys., 1993. 65: p. 255.

Iguchi, T.

Iguchi, T., Measurement of a very small yield of neutron using a moderating-type (3)He gas counter. Ioniz. Radiat. (Tokyo), 1990. 16(3): p. 22 (in Japanese).

Iida, T.

Iida, T., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiment with Ti and Pd Foils Implanted with Deuterium Beams. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Iida, T., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiments with Ti and Pd Foils Implanted with Deuteron Beams II. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Deuteron implantation experiments on Ti and Pd foils have been made for the examination of the “cold” deuteron fusion reaction. In the center of a target chamber fitted to a 300 keV deuteron accelerator, a Ti or Pd foil sample was set to face toward 3 nsec pulsed deuteron beams collimated with a 3 mm diameter aperture. A Si-SSD was placed behind the foil to detect high energy charged particles emitted from the foil by the supposed deuteron fusion reactions.
In the 243 keV deuteron implantation experiments for 3-20 μm Ti and 5-22 μm Pd foils, unusual counts and peaks were measured in the energy region higher than the proton peak due to the well-known D-D reaction. And from the energy loss measurement with the screen foil in front of the Si-SSD, some of the unusual high energy peaks were found to be helium, though the original reactions are not identified. These helium peaks and unnatural counts are difficult to explain and might have something to do with the multibody fusion reactions proposed by A. Takahashi. More elaborate experiments with more detailed measurement such as correlated particle measurement should be necessary for confirmation of the multibody fusion reaction.

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Iida, T., Deuteron fusion experiments with some foils implanted with deuteron beams. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 77.

Iizumi, K.

Iizumi, K., et al. Heat Measurement During Plasma Electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Ikegami, H.

Ikegami, H. Cold Fusion Researches in Japan. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Ikegami, H., Present and future of cold fusion. Nuclear products from cold fusion. Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 60: p. 212 (in Japanese).

Ikegami, H., ed. Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion" (Part 1). 1992, Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan: Nagoya Japan. 698.

This is the complete proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, October 21 - 25, 1992 Nagoya, Japan.
 
The printed book is in one volume, but this version has been split into two parts to facilitate downloading. This is Part 1, title page to page 252.
 
This file is in image-over-text Acrobat format, so it is large. Some individual papers from the proceedings have been uploaded separately after being completely converted to text Acrobat format, which is cleaner and smaller. In some cases the separate papers have been re-edited by the authors and improved.

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Ikegami, H., ed. Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion" (Part 2). 1992, Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan: Nagoya Japan. 698.

This is the complete proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, October 21 - 25, 1992 Nagoya, Japan.
 
The printed book is in one volume, but this version has been split into two parts to facilitate downloading. This is Part 2, page 253 to page 698.

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Ikegami, H., Next step to promote cold fusion research. Oyo Butsuri, 1993. 62: p. 717 (in Japanese).

Ikegami, H., Buffer Energy Nuclear Fusion, in Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.40. 2001. p. 6092-6098.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 A compact scheme of non-thermonuclear fusion is presented. Hydrogen ions are implanted directly from nonthermal discharge plasma or ion source into a surface of liquid Li metal at a buffer energy of a few tens keV where nuclear stopping occurs. The ions interact with Li atoms or mixed element atoms which are not being internally excited and tend towards the formation of united atoms at the minimum Gibbs free energy point. This leads to the enhanced rate of non-thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen ions due to cohesion in the liquid metal.

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Ikeya, M.

Ikeya, M. and H. Miyamaru, Chemical heat production of palladium electrode electrolytically charged with deuterium and hydrogen. Chem. Express, 1989. 4: p. 563.

Ilic, R.

Ilic, R., et al., A search for neutrons, protons, tritons, (3)He ions, gamma- and x-rays from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reaction in electrochemically charged palladium. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 1990. 17: p. 483.

Ilic, R., et al., Investigation of the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction in cast, annealed, and cold-rolled palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 505.

Ilic, R. and J. Rant, The search for cold nuclear fusion with track-etch and bubble damage detectors. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 1991. 19: p. 619.

Iller, C.

Iller, C., Hadronic Circuit Diagrams and the secrets of Cold Nuclear Chemistry. Alchemy Today, 1994. 2: p. 149.

Indech, R.

Indech, R. and R. Karshenboym. Optimization of Output in a Cold Fusion Generator. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Irvine, J. M.

Irvine, J.M. and S. Riley, Cold fusion doubts and controls. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 515 (15-Jun).

Isagawa, S.

Isagawa, S., Y. Kanada, and T. Suzuki. Search for Excess Heat, Neutron Emission and Tritium Yield from Electrochemically Charged Palladium in D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Isagawa, S., Y. Kanda, and T. Suzuki. Heat Production and Trial to Detect Nuclear Products from Palladium-Deuterium Electrolysis Cells. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Isagawa, S., Mass spectroscopic means for determining 4He in the presence of large amounts of D2. Vacuum, 1996. 47: p. 497.

Isagawa, S. and Y. Kanda. Mass Spectroscopic Search for Helium in Effluent Gas and Palladium Cathodes of D2O Electrolysis Cells Involving Excess Power. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Isagawa, S., Y. Kanda, and T. Suzuki, Present status of cold fusion experiment at KEK". Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 65(1): p. 60.

Isobe, Y.

Isobe, Y., H. Fukuoka, and A. Takahashi. Simultaneous Measurements of Neutrons, X-rays, Excess Heat and D-Loading Ratio Using Open D2O Electrolysis System. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Isobe, Y., et al. Search for Coherent Deuteron Fusion by Beam and Electrolysis Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

[Abstract] Procedures and results of three kinds of experiments i.e., closed type D₂O/Pd electrolysis, electron beam irradiation and ion-beam bombardment on titanium-deuteride (TiDx) have been introduced in this paper. In the electrolysis experiment, upper gas of the electrolysis cell was analyzed using a Quadrupole Mass Analysis System (Q-MAS). Significant amount of helium-4 was detected without neutron emission in several experiments and in one of these experiments, the amount of helium-4 atom in the released gas from the palladium cathode was 8.1x10¹⁶ atoms. Under electron beam irradiation to highly D-loaded palladium, anomalous spectra were taken in X-ray measurement. In the experiments using deuteron beam and TiDx, responses which suggested 3D multi-body fusion were taken and the reaction rate of which was increased compared to the D(d,p)T reaction rate, below 100 keV. This result may reflect the coherent effect of the solid state in the reactions. From the results of the experiments using proton beam and TiDx, peaks which suggested 3D multi-body reaction were detected with high reproducibility. Moreover, high energetic protons having 17-20 MeV emitted kinetic energy which suggested H-D-D three-body coherent fusion were also detected.

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Isobe, Y., et al., Search for multibody nuclear reactions in metal deuteride induced with ion beam and electrolysis methods. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41(part 1): p. 1546.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 We report here the experimental results suggesting the occurrence of multibody nuclear reactions in metal deuterides under ion-beam irradiation and electrolysis. A meaningful increase of helium-4 was observed during electrolysis with the Pd-D₂O system, while neutron emission was not observed. The D+D+D fusion, 3D→t+³He+9.5 MeV, has been observed repeatedly in deuteron-beam irradiation experiments with a TiD_x target. On the other hand, in proton-beam experiments with TiD_x, H+D+D-fusion: H+D+D→p+⁴He+23.8 MeV was observed. Considering this result, it seems that the 3D reaction occurred between two deuterons trapped closely in TiD_x and an incident particle of deuteron. . . .

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Ito, T.

Ito, T., T. Kursawa, and T. Yaguchi, Concerning 'cold fusion'. Meiji Daigaku Nogakubu Hokoku, 1994. 100: p. 1 (in Japanese).

Itoh, T.

Itoh, T., et al. Observation of Nuclear Products Under Vacuum Conditions from Deuterated Palladium with High Loading Ratio. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Itoh, T., et al. Observation of Nuclear Products in Gas Release Experiments with Electrochemically Deuterated Palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Iwamura, Y.

Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and I. Toyoda. Observation of Anomalous Nuclear Effects in D2-Pd System. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Iwamura, Y., et al. Characteristic X-ray and Neutron Emissions from Electrochemically Deuterated Palladium. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Iwamura, Y., et al. Correlation between behavior of deuterium in palladium and occurance of nuclear reactions observed by simultaneous measurement of excess heat and nuclear products. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan.

