Iyengar, P. K.

Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan, BARC studies in cold fusion. 1989, Government of India, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay.

Iyengar, P.K. Cold Fusion Results in BARC Experiments. in Fifth International Conf. on Emerging Nucl. Energy Ststems. 1989. Karlsruhe, Germany.

Experiments were initiated at Trombay during the first week of April 1989 to verify the widely reported claims of the occurrence of cold fusion. A large burst of ≈ 2 × 10⁷ neutrons was first detected on April 21st with a Pd-Ni electrolytic cell. The neutron counting rate, averaged over a 5 minute interval, was a couple of orders of magnitude larger than that of background count rates. In this experiment the tritium level in the D₂O electrolyte jumped from the initial stock solution value of 2.6 Bq/ml to a 5.6 × 10⁴ Bq/ml, an increase by over four orders of magnitude. The total quantity of tritium generated corresponds to ≈ 10¹⁶ atoms suggesting a neutron to tritium channel branching ratio of less than 10^-8 in cold fusion. Significant quantities of neutrons and tritium were also observed to be produced in gas loaded Ti and Pd samples. Autoradiography of D₂ loaded Ti disc targets have shown a number of hot spots indicating uneven distribution of tritium production in the near-surface region. On the whole the Trombay experiments have unequivocally confirmed the occurrence of cold fusion reactions both in Pd and Ti metallic lattices loaded with deuterium.

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Iyengar, P.K., Preface and Summary, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay.

The Preface and Summary of the book BARC Studies in Cold Fusion.

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Iyengar, P.K., et al., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre studies on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 32.

Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan. Overview of BARC Studies in Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

ABSTRACT
A wide variety of experiments have been carried out by twelve independent teams employing both electrolytic and gas phase loading of deuterium in Pd and Ti metals to investigate the phenomenon of cold fusion first reported by Fleischmann and Pons in March 1989. The experiments were primarily devoted to the study of the emission of nuclear particles such as neutrons and tritium with a view to verify the “nuclear origin” of cold fusion. In 22 different electrolytic experiments whose cathode surface areas ranged from 0.1 to 300 cm², large bursts of neutrons and/or tritium were measured. Some of these gave clear evidence that these two nuclear particles were being generated simultaneously. The neutron-to-tritium yield ratios in the majority of these experiments was in the range of 10^-6 to 10^-9. The specific neutron and tritium yields expressed per cm² of cathode surface area also fitted into a systematic pattern. A unique feature of the BARC electrolysis results is that the first bursts of neutrons and tritium occurred (in 8 out of 11 cells) on the very first day of commencement of electrolysis, when hardly a few amp-hrs of charge had been passed.

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Izumida, T.

Izumida, T., et al., A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 641.

Izuyama, T.

Izuyama, T., Anomalous susceptibility due to paramagnetic impurities. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1964. 133: p. 851.

Jabon, V. D. D.

Jabon, V.D.D., G.V. Fedorovich, and N.V. Samsonenko, Catalitically induced d-d fusion in ferroelectrics. Braz. J. Phys., 1997. 27: p. 515.

Jackson, J. C.

Jackson, J.C., Cold fusion results still unexplained. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 345 (1-Jun).

Jaeger, F. G.

Jaeger, F.G. A Model for Commercialization Utilizing Patents. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Jaendel, M.

Jaendel, M., Cold fusion in a confining phase of quantum electrodynamics. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 493.

Jaendel, M., The fusion rate in the transmission resonance model. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 176.

Jaksch, D.

Jaksch, D., et al., Cold Bosonic in Optical Lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1998. 81: p. 3108.

Jamieson, H. C.

Jamieson, H.C., G.C. Weathrely, and F.D. Manchester, The b-a Phase Transformation in Palladium-Hydrogen Alloys. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 56: p. 85.

Jaminon, M.

Jaminon, M., La fusion froide [in French]. Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 2002. 70(3): p. 119.

Jandel, M.

Jandel, M., Cold Fusion in a Confining Phase of Quantum Electrodynamics. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 493.

Jandel, M. and J. Sahrling. Pressure Enhanced Fusion Rates in Lattice Channels. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: S. E. Jones, Brigham Young Univ.

Jandel, M., The Fusion Rate in the Transmission Resonance Model. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 176.

Jarmie, N.

Jarmie, N. and N.E. Brown, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions with Hydrogen Isotopes. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1985. B10/11: p. 405.

Jaworski, W

Jaworski, W., Computation of the Electron Density of States in Non-Stoichiometric PdHx by the Recursion Method. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1987. 17: p. 373.

Jayaraman, K. S.

Jayaraman, K.S., Cold fusion hot again. Nature India, 2008.

The Indian government, which abandoned cold fusion research 16 years ago, is now being advised by its top scientists to revive it.
 
The recommendation stems from a meeting of a galaxy of leading nuclear physicists, metallurgists and electrochemists at the National Institute of Advanced Studies held in Bangalore on January 9. . . .

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Jensen, L. C.

Jensen, L.C. and K.S. Mortensen, Beyond fusion, annihilation reactions of confined hydrogen. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 417.

Jiang, S.

Jiang, S., G. Yang, and S. Wang, Coulomb screening effect of deuterium-ion in metal - numerical solution of nonlinear Poisson equation. Lanzhou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban [J. Lanzhou Univ. (Nat. Sci), 1993. 29(2): p. 70 (In Chinese).

Jiang, S., et al. Observation of 3He and 3H in the volcanic crater lakes: possible evidence for natural nuclear fusion in deep Earth. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Mantle helium and other volatiles may be released to volcanic crater lakes. This paper presents the observation of ³H and mantle helium in the crater Lakes Nemrut (Turkey), Laacher (Germany) and Pavin (France). The presence of excess ³H in the lakes can be explained as material released from mantle sources because of the correlation of excess ³H with mantle 3He and 4He. The helium concentration was much higher in the bottom layers of the lakes. The 4He and 3He concentrations in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher, and Pavin were determined to be 25 and 190; 10 and 50; and 70 and 500 times larger than the atmospheric saturation value, respectively. The isotopic ratio of the excess helium, ³He_ex/⁴He_ex, in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin was (1.032±0.006)×10^-5, (7.42±0.03)×10^-6 and (9.09±0.01)×10⁶ respectively. The ratios clearly indicate that large amounts of helium isotopes are released to the lakes from a mantle source. The excess 3H at the bottom of Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin is estimated to be 3.7±1.4 TU, ~1.4 TU and ~4 TU respectively. Detection of tritium in the Earth’s interior is key evidence for natural nuclear fusion in the Earth.

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Jiang, S. New results of charged particle released from deuterium-loaded metal at low temperature. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

We have suggested that the mantle ³He and ³H might have originated from natural nuclear fusion (d-d and d-p reaction, or other reactions) in deep Earth. Encouraged by this new idea, we tried to recreate nuclear fusion at low temperature in the laboratory. This paper describes charged particles emitted from the deuterium-loaded titanium foil and powder at low temperature. Although the counts are very low (about 0.13 counts/h), fortunately, broad and narrow peaks are observed for the deuterium-loaded titanium foil and TiD-Mo sample respectively. The charged particle is identified as proton having energy of about 2.8 MeV after exiting the sample. We suggest that the proton might originate from d‑d reaction in the samples. Then the d-d reaction rate is calculated to be 1.4 × 10^‑24 fusion/d-d·sec for the deuterium-loaded titanium foil sample. On the other hand, no charged particles were observed above the background level for deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample. Therefore, this work provides a positive result of nuclear fusion for the metal foil samples, but a negative result for the powder samples. The negative result of the deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample suggests that the reaction yield might be correlated with deuterium density, or it may be correlated with microscopic variations in the deuterium-loaded titanium materials. The negative result also indicates that d-d reaction catalyzed by -meson from cosmic ray can be excluded in this experiment. The present work may be helpful to the further study on the physical mechanism of nuclear fusion in deuterium (hydrogen)-loaded metals and also helpful to the study of origin of ³He in the deep Earth.
 

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Jiang, X. L.

Jiang, X.L., N. Xu, and L.J. Han. Point-Effect and Non-equilibrium Conditions in Electrolysis Experiments. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jiang, X.L., L.J. Han, and W. Kang. Anomalous Element Production Induced by Carbon Arcing Under Water. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Jiang, X.L., Channeling Effects and Nuclear Reactions in Electrochemical Systems. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(2/3): p. 84.

Jiang, X.L., et al. Tip Effect and Nuclear-Active Sites. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Jiang, X.L. and L.J. Han, Dynamic Casimir Effect in an Electrochemical Systems. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 47.

Jiang, X.L., X.-W. Wen, and L.J. Han. Torsion field effect and axion model in electrical discharge systems. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Jiang, X.

Jiang, X. and L. Han, Non-equilibrium conditions of electrolysis and abnormal nuclear phenomena. Nucl. Phys. Rev. (China), 1997. 14: p. 111 (in Chinese).

Jiang, X., et al. Anomalous Nuclear Phenomena Assocoated with Ultrafast Processes. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

Quantum physics predicts the existence of an underlying sea of zero-point energy at every point in the universe. If the zero-point energy is real, there is the possibility that it can be tapped as a source of power or be harnessed to generate a propulsive force for space travel.
 
