Goldanskii, V. I.

Goldanskii, V.I. and F.I. Dalidchik, Mechanism of solid-state fusion (Title given by Letters editor). Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 231.

Goldanskii, V.I. and F.I. Dalidchik, On the possibilities of 'cold enhancement' of nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 234: p. 465.

Goloborodsky, B.

Goloborodsky, B., V. Ovchinnikov, and V. Semionkin, Long-Range Effects in the FePd2Au Alloy Under Ion Bombardment. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39(3 (May)).

Golubnichii, P. I.

Golubnichii, P.I., et al., A possible mechanism for cold nuclear fusion. J. Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1989(6): p. 56 (In Russian).

Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 307: p. 99 (in Russian).

Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Correlation between nuclear, acoustic, and electromagnetic emissions during the electrolytic saturation of palladium with deuterium. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(8): p. 31.

Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Detection of neutrons and tritium from solid palladium targets by electrolytic deuterium charging. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(21): p. 46 (in Russian).

Golubnichii, P.I., et al. Observation of Nuclear Particles and Their Correlation with Acoustic and Electromagnetic Emission from Palladium Targets Loaded by Deuterium. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Golubnichii, P.I., et al. Recording of Neutron and Acoustic Emissions From Palladium Target in a Low-Background Underground Experiment. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Verification of the accelerator model for low-temperature nuclear fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990. 9: p. 16.

Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Correlated neutron and acoustic emission from a deuterium-saturated palladium target. JETP Lett., 1991. 53: p. 122.

Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Proton emission in low-temperature nuclear fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1991. 12: p. 6.

Goncharov, A. I.

Goncharov, A.I. and V.A. Kirkinskii. Theoretical Modeling Of Electron Flow Action On Probability Of Nuclear Fusion Of Deuterons. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Good, W. R.

Good, W.R., Comments on 'Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 132.

Goods, S. H.

Goods, S.H. and S.E. Guthrie, Mechanical Properties of Palladium and Palladium Hydride. 1991.

Goodstein, D.

Goodstein, D., Pariah Science. Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? The American Scholar, 1994. 63(4): p. 527.

Goodstein, D., Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? Accountability Res., 2000. 8.

The article that follows was written in 1994, and first appeared in The American Scholar (vol. 63 p. 527).  In the three years since then much has happened, but little has changed.  There have been reports of increasingly reliable production of excess heat, and of the detection of 4He residue, and much more.  Nevertheless, the most remarkable fact remains that cold fusion has neither been accepted by mainstream science, nor has it withered away.  The general situation that the article describes still seems to be in place today.

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Goodwin, I.

Goodwin, I., Fusion in a Flask: Expert DOE Panel Throws Cold Water on Utah Discovery. Physics Today, 1989. December: p. 43.

Goon, E. J.

Goon, E.J., The Non-Stoichiometry of Lathanum Hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1959. 63: p. 2018.

Gorodetskii, V. G.

Gorodetskii, V.G., et al., Emission of neutrons and gamma quanta from palladium upon its saturation with deuterium in the gas phase. Fiz. Metal. Metalloved., 1991(7): p. 176 (in Russian).

Goryachev, I. V.

Goryachev, I.V. Abnormal results of experimenting with excited substances and interpretation of the discovered effects within the frames of the model of collective interactions. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

During a number of years there were carried out experiments to investigate interactions of excited substances with radiation, gravity and other kinds of fields. Converting atoms of the substances into excited state was fulfilled by means of bombarding the samples used with intensive beams of electrons with energy of 27 MeV and the accompanying bremsstrahlung generated by the electrons in the substances and intermediate targets.

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Goryachev, I.V. and Y. Bazhutov. Organization, current status and main results of Russian research in cold fusion and transmutation of chemical elements. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

We can not help remembering that in the Soviet Union investigations of a number of abnormal phenomena which later were related to the problem of Cold Nuclear Fusion were carried out long before Fleischmann and Pons announced their experiments at the American University of Utah.
 At present these kind of research works are widely carried on in Russia despite the absence of any state support and while part of the official scientific community remains skeptical.
 In total there are more than 30 groups of scientists engaged in research in this field in Russia . . .