We developed a new type of experimental apparatus for simultaneous measurement of excess heat and nuclear products with intent to induce continuous nuclear reactions in D₂  Pd system. It consists of two parts: an electrochemical cell for calorimetry, and a vacuum chamber for nuclear measurement. Deuterium atoms flow continuously from the electrochemical side to the vacuum side through a palladium plate, and we might expect that nuclear reactions last for a long term in the system, since it is considered that diffusion process of deuterium atoms in palladium is important to induce nuclear reactions.

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Detection of Anomalous Elements, X-ray and Excess Heat Induced by Continous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
A new type of experimental apparatus is developed to induce nuclear reactions by continuous diffusion of deuterium. Ti atoms, which cannot be explained by contamination, were detected on the surface where deuterium atoms passed through on Pd cathodes after electrolysis. A multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd) is introduced based on an EINR (Electron Induced Nuclear Reaction) model. Excess heat generations and x-ray emissions were observed for all the cases we tried by the multi-layer cathodes. ⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁶Fe ratio of Fe atoms detected on the multi-layer cathodes is anomalously larger than natural
⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁶Fe.

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Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, X-ray and excess heat induced by continuous diffusion of deuterium through multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 56.

Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, x-ray, and excess heat in a D2-Pd system and its interpretation by the electron-induced nuclear reaction model. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 476.

Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and M. Sakano. Nuclear Products and Their Time Dependence Induced by Continuous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Palladium Containing Low Work Function Material. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Two kinds of experimental methods have been designed to induce nuclear reactions in the Pd-D system. One is the D₂ gas diffusion method, and the other is the electrolysis diffusion method. A common feature of the methods is to cause continuous diffusion of deuterium through a multi-layer Pd that contains low work function material (CaO, TiC, YzOs, etc.). Time dependence of nuclear products (Mg, Si, S, F, Al) were observed by the D₂ gas diffusion method, in which the products were analyzed WITHOUT taking the multi-layer Pd out of the apparatus. The time dependence of the products was reproduced qualitatively. The ³³S/³²S ratio of the products was one order larger than that of natural abundance. Fe isotope ratio anomaly of the multi-layer Pd obtained by the electrolysis diffusion method was confirmed by SIMS and TOF-SIMS. Si powder products detected after electrolysis amounted to 0.057g, and its isotopic composition was anomalous.

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University.: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Iwamura, Y., M. Sakano, and T. Itoh, Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41: p. 4642.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. It is reprinted here with permission of the author. The abstract begins:
 Elemental analysis of Pd complexes, which consist of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd, is described, after subjecting the Pd complexes to D2 gas permeation. The Pd complex was located in a vacuum chamber and the elemental analysis was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) apparatus mounted on the chamber. . . .

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Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and M. Sakano, Nuclide Transmutation Device and Nuclide Transmutation Method. 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.: U.S.A.

PATENT
ABSTRACT: The present invention produces nuclide transmutation using a relatively small-scale device. The device 10 that produces nuclide transmutation comprises a structure body 11 that is substantially plate shaped and made of palladium (Pd) or palladium alloy, or another metal that absorbs hydrogen (for example, Ti) or an alloy thereof, and a material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation laminated on one surface 11A among the two surfaces of this structure body 11. The one surface 11A side of the structure body 11, for example, is made a region in which the pressure of the deuterium is high due to pressure or electrolysis and the like, and the other surface 11B side, for example, is a region in which the pressure of the deuterium is low due to vacuum exhausting and the like, and thereby, a flow of deuterium in the structure body 11 is produced, and nuclide transmutation is carried out by a reaction between the deuterium and the material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation.

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Observation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes,. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
Observation of low energy nuclear reactions induced by D₂ gas permeation through Pd complexes, which consist of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd, is described.   The Pd complex was located in a vacuum chamber and the elemental analysis was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) apparatus mounted on the chamber.  When Cs was added on the surface of a Pd complex, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the Pd complex was subjected to D₂ gas permeation at 343K and 1atm for about one week.  In the case of adding Sr on the surface, Mo emerged on the surface while the added Sr decreased after D₂ permeation for about two weeks.  All the phenomena were reproduced qualitatively.  The isotopic composition of the detected Mo exhibited characteristics indicating an isotopic abundance of Sr rather than the natural abundance of Mo

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Transmutation In Condensed Matter Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes: Correlation Between Deuterium Flux And Nuclear Products. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Observations of low energy nuclear reactions induced by D₂ gas permeation through Pd complexes (Pd/CaO/Pd) were presented at ICCF-9 and in a paper published in the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (JJAP). When Cs was added on the surface of a Pd complex, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the Pd complex was subjected to D₂ gas permeation. When Sr was added to the surface, Mo emerged while the Sr decreased after D₂ gas permeation. The isotopic composition of the detected Mo was different from the natural abundance.
 In this paper, recent progress of our research is described. The detected Pr was confirmed by various methods such as TOF-SIMS, XANES, X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and ICP-MS. Analysis of the depth profile of Pr indicated that a very thin surface region up to 100 angstroms was the active transmutation zone. Many experimental results showed that the quantity of Pr was proportional to the deuterium flux through Pd complex. The cross section of transmutation of Cs into Pr can be roughly estimated at 1 barn if we consider the deuterium flux as an ultra low energy deuteron beam.

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Iwamura, Y. Consideration on the Role of CaO (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Iwamura, Y. Observation of Nuclear Transmutation Reactions induced by D2 Gas Permeation through Pd Complexes (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

We have been studying low energy nuclear transmutations induced by D₂ gas permeation through Pd complexes (Pd/CaO/Pd). We presented experimental results at ICCF9 and ICCF10^1-3. In this paper, we report recent progress. Transmutations of Ba into Sm were observed in two cases: with natural Ba on Pd complex samples (a definite result), and with mass 137-enriched Ba (probable). In these experiments, the atomic mass increase was 12 and atomic number increase was 6. One of our experimental apparatuses was carried to SPring-8, which is the world’s largest synchrotron radiation facility, located at Hyogo prefecture in Japan. Pr was confirmed several times by XRF at SPring-8. Some experiments were done to explore physical structure of the CaO layer. According to a D+ ion beam bombardment experiment performed at Tohoku University, the deuterium density of our Pd complex is one order larger than normal Pd. When we replaced CaO with MgO, we did not obtain any positive results. These results shed light on the role of the CaO layer in the Pd complex.

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Iwamura, Y. Observation of Nuclear Transmutation Reactions induced by D2 Gas Permeation through Pd Complexes. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Transmutations of Ba into Sm were observed both when  natural Ba was applied to the Pd  complex samples, and when mass 137-enriched Ba (monoisotopic Ba) was applied. The mass  distribution of Sm that we obtained depended on the starting isotopic distribution of Ba.
 One of our experimental apparatus was carried to SPring-8 for the purpose of in-situ measurement, and we obtained a Pr signal using the X-ray Fluorescence method.
 According to a D+ ion beam bombardment experiment performed at Tohoku University, the deuterium density of our Pd complex is one order of magnitude larger than normal Pd.

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Iwamura, Y. Pd Complex (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Iwamura, Y., et al. Observation Of Surface Distribution Of Products By X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry During D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

In-situ measurement of transmutation of Cs into Pr was performed, and the surface distribution of Pr was investigated using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry) at SPring-8, a large synchrotron x-ray facility. The in-situ measurement indicated that Pr emerged and Cs decreased at some points after D₂ gas permeation, though any Pr cannot be observed before D₂ gas permeation at all the points on the Pd complex surface. Using small size X-ray beam in 100- and 500-micrometer squares, we obtained 2 dimensional XRF spectra for three permeated samples, from which we detected Pr. Pr was detected again by the two small x-ray beams as expected. The amount of Pr varied greatly at different locations of the Pd surface, however, a clear correlation between surface structures and distribution of Pr has not seen up to now. Experimental results suggest that nuclear transmutations do not occur uniformly but some uncertain factors, presumably condensed matter effects in the present Pd/D/CaO system, have a large effect on the rate or the process of the reactions.

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Iyengar, P. K.

Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan, BARC studies in cold fusion. 1989, Government of India, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay.

Iyengar, P.K. Cold Fusion Results in BARC Experiments. in Fifth International Conf. on Emerging Nucl. Energy Ststems. 1989. Karlsruhe, Germany.