In our previous papers, anomalous excess heat and localized nuclear reactions on the surface of electrodes in electrolysis cells have been observed. A physical model of transient vortex dynamics with torsion coherence with the zero point energy has been proposed by Xingliu Jiang based on the ultrafast processes of triple phases area of tip effect on the electrode surface. Considering the large equivalent capacitance of electrochemical double layer, it is presumed that the double layer can exhibit nonlinear electrical response with spatial and temporal variations confined to microscopic areas by tip effect.
 
Experimental results of transient processes with ultrafast phenomena with nanosecond duration in electrical discharge systems including electrolysis cells have been presented.

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Jianyu, H.

Jianyu, H., et al. Experimental Study on Anomalous Neutron Production in Deuterium/Solid System. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jin, S. X.

Jin, S.X., et al., The possibilities of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Science in China A, 1991. 34: p. 697.

Jin, S.X., et al., Deuterium absorbability and anomalous nuclear effect of YBCO high temperature superconductors. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1994. 39(2): p. 101.

Jin, S.X. and H. Fox, Characteristics of High-Density Charge Clusters: A Theoretical Model. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 192.

Jin, S.X. and H. Fox, Possible palladium-related nuclear reactions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 192.

Jin, S.

Jin, S., et al., The possibilities of cold nuclear fusion of deuterium. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1990. 7: p. 28.

Jin, S., et al., Anomalous nuclear effects in palladium-deuterium systems during the gas discharge process. Gaojishu Tongxun, 1991. 1(5): p. 25 (In Chinese).

Jin, S., et al. Anomalous Nuclear Events in Deuterium Palladium Systems. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Jin, S., F. Zhan, and Y. Liu. Deuterium Absorbability and Anomalous Nuclear Effect of YBCO High Temperature Superconductor. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Johnson, K. H.

Johnson, K.H. and D.P. Clougherty, Hydrogen-hydrogen/deuterium-deuterium bonding in palladium and the superconducting/electrochemical properties of PdHx/PdDx. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 795.

Johnson, K.H. Jahn-Teller Symmetry Breaking and Hydrogen Energy in g-PdD "Cold Fusion" as Storage of Latent Heat of Water. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Johnson, K.H., Jahn-Teller Symmetry Breaking and Hydrogen Energy in g-PdD "Cold Fusion". Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 427.

Johnson, R.

Johnson, R. and M.E. Melich. Weight of Evidence for the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

D. Cravens and D. Letts have analyzed a portion (167 papers) of the published literature reporting on D2O electrolysis experiments such as Fleischmann and Pons’s (FP). They identify four criteria for what constitutes a “proper” FP experiment and state that experiments that satisfy all four criteria are likely to succeed in producing excess heat, while those that do not are likely to fail. This paper presents results of using a Bayesian network for probabilistic analysis of this claim. Consideration of a small subset of the papers (eight) is sufficient to give a likelihood ratio of about 10 to 1 in favor, and this number appears to grow generally rapidly, though not monotonically, as more papers are added to the set.

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Joncich, M. J.

Joncich, M.J. and N. Hackerman, The Reaction of Hydrogen and Oxygen on Submerged Platinum Electrode Catalysts. I. Effect of Stirring, Temperarture and Electric Polarization. J. Phys. Chem., 1953. 57: p. 674.

Jones, J. E.

Jones, J.E., et al., Faradaic efficiencies less than 100% during electrolysis of water can account for reports of excess heat in 'cold fusion' cells. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99: p. 6973.

Jones, R. L.

Jones, R.L., Unconventional Science (PowerPoint slides). 2005, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Ministry of Defence.

Jones, S. E.

Jones, S.E., Muon-Catalysed Fusion Revisited. Nature (London), 1986. 321: p. 327.

Jones, S.E. Anomalous Neutron Emission in Metal- Deuterium Systems. in Riken Conference on Muon-Catalyzed and Cold Fusion. 1989. Tokyo, Japan.

Jones, S.E., et al., Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 737.

Jones, S.E., D.L. Decker, and H.D. Tolley, (No title) (Scientific correspondence). Nature (London), 1990. 343: p. 703.

Jones, S.E., et al., Anomalous nuclear reactions in condensed matter: recent results and open questions. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 199.

Jones, S.E., et al. In Quest of a Trigger Mechanism for Neutron Emissions from Deuterium/Solid Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jones, S.E., et al. Preliminary Results from the BYU Charged-Particle Spectrometer. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Jones, S.E., Nuclear reactions in deuterated solids versus excess heat claims. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 915.

Jones, S.E., Current issues in cold fusion research: heat, helium, tritium, and energetic particles. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1992. 51: p. 283.

Jones, S.E., et al. Search for Neutron, Gamma, and X-ray Emissions from Pd/LiOD Electrolytic Cells: A Null Result. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Jones, S.E., et al., Search for Neutron, Gamma, and X-Ray Emissions From Pd/LiOD Electrolytic Cells: A Null Result. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 143.

Jones, S.E. and L.D. Hansen, Examination of claims of Miles et al in Pons-Fleischmann-Type cold fusion experiments. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99: p. 6966.

Jones, S.E., L.D. Hansen, and D.S. Shelton, An assessment of claims of excess heat in cold fusion calorimetry. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998. 102: p. 3647.

Jones, S.E., Chasing anomalous signals: the cold fusion question. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 55.

What should a scientist do with an anomalous experimental result (one which flies in the face of prevailing theories), which is statistically significant (at the five sigma + level), yet which cannot be repeated at will?  This is the problem which plagued us early on in our non-plasma or "cold" fusion experiments which began in spring 1986 at Brigham Young University, 2.5 years before we heard of the ostensibly-related work of Drs. Pons and Fleischmann.  It is a question which haunts us still. I invite the reader to seriously consider the question posed above: what would you do with such data?  If you walk away from an anomalous result, you could miss something important.  Indeed, is it scientifically honest to ignore such data?  One can argue that scientific instruments often show "glitches," and this is probably just one of these . . .

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Jones, S.E., et al. Charged-particle Emissions from Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
          We present evidence for energetic charged particles emanating from partially-deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions. To scrutinize emerging evidence for low-temperature nuclear reactions, we investigated particle yields employing three independent types of highly-sensitive, segmented particle detectors over a six-year period.  One experiment measuring neutron emission from TiDx foils showed a background-subtracted yield of 57 ± 13 counts per hour.  (The neutron experiments will be discussed in a separate paper.)  A second experiment, using a photo-multiplier tube with plastic and glass scintillators and TiDx registered charged particle emissions at 2,171 ± 93 counts/hour, over 400 times the background rate.   Moreover, these particles were identified as protons having 2.6 MeV after ex-iting the TiDx foil array.  In a third experiment, coincident charged particles consistent with protons and tritons were observed with high reproducibility in two energy-dispersive ion-implanted detectors located on either side of 25-micron thick Ti foils loaded with deuterium.  Our overall data therefore strongly sug-gest low-level nuclear fusion in deuterided metals under these conditions according to the fusion reactions d + d ? n(2.45 MeV) + 3He(0.82 MeV)  and  d + d ? p(3.02 MeV) + t(1.01 MeV), with other nuclear reactions being possible also.  Important advances were particle identifications, and repeatability exceed-ing 70% for coincident charged particle emissions. Metal processing and establishing non-equilibrium conditions appear to be important keys to achieving significant nuclear-particle yields and repeatability.

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Jones, S.E. and J. Ellsworth. Geo-fusion and Cold Nucleosynthesis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
             In our 1986 and 1989 papers, we discussed the hypothesis of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter and particularly in the planets. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on geo-fusion research, then to consider an important extension of the cold-fusion idea: “cold nucleosynthesis” in condensed matter.  Cold nucleosynthesis experiments are underway at Brigham Young University.

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Jones, S.E., et al. Neutron Emissions from Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
          We present evidence for neutrons emanating from partially-deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions.1 A previous paper presented data for complementary charged-particle emissions.   Metal processing and establishing non-equilibrium conditions appear to be important keys to achieving significant nuclear-particle yields and repeatability.

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Jones, S.

Jones, S., Bibliography. 1989.

Jordan, K. C.

Jordan, K.C., B.C. Blanke, and W.A. Dudley, Half-Life of Tritium. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1967. 29: p. 2129.

Jorgensen, C. K.

Jorgensen, C.K. Chemistry of Unsaturated Quarks. in Molecular Structures and Energetics. 1989: VCH Publishers, NY.

Jorgensen, C.K., Scenarios for nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium alloys at ambient temperatures. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 142.

Jorne, J

Jorne, J. Stress-Induced Uphill Diffusion of Deuterium in Palladium. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York1.

Jorne, J.

Jorne, J., Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium: the existence of negatively charged deuteride ions. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 519.

Jorne, J., Unsteady diffusion reaction of electrochemically produced deuterium in palladium rod. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990. 137: p. 369.

Jorne, J., Neutron and gamma-ray emission from palladium deuteride under supercritical conditions. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 371.

Jorne, J., Neutron emission studies during the electrolysis of deuterium by using BaCeO3 solid electrolyte and palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 244.