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Goryachev, I.V. Registration of synthesis of 45Rh102 in media of excited nuclei of 28Ni58. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

For the purpose of searching for heavy nuclei generated in the result of low energy nuclear processes we used samples of 28Ni58 which were bombarded with 27 MeV electrons from the Resonance accelerator MI-30. The samples of nickel of 48 mm in diameter and 20 mm thick were irradiated with electrons to the level of absorbed energy of around 2.5 106 J/cm3 which is approximately 5 times exceeds the minimum specific energy at which as it followed from the authors’ theoretical model the process of generating transmuted elements will become quite noticeable.

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Gottesfeld, S.

Gottesfeld, S., et al. Experiments and Nuclear Measurements in Search of Cold Fusion Proceses. in Workshop on Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989. Santa Fe, NM.

Gottesfeld, S., et al., Experiments and nuclear measurements in search of cold fusion processes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 287.

Gou, Q.

Gou, Q., Z. Zhu, and Q. Zhang, Possible mechanism of cold fusion and experimental research. Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao, 1990. 7: p. 1491 (in Chinese).

Gou, Q., Further discussion on the mechanism of cold fusion and cold fusion materials. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1998. 15(1): p. 7 (in Chinese).

Govorov, B. V.

Govorov, B.V., et al., Neutron Emission from Palladium Alloys Saturated with Deuterium. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1990. 64(2): p. 287.

Gozzi, D.

Gozzi, D., et al., Neutron and Tritium Evidences in the Electrolytic Reduction of Deuterium on Pd Electrodes. 1989.

Gozzi, D., et al., Evidences for associated heat generation and nuclear products release in palladium heavy-water electrolysis. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. 103: p. 143.

Gozzi, D., et al. First Results from a Ten Electrolytic Cells Experiment. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Gozzi, D., et al., Nuclear and thermal effects during electrolytic reduction of deuterium at palladium cathode. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 241.

Gozzi, D., et al. Multicell Experiments for Searching Time-Related Events in Cold Fusion. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Gozzi, D., et al. Experiments with Global Detection of Cold Fusion Byproducts. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Gozzi, D., et al., Neutron and tritium evidence in the electrolytic reduction of deuterium on palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 60.

Gozzi, D., et al. Excess Heat and Nuclear Product Measurements in Cold Fusion Electrochemical Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Gozzi, D., et al. Helium-4 Quantitative Measurements in the Gas Phase of Cold Fusion Electrochemical Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Gozzi, D., et al., Calorimetric and nuclear byproduct measurements in electrochemical confinement of deuterium in palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 380: p. 91.

Gozzi, D., et al., Quantitative measurements of helium-4 in the gas phase of Pd + D2O electrolysis. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 380: p. 109.

Gozzi, D., et al., Erratum to "X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system" [J. Electroanal. Chem. 435 (1997) 113]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 452: p. 251.

Gozzi, D., et al., X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 452: p. 251.

Abstract
The energy balance between heat excess and 4He in the gas phase has been found to be reasonably satisfied even if the low levels of ⁴He do not give the necessary confidence to state definitely that we are dealing with the fusion of deuterons to give ⁴He. In the melted cathode, the data of which are reported, no ⁴He was found at the achieved sensitivity. X-ray film, positioned at 50 mm from the cell, roughly gave the image of the cathode through spots. Extended considerations have been made to explain this evidence on the basis of the bundle nature of the cathode. From these considerations, the energy of the radiation and the total energy associated to it have been estimated as 89 keV and 12 kJ, respectively. This value is :0.5% of the energy measured by calorimetry in the same interval of time. The highest values of energy and excess power are 8.3 MJ and 10 W, respectively.

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Grabowski, K. S.

Grabowski, K.S., et al. Evaluation of the Claim of Transmutation of Cesium to Praseodymium with the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) Structure -- Part 1 (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

The MHI claim to transmute elements upon permeation of deuterium though a specific multilayer structure was carefully evaluated. Initially, an attempt was made to replicate the work at NRL in collaboration with MHI. When replication proved difficult, another set of experiments were conducted at MHI in three sets consisting of two control blanks and one positive foil (that should have transmuted Cesium to Praseodymium) per set. Foil samples were split for analysis at both NRL and MHI. Extensive analytical work was performed to characterize the foils and the blanks. When extracted at MHI, low nanogram amounts of Pr were found by ICP-MS on 3 of 3 foils that should have had Pr whereas the 6 controls were blank. Split solutions of these extracts were also tested independently at NRL and the presence of Pr was confirmed. The Pr found did not have the characteristic rare earth contamination expected if the Pr was from the environment and thus looked like it was produced in the experiment. Unfortunately, we could not find Pr at NRL (even at trace levels) on our split foil samples no matter what extraction method was employed. After considering and evaluating several unlikely scenarios for these disparate results, we visited MHI and participated in the extraction process on new foils. These extracts were blank when tested at both laboratories. Environmental samples were obtained at various locations where samples were handled. Pr was found in large amounts at one location used in sample preparation and this Pr had the signature of pure material rather than an inadvertent contaminate. No record of how it got there could be established. Other rare and characteristic impurities also were found in the extracts from MHI that were present in the laboratory environment. Thus, we concluded that the transmutation of Cs to Pr when deuterium permeated MHI’s multilayer structure could not be firmly established, as contamination during the foil production or during the foil analysis could not be ruled-out. The design of the replication experiments, the lessons learned, and the results will be discussed.