Experiments were initiated at Trombay during the first week of April 1989 to verify the widely reported claims of the occurrence of cold fusion. A large burst of ≈ 2 × 10⁷ neutrons was first detected on April 21st with a Pd-Ni electrolytic cell. The neutron counting rate, averaged over a 5 minute interval, was a couple of orders of magnitude larger than that of background count rates. In this experiment the tritium level in the D₂O electrolyte jumped from the initial stock solution value of 2.6 Bq/ml to a 5.6 × 10⁴ Bq/ml, an increase by over four orders of magnitude. The total quantity of tritium generated corresponds to ≈ 10¹⁶ atoms suggesting a neutron to tritium channel branching ratio of less than 10^-8 in cold fusion. Significant quantities of neutrons and tritium were also observed to be produced in gas loaded Ti and Pd samples. Autoradiography of D₂ loaded Ti disc targets have shown a number of hot spots indicating uneven distribution of tritium production in the near-surface region. On the whole the Trombay experiments have unequivocally confirmed the occurrence of cold fusion reactions both in Pd and Ti metallic lattices loaded with deuterium.

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Iyengar, P.K., Preface and Summary, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay.

The Preface and Summary of the book BARC Studies in Cold Fusion.

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Iyengar, P.K., et al., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre studies on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 32.

Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan. Overview of BARC Studies in Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

ABSTRACT
A wide variety of experiments have been carried out by twelve independent teams employing both electrolytic and gas phase loading of deuterium in Pd and Ti metals to investigate the phenomenon of cold fusion first reported by Fleischmann and Pons in March 1989. The experiments were primarily devoted to the study of the emission of nuclear particles such as neutrons and tritium with a view to verify the “nuclear origin” of cold fusion. In 22 different electrolytic experiments whose cathode surface areas ranged from 0.1 to 300 cm², large bursts of neutrons and/or tritium were measured. Some of these gave clear evidence that these two nuclear particles were being generated simultaneously. The neutron-to-tritium yield ratios in the majority of these experiments was in the range of 10^-6 to 10^-9. The specific neutron and tritium yields expressed per cm² of cathode surface area also fitted into a systematic pattern. A unique feature of the BARC electrolysis results is that the first bursts of neutrons and tritium occurred (in 8 out of 11 cells) on the very first day of commencement of electrolysis, when hardly a few amp-hrs of charge had been passed.

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Izumida, T.

Izumida, T., et al., A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 641.

Izuyama, T.

Izuyama, T., Anomalous susceptibility due to paramagnetic impurities. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1964. 133: p. 851.

Jabon, V. D. D.

Jabon, V.D.D., G.V. Fedorovich, and N.V. Samsonenko, Catalitically induced d-d fusion in ferroelectrics. Braz. J. Phys., 1997. 27: p. 515.

Jackson, J. C.

Jackson, J.C., Cold fusion results still unexplained. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 345 (1-Jun).

Jaeger, F. G.

Jaeger, F.G. A Model for Commercialization Utilizing Patents. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Jaendel, M.

Jaendel, M., Cold fusion in a confining phase of quantum electrodynamics. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 493.

Jaendel, M., The fusion rate in the transmission resonance model. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 176.

Jaksch, D.

Jaksch, D., et al., Cold Bosonic in Optical Lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1998. 81: p. 3108.

Jamieson, H. C.

Jamieson, H.C., G.C. Weathrely, and F.D. Manchester, The b-a Phase Transformation in Palladium-Hydrogen Alloys. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 56: p. 85.

Jaminon, M.

Jaminon, M., La fusion froide [in French]. Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 2002. 70(3): p. 119.

Jandel, M.

Jandel, M., Cold Fusion in a Confining Phase of Quantum Electrodynamics. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 493.

Jandel, M. and J. Sahrling. Pressure Enhanced Fusion Rates in Lattice Channels. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: S. E. Jones, Brigham Young Univ.

Jandel, M., The Fusion Rate in the Transmission Resonance Model. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 176.

Jarmie, N.

Jarmie, N. and N.E. Brown, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions with Hydrogen Isotopes. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1985. B10/11: p. 405.

Jaworski, W

Jaworski, W., Computation of the Electron Density of States in Non-Stoichiometric PdHx by the Recursion Method. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1987. 17: p. 373.

Jayaraman, K. S.

Jayaraman, K.S., Cold fusion hot again. Nature India, 2008.

The Indian government, which abandoned cold fusion research 16 years ago, is now being advised by its top scientists to revive it.
 
The recommendation stems from a meeting of a galaxy of leading nuclear physicists, metallurgists and electrochemists at the National Institute of Advanced Studies held in Bangalore on January 9. . . .

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Jensen, L. C.

Jensen, L.C. and K.S. Mortensen, Beyond fusion, annihilation reactions of confined hydrogen. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 417.

Jiang, S.

Jiang, S., G. Yang, and S. Wang, Coulomb screening effect of deuterium-ion in metal - numerical solution of nonlinear Poisson equation. Lanzhou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban [J. Lanzhou Univ. (Nat. Sci), 1993. 29(2): p. 70 (In Chinese).

Jiang, S., et al. Observation of 3He and 3H in the volcanic crater lakes: possible evidence for natural nuclear fusion in deep Earth. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Mantle helium and other volatiles may be released to volcanic crater lakes. This paper presents the observation of ³H and mantle helium in the crater Lakes Nemrut (Turkey), Laacher (Germany) and Pavin (France). The presence of excess ³H in the lakes can be explained as material released from mantle sources because of the correlation of excess ³H with mantle 3He and 4He. The helium concentration was much higher in the bottom layers of the lakes. The 4He and 3He concentrations in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher, and Pavin were determined to be 25 and 190; 10 and 50; and 70 and 500 times larger than the atmospheric saturation value, respectively. The isotopic ratio of the excess helium, ³He_ex/⁴He_ex, in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin was (1.032±0.006)×10^-5, (7.42±0.03)×10^-6 and (9.09±0.01)×10⁶ respectively. The ratios clearly indicate that large amounts of helium isotopes are released to the lakes from a mantle source. The excess 3H at the bottom of Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin is estimated to be 3.7±1.4 TU, ~1.4 TU and ~4 TU respectively. Detection of tritium in the Earth’s interior is key evidence for natural nuclear fusion in the Earth.

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Jiang, S. New results of charged particle released from deuterium-loaded metal at low temperature. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

We have suggested that the mantle ³He and ³H might have originated from natural nuclear fusion (d-d and d-p reaction, or other reactions) in deep Earth. Encouraged by this new idea, we tried to recreate nuclear fusion at low temperature in the laboratory. This paper describes charged particles emitted from the deuterium-loaded titanium foil and powder at low temperature. Although the counts are very low (about 0.13 counts/h), fortunately, broad and narrow peaks are observed for the deuterium-loaded titanium foil and TiD-Mo sample respectively. The charged particle is identified as proton having energy of about 2.8 MeV after exiting the sample. We suggest that the proton might originate from d‑d reaction in the samples. Then the d-d reaction rate is calculated to be 1.4 × 10^‑24 fusion/d-d·sec for the deuterium-loaded titanium foil sample. On the other hand, no charged particles were observed above the background level for deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample. Therefore, this work provides a positive result of nuclear fusion for the metal foil samples, but a negative result for the powder samples. The negative result of the deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample suggests that the reaction yield might be correlated with deuterium density, or it may be correlated with microscopic variations in the deuterium-loaded titanium materials. The negative result also indicates that d-d reaction catalyzed by -meson from cosmic ray can be excluded in this experiment. The present work may be helpful to the further study on the physical mechanism of nuclear fusion in deuterium (hydrogen)-loaded metals and also helpful to the study of origin of ³He in the deep Earth.
 

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Jiang, X. L.

Jiang, X.L., N. Xu, and L.J. Han. Point-Effect and Non-equilibrium Conditions in Electrolysis Experiments. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jiang, X.L., L.J. Han, and W. Kang. Anomalous Element Production Induced by Carbon Arcing Under Water. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Jiang, X.L., Channeling Effects and Nuclear Reactions in Electrochemical Systems. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(2/3): p. 84.

Jiang, X.L., et al. Tip Effect and Nuclear-Active Sites. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Jiang, X.L. and L.J. Han, Dynamic Casimir Effect in an Electrochemical Systems. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 47.

Jiang, X.L., X.-W. Wen, and L.J. Han. Torsion field effect and axion model in electrical discharge systems. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Jiang, X.

Jiang, X. and L. Han, Non-equilibrium conditions of electrolysis and abnormal nuclear phenomena. Nucl. Phys. Rev. (China), 1997. 14: p. 111 (in Chinese).

Jiang, X., et al. Anomalous Nuclear Phenomena Assocoated with Ultrafast Processes. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

Quantum physics predicts the existence of an underlying sea of zero-point energy at every point in the universe. If the zero-point energy is real, there is the possibility that it can be tapped as a source of power or be harnessed to generate a propulsive force for space travel.
 