Jorne, J., Ultrasonic irradiation of deuterium-loaded palladium particles suspended in heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 83.

Josephs, H. C.

Josephs, H.C., Nuclear Processes in Palladium Deuteride. 1998.

Josephson, B.

Josephson, B. Abstract for "Pathological Disbelief". in Nobel Laureates' meeting. 2004. Lindau.

This document comes from the web site for the lecture series Meetings of Nobel Laureates in Lindau. See: http://www.lindau-nobel.de/content/view/19/32/
 
This introduces Josephson’s talk delivered in 2004. The PowerPoint slides from that presentation are listed below.

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Josephson, B. Good and Bad Ways to do Science (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Josephson, B. Pathological Disbelief. in Nobel Laureates' meeting. 2004. Lindau.

The ‘generally accepted view’ regarding a phenomenon can be wrong in two ways:
 (a) a non-existent phenomenon is considered real (e.g. N-rays, polywater); or
 (b) a real phenomenon is considered nonexistent (e.g. continental drift, meteorites)
 Langmuir’s much-quoted lecture on Pathological Science dealt with case (a); the interest here is in case (b). What makes the scientific establishment, in some cases, vehemently deny phenomena for which there is strong evidence?

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Jow, T. R.

Jow, T.R., et al., Calorimetric studies of deuterated Pd electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990. 137(8): p. 2473.

Joyce, C.

Joyce, C., Unlucky Break for the Friends of Cold Fusion. New Scientist, 1989: p. 34.

Julin, P.

Julin, P. and L.A. Bursill, Dendritic surface morphology of palladium hydride produced by electrolytic deposition. J. Solid State Chem., 1991. 93: p. 403.

Jung, P.

Jung, P., Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gasses in Solids Diffusion and Clustering of Helium in Noble Metals, ed. S.E. Donnelly and J.H. Evans. 1991: Plenum Press, NYJung, P. 59.

Kainthla, R. C.

Kainthla, R.C., et al., Eight chemical explanations of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1989. 14(11): p. 771.

Kainthla, R.C., et al., Sporadic observation of the Fleischmann-Pons heat effect. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1315.

Abstract - An examination has been made of the heat production at ten palladium electrodes, each prepared in a different way. Seven of these produced heat during D₂ evolution in a D₂-O₂ electrolysis cell (no recombination attempted) which coincided precisely with the prediction of classical electrochemical theory, and thus eliminated the suspicion of heat through unintended D₂-O₂ recombination. Three electrodes clearly produced an excess heat of ~2-5 watts-cm^-3. The heat was observed for periods of 10-33 hrs. In one electrode the excess heat production “shut off” (after 33 hrs) with no apparent cause: it did not return in five days of further electrolysis.

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Kaliev, K. A.

Kaliev, K.A., et al., Reproducible nuclear reactions by interaction of deuterium with tungsten oxide bronze. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1993. 330(2): p. 214 (in Russian).

Kaliev, K.A., et al., Reproducible nuclear reactions during interaction of deuterium with oxide tungsten bronze. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 172: p. 199.

Kaliev, K.

Kaliev, K., et al. Reproducible Nuclear Reactions during Interaction of Deuterium with Oxide Tungsten Bronze. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Kaliev, K., et al. The Initiation of Reproductive Nuclear Reactions in the Structures of the Oxide Tungsten Bronze. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Kalinin, V. B.

Kalinin, V.B., On the question of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion at the point of ferroelectric phase transition in K2DPO4. Neorg. Mater., 1993. 29(5): p. 656 (in Russian).

Kalinin, V.B., Dipole ordering, ionic conductivity, and cold nuclear fusion: three types of cation mobility in the orthophosphates KTiOPO4, Na3M2(PO4)3 (M = Sc, Fe, Cr), NaTh2(PO4)3, KD2PO4, and related compounds. Inorg. Mater., 1995. 31: p. 558.

Kamada, K.

Kamada, K., Electron impact H-H and D-D fusions in molecules embedded in Al. 1. Experimental results. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1992. 31(9): p. L1287.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 Both H-H and D-D fusion reactions, detected via high energy particle emission on CR-39, are shown to occur when 200 and 400 keV electrons are bombarded onto H⁺ or D⁺ ion implanted Al thin crystals. Roughly 1-2×10³ particle emissions, including both hydrogen and helium isotopes, in whole space were observed in each case. . . .

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Kamada, K. Electron Impact H-H and D-D Fusions in Molecules Embedded in Al. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Kamada, K., H. Kinoshita, and H. Takahashi. Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron Implanted Al on Electron Bombardment. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Kamada, K., H. Kinoshita, and H. Takahashi, Anomalous heat evolution of deuterium-implanted Al upon electron bombardment. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1996. 35: p. 738.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 Anomalous heat evolution was observed for the first time in deuteron-implanted Al foils upon 175 keV electron bombardment. Local regions with linear dimension of more than 100 nm showed simultaneous transformation from single-crystalline to polycrystalline structure within roughly one minute during the electron bombardment, indicating a temperature rise to above the melting point of Al from room temperature. The amount of energy evolved was estimated to be typically 160 MeV for each transformed region. The transformation was never observed in proton-implanted Al foils. Microstructures in the subsurface layer of the implanted Al, investigated by elastic recoil detection (ERD) method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were presented for numerical discussions of the experimental results. . . .

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Kamada, K., et al. Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron Implanted Al upon Electron Bombardment IV. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Kamada, K., Heating of deuteron implanted Al on electron bombardment and its possible relation to 'cold fusion' experiment. Fusion Eng. Des., 2001. 55: p. 541.

Kamimura, H.

Kamimura, H., et al. Excess Heat in Fuel Cell Type Cells from Pure Pd Cathodes Annealed at High Temperatures. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Kamiya, N.

Kamiya, N., et al. Effect of cold work of palladium on electrolytic hydrogen absorption. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Kamm, G. N.

Kamm, G.N., et al., Search for neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 401.

Kandasmy, K.

Kandasmy, K., F.A. Lewis, and S.G. McKee, Hydrogen Chemical Potentials and Phase Transitions in Palladium Black Electrodeposits. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1998. 35: p. 93.

Kaneko, K.

Kaneko, K., Jouon kakuyuugou - gensyou no kaimei wa doko made susunda ka?, in Nikkei Ecology. 2008. p. 57.

Kapali, V.

Kapali, V., et al., Comparison of electrochemical behaviour of the Pd-NaOD and Pd-NaOH systems". J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 264: p. 95.

Karabut, A. B.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Cold Fusion Observation at Gas-Discharge Device Cathode. in Anniversary Specialist Conf. on Nucl. Power Eng. in Space. 1990. Obninsk, Russia.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Nuclear reactions at the cathode in a gas discharge. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1990. 16(6): p. 463.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, The investigation of deuterium nuclei fusion at glow discharge cathode. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 924.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Nuclear product ratio for glow discharge in deuterium. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 170: p. 265.

New results for glow discharge in deuterium calorimetry are presented. In separate experiments a heat output five times exceeding the input electric power was observed. The result for the charged particle spectrum measurement is presented. Charged particles with energies up to 18 MeV and an average energy of 2-4 MeV were seen. Beams of gamma-rays with energies of about 200 keV and a characteristic X-ray radiation were registered. The summed energy of the registered products is three orders short of the values needed to explain the calorimetric results.

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Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Possible Nuclear Reactions Mechanisms at Glow Discharge in Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT
 Experimental results of impurity concentration measurements in palladium cathode by different methods before and after glow discharge in deuterium experiments are presented. Some very strange elements which we could not find in discharge environment can be seen. An attempt to understand this situation on the basis of fission and fusion in Pd-d system is presented.

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Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Impurities in Cathode Material and Possible Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms in Glow Discharge. 1994.

Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Excess Heat Measurements in Glow Discharge Using Flow "Calorimeter-2". in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Karabut, A.B., S.A. Kolomeychenko, and I.B. Savvatimova. High Energy Phenomena in Glow Discharge Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Karabut, A.B. Analysis of Experimental Results on Excess Heat Power Production, Impurity Nuclides Yield in the Cathode Material and Penetrating Radiation in Experiments with High-Current Glow Discharge. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Abstract
 So far a considerable collection of results on Excess Heat registration, the cathode material impurity nuclides yield (with changed natural isotopes ratio) and generation of high-energy penetrating radiation (fast electrons, X-ray and gamma emissions) has been accumulated in experiments with high-current Glow Discharge.
 Analysis of these results allows one to assess possible basic processes going on in the cathode material exposed to high-current Glow Discharge (GD).

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Karabut, A.B., A.G. Lipson, and A.S. Roussetski. Correct Measurement of DD-Reaction Yield and X-ray in a High-Current Deuterium Glow Discharge Operating at 0.85-1.20 kV Voltage Applied. 2000.