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Graesjo, L.

Graesjo, L. and M. Seo, Measurement of absorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium during electrolysis by a quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 296: p. 233.

Granada, J. R.

Granada, J.R., et al. Neutron Measurements on (Pd-D2O) Electrolytic Cells Under Pulsed Current Conditions. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Granada, J.R., et al., Neutron measurements on electrolytic cells (Pd-D2O) performed under very low background conditions. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27(4): p. 379.

Granada, J.R., et al., Thermal neutron measurements on electrolytic cells with deuterated palladium cathodes subjected to a pulsed current. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27(3): p. 30.

Graneau, P.

Graneau, P. and N. Graneau, The role of Ampere forces in nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 165: p. 1.

Graneau, P. and N. Graneau, Ampere force calculation for filament fusion experiments. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 174: p. 421.

Granite, E.

Granite, E. and J. Jorne, A novel method for studying electrochemically induced cold fusion using a deuteron-conducting solid electrolyte. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 317: p. 285.

Grant, P. M.

Grant, P.M., et al., Hydrocarbon oil found in the interior of a 'cold fusion' electrolysis cell after fatal explosion. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 207.

Grant, P.M., R.E. Whipple, and B.D. Andresen, Comprehensive forensic analyses of debris from the fatal explosion of a 'cold fusion' electrochemical cell. J. Forensic Sci., 1995. 40: p. 18.

Grant, P.M., et al., Search for evidence of nuclear involvement in the fatal explosion of a 'cold fusion' experiment. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1995. 193: p. 165.

Grant, P.

Grant, P., Author response:" (to the polemic by E.S. Shanley, ibid, same page). Chem. Health & Saf., 1995. 2(2): p. 4.

Grant, P., et al., Advanced techniques in physical forensic science. Physics Today, 1998: p. 32.

Greber, T.

Greber, T., et al. Cold Fusion Experiments in Fribourg. in Understanding Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989.

Green, B. A.

Green, B.A., High-yields assisted fusion from heavy-quasiparticle production in Ti with a D/O welder. 1997.

Green, B.A., Quantitative determination of high-Tc superconductivity from the lattice polarization, structure effect and approach. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 227: p. 372.

Green, J. A. S.

Green, J.A.S. and F.A. Lewis, Overvoltage Component at Palladized Cathodes of Palladium and Palladium Alloys Prior to and During Bubble Evolution. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1964. 60: p. 2234.

Green, T. A.

Green, T.A. and T.I. Quickenden, Electrolytic preparation of highly loaded deuterides of palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 368: p. 121.

Green, T.A. and T.I. Quickenden, Calorimetric studies of highly loaded deuterides and hydrides of palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 389: p. 91.

Green, T.A. and D. Britz, Kinetics of the deuterium and hydrogen evolution reactions at palladium in alkaline solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996. 412: p. 59.

Greenland, T.

Greenland, T., Numbers off an envelope. Physics World, 1989. 2: p. 16.

Greenland, T., Issues connected with cold fusion: a room temperature mechanism for the production of x-rays. J. Phys B, 1990. 23: p. 1679.

Greiner, W.

Greiner, W. and A. Sandulescu, New Radioactivities. Sci. Am., 1990. March: p. 58.

Griessen, R.

Griessen, R. and D.G. deGroot, Effect of anharmonicity and Debye-Waller Factor on the Superconductivity of PdHx and PdDx. Helv. Phys. Acta, 1982. 55: p. 699.

Griggs, J. L.

Griggs, J.L. A Brief Introduction to the Hydrosonic Pump and the Associated "Excess Energy" Phenomenon. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Grimshaw, T.