In our previous papers, anomalous excess heat and localized nuclear reactions on the surface of electrodes in electrolysis cells have been observed. A physical model of transient vortex dynamics with torsion coherence with the zero point energy has been proposed by Xingliu Jiang based on the ultrafast processes of triple phases area of tip effect on the electrode surface. Considering the large equivalent capacitance of electrochemical double layer, it is presumed that the double layer can exhibit nonlinear electrical response with spatial and temporal variations confined to microscopic areas by tip effect.
 
Experimental results of transient processes with ultrafast phenomena with nanosecond duration in electrical discharge systems including electrolysis cells have been presented.

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Jianyu, H.

Jianyu, H., et al. Experimental Study on Anomalous Neutron Production in Deuterium/Solid System. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jin, S. X.

Jin, S.X., et al., The possibilities of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Science in China A, 1991. 34: p. 697.

Jin, S.X., et al., Deuterium absorbability and anomalous nuclear effect of YBCO high temperature superconductors. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1994. 39(2): p. 101.

Jin, S.X. and H. Fox, Characteristics of High-Density Charge Clusters: A Theoretical Model. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 192.

Jin, S.X. and H. Fox, Possible palladium-related nuclear reactions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 192.

Jin, S.

Jin, S., et al., The possibilities of cold nuclear fusion of deuterium. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1990. 7: p. 28.

Jin, S., et al., Anomalous nuclear effects in palladium-deuterium systems during the gas discharge process. Gaojishu Tongxun, 1991. 1(5): p. 25 (In Chinese).

Jin, S., et al. Anomalous Nuclear Events in Deuterium Palladium Systems. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Jin, S., F. Zhan, and Y. Liu. Deuterium Absorbability and Anomalous Nuclear Effect of YBCO High Temperature Superconductor. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Johnson, K. H.

Johnson, K.H. and D.P. Clougherty, Hydrogen-hydrogen/deuterium-deuterium bonding in palladium and the superconducting/electrochemical properties of PdHx/PdDx. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 795.

Johnson, K.H. Jahn-Teller Symmetry Breaking and Hydrogen Energy in g-PdD "Cold Fusion" as Storage of Latent Heat of Water. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Johnson, K.H., Jahn-Teller Symmetry Breaking and Hydrogen Energy in g-PdD "Cold Fusion". Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 427.

Johnson, R.

Johnson, R. and M.E. Melich. Weight of Evidence for the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

D. Cravens and D. Letts have analyzed a portion (167 papers) of the published literature reporting on D2O electrolysis experiments such as Fleischmann and Pons’s (FP). They identify four criteria for what constitutes a “proper” FP experiment and state that experiments that satisfy all four criteria are likely to succeed in producing excess heat, while those that do not are likely to fail. This paper presents results of using a Bayesian network for probabilistic analysis of this claim. Consideration of a small subset of the papers (eight) is sufficient to give a likelihood ratio of about 10 to 1 in favor, and this number appears to grow generally rapidly, though not monotonically, as more papers are added to the set.

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Joncich, M. J.

Joncich, M.J. and N. Hackerman, The Reaction of Hydrogen and Oxygen on Submerged Platinum Electrode Catalysts. I. Effect of Stirring, Temperarture and Electric Polarization. J. Phys. Chem., 1953. 57: p. 674.

Jones, J. E.

Jones, J.E., et al., Faradaic efficiencies less than 100% during electrolysis of water can account for reports of excess heat in 'cold fusion' cells. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99: p. 6973.

Jones, R. L.

Jones, R.L., Unconventional Science (PowerPoint slides). 2005, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Ministry of Defence.

Jones, S. E.

Jones, S.E., Muon-Catalysed Fusion Revisited. Nature (London), 1986. 321: p. 327.

Jones, S.E. Anomalous Neutron Emission in Metal- Deuterium Systems. in Riken Conference on Muon-Catalyzed and Cold Fusion. 1989. Tokyo, Japan.

Jones, S.E., et al., Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 737.

Jones, S.E., D.L. Decker, and H.D. Tolley, (No title) (Scientific correspondence). Nature (London), 1990. 343: p. 703.

Jones, S.E., et al., Anomalous nuclear reactions in condensed matter: recent results and open questions. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 199.

Jones, S.E., et al. In Quest of a Trigger Mechanism for Neutron Emissions from Deuterium/Solid Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jones, S.E., et al. Preliminary Results from the BYU Charged-Particle Spectrometer. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jones, S.E., Nuclear reactions in deuterated solids versus excess heat claims. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 915.

Jones, S.E., Current issues in cold fusion research: heat, helium, tritium, and energetic particles. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1992. 51: p. 283.

Jones, S.E., et al. Search for Neutron, Gamma, and X-ray Emissions from Pd/LiOD Electrolytic Cells: A Null Result. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Jones, S.E., et al., Search for Neutron, Gamma, and X-Ray Emissions From Pd/LiOD Electrolytic Cells: A Null Result. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 143.

Jones, S.E. and L.D. Hansen, Examination of claims of Miles et al in Pons-Fleischmann-Type cold fusion experiments. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99: p. 6966.

Jones, S.E., L.D. Hansen, and D.S. Shelton, An assessment of claims of excess heat in cold fusion calorimetry. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998. 102: p. 3647.

Jones, S.E., Chasing anomalous signals: the cold fusion question. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 55.

What should a scientist do with an anomalous experimental result (one which flies in the face of prevailing theories), which is statistically significant (at the five sigma + level), yet which cannot be repeated at will?  This is the problem which plagued us early on in our non-plasma or "cold" fusion experiments which began in spring 1986 at Brigham Young University, 2.5 years before we heard of the ostensibly-related work of Drs. Pons and Fleischmann.  It is a question which haunts us still. I invite the reader to seriously consider the question posed above: what would you do with such data?  If you walk away from an anomalous result, you could miss something important.  Indeed, is it scientifically honest to ignore such data?  One can argue that scientific instruments often show "glitches," and this is probably just one of these . . .

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Jones, S.E., et al. Charged-particle Emissions from Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
          We present evidence for energetic charged particles emanating from partially-deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions. To scrutinize emerging evidence for low-temperature nuclear reactions, we investigated particle yields employing three independent types of highly-sensitive, segmented particle detectors over a six-year period.  One experiment measuring neutron emission from TiDx foils showed a background-subtracted yield of 57 ± 13 counts per hour.  (The neutron experiments will be discussed in a separate paper.)  A second experiment, using a photo-multiplier tube with plastic and glass scintillators and TiDx registered charged particle emissions at 2,171 ± 93 counts/hour, over 400 times the background rate.   Moreover, these particles were identified as protons having 2.6 MeV after ex-iting the TiDx foil array.  In a third experiment, coincident charged particles consistent with protons and tritons were observed with high reproducibility in two energy-dispersive ion-implanted detectors located on either side of 25-micron thick Ti foils loaded with deuterium.  Our overall data therefore strongly sug-gest low-level nuclear fusion in deuterided metals under these conditions according to the fusion reactions d + d ? n(2.45 MeV) + 3He(0.82 MeV)  and  d + d ? p(3.02 MeV) + t(1.01 MeV), with other nuclear reactions being possible also.  Important advances were particle identifications, and repeatability exceed-ing 70% for coincident charged particle emissions. Metal processing and establishing non-equilibrium conditions appear to be important keys to achieving significant nuclear-particle yields and repeatability.

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Jones, S.E. and J. Ellsworth. Geo-fusion and Cold Nucleosynthesis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
             In our 1986 and 1989 papers, we discussed the hypothesis of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter and particularly in the planets. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on geo-fusion research, then to consider an important extension of the cold-fusion idea: “cold nucleosynthesis” in condensed matter.  Cold nucleosynthesis experiments are underway at Brigham Young University.

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Jones, S.E., et al. Neutron Emissions from Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
          We present evidence for neutrons emanating from partially-deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions.1 A previous paper presented data for complementary charged-particle emissions.   Metal processing and establishing non-equilibrium conditions appear to be important keys to achieving significant nuclear-particle yields and repeatability.

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Jones, S.

Jones, S., Bibliography. 1989.

Jordan, K. C.

Jordan, K.C., B.C. Blanke, and W.A. Dudley, Half-Life of Tritium. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1967. 29: p. 2129.

Jorgensen, C. K.

Jorgensen, C.K. Chemistry of Unsaturated Quarks. in Molecular Structures and Energetics. 1989: VCH Publishers, NY.

Jorgensen, C.K., Scenarios for nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium alloys at ambient temperatures. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 142.

Jorne, J

Jorne, J. Stress-Induced Uphill Diffusion of Deuterium in Palladium. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York1.