Karabut, A.B. Excess heat power, nuclear products and X-ray emission in relation to the high current glow discharge experimental parameters. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
       Experimental results on Excess Heat power production (up to 10-15 W), stable impurity elements yield (¹³C, ⁴⁰Ca, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷⁵As, ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹⁰⁹Ag, ¹¹⁰Cd, ¹¹¹Cd, ¹¹²Cd, ¹¹⁴Cd, up to 10¹³ atoms/sec), heavily charged particles emission (3 MeV protons and 14 MeV a-particles up to 10-15 sec  ^-1) and soft X-ray (up to 100 Roentgen/sec) obtained upon the glow discharge cathode in relation to the high-current glow discharge operating parameters (the discharge current up to 100 mA and voltage up to 2000 V) are reported. A possible mechanism of initiating non-equilibrium nuclear reactions producing excess heat power and impurity elements yield is discussed. The mechanism of initiating non-equilibrium nuclear reactions is supposed to be connected with forming the long term excited LM levels of the electronic shells (energy of 0.5-3.0keV) of the solid body ions when bombarding the cathode sample surface by the plasma ions of the glow discharge.

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Karabut, A.B. X-ray emission in the high-current glow discharge experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
X-ray emission with energy of 1.5 - 2 keV and intensity up to 100 R\sec was registered in the experiments with the high-current glow discharge in deuterium and hydrogen for cathodes made of Pd and other metals. The presence of two x-ray components: diffusion x-ray emission and x-ray emission in the form of laser beams were established by experiments. The laser x-ray emission was registered some msec later after turning off the current. The continuous mode of generating a laser x-ray beam with the diameter of 9mm and power of up to 10 W at the efficiency coefficient of electrical discharge power conversion into the x-ray laser emission up to 20% was obtained in some experiments.

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Karabut, A.B. Experimental Research Into Secondary Penetrating Radiation When Interacting X-Ray Beams Of Solid Laser With Various Materials Targets. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
 
The results of experimental research into characteristics of secondary penetrating radiation occurring when interacting primary X-ray beams from a solid-state cathode medium with targets made of various materials are reported. The experiments were carried out in a high-current glow discharge device [1] with  H_2, D₂, Kr, Xe gases and cathode samples made of Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt. The targets are shields made of various materials foil (Al, Ti, Ni, Zr, Yb, Ta, and W) with thickness of 10-30mm. They were mounted at a distance of 21 and 70cm from the cathode. A scintillation detector using a photomultiplier was used to record the secondary radiation. In these experiments recording of the time radiation spectrums was carried out just before and after discharge current pulses (no discharge current). It was shown that the secondary radiation consisted of fast electrons.

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Karabut, A.B. and S.A. Kolomeychenko. Experiments Charactorizing the X-ray Emission from a Solid-state Cathode using a High-current Glow Discharge. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
  X-rays emission with intensity up to 0.01Gy/s was recorded when researching a possible mechanism of initiating nuclear transmutation reactions in a solid-state cathode medium of a glow-discharge. The experiments were carried out with a device of a high-current glow discharge [1] using deuterium and hydrogen at pressure up to 10Torr, with use of cathode samples made of Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, Pt, Pb.
The X-rays recording was carried out using thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), an X-ray film and scintillation detectors with photomultipliers. Two modes of the emission were revealed under the experiments:
1 –  Diffusion X-rays was observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 10⁵ bursts  a second and up to 10⁶ X-ray quanta in a burst). The average X-rays energy (TLD results) was equal 1.3 – 1.8keV.
2 - X-rays as laser microbeams (up to 10⁴ beams a second and up to 10⁹ X-ray quanta in a burst).  The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred when burning the discharge and within 100ms after turning off the current. The obtained results were the direct experimental proof of existing excited metastable energy levels with the energy of 1.2 – 5.0keV in the solid-state cathode sample.

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Karabut, A.B. Production Of Excess Heat, Impurity Elements And Unnatural Isotopic Ratios Formed At Excited Long-Lived Atomic Levels With Energy Of More Than 1 keV In A Solid Cathode Medium During High-Current Glow Discharge. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
Results recorded for excess heat power in experiments with a high-current glow discharge in D₂, Xe and Kr, when using preliminary deuterated Pd and Ti cathode samples are given. The excess heat power up to 10–15W and efficiency up to 150 % was recorded for the experiments with Pd cathode samples in D₂ discharge. The excess heat power up to 5W and efficiency up to 150 % was recorded for the preliminary deuterated Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. At the same time the excess heat power was not observed for pure Pd cathode samples in Xe, Kr discharges.
 Production of impurity nuclides (⁷Li, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ²⁰Ne, ²⁹Si, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁸Ca, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷⁵As, ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹⁰⁹Ag, ¹¹⁰Cg, ¹¹¹Cg, ¹¹²Cg, ¹¹⁴Cg, ¹¹⁵In) at a rate of up to 10¹³ atoms/s was recorded. . . .

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Karabut, A.B. Excess Heat Production In Pd/D During Periodic Pulse Discharge Current Of Various Conditions. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
Experimental data from low energy nuclear reactions (LERN) in condensed media are presented. The nuclear reactions products were found in solid cathode media used in glow discharge. Apparently, the nuclear reactions were initiated when bombarding the cathode surface by plasma ions with the energy of 1.0-2.0 keV. Excess heat from a high current glow discharge reaction in D₂, Xe and Kr using cathodes already charged with preliminary deuterium-charged Pd and Ti cathode samples are given. Excess heat up to 10 - 15 W and efficiency up to 130% was recorded under the experiments for Pd cathode samples in D₂ discharge. Excess heat up to 5 W and efficiency up to 150% was recorded for Pd cathodes that were charged with deuterium before the run, in Xe and Kr discharges. At the same time excess heat was not observed for pure Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. The formation of impurity nuclides (⁷Li, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ²⁰Ne, ²⁹Si, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁸Ca, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷⁵As, ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹⁰⁹Ag, ¹¹⁰Cg, ¹¹¹Cg, ¹¹²Cg, ¹¹⁴Cg, ¹¹⁵In) with the efficiency up to 10¹³ atoms/s was recorded. The isotopic ratios of these new nuclides was quite different from the natural ratios. Soft X-ray radiation from the solid-state cathode with the intensity up to 0.01Gy/s was recorded in experiments with discharges in H₂, D₂, Ar, Xe and Kr. The X-ray radiation was observed in bursts of up to 10⁶ photons, with up to 10⁵ bursts per second while the discharge was formed and within 100 ms after turning off the discharge current. The results of the X-ray radiation registration showed that the exited energy levels have a lifetime up to 100 ms or more, and the energy of 1.2 - 2.5 keV. A possible mechanism for producing excess heat and nuclear transmutation reactions in the solid medium with the exited energy levels is considered.

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Karabut, A.B. Research Into Characteristics Of X-Ray Emission Laser Beams From Solid-State Cathode Medium Of High-Current Glow Discharge. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
X-ray emissions ranging 1.2 – 3.0 keV with dose rate up to 1.0 Gy/s have been registered in experiments with high-current Glow Discharge. The emissions energy and intensity depend on the cathode material; the kind of plasma-forming gas; and the discharge parameters. The experiments were carried out on the high-current glow discharge device using D₂, H₂, Kr and Xe at pressure up to 10 Torr, as well as cathode samples made from Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, Pt, at current up to 500 mA and discharge voltage of 500-2500 V. Two emission modes were revealed under the experiments: 1. Diffusion X-rays was observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 5×10⁵ bursts a second and up to 10⁶ X-ray quanta in a burst); 2. X-rays in the form of laser microbeams (up to 104 beams a second and up to 10¹⁰ X-ray of quanta in a beam, angular divergence was up to 10^-4, the duration of the separate laser beams must be τ =3·10^-13 - 3·10^-14 s, the separate beam power must be 10⁷ – 10⁸ W). The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred when the discharge occurred and within 100ms after turning off the current. The results of experimental research into the characteristics of secondary penetrating radiation occurring when interacting primary X-ray beams from a solid-state cathode medium with targets made of various materials are reported. . . .

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Karabut, A.B. Research Into Low Energy Nuclear Reactions In Cathode Sample Solid With Production Of Excess Heat, Stable And Radioactive Impurity Nuclides. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Results on measurements of excess heat power, impurity nuclides yield, gamma and X-ray emission in experiments with high-current glow discharge (GD) in D₂, Xe and Kr are presented. The cathode samples used in the experiments were made of Pd, V, Nb, Ta. In experiments with Pd cathode samples in D2 GD, the recorded excess heat power amounted to 10 - 15 W and the estimated efficiency (the output thermal power in relation to the input electric power) was up to 130%. Excess heat power up to 5 W, and efficiency up to 150% was recorded for deuterium precharged Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. Production of impurity nuclides with atomic masses less than and more than that of the cathode material was registered. Considerable deviation from the natural isotopic ratio was observed for the registered elemental impurities. X-ray emission was measured in H₂, D₂, Ar, Xe and Kr GD during the GD operation and after the GD current switch off (up to several hours afterwards) with the help of thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), X-ray film and scintillator detectors with photomultipliers. The recorded energetic spectra of X-ray emission range 0.5 - 10 keV. Weak gamma-emission (up to 1,000 events per second) was registered in certain experimental conditions. The X-ray spectra include both (bands of) the continuum and multiple lines with energies ranging 0.1 - 3.0 MeV. The possible mechanism for production of the excess heat power, elemental impurities, gamma and X-ray emission is also considered.