Grimshaw, T. Open Source Science Applied to CMNS Research: A Paradigm for Enhancing Cold Fusion Prospects and the Public Interest. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Open Source Science (OSSc) is a collaborative, voluntary (uncompensated) and highly distributed method of research that emphasizes the power of new digital technologies, particularly the Internet. The OSSc paradigm grew out of the open source software movement of the last 20 years, which has resulted in wide availability of free software (such as the Linux operating system) as an alternative to proprietary software products. In many respects, OSSc represents a return to the concept that scientific research results are a public good rather than a proprietary product -- an attitude clearly articulated in the 1940s by Robert Merton, the “father” of the sociology of science.

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Grimshaw, T. Public Interest and Level-of-Evidence Considerations in Cold Fusion Public Policy (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.

Public Policy toward
Cold Fusion: Approach
1. Focus on the Public Interest in Cold Fusion
2. Assess CF policy in Evidence-Based framework
3. Delineate 5 Levels of Evidence in rational framework
4. Consider evidence of CF specifically

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Groenlund, F.

Groenlund, F., Electrolysis in calorimetry. J. Thermal Anal., 1992. 38: p. 229.

Grotz, T.

Grotz, T., Investigation of reports of the synthesis of iron via arc discharge through carbon compounds. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 106.

Gruber, J.

Gruber, J., "Cold Fusion" and space energy technology. 1996.

Gryaznov, V. M.

Gryaznov, V.M., et al., Palladium Alloys as Hydrogen Permeable Catalysts in Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Reactions. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 89: p. 529.

Gryzinski, M.

Gryzinski, M., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 712.

Gryzinski, M., Low-temperature fusion of light nuclei in the Fleischmann-Pons reaction. Inz. Aparat. Chem., 1989. 28(5): p. 3 (in Polish).

Gryzinski, M. Theory of Electron Catalyzed Fusion in Pd Lattice. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Gu, A. G.

Gu, A.G., et al., Preliminary experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium plasma in the presence of palladium. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 248.

Gu, A.G., et al., Experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium ion beam with palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 329.

Guggeler, H. W.

Guggeler, H.W., et al., Cold Fusion Reactions with 48Ca. Nucl. Phys. A, 1989. 502: p. 561c.

Guilinger, T. R.

Guilinger, T.R., et al., Investigation of Fusion Reactions in Palladium and Titanium Tritide Using Galvanostatic, Coulometric, and Hydrogen Permeation Techniques. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 299.

Guinan, M. W.

Guinan, M.W., G.F. Chaplin, and R.W. Moir, Catalysis of Deuterium Fusion in Metal Hydrides by Cosmic Ray Muons. 1989: Los Alamos.

Gulko, A. G.

Gulko, A.G., The Mechanism of Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 2001. 7(40): p. 52.

Gupta, M.

Gupta, M. and J.P. Burger, The electronic structure and its relationship to superconductivity in NiH. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1980. 10: p. 2649.

Gupta, S. D.

Gupta, S.D. and J.K. Jacobs, Process and apparatus for generating high density hydrogen in a matrix. 1991: US patent # 4,986,887.

Gur, T. M.

Gur, T.M., et al. Experimental Considerations in Electrochemical Isoperibolic Calorimetry. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Gur, T.M., et al. Experimental Considerations Involved in the Generation of Excess Power as a Result of the Electrochemical Insertion of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Gur, T.M., et al., An isoperibolic calorimeter to study electrochemical insertion of deuterium into palladium. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 487.

Gurrath, M.

Gurrath, M., et al., Palladium Catalysts on Activated Carbon Supports, Influence of Reduction Temperature, Origin of the Support and Pretreatments of the Carbon Surface. Carbon, 2000. 38: p. 1241.

Guruswamy, S.

Guruswamy, S. and M.E. Wadsworth. Metallurgical Aspects in Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Deuterium loading of palladium cathodes in Pons-Fleischmann type electrolytic cells has been observed to result in generation of excess heat on several occasions. Metallurgical examination of some of the electrodes showed extensive damage associated with deuterium loading. Surfaces have been found to be covered with large number of impurities. Initiation and sustaining these heat bursts, monitoring of nuclear products and materials aspects of these electrolytic cells have been the focus of our current efforts. As D/Pd loading appear to be critical, the measurement of deuterium loading using dilatometry as a function of current density, surface and heat treatment of the cathode and poisoning are currently being investigated.

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Guthrie, S. E.