Jorne, J.

Jorne, J., Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium: the existence of negatively charged deuteride ions. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 519.

Jorne, J., Unsteady diffusion reaction of electrochemically produced deuterium in palladium rod. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990. 137: p. 369.

Jorne, J., Neutron and gamma-ray emission from palladium deuteride under supercritical conditions. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 371.

Jorne, J., Neutron emission studies during the electrolysis of deuterium by using BaCeO3 solid electrolyte and palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 244.

Jorne, J., Ultrasonic irradiation of deuterium-loaded palladium particles suspended in heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 83.

Josephs, H. C.

Josephs, H.C., Nuclear Processes in Palladium Deuteride. 1998.

Josephson, B.

Josephson, B. Abstract for "Pathological Disbelief". in Nobel Laureates' meeting. 2004. Lindau.

This document comes from the web site for the lecture series Meetings of Nobel Laureates in Lindau. See: http://www.lindau-nobel.de/content/view/19/32/
 
This introduces Josephson’s talk delivered in 2004. The PowerPoint slides from that presentation are listed below.

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Josephson, B. Good and Bad Ways to do Science (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Josephson, B. Pathological Disbelief. in Nobel Laureates' meeting. 2004. Lindau.

The ‘generally accepted view’ regarding a phenomenon can be wrong in two ways:
 (a) a non-existent phenomenon is considered real (e.g. N-rays, polywater); or
 (b) a real phenomenon is considered nonexistent (e.g. continental drift, meteorites)
 Langmuir’s much-quoted lecture on Pathological Science dealt with case (a); the interest here is in case (b). What makes the scientific establishment, in some cases, vehemently deny phenomena for which there is strong evidence?

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Jow, T. R.

Jow, T.R., et al., Calorimetric studies of deuterated Pd electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990. 137(8): p. 2473.

Joyce, C.

Joyce, C., Unlucky Break for the Friends of Cold Fusion. New Scientist, 1989: p. 34.

Julin, P.

Julin, P. and L.A. Bursill, Dendritic surface morphology of palladium hydride produced by electrolytic deposition. J. Solid State Chem., 1991. 93: p. 403.

Jung, P.

Jung, P., Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gasses in Solids Diffusion and Clustering of Helium in Noble Metals, ed. S.E. Donnelly and J.H. Evans. 1991: Plenum Press, NYJung, P. 59.

Kainthla, R. C.

Kainthla, R.C., et al., Eight chemical explanations of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1989. 14(11): p. 771.

Kainthla, R.C., et al., Sporadic observation of the Fleischmann-Pons heat effect. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1315.

Abstract - An examination has been made of the heat production at ten palladium electrodes, each prepared in a different way. Seven of these produced heat during D₂ evolution in a D₂-O₂ electrolysis cell (no recombination attempted) which coincided precisely with the prediction of classical electrochemical theory, and thus eliminated the suspicion of heat through unintended D₂-O₂ recombination. Three electrodes clearly produced an excess heat of ~2-5 watts-cm^-3. The heat was observed for periods of 10-33 hrs. In one electrode the excess heat production “shut off” (after 33 hrs) with no apparent cause: it did not return in five days of further electrolysis.

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Kaliev, K. A.

Kaliev, K.A., et al., Reproducible nuclear reactions by interaction of deuterium with tungsten oxide bronze. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1993. 330(2): p. 214 (in Russian).

Kaliev, K.A., et al., Reproducible nuclear reactions during interaction of deuterium with oxide tungsten bronze. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 172: p. 199.

Kaliev, K.

Kaliev, K., et al. Reproducible Nuclear Reactions during Interaction of Deuterium with Oxide Tungsten Bronze. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Kaliev, K., et al. The Initiation of Reproductive Nuclear Reactions in the Structures of the Oxide Tungsten Bronze. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Kalinin, V. B.

Kalinin, V.B., On the question of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion at the point of ferroelectric phase transition in K2DPO4. Neorg. Mater., 1993. 29(5): p. 656 (in Russian).

Kalinin, V.B., Dipole ordering, ionic conductivity, and cold nuclear fusion: three types of cation mobility in the orthophosphates KTiOPO4, Na3M2(PO4)3 (M = Sc, Fe, Cr), NaTh2(PO4)3, KD2PO4, and related compounds. Inorg. Mater., 1995. 31: p. 558.

Kamada, K.

Kamada, K., Electron impact H-H and D-D fusions in molecules embedded in Al. 1. Experimental results. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1992. 31(9): p. L1287.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 Both H-H and D-D fusion reactions, detected via high energy particle emission on CR-39, are shown to occur when 200 and 400 keV electrons are bombarded onto H⁺ or D⁺ ion implanted Al thin crystals. Roughly 1-2×10³ particle emissions, including both hydrogen and helium isotopes, in whole space were observed in each case. . . .

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Kamada, K. Electron Impact H-H and D-D Fusions in Molecules Embedded in Al. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Kamada, K., H. Kinoshita, and H. Takahashi. Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron Implanted Al on Electron Bombardment. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Kamada, K., H. Kinoshita, and H. Takahashi, Anomalous heat evolution of deuterium-implanted Al upon electron bombardment. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1996. 35: p. 738.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 Anomalous heat evolution was observed for the first time in deuteron-implanted Al foils upon 175 keV electron bombardment. Local regions with linear dimension of more than 100 nm showed simultaneous transformation from single-crystalline to polycrystalline structure within roughly one minute during the electron bombardment, indicating a temperature rise to above the melting point of Al from room temperature. The amount of energy evolved was estimated to be typically 160 MeV for each transformed region. The transformation was never observed in proton-implanted Al foils. Microstructures in the subsurface layer of the implanted Al, investigated by elastic recoil detection (ERD) method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were presented for numerical discussions of the experimental results. . . .

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Kamada, K., et al. Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron Implanted Al upon Electron Bombardment IV. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Kamada, K., Heating of deuteron implanted Al on electron bombardment and its possible relation to 'cold fusion' experiment. Fusion Eng. Des., 2001. 55: p. 541.

Kamimura, H.

Kamimura, H., et al. Excess Heat in Fuel Cell Type Cells from Pure Pd Cathodes Annealed at High Temperatures. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Kamiya, N.

Kamiya, N., et al. Effect of cold work of palladium on electrolytic hydrogen absorption. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Kamm, G. N.

Kamm, G.N., et al., Search for neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 401.

Kandasmy, K.

Kandasmy, K., F.A. Lewis, and S.G. McKee, Hydrogen Chemical Potentials and Phase Transitions in Palladium Black Electrodeposits. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1998. 35: p. 93.

Kaneko, K.

Kaneko, K., Jouon kakuyuugou - gensyou no kaimei wa doko made susunda ka?, in Nikkei Ecology. 2008. p. 57.

Kapali, V.

Kapali, V., et al., Comparison of electrochemical behaviour of the Pd-NaOD and Pd-NaOH systems". J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 264: p. 95.

Karabut, A. B.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Cold Fusion Observation at Gas-Discharge Device Cathode. in Anniversary Specialist Conf. on Nucl. Power Eng. in Space. 1990. Obninsk, Russia.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Nuclear reactions at the cathode in a gas discharge. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1990. 16(6): p. 463.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, The investigation of deuterium nuclei fusion at glow discharge cathode. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 924.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Nuclear product ratio for glow discharge in deuterium. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 170: p. 265.

New results for glow discharge in deuterium calorimetry are presented. In separate experiments a heat output five times exceeding the input electric power was observed. The result for the charged particle spectrum measurement is presented. Charged particles with energies up to 18 MeV and an average energy of 2-4 MeV were seen. Beams of gamma-rays with energies of about 200 keV and a characteristic X-ray radiation were registered. The summed energy of the registered products is three orders short of the values needed to explain the calorimetric results.

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Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Possible Nuclear Reactions Mechanisms at Glow Discharge in Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT
 Experimental results of impurity concentration measurements in palladium cathode by different methods before and after glow discharge in deuterium experiments are presented. Some very strange elements which we could not find in discharge environment can be seen. An attempt to understand this situation on the basis of fission and fusion in Pd-d system is presented.