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Karabut, A.B. Study Of Energetic And Temporal Characteristics Of X-Ray Emission From Solid-State Cathode Medium Of High-Current Glow Discharge. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Experimental results on X-ray emission characteristics from the cathode material in the high-current Glow Discharge (GD) are presented. The X-ray emission ranging 0.6 - 6.0 keV and more with the dose rate up to 0.01 J/s has been registered. Two emission modes were obtained in the experiments: (1) diffusion X-rays were observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 5 × 10⁵ bursts a second and up to 10⁶ X-ray quanta in a burst); (2) X-rays in the form of laser micro-beams were registered (up to 10⁴ beams per second and up to 10¹⁰ X-ray of quanta in a beam, angular divergence being up to 10^-4, the duration of separate laser beam about τ=3 × 10^-13 - 3 × 10^-14 s, the estimated separate beam power of 10⁷ - 10⁸ W). The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred during the GD operation, and, after the GD current switch off.

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Karabut, A.B. Experimental Research on 0.5 – 10 keV High-Energy Process Resulting from H2 and D2 Ions Flux Interaction with Cathode Solid in Electric Discharge. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

ABSTRACT
X-ray emission ranging 0.5 – 10.0 keV with the dose power rate up to 0.01 J/s emanating from the cathode solid in the high-current Glow Discharge has been registered in earlier experiments. The X-rays were recorded during the Glow Discharge operation and after the Glow Discharge current switch off. Presumably the observed X-ray emission proceeds as a result of relaxation of excited energetic levels in the cathode solid medium. These excited levels are formed during the exposure of the cathode sample solid surface to the effect of the ions flux produced by plasma or electrolyte medium. The energetic and temporal characteristics of the X-ray emission have been studied with reference to the cathode material used, the kind of plasma-forming gas and the Glow Discharge operational parameters. . . .

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Karabut, A.B. Scientific Research Project: Experimental Research And Development Of Heat Power Supply Prototype Based On High-Energy Processes In Solid Medium Interacting With Hydrogen Ions Flux. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

Scientific investigation in the field of New Hydrogen Power Engineering aimed at finding new effective ways of energy production has been carried out for years by researchers of several countries. The concept of this investigation is based on phenomenon of interaction between deuterium and hydrogen ions, on one hand, and the solid medium (of Pd, Ti and other materials), on the other hand. The said interaction was studied in experiments with electrolysis, electric gas discharge and gas diffusion. At present a huge collection of stable 100%-reproduced results on Excess Heat power production has been accumulated. In most experiments the correlation of the relative output Excess Heat power to the input (electric) power does not exceed 10-20%. This scientific approach is now well recognized by the leading groups of researchers and scientific associations (such as the American Physical Society, the American Nuclear Society, the Los Alamos US National Laboratory, the US Livermore Lawrence National Laboratory and others.) despite the lack of widely familiar theoretical instrument for the description of the physical phenomena in question.

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Karabut, A.B. and E.A. Karabut. Electric and Heat Measurements in High Voltage Electric Discharge System Experiments. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Karabut, A.B. and E.A. Karabut. Research into Energy Spectra of X-ray Emission from Solid Cathode Medium During High Current Glow Discharge Operation and after the Glow Discharge Current Switch Off. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Karasevskii, A. I.

Karasevskii, A.I., D.V. Matyushov, and A. Gorodyskii, Possibility of the nuclear reaction between deuterium nuclei in electron shells of metal ions. Ukr. Khim. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1989. 55: p. 1036 (In Russian).

Karpov, S. Yu.

Karpov, S.Y., et al., On the possibility of a mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(5): p. 91 (in Russian).

Kasagi, J.

Kasagi, J., et al. Observation of High Energy Protons Emitted in the TiDx+D Reaction at Ed=150 keV and Anomalous Concentration of 3He. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Kasagi, J., Low Energy D+D Reactions in Metal. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 37.

D+D reactions in various metals were investigated for the deuteron bombardment with bombarding energies at around 150 keV and below 15 keV. Energetic protons and α-particles which can never be attained in the D+D reaction were observed in bombardments with higher energy deuterons. In order to explain the spectra, reaction processes in which three deuterons are involved are considered; sequential reaction and simultaneous three-body reaction. The sequential reaction can well explain the observed bump structure, and the three-body reaction can reproduce the continuum spectral shape of protons and α-particles, although an anomalously large enhancement factor is required. For the lower energy bombardment, thick target yields for the D+D reactions in Ti were measured down to 4.7 keV. They were well explained with the astrophysical S-factors deduced from gas target measurements. This indicates that the effect of the environment is not so much different for the deuterons in Ti and in gas phase.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Measurements of the D + D Reaction in Ti Metal with Incident Energies between 4.7 and 18 keV. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1995. 64: p. 608-612.

The D+D reactions in Ti metal were investigated for the deuteron incident energies between 4.7 and 18 keV. Observed were protons, tritons and ³He particles emitted in the deuteron bombardment on TiD_x. Thick target yields for the D(d, p)T and D(d, n)³He reactions were measured at bombarding energies down to 4.7 and 5.4 keV, respectively, for the first time. They were well explained with the reported astrophysical S-factors which were deduced from gas target measurements at E_d > 6 keV for the D(d, p)T reaction and E_d> 13.3 keV for the D(d, n)³He reaction. The cross section ratio σ(d, p)/σ(d, n) was obtained down to 6.4 keV, and was found to be constant at around 1.0 for E_d<20 keV.

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Kasagi, J., et al. Anomalously Enhanced D(d,p)T Reaction in Pd and PdO Observed at Very Low Bombarding Energies. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
Yields of protons emitted in the D + D reaction in Pd and PdO thick targets were measured for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. The obtained yields were compared with those predicted by using the parameterization of cross sections at higher energies. It was found that both of the yields for Pd and PdO are surprisingly larger than the prediction. The bombarding energy dependence of the yields are well described with screening potential parameters; U_e = 250 eV for Pd and 600 eV for PdO. The significance of a simple extrapolation of the observed enhancement is discussed.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Energetic Protons and alpha Particles Emitted in 150-keV Deuteron Bombardment on Deuterated Ti. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 64: p. 777-783.

Energetic charged particles have been measured in the bombardment of 150-keV deuterons on deuterated Ti. Protons and α particles were observed with energies up to ~17 and ~6.5 MeV, respectively, which can never be attained in the D+D reaction. A bump structure at around 14 MeV seen in the proton spectrum can be well explained as emitted in the sequential reaction involving three deuterons. However, protons and α particles distributed continuously up to the maximum energies can never be understood as products of the conceivable nuclear reactions.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Strongly Enhanced DD Fusion Reaction in Metals Observed for keV D+ Bombardment. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 71: p. 2881-2885.

The excitation functions of the yield of protons emitted in the D(d,p)T reaction in Ti, Fe, Pd, PdO and Au were measured for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. It was found that the reaction rate at lower energies varies greatly with the host materials. The most strongly enhanced DD reaction occurs in PdO. At E_d = 2.5 keV, it is enhanced by factor of fifty from the bare deuteron rate and the screening energy deduced from the excitation function amounts to 600 eV. An enhancement of this size cannot be explained by electron screening alone but suggests the existence of an additional and important mechanism of the screening in solids.

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Kasagi, J., et al., Strongly Enhanced Li + D Reaction in Pd Observed in Deuteron Bombardment on PdLix with Energies between 30 and 75 keV. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 73: p. 608-612.

Thick target yields of alpha particles emitted in the ^6,7Li(d,alpha)^4,5He reactions in PdLi_x and AuLi_x were measured as a function of the bombarding energy between 30 and 75 keV. It was found that the reaction rate in Pd at lower energies is enhanced strongly over the one predicted by the cross section for the reaction with bare nuclei, but no enhancement is observed in Au. A screening energy is introduced to reproduce the excitation function of the thick target yield for each metal. The deduced value for Pd amounts to 1500 ± 310 eV, whereas it is only 60 ± 150 eV for Au. The enhancement in the Pd case cannot be explained by electron screening alone but suggests the existence of an additional and important mechanism of screening in metal.

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Kasagi, J., Medium effects: nuclear reactions in solids and nucleon resonances in nuclei. Front. Sci. Ser., 28 (Nuclear Responses and Medium Effects), 1999: p. 229-236.

Kasagi, J., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Solids. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

The DD fusion reactions in various materials have been studied, and enhancements in the rate of the D(d,p)T fusion reaction over the Gamow function were clearly seen in the materials. Of particular interest is the fact that the reaction rate of the D+D reactions at 2.5 keV in PdO is 60 times (and in Pd 10 times) larger than in Ti, and the deduced screening energy amounts to 600 eV (300 eV). Furthermore, the subsequent study on the Li+d reactions showed large screening energy as 1.7 keV, again, in Pd metal. These cannot be explained by bound-electron screening which may give at most an energy of 20 eV for the DD reaction and of 0.3 keV for the Li+d reaction, but suggests the existence of an additional, and important, mechanism. Perhaps there is a fluidity of deuterons in metals that also reduces the Coulomb barrier between the fusing nulcei.

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Kasagi, J. and Y. Iwamura. Country History of Japanese Work on Cold Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

We briefly summarize the history of Japanese work on cold fusion after 1989. Since the excellent work performed by Prof. Arata are introduced and discussed in the special session, we try to summarize other works in Japan. The history can be divided into three periods: the 1st period is from the announcement by Fleischmann and Pons to the ICCF3 Nagoya Conference (1989 - 1993); the 2nd period is during the New Hydrogen Energy (NHE) Project (1994 – 1998); and the 3rd after the NHE project (1999 – present). Characteristics of each period and the present situation are presented.

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Kasagi, J. Screening Potential for nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Screening for nuclear reactions in metal plays an important role in enhancing reaction cross sections in the ultra-low energy region. A simple extrapolation of the screening potential down to the thermal energy region from the keV beam experiment predicts the occurrence of “cold fusion” D+D reactions. In the present work, results so far obtained in low-energy beam experiments will be overviewed and the origin of the screening potential will be discussed: both electronic screening and ionic screening. For ionic screening we have studied nuclear reactions in liquid metal which can be regarded as a low-temperature dense plasma. In such a condition, the classical ions contribute to the screening more strongly than the quantum electrons do. Results on the ⁷Li+p and ⁶Li+d reactions with liquid Li target will be shown. The effects of the solid-liquid phase transition are clearly seen in these reactions. It can be concluded that the ionic Debye screening is much stronger than the electronic screening in low-temperature dense plasmas.

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Kashy, E.

Kashy, E., et al., Search for neutron emission from deuterium-loaded palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(1): p. R1.

Kaushik, T. C.

Kaushik, T.C., M. Srinivasan, and A. Shyam, Fracture Phenomena in Crystalline Solids: A Brief Review in the Context of Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 5.

Kaushik, T.C., et al., Preliminary report on direct measurement of tritium in liquid nitrogen treated TiDx chips. Indian J. Technol., 1990. 28: p. 667.

Kaushik, T.C., et al., Experimental investigations on neutron emission from projectile-impacted deuterated solids. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 232: p. 384.

Kawai, H.

Kawai, H., Profile of the cold nuclear fever. Kinki Daigaku Genshiryoku Kenkyusho Nenpo, 1990. 27: p. 19 (in Japanese).

Kawarabayashi, J.

Kawarabayashi, J., et al., Low level neutron detection system for cold-fusion. J. Facul. Eng., Univ. Tokyo B, 1992. 41: p. 595.

Kay, B. D.

Kay, B.D., C.H. Peden, and D.W. Goodman, Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption by Pd(110). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1986. 34: p. 817.

Kay, B.D., K.R. Lykke, and R.J. Buss, Problems with the mass spectrometric determination of tritium from cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 491.

Kazachkovskii, O. D.

Kazachkovskii, O.D., A possible mechanism for cold fusion. At. Energy, 1996. 81: p. 749.

Kazarinov, V. E.

Kazarinov, V.E., et al., Cathodic behaviour of palladium in electrolytic solutions containing alkali metal ions. Elektrokhimiya, 1991. 27: p. 9 (in Russian).

Keddam, M.

Keddam, M., Some comments on the calorimetric aspects of the electrochemical 'cold fusion' by M. Fleischmann and S. Pons. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34(7): p. 995.

Keesing, R. G.

Keesing, R.G., et al., Thermal, thermoelectric, and cathode poisoning effects in cold fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 375.

Keesing, R.G. and A.J. Gadd, Thermoelectric heat pumping and the 'cold fusion' effect". J. Phys.: Condens. Mater., 1993. 5: p. L537.

Kendall, D. L.

Kendall, D.L., The Role of Imagination in Science:Two Modern Examples. 1990, Albuquerque: Keynote speech for the Twentieth Southwestern Jounior Science and Humanities Symposium, Albuquerque, 4/2/90.

Kendl, A.

Kendl, A., Zehn jahre danach: Was blieb von der 'kalten Kernfusion'? ("Ten years after: what has become of 'cold fusion'?"). Skeptiker, 1999. 12(1&2): p. 32 [in German].

Kennel, E.

Kennel, E. and A.G. Kalandarachvili. Investigation of Deuterium Glow Discharge of the Kucherov Type. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Kennel, E., Proposals and biography. 1996.

Kenney, F.

Kenney, F., et al. Charged-particle Emissions from Deuterated Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

We present evidence for energetic charged particles emanating from partially deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions. To scrutinize emerging evidence for low-temperature nuclear reactions, we investigated particle yields employing three independent types of highly-sensitive, segmented particle detectors over a six-year period. One experiment measuring neutron emission from TiDx foils showed a background-subtracted yield of 57 ± 13 counts per hour. (The neutron experiments are discussed in a separate paper in this proceedings.) A second experiment, using a photo-multiplier tube with plastic and glass scintillators and TiDx registered charged particle emissions at 2,171 ± 93 counts/hour, over 400 times the background rate. Moreover, these particles were identified as protons having 2.6 MeV after exiting the TiDx foil array. In a third experiment, coincident charged particles consistent with protons and tritons were observed with high reproducibility in two energy-dispersive ion-implanted detectors located on either side of 25-micron thick Ti foils loaded with deuterium.

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Kenney, F., et al. Neutron Emissions from Deuterated Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Evidence is presented for neutrons emanating from partially deuterated titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions (charged particle results appear in a separate paper in this proceedings). Two types of deuteriding and varied currents were employed to produce the non-equilibrium conditions within the foils, and emissions lasted over long durations. Experiments were conducted in a deep underground tunnel having significant rock overburden to diminish cosmic backgrounds. Subtracting background rates and taking into account detector efficiency, we found the highest net yield to be 57 ± 13 counts/hour. Yields for all runs are reported and the theoretical fusion reaction defined. Totaling all experiments, reproducibility was 40%.

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Kenny, J. P.

Kenny, J.P. and R. Schultz, "Hyper-gentle" (HGF) fusion at a few ev. 1989.

Kenny, J.P., Electropionics and fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 547.

Kepka, J. B.

Kepka, J.B. and E.W. Czaputowicz, Analysis of Some Results on Pd-H and Ni-H Systems Studied in High-Pressure-Hydrogen Conditions. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1979. 19: p. 2414.

Kervran, C. L.

Kervran, C.L., Biological Transmutations. 1972: Swan House Publishing Co.

Kervran, C.L., Biological Transmutation. 1980: Beekman Publishers, Inc.

Kestenbaum, D.

Kestenbaum, D., Cold Fusion-Science or Religion?, in R&D Maganzine. 1997. p. 51.

Khramtsov, P. P.

Khramtsov, P.P. and O.G. Martynenko, Peculiar processes of cathodic scattering by electrical discharge through the saturated heavy water - vapour interface. Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., 1996. 69(5): p. 721 [in Russian].

Kidwell, D.

Kidwell, D. Trace Analysis of Elements in a Palladium Matrix. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a technique for trace elemental analysis and isotopic distribution determination at trace levels, but ICP-MS cannot handle directly high concentrations of ions. Dimethylglyoxime will selectively precipitate palladium from acid solutions leaving most of the impurities in solution and allowing their quantitation by ICP-MS without dilution. By avoiding dilution, the sensitivity and precision of the analysis can be increased to sub-PPM levels. A convenient method for controlled etching of palladium is also described.

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Kidwell, D., et al. Does Gas Loading Produce Anomalous Heat? (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

The original PowerPoint slides in this document are here:
 
http://lenr-canr.org/powerpoint/KidwellDdoesgasloa.ppt
 
The PowerPoint slides include overlays and other features not available in Acrobat format.
 
Abstract
 
Simple pressurization of nanosized palladium with deuterium appears to be a simpler and more rapid method to generate anomalous heat compared to electrolytic systems. A survey of the literature indicates that palladium particles less than 2 nm in size can obtain a Pd/D loading near one at modest deuterium pressure. In hundreds of reactions, we have routinely prepared palladium nanoparticles inside an aluminosilicate matrix and have found that these systems produce up to 8 fold more heat with deuterium compared to hydrogen. Furthermore, a characteristic signature of a pressurization reaction is its reversibility -- the heat released upon pressurization should be absorbed upon evacuation. This reversibility is observed with hydrogen but not deuterium. Although we are still seeking conventional explanations for this excess heat, the anomalous heat does not appear to be explained by impurities in the deuterium gas nor other simple chemical or physical sources. The selection and preparation of the particles, the experimental set-up, and results will be discussed.

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Kikuchi, E.

Kikuchi, E., et al., Effect of charging current density on release characteristics of tritium from palladium. Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku, 1991. 59: p. 880 (in Japanese).

Kim, M. S.

Kim, M.S. and M.Y. Park, Comment on room temperature nuclear fusion. Anal. Sci. & Technol., 1990. 3: p. 265 (in Korean).

Kim, S-O.

Kim, S.-O., A.G. Lipson, and G.H. Miley. Characterization of Pd-Ni thin film by annealing method. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
             Thin film electrode production and characterization for heat cell studies are described. The objective is two-fold: maximizing excess heat production and insuring a long lifetime and electrolysis. To do this in a reproducible faction, a pre-and post-run analysis of the films was carried out using various probe techniques. In this study, various Pd-Ni thin films were manufactured using with a magnetron sputtering method. A variety of methods for pre-conditioning of substrates were experimented with. The samples were also treated by different annealing methods using inert gas and vacuum annealing processes. The investigations of samples were performed in an UHV system equipped with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is shown that the vacuum annealed samples provided the best films. This suggests that vacuum annealing can pull bubbles from pores in the thin film, giving a higher density thin film that performs better. These results and their implications for electrode development will be discussed.