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Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Impurities in Cathode Material and Possible Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms in Glow Discharge. 1994.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Excess Heat Measurements in Glow Discharge Using Flow "Calorimeter-2". in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Karabut, A.B., S.A. Kolomeychenko, and I.B. Savvatimova. High Energy Phenomena in Glow Discharge Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Karabut, A.B. Analysis of Experimental Results on Excess Heat Power Production, Impurity Nuclides Yield in the Cathode Material and Penetrating Radiation in Experiments with High-Current Glow Discharge. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Abstract
 So far a considerable collection of results on Excess Heat registration, the cathode material impurity nuclides yield (with changed natural isotopes ratio) and generation of high-energy penetrating radiation (fast electrons, X-ray and gamma emissions) has been accumulated in experiments with high-current Glow Discharge.
 Analysis of these results allows one to assess possible basic processes going on in the cathode material exposed to high-current Glow Discharge (GD).

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Karabut, A.B., A.G. Lipson, and A.S. Roussetski. Correct Measurement of DD-Reaction Yield and X-ray in a High-Current Deuterium Glow Discharge Operating at 0.85-1.20 kV Voltage Applied. 2000.

Karabut, A.B. Excess heat power, nuclear products and X-ray emission in relation to the high current glow discharge experimental parameters. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
       Experimental results on Excess Heat power production (up to 10-15 W), stable impurity elements yield (¹³C, ⁴⁰Ca, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷⁵As, ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹⁰⁹Ag, ¹¹⁰Cd, ¹¹¹Cd, ¹¹²Cd, ¹¹⁴Cd, up to 10¹³ atoms/sec), heavily charged particles emission (3 MeV protons and 14 MeV a-particles up to 10-15 sec  ^-1) and soft X-ray (up to 100 Roentgen/sec) obtained upon the glow discharge cathode in relation to the high-current glow discharge operating parameters (the discharge current up to 100 mA and voltage up to 2000 V) are reported. A possible mechanism of initiating non-equilibrium nuclear reactions producing excess heat power and impurity elements yield is discussed. The mechanism of initiating non-equilibrium nuclear reactions is supposed to be connected with forming the long term excited LM levels of the electronic shells (energy of 0.5-3.0keV) of the solid body ions when bombarding the cathode sample surface by the plasma ions of the glow discharge.

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Karabut, A.B. X-ray emission in the high-current glow discharge experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
X-ray emission with energy of 1.5 - 2 keV and intensity up to 100 R\sec was registered in the experiments with the high-current glow discharge in deuterium and hydrogen for cathodes made of Pd and other metals. The presence of two x-ray components: diffusion x-ray emission and x-ray emission in the form of laser beams were established by experiments. The laser x-ray emission was registered some msec later after turning off the current. The continuous mode of generating a laser x-ray beam with the diameter of 9mm and power of up to 10 W at the efficiency coefficient of electrical discharge power conversion into the x-ray laser emission up to 20% was obtained in some experiments.

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Karabut, A.B. Experimental Research Into Secondary Penetrating Radiation When Interacting X-Ray Beams Of Solid Laser With Various Materials Targets. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
 
The results of experimental research into characteristics of secondary penetrating radiation occurring when interacting primary X-ray beams from a solid-state cathode medium with targets made of various materials are reported. The experiments were carried out in a high-current glow discharge device [1] with  H_2, D₂, Kr, Xe gases and cathode samples made of Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt. The targets are shields made of various materials foil (Al, Ti, Ni, Zr, Yb, Ta, and W) with thickness of 10-30mm. They were mounted at a distance of 21 and 70cm from the cathode. A scintillation detector using a photomultiplier was used to record the secondary radiation. In these experiments recording of the time radiation spectrums was carried out just before and after discharge current pulses (no discharge current). It was shown that the secondary radiation consisted of fast electrons.

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Karabut, A.B. and S.A. Kolomeychenko. Experiments Charactorizing the X-ray Emission from a Solid-state Cathode using a High-current Glow Discharge. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
  X-rays emission with intensity up to 0.01Gy/s was recorded when researching a possible mechanism of initiating nuclear transmutation reactions in a solid-state cathode medium of a glow-discharge. The experiments were carried out with a device of a high-current glow discharge [1] using deuterium and hydrogen at pressure up to 10Torr, with use of cathode samples made of Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, Pt, Pb.
The X-rays recording was carried out using thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), an X-ray film and scintillation detectors with photomultipliers. Two modes of the emission were revealed under the experiments:
1 –  Diffusion X-rays was observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 10⁵ bursts  a second and up to 10⁶ X-ray quanta in a burst). The average X-rays energy (TLD results) was equal 1.3 – 1.8keV.
2 - X-rays as laser microbeams (up to 10⁴ beams a second and up to 10⁹ X-ray quanta in a burst).  The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred when burning the discharge and within 100ms after turning off the current. The obtained results were the direct experimental proof of existing excited metastable energy levels with the energy of 1.2 – 5.0keV in the solid-state cathode sample.

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Karabut, A.B. Production Of Excess Heat, Impurity Elements And Unnatural Isotopic Ratios Formed At Excited Long-Lived Atomic Levels With Energy Of More Than 1 keV In A Solid Cathode Medium During High-Current Glow Discharge. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
Results recorded for excess heat power in experiments with a high-current glow discharge in D₂, Xe and Kr, when using preliminary deuterated Pd and Ti cathode samples are given. The excess heat power up to 10–15W and efficiency up to 150 % was recorded for the experiments with Pd cathode samples in D₂ discharge. The excess heat power up to 5W and efficiency up to 150 % was recorded for the preliminary deuterated Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. At the same time the excess heat power was not observed for pure Pd cathode samples in Xe, Kr discharges.
 Production of impurity nuclides (⁷Li, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ²⁰Ne, ²⁹Si, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁸Ca, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷⁵As, ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹⁰⁹Ag, ¹¹⁰Cg, ¹¹¹Cg, ¹¹²Cg, ¹¹⁴Cg, ¹¹⁵In) at a rate of up to 10¹³ atoms/s was recorded. . . .

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Karabut, A.B. Excess Heat Production In Pd/D During Periodic Pulse Discharge Current Of Various Conditions. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
Experimental data from low energy nuclear reactions (LERN) in condensed media are presented. The nuclear reactions products were found in solid cathode media used in glow discharge. Apparently, the nuclear reactions were initiated when bombarding the cathode surface by plasma ions with the energy of 1.0-2.0 keV. Excess heat from a high current glow discharge reaction in D₂, Xe and Kr using cathodes already charged with preliminary deuterium-charged Pd and Ti cathode samples are given. Excess heat up to 10 - 15 W and efficiency up to 130% was recorded under the experiments for Pd cathode samples in D₂ discharge. Excess heat up to 5 W and efficiency up to 150% was recorded for Pd cathodes that were charged with deuterium before the run, in Xe and Kr discharges. At the same time excess heat was not observed for pure Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. The formation of impurity nuclides (⁷Li, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ²⁰Ne, ²⁹Si, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁸Ca, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷⁵As, ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹⁰⁹Ag, ¹¹⁰Cg, ¹¹¹Cg, ¹¹²Cg, ¹¹⁴Cg, ¹¹⁵In) with the efficiency up to 10¹³ atoms/s was recorded. The isotopic ratios of these new nuclides was quite different from the natural ratios. Soft X-ray radiation from the solid-state cathode with the intensity up to 0.01Gy/s was recorded in experiments with discharges in H₂, D₂, Ar, Xe and Kr. The X-ray radiation was observed in bursts of up to 10⁶ photons, with up to 10⁵ bursts per second while the discharge was formed and within 100 ms after turning off the discharge current. The results of the X-ray radiation registration showed that the exited energy levels have a lifetime up to 100 ms or more, and the energy of 1.2 - 2.5 keV. A possible mechanism for producing excess heat and nuclear transmutation reactions in the solid medium with the exited energy levels is considered.

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Karabut, A.B. Research Into Characteristics Of X-Ray Emission Laser Beams From Solid-State Cathode Medium Of High-Current Glow Discharge. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
X-ray emissions ranging 1.2 – 3.0 keV with dose rate up to 1.0 Gy/s have been registered in experiments with high-current Glow Discharge. The emissions energy and intensity depend on the cathode material; the kind of plasma-forming gas; and the discharge parameters. The experiments were carried out on the high-current glow discharge device using D₂, H₂, Kr and Xe at pressure up to 10 Torr, as well as cathode samples made from Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, Pt, at current up to 500 mA and discharge voltage of 500-2500 V. Two emission modes were revealed under the experiments: 1. Diffusion X-rays was observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 5×10⁵ bursts a second and up to 10⁶ X-ray quanta in a burst); 2. X-rays in the form of laser microbeams (up to 104 beams a second and up to 10¹⁰ X-ray of quanta in a beam, angular divergence was up to 10^-4, the duration of the separate laser beams must be τ =3·10^-13 - 3·10^-14 s, the separate beam power must be 10⁷ – 10⁸ W). The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred when the discharge occurred and within 100ms after turning off the current. The results of experimental research into the characteristics of secondary penetrating radiation occurring when interacting primary X-ray beams from a solid-state cathode medium with targets made of various materials are reported. . . .