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Kim, Y. E.

Kim, Y.E., Comment on "Cluster-Impact Fusion". 1989.

Kim, Y.E., Fission-Induced Inertial Confinement Hot Fusion and Cold Fusion with Electrolysis. 1989.

Kim, Y.E., Neutron-Induced Photonuclear Chain-Reaction Process in Pd Deuteride. 1989.

Kim, Y.E., Nuclear Theory Hypotheses for Cold Fusion. 1989.

Kim, Y.E., R.A. Rice, and G.S. Chulick, The Electron Screening Effect on Fusion Cross-sections and Rates in Physical Processes. 1989.

Kim, Y.E., R.A. Rice, and G.S. Chulick, Cluster-Transport Impact Fusion. 1990.

Kim, Y.E., Cross section for cold deuterium-deuterium fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 507.

Kim, Y.E., Neutron burst from a high-voltage discharge between palladium electrodes in D2 gas. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 680.

Kim, Y.E., New cold nuclear fusion theory and experimental tests. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 423.

Kim, Y.E. Nuclear Physics Interpretation of Cold Fusion and Optimal Designs for Gas/Solid -State Device. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Kim, Y.E., Nuclear Physics Interpretation of Cold Fusion and Optimal Designs for Gas/Solid-State Fusion Device. 1990.

Kim, Y.E. Surface Reaction Mechanism and Lepton Screening for Cold Fusion with Electrolysis. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Kim, Y.E. Surface-Reaction Theory of Cold and Warm Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Kim, Y.E., et al., Cluster-Impact Nuclear Fusion: Shock-Wave Statistical Analysis. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1991. 5: p. 941.

Kim, Y.E., Fission-induced inertial confinement hot fusion and cold fusion with electrolysis. 1991: Plenum Press.

Kim, Y.E., et al., Shock-wave Impact Fusion With Cluster Beams. Chem. Phys. Lett., 1991. 184: p. 465.

Kim, Y.E., Surface reaction mechanism for deuterium-deuterium fusion with a gas/solid-state fusion device. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 558.

Abstract
 
Recent highly reproducible results of tritium production by deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion from gas/solid-state fusion experiments are discussed in terms of a surface fusion mechanism. Theoretical criteria and experimental conditions for improving and optimizing D-D fusion rates in a gas/solid-state fusion device are described. It is shown that the surface fusion mechanism also provides a plausible explanation for the nonreproducibility of the results of electrolysis fusion experiments.

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Kim, Y.E., et al., The effect of coulomb screening and velocity distribution on fusion cross-sections and rates in physical processes. Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 6(10): p. 929.

Kim, Y.E., R.A. Rice, and G.S. Chulik, The role of the low-energy proton-deuteron fusion cross section in physical processes. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 174.

Kim, Y.E., et al., Theory of Cluster-Impact Fusion with Atomic and Molecular Cluster Beams. Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 5(6): p. 427.

Kim, Y.E., Time-delayed apparent excess heat generation in electrolysis fusion experiments. Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 6: p. 1053.

Kim, Y.E., et al. Condensed Matter Effects for Cold and Hot Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Coulomb Barrier Transmission Resonance for Astrophysical Problems. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1993. 7: p. 1627.

Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Improved Coulomb Barrier Transmission Coefficient for Nuclear Fusion Cross Sections. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 475.

Kim, Y.E., Possible Evidence of Cold D(D,p)T Fusion from Dee's 1934 Experiment. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 519.

Kim, Y.E. Possible Evidence of Cold D(D,p)T Fusion from Dee's 1934 Experiment. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

ABSTRACT
      D(D,p)T fusion probabilities for the back-to-back proton-tritium tracks observed in Dee’s 1934 experiment are calculated using the conventional theory and found to be many orders of magnitude smaller than those inferred from Dee’s data.  Our results indicate that Dee’s data may be evidence for cold fusion, possibly due to low-energy reaction barrier transparency as recently proposed.  Therefore it is important to repeat Dee’s experiment with modern facilities.

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Kim, Y.E., et al., Reaction Barrier Transparency for Cold Fusion with Deuterium and Hydrogen. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 408.

Kim, Y.E., et al. Reaction Barrier Transparency for Cold Fusion with Deuterium and Hydrogen. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

An improved parametric representation of Coulomb barrier penetration is presented. These detailed calculations are improvements upon the conventionally used Gamow tunneling coefficient. This analysis yields a reaction barrier transparency (RBT) which may have singular ramifications for cold fusion, as well as significant consequences in a wide variety of fusion settings.

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Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Optical Theorem And Effective Finite-Range Nuclear Interaction for Low-Energy Nuclear-Fusion Reactions. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1995. 108: p. 1009.

Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev. Uncertainities of Conventional Theories and New Improved Formulations of Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion Reactions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Comment on exact upper bound on barrier penetration probabilities in many-body systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract
 
We investigate conditions under which it is not possible to establish an exact upper bound for the barrier penetration probability of nuclei tunneling to classically forbidden small relative separation, by a value calculable in terms of the Born-Oppenheimer potential between nuclei.

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Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Gamow factor cancellation and nuclear physics mechanisms for anomalous low-energy nuclear reactions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 145.

Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev. Optical Theorem Formulation and Nuclear Physics Mechanisms for Gamow Factor Cancellation in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Role of Continuum Electrons and Condensed Matter Mechanisms in Ultra Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Nuclear fusion for Bose nuclei confined in ion traps. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 151.

Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev. Ultra Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion of Bose Nuclei in Nano-Scale Ion Traps. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Kim, Y.E., et al. Experimental Test of Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction in Nanoscale Atomic Clusters. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

We report preliminary results of experimental test of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism for ultra low energy nuclear fusion in nano-scale atomic clusters at pressures up to a 20,000 psi and at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Bose-Einstein condensation of integer-spin nuclei was suggested as a possible mechanism for ultra low-energy nuclear reaction in 1998.  Recently, theoretical studies of the BEC mechanism have been carried out by solving approximately many-body Schroedinger equation for a system of N identical charged integer-spin nuclei (“Bose” nuclei) confined in ion traps.  The solution is used to obtain theoretical formulae for estimating the probabilities and rates of nuclear fusion for N identical Bose nuclei confined in an ion trap or an atomic cluster.  These formulae show that the fusion rate does not depend on the Coulomb barrier penetration probability but instead depends on the probability of the ground-state occupation, which is expected to increase as the temperature decreases.
To test these theoretical predictions, a series of experiments have been devised and performed.  The preliminary results of these experiments and also plans of future experiments are described.

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Kim, Y.E. Quantum Many-Body Theory and Mechanisms for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Processes in Matter. in Fusion 03: From a Tunneling Nuclear Microscope to Nuclear Processes in Matter. 2003. Matsushita, Japan.

Recently, a theoretical model of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) mechanism has been developed to describe low-energy nuclear reaction in a quantum many-body system confined in a micro/nano scale trap. The BEC mechanism is applied to explain various anomalous results  observed recently in experiments involved with low–energy nuclear reaction processes in matter and in acoustic cavitation. Experimental tests of the BEC mechanism are also discussed. In addition to the BEC mechanism, plasma impact fusion (PIF) and particle cavitation fusion (PCF) mechanisms are also described.

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Kim, Y.E., D. Koltick, and A. Zubarev. Quantum Many-Body Theory of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Induced by Acoustic Cavitation in Deuterated Liquid. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

There have been a number of reports of observation of nuclear fusion events in acoustic cavitation experiments with deuterated liquid.  Some of the reported results have been interpreted as a result of achieving thermonuclear fusion temperatures (~a few keV) during acoustic bubble cavitation (ABC).  We propose an alternative theoretical model for the ABC fusion based on Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism.
Our theoretical model yields two main predictions.  The first prediction is that the Coulomb interaction between two charged bosons is suppressed for the case in which number N of charged bosons is large, and hence the conventional Gamow factor is absent. The second prediction is that the fusion rate depends on the probability of the BEC ground state occupation instead of the conventional Gamow factor.  This implies that the fusion rate will increase as the temperature of the system is lowered since the probability of the BEC state is larger at lower temperatures.  These predictions imply that the ABC fusion may be achievable at lower temperatures.
A number of key improvement to acoustic cavitation experiments are proposed to check these predictions as well as the results of other experiments.

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Kim, Y.E. and T.O. Passell. Alternative Interpretation of Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction Processes with Deuterated Metals Based on The Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Abstract
      Recently, a generalization of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism has been made to a ground-state mixture of two different species of positively charged bosons in harmonic traps.  The theory has been used to describe (D + Li) reactions in the low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) processes in condensed matter and predicts that the (D + Li) reaction rates can be larger than (D + D) reaction rates by as much as a factor of ~50, implying that (D + Li) reactions may be occuring in addition to the (D + D) reactions.  A survey of the existing data from LENR experiments is carried out to check the validity of the theoretical prediction.  We conclude that there is compelling experimental evidence which support the theoretical prediction.  New experimental tests of the theoretical prediction are suggested.

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Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Mixtures of Charged Bosons Confined in Harmonic Traps and Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Transmutation Processes in Condensed Matter. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Abstract
 A mixture of two different species of positively charged bosons in harmonic traps is considered in the mean-field approximation.  It is shown that depending on the ratio of parameters, the two components may coexist in same regions of space, in spite of the Coulomb repulsion between the two species.  Application of this result is discussed for the generalization of the Bose-Einstein condensation mechanism for low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) and transmutation processes in condensed matters.  For the case of deutron-lithium (d+Li) LENR, the result indicates that  reactions may dominate over (d+d) reactions in LENR experiments.

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Kim, Y.E., et al. Proposal for New Experimental Tests of the Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction and Transmutation Processes in Deuterium Loaded Micro- and Nano-Scale Cavities. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Abstract
            Most of experimental results of low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) reported so far cannot be reproduced on demand.  There have been persistent experimental results indicating that the LENR and transmutation processes in condensed matters (LENRTPCM) are surface phenomena rather than bulk phenomena.  Recently proposed Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism may provide a suitable theoretical description of the surface phenomena.
            New experiments are proposed and described for testing the BEC mechanism for LENR and transmutation processses in micro-scale and nano-scale traps. (1) We propose the use of micro- or nano-porous conducting materials as a cathode in electrolysis experiments with heavy water with or without Li in order to stabilize the active surface spots and to enhance the effect for the purpose of improving the reproducibility of excess heat generation and nuclear emission.  (2) We propose new experiemental tests of the BEC mechanism by measuring the presssure and temperaure dependence of LENR events using deuterium gas and these deuterated metals with  or without Li.
      If the LENRTPCM are surface phenomena, the proposed use of micro/nano scale porous materials is expected to enhance and scale up the LENRTPCM effects by many order of magnitude, and thus may lead to better reproductivity and theoretical understanding of the phenomena.

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Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Unifying Theory Of Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction And Transmutation Processes In Deuterated/Hydrogenated Metals, Acoustic Cavitations, And Deuteron Beam Experiments. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

The most basic theoretical challenge for understanding low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) and transmutation reaction (LETR) in condensed matters is to find mechanisms by which the large Coulomb barrier between fusing nuclei can be overcome.  A unifying theory of LENR and LETR has been developed to provide possible mechanisms for the LENR and LETR processes in matters based on high-density nano-scale and micro-scale quantum plasmas.  It is shown that recently developed theoretical models based on Bose-Einstein Fusion (BEF) mechanism and Quantum Plasma Nuclear Fusion (QPNF) mechanism are applicable to the results of many different types of LENR and LETR experiments

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Kim, Y.E. Theory of Low-Energy Deuterium Fusion in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Grains and Particles. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

A consistent conventional theoretical description is presented for anomalous low-energy deuterium nuclear fusion in micro/nano-scale metal grains and particles. The theory is based on the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) state occupied by deuterons trapped in a micro/nano-scale metal grain or particle. The theory is capable of explaining most of the experimentally observed results and also provides theoretical predictions. Experimental tests of theoretical predictions are proposed. Scalabilities of the observed effects are discussed based on theoretical predictions.

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Kimura, A.

Kimura, A. and H.K. Birnbaum, Effect of adsorbed surface poisons on the loss of hydrogen from nickel. Acta metall. Mater., 1991. 39: p. 295.

Kimura, T.

Kimura, T., Quantitative evaluation of multiple production of neutrons induced by cosmic rays in materials. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27: p. 1147.

Kimura, T., Current problems and future of room temperature nuclear fusion. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 49 (in Japanese).

King, M. B.

King, M.B., Charge Clusters: The Basis of Zero-Point Energy Inventions. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 18.

Kirchheim, R.

Kirchheim, R., Interaction of Hydrogen with Dislocations in Palladium- I. Activity and Diffusivity and Their Phenomenological Interpretation. Acta. Metall., 1981. 29: p. 835.

Kirchheim, R., Interaction of Hydrogen with Dislocations in Palladium-II Interpretation of Activity Results by Fermi-Dirac Distribution. Acta Metall., 1981. 29: p. 845.

Kirchheim, R., T. Matschele, and W. Kieninger, Hydrogen in amorphous and nanocrystalline metals. Materials. Sci. and Eng., 1988. 99: p. 457.

Kirkinskii, V. A.

Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov, A new approach to theoretical modelling of nuclear fusion in palladium deuteride. Europhys. Lett., 1999. 46: p. 448.

Kirkinskii, V.A., V.A. Drebushchak, and A.I. Khmelnikov, Excess heat release during deuterium sorption-desorption by finely powdered palladium deuteride. Europhys. Lett., 2002. 58: p. 462.

Kirkinskii, V.A., V.A. Drebushchak, and A.I. Khmelnikov. Experimental evidence of excess heat output during deuterium sorption-desorption in palladium deuteride. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 Thermal effects have been studied in the course of sorption-desorption of hydrogen isotopes by a finely powdered palladium deuteride using a conventional differential scanning calorimeter SETARAM DSC-111. During a-b transition an excess heat release is observed in palladium deuteride of about one watt per gram of deuteride. In similar experiments with palladium hydride no anomalous effects have been observed. On the basis of earlier computer modelling, relevant publications and our experimental results the excess heat release during deuterium sorption-desorption by palladium deuteride is attributed to the nuclear reactions of deuterium atoms yielding helium.

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Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Fusion reaction probability in iron hydride and the problem of nucleosynthesis in the earth's interior. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
Numerical simulation of hydrogen isotopes nuclear interaction during their diffusion in a- and g-iron was carried out on the basis of electron orbital deformation dynamic model suggested by the authors earlier [1-4]. Calculated fusion rates show a possibility of cold fusion in the Earth's interior. Geochemical indicators of nuclear fusion are ³He/⁴He ratio higher than usual or the presence of tritium in deep-seated rocks, minerals and natural gases.

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Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Numercial calculations of cold fusion rates in metal deuterides. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 An original model of а nuclear fusion mechanism in metal crystal structures at low energies is developed. It uses a new approach for estimation of electron screening in metals, which is based on account of dynamic deformation of outer metal electronic orbitals during counter motion of two deuterons near their sites boundary [1-3]. Computer simulation of deuterium behavior in the palladium deuteride crystal lattice has shown that the calculated rate of nuclear reactions agrees in order of magnitude with the values deduced from experimental data on excess heat output and helium generation.

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Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Calculations Of Nuclear Reactions Probability In A Crystal Lattice Of Titanium Deuteride. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

For calculations of probability of nuclear reactions of hydrogen isotopes in the crystal lattice of titanium deuteride the model offered earlier for palladium deuteride was used. In a series of experiments the probability of D-D approach for random initial conditions was calculated, when initial energies of approaching deuterons were set in the range of energies 0.01-0.51 eV. For each experimental value of D-D approach the reaction rate was calculated on the shifted Coulomb potential with the shift energy, which equals to the energy of screening. The mean distance of D-D approach on all series equals 0.97 angstroms, that exceeds the mean distance in a molecule D-D. However, more than 14% of all experimental values show an approach of deuterons for a distance less than 0.1 angstroms. The general reaction rate for the given set of the initial conditions will make 10^1.91 DD^-1 s^-1. It is 4 orders of magnitude less, than the analogous rate calculated earlier for palladium deuteride. For optimization of calculations the most favorable initial conditions were selected. As a result the rate of the reaction calculated according to the above model should be additionally multiplied by a correction factor, which allows for the probability of the occurrence of these favorable conditions. In our case it equals 10^-16 - 10^-18; the rate of the nuclear fusion reaction of deuterons in titanium deuteride should be 3-4 orders lower, than the earlier calculated rate for palladium deuteride and equals 10^-14 - 10^-16 DD^-1 s^-1.

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Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Calculations Of Nuclear Reactions Probability In A Crystal Lattice Of Lanthanum Deuteride. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

The dynamic model of electron orbitals deformation (EODD) was previously devised for palladium deuteride. It has now been applied to calculate the probability of nuclear reactions of hydrogen isotopes in the crystal lattice of lanthanum deuteride. In a series of computer simulations, the probability of D-D approach for random initial conditions was calculated, when the initial energies of the approaching deuterons were set in the range of 0.001-9.0 eV. For each experimental value of D-D approach the reaction rate was calculated on the shifted Coulomb potential with the shift energy, which equals to the energy of screening. The mean distance of D-D approach on the whole series equals 0.19 Å. More than 54% of all experimental values show an approach of deuterons for a distance less than 0.1 Å. The average reaction rate for the given set of the initial conditions is 10^3.28 DD^-1 s^-1. This is three orders of magnitude less than the analogous rate calculated earlier for palladium deuteride. Allowing for the higher D content and the higher number of adjacent tetrahedral sites in LaD₃ as compared with PdD_0,6, an overall nuclear fusion rate in lanthanum deuteride will be only slight lower than in palladium deuteride, that is, 10^-12 - 10^-14 DD^-1 s^-1.

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