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Karabut, A.B. Research Into Low Energy Nuclear Reactions In Cathode Sample Solid With Production Of Excess Heat, Stable And Radioactive Impurity Nuclides. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Results on measurements of excess heat power, impurity nuclides yield, gamma and X-ray emission in experiments with high-current glow discharge (GD) in D₂, Xe and Kr are presented. The cathode samples used in the experiments were made of Pd, V, Nb, Ta. In experiments with Pd cathode samples in D2 GD, the recorded excess heat power amounted to 10 - 15 W and the estimated efficiency (the output thermal power in relation to the input electric power) was up to 130%. Excess heat power up to 5 W, and efficiency up to 150% was recorded for deuterium precharged Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. Production of impurity nuclides with atomic masses less than and more than that of the cathode material was registered. Considerable deviation from the natural isotopic ratio was observed for the registered elemental impurities. X-ray emission was measured in H₂, D₂, Ar, Xe and Kr GD during the GD operation and after the GD current switch off (up to several hours afterwards) with the help of thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), X-ray film and scintillator detectors with photomultipliers. The recorded energetic spectra of X-ray emission range 0.5 - 10 keV. Weak gamma-emission (up to 1,000 events per second) was registered in certain experimental conditions. The X-ray spectra include both (bands of) the continuum and multiple lines with energies ranging 0.1 - 3.0 MeV. The possible mechanism for production of the excess heat power, elemental impurities, gamma and X-ray emission is also considered.

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Karabut, A.B. Study Of Energetic And Temporal Characteristics Of X-Ray Emission From Solid-State Cathode Medium Of High-Current Glow Discharge. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Experimental results on X-ray emission characteristics from the cathode material in the high-current Glow Discharge (GD) are presented. The X-ray emission ranging 0.6 - 6.0 keV and more with the dose rate up to 0.01 J/s has been registered. Two emission modes were obtained in the experiments: (1) diffusion X-rays were observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 5 × 10⁵ bursts a second and up to 10⁶ X-ray quanta in a burst); (2) X-rays in the form of laser micro-beams were registered (up to 10⁴ beams per second and up to 10¹⁰ X-ray of quanta in a beam, angular divergence being up to 10^-4, the duration of separate laser beam about τ=3 × 10^-13 - 3 × 10^-14 s, the estimated separate beam power of 10⁷ - 10⁸ W). The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred during the GD operation, and, after the GD current switch off.

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Karabut, A.B. Experimental Research on 0.5 – 10 keV High-Energy Process Resulting from H2 and D2 Ions Flux Interaction with Cathode Solid in Electric Discharge. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

ABSTRACT
X-ray emission ranging 0.5 – 10.0 keV with the dose power rate up to 0.01 J/s emanating from the cathode solid in the high-current Glow Discharge has been registered in earlier experiments. The X-rays were recorded during the Glow Discharge operation and after the Glow Discharge current switch off. Presumably the observed X-ray emission proceeds as a result of relaxation of excited energetic levels in the cathode solid medium. These excited levels are formed during the exposure of the cathode sample solid surface to the effect of the ions flux produced by plasma or electrolyte medium. The energetic and temporal characteristics of the X-ray emission have been studied with reference to the cathode material used, the kind of plasma-forming gas and the Glow Discharge operational parameters. . . .

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Karabut, A.B. Scientific Research Project: Experimental Research And Development Of Heat Power Supply Prototype Based On High-Energy Processes In Solid Medium Interacting With Hydrogen Ions Flux. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

Scientific investigation in the field of New Hydrogen Power Engineering aimed at finding new effective ways of energy production has been carried out for years by researchers of several countries. The concept of this investigation is based on phenomenon of interaction between deuterium and hydrogen ions, on one hand, and the solid medium (of Pd, Ti and other materials), on the other hand. The said interaction was studied in experiments with electrolysis, electric gas discharge and gas diffusion. At present a huge collection of stable 100%-reproduced results on Excess Heat power production has been accumulated. In most experiments the correlation of the relative output Excess Heat power to the input (electric) power does not exceed 10-20%. This scientific approach is now well recognized by the leading groups of researchers and scientific associations (such as the American Physical Society, the American Nuclear Society, the Los Alamos US National Laboratory, the US Livermore Lawrence National Laboratory and others.) despite the lack of widely familiar theoretical instrument for the description of the physical phenomena in question.

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Karabut, A.B. and E.A. Karabut. Electric and Heat Measurements in High Voltage Electric Discharge System Experiments. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Karabut, A.B. and E.A. Karabut. Research into Energy Spectra of X-ray Emission from Solid Cathode Medium During High Current Glow Discharge Operation and after the Glow Discharge Current Switch Off. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Karasevskii, A. I.

Karasevskii, A.I., D.V. Matyushov, and A. Gorodyskii, Possibility of the nuclear reaction between deuterium nuclei in electron shells of metal ions. Ukr. Khim. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1989. 55: p. 1036 (In Russian).

Karpov, S. Yu.

Karpov, S.Y., et al., On the possibility of a mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(5): p. 91 (in Russian).

Kasagi, J.

Kasagi, J., et al. Observation of High Energy Protons Emitted in the TiDx+D Reaction at Ed=150 keV and Anomalous Concentration of 3He. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Kasagi, J., Low Energy D+D Reactions in Metal. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 37.

D+D reactions in various metals were investigated for the deuteron bombardment with bombarding energies at around 150 keV and below 15 keV. Energetic protons and α-particles which can never be attained in the D+D reaction were observed in bombardments with higher energy deuterons. In order to explain the spectra, reaction processes in which three deuterons are involved are considered; sequential reaction and simultaneous three-body reaction. The sequential reaction can well explain the observed bump structure, and the three-body reaction can reproduce the continuum spectral shape of protons and α-particles, although an anomalously large enhancement factor is required. For the lower energy bombardment, thick target yields for the D+D reactions in Ti were measured down to 4.7 keV. They were well explained with the astrophysical S-factors deduced from gas target measurements. This indicates that the effect of the environment is not so much different for the deuterons in Ti and in gas phase.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Measurements of the D + D Reaction in Ti Metal with Incident Energies between 4.7 and 18 keV. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1995. 64: p. 608-612.

The D+D reactions in Ti metal were investigated for the deuteron incident energies between 4.7 and 18 keV. Observed were protons, tritons and ³He particles emitted in the deuteron bombardment on TiD_x. Thick target yields for the D(d, p)T and D(d, n)³He reactions were measured at bombarding energies down to 4.7 and 5.4 keV, respectively, for the first time. They were well explained with the reported astrophysical S-factors which were deduced from gas target measurements at E_d > 6 keV for the D(d, p)T reaction and E_d> 13.3 keV for the D(d, n)³He reaction. The cross section ratio σ(d, p)/σ(d, n) was obtained down to 6.4 keV, and was found to be constant at around 1.0 for E_d<20 keV.

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Kasagi, J., et al. Anomalously Enhanced D(d,p)T Reaction in Pd and PdO Observed at Very Low Bombarding Energies. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
Yields of protons emitted in the D + D reaction in Pd and PdO thick targets were measured for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. The obtained yields were compared with those predicted by using the parameterization of cross sections at higher energies. It was found that both of the yields for Pd and PdO are surprisingly larger than the prediction. The bombarding energy dependence of the yields are well described with screening potential parameters; U_e = 250 eV for Pd and 600 eV for PdO. The significance of a simple extrapolation of the observed enhancement is discussed.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Energetic Protons and alpha Particles Emitted in 150-keV Deuteron Bombardment on Deuterated Ti. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 64: p. 777-783.

Energetic charged particles have been measured in the bombardment of 150-keV deuterons on deuterated Ti. Protons and α particles were observed with energies up to ~17 and ~6.5 MeV, respectively, which can never be attained in the D+D reaction. A bump structure at around 14 MeV seen in the proton spectrum can be well explained as emitted in the sequential reaction involving three deuterons. However, protons and α particles distributed continuously up to the maximum energies can never be understood as products of the conceivable nuclear reactions.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Strongly Enhanced DD Fusion Reaction in Metals Observed for keV D+ Bombardment. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 71: p. 2881-2885.

The excitation functions of the yield of protons emitted in the D(d,p)T reaction in Ti, Fe, Pd, PdO and Au were measured for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. It was found that the reaction rate at lower energies varies greatly with the host materials. The most strongly enhanced DD reaction occurs in PdO. At E_d = 2.5 keV, it is enhanced by factor of fifty from the bare deuteron rate and the screening energy deduced from the excitation function amounts to 600 eV. An enhancement of this size cannot be explained by electron screening alone but suggests the existence of an additional and important mechanism of the screening in solids.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Strongly Enhanced Li + D Reaction in Pd Observed in Deuteron Bombardment on PdLix with Energies between 30 and 75 keV. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 73: p. 608-612.

Thick target yields of alpha particles emitted in the ^6,7Li(d,alpha)^4,5He reactions in PdLi_x and AuLi_x were measured as a function of the bombarding energy between 30 and 75 keV. It was found that the reaction rate in Pd at lower energies is enhanced strongly over the one predicted by the cross section for the reaction with bare nuclei, but no enhancement is observed in Au. A screening energy is introduced to reproduce the excitation function of the thick target yield for each metal. The deduced value for Pd amounts to 1500 ± 310 eV, whereas it is only 60 ± 150 eV for Au. The enhancement in the Pd case cannot be explained by electron screening alone but suggests the existence of an additional and important mechanism of screening in metal.

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Kasagi, J., Medium effects: nuclear reactions in solids and nucleon resonances in nuclei. Front. Sci. Ser., 28 (Nuclear Responses and Medium Effects), 1999: p. 229-236.

Kasagi, J., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Solids. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

The DD fusion reactions in various materials have been studied, and enhancements in the rate of the D(d,p)T fusion reaction over the Gamow function were clearly seen in the materials. Of particular interest is the fact that the reaction rate of the D+D reactions at 2.5 keV in PdO is 60 times (and in Pd 10 times) larger than in Ti, and the deduced screening energy amounts to 600 eV (300 eV). Furthermore, the subsequent study on the Li+d reactions showed large screening energy as 1.7 keV, again, in Pd metal. These cannot be explained by bound-electron screening which may give at most an energy of 20 eV for the DD reaction and of 0.3 keV for the Li+d reaction, but suggests the existence of an additional, and important, mechanism. Perhaps there is a fluidity of deuterons in metals that also reduces the Coulomb barrier between the fusing nulcei.

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Kasagi, J. and Y. Iwamura. Country History of Japanese Work on Cold Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

We briefly summarize the history of Japanese work on cold fusion after 1989. Since the excellent work performed by Prof. Arata are introduced and discussed in the special session, we try to summarize other works in Japan. The history can be divided into three periods: the 1st period is from the announcement by Fleischmann and Pons to the ICCF3 Nagoya Conference (1989 - 1993); the 2nd period is during the New Hydrogen Energy (NHE) Project (1994 – 1998); and the 3rd after the NHE project (1999 – present). Characteristics of each period and the present situation are presented.

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Kasagi, J. Screening Potential for nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Screening for nuclear reactions in metal plays an important role in enhancing reaction cross sections in the ultra-low energy region. A simple extrapolation of the screening potential down to the thermal energy region from the keV beam experiment predicts the occurrence of “cold fusion” D+D reactions. In the present work, results so far obtained in low-energy beam experiments will be overviewed and the origin of the screening potential will be discussed: both electronic screening and ionic screening. For ionic screening we have studied nuclear reactions in liquid metal which can be regarded as a low-temperature dense plasma. In such a condition, the classical ions contribute to the screening more strongly than the quantum electrons do. Results on the ⁷Li+p and ⁶Li+d reactions with liquid Li target will be shown. The effects of the solid-liquid phase transition are clearly seen in these reactions. It can be concluded that the ionic Debye screening is much stronger than the electronic screening in low-temperature dense plasmas.

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Kashy, E.

Kashy, E., et al., Search for neutron emission from deuterium-loaded palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(1): p. R1.

Kaushik, T. C.

Kaushik, T.C., M. Srinivasan, and A. Shyam, Fracture Phenomena in Crystalline Solids: A Brief Review in the Context of Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 5.

Kaushik, T.C., et al., Preliminary report on direct measurement of tritium in liquid nitrogen treated TiDx chips. Indian J. Technol., 1990. 28: p. 667.

Kaushik, T.C., et al., Experimental investigations on neutron emission from projectile-impacted deuterated solids. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 232: p. 384.

Kawai, H.

Kawai, H., Profile of the cold nuclear fever. Kinki Daigaku Genshiryoku Kenkyusho Nenpo, 1990. 27: p. 19 (in Japanese).

Kawarabayashi, J.

Kawarabayashi, J., et al., Low level neutron detection system for cold-fusion. J. Facul. Eng., Univ. Tokyo B, 1992. 41: p. 595.

Kay, B. D.

Kay, B.D., C.H. Peden, and D.W. Goodman, Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption by Pd(110). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1986. 34: p. 817.

Kay, B.D., K.R. Lykke, and R.J. Buss, Problems with the mass spectrometric determination of tritium from cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 491.

Kazachkovskii, O. D.

Kazachkovskii, O.D., A possible mechanism for cold fusion. At. Energy, 1996. 81: p. 749.

Kazarinov, V. E.

Kazarinov, V.E., et al., Cathodic behaviour of palladium in electrolytic solutions containing alkali metal ions. Elektrokhimiya, 1991. 27: p. 9 (in Russian).

Keddam, M.

Keddam, M., Some comments on the calorimetric aspects of the electrochemical 'cold fusion' by M. Fleischmann and S. Pons. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34(7): p. 995.

Keesing, R. G.

Keesing, R.G., et al., Thermal, thermoelectric, and cathode poisoning effects in cold fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 375.

Keesing, R.G. and A.J. Gadd, Thermoelectric heat pumping and the 'cold fusion' effect". J. Phys.: Condens. Mater., 1993. 5: p. L537.

Kendall, D. L.

Kendall, D.L., The Role of Imagination in Science:Two Modern Examples. 1990, Albuquerque: Keynote speech for the Twentieth Southwestern Jounior Science and Humanities Symposium, Albuquerque, 4/2/90.

Kendl, A.

Kendl, A., Zehn jahre danach: Was blieb von der 'kalten Kernfusion'? ("Ten years after: what has become of 'cold fusion'?"). Skeptiker, 1999. 12(1&2): p. 32 [in German].

Kennel, E.

Kennel, E. and A.G. Kalandarachvili. Investigation of Deuterium Glow Discharge of the Kucherov Type. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Kennel, E., Proposals and biography. 1996.

Kenney, F.

Kenney, F., et al. Charged-particle Emissions from Deuterated Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

We present evidence for energetic charged particles emanating from partially deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions. To scrutinize emerging evidence for low-temperature nuclear reactions, we investigated particle yields employing three independent types of highly-sensitive, segmented particle detectors over a six-year period. One experiment measuring neutron emission from TiDx foils showed a background-subtracted yield of 57 ± 13 counts per hour. (The neutron experiments are discussed in a separate paper in this proceedings.) A second experiment, using a photo-multiplier tube with plastic and glass scintillators and TiDx registered charged particle emissions at 2,171 ± 93 counts/hour, over 400 times the background rate. Moreover, these particles were identified as protons having 2.6 MeV after exiting the TiDx foil array. In a third experiment, coincident charged particles consistent with protons and tritons were observed with high reproducibility in two energy-dispersive ion-implanted detectors located on either side of 25-micron thick Ti foils loaded with deuterium.

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Kenney, F., et al. Neutron Emissions from Deuterated Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Evidence is presented for neutrons emanating from partially deuterated titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions (charged particle results appear in a separate paper in this proceedings). Two types of deuteriding and varied currents were employed to produce the non-equilibrium conditions within the foils, and emissions lasted over long durations. Experiments were conducted in a deep underground tunnel having significant rock overburden to diminish cosmic backgrounds. Subtracting background rates and taking into account detector efficiency, we found the highest net yield to be 57 ± 13 counts/hour. Yields for all runs are reported and the theoretical fusion reaction defined. Totaling all experiments, reproducibility was 40%.

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Kenny, J. P.

Kenny, J.P. and R. Schultz, "Hyper-gentle" (HGF) fusion at a few ev. 1989.

Kenny, J.P., Electropionics and fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 547.

Kepka, J. B.

Kepka, J.B. and E.W. Czaputowicz, Analysis of Some Results on Pd-H and Ni-H Systems Studied in High-Pressure-Hydrogen Conditions. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1979. 19: p. 2414.

Kervran, C. L.

Kervran, C.L., Biological Transmutations. 1972: Swan House Publishing Co.

Kervran, C.L., Biological Transmutation. 1980: Beekman Publishers, Inc.