Guthrie, S.E., Helium Effects on Palladium Hydride Equilibrium Properties. 1990.

Gygax, F. N

Gygax, F.N. and A. Schenck, Local Hydrogen Arrangement Around the µ+ in a PdH0.74 Single Crystal. Hyperfine Interactions, 1986. 31: p. 75.

Hagans, P. L.

Hagans, P.L., D.D. Dominguez, and M.A. Imam. Surface composition of Pd cathodes. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT
 Results will be presented for the surface analyses of cathodes before and after electrolysis using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Composition as a function of depth was obtained by employing argon ion sputtering to gradually erode away the surface. Although most of the emphasis will be on Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Pd (i.e., Johnson Matthey high purity sponge processed into rod and plate at NRL), data will also be presented from other Pd sources and from reported excess heat-producing cathodes provided by SRI International and NAWC, Naval Air Warfare Center at China Lake, CA. XPS results will be compared with bulk sample cathode and anode analyses obtained by Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy (GDMS) and with electrolyte solution analyses obtained by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy.

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Hage, H.

Hage, H., Boundary conditions in electrochemical measurements of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in a-palladium. Materials Transactions JIM, 1990. 31(10): p. 842.

Hagelstein, P. L.

Hagelstein, P.L., A Simple Model for Coherent D-D Fusion in the Presence of a Lattice. 1989.

Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent Fusion Theory. in Winter Annual Meeting of Am. Soc. Mechan. Eng. 1989. San Francisco, CA,.

Hagelstein, P.L., Phonon Interactions in Coherent Fusion. 1989.

Hagelstein, P.L., Rates for Neutron and Tritium Production in Coherent D-D Fusion. 1989.

Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent Fusion Mechanisms. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Hagelstein, P.L., Coherent fusion theory. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 451.

Hagelstein, P.L. Status of Coherent Fusion Theory. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent and Semi-coherent Neutron Transfer Reactions. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Hagelstein, P.L., Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions I: The interaction Hamiltonian. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 172.

Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent and Semi-Coherent Neutron Transfer Reactions. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Hagelstein, P.L., Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions III: Phonon frequency shifts. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 353.

Hagelstein, P.L. Lattice-Induced Atomic and Nuclear Reactions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Hagelstein, P.L. and S. Kaushik. Neutron Transfer Reactions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Ma: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Hagelstein, P.L., Summary of ICCF3 in Nagoya, Feb. 16, 1993. 1993.

Abstract
We review highlights of the international cold fusion conference that was held recently in Nagoya, Japan. Excess heat results in heavy water electrolysis experiments constitute the observations with the most important potential applications. Experiments in gas phase systems exhibit fast particle and gamma emission that make progress toward elucidating mechanisms. The evidence in support of a light water heat effect has improved.

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Hagelstein, P.L. Update on Neutron Transfer Reactions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Hagelstein, P.L. Anomalous Energy Transfer between Nuclei and the Lattice. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Hagelstein, P.L. Anomalous Energy Transfer. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Hagelstein, P.L. A Unified Model for Anomalies in Metal Deuterides. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Hagelstein, P.L. A unified model for anomalies in metal deuterides. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 Nuclear reactions in a lattice are described using an extension of the resonating group method to include the lattice explicitly.  Phonon exchange during fusion and dissociation reactions is predicted   Second-order site-other-site reactions are predicted under conditions where the reactions at each site exchange phonons with a common phonon mode.  The null reaction in which a dd-fusion at one site is coupled to 4He dissociation at another site is modeled.  Coupled-channel equations are developed for the two-site problem, as an illustration of the application of the lattice resonating group method. We have proposed previously that there should exist compact state solutions of the coupled-channel equations, as the associated exchange potential can be attractive.  Such states have been proposed to account for the Kasagi effect, and to provide a foundation for many of the anomalies that are seen in metal deuterides.  Our analysis of the two-site system suggests so far has not yielded compact state solutions.  Preliminary results for the many-site problem are presented, which leads to evidence in support of the stability of the compact states, and which leads to a new overall picture for the anomalies.

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Hagelstein, P.L. Forward. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion was held at the Royal Sonesta Hotel in Cambridge, about a mile from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 24-29, 2003. More than 150 people registered for the conference. There were 113 abstracts submitted prior to the conference, and several talks were added during the conference. About 60 oral presentations were scheduled with 25 minutes allowed for most talks. All oral presentations were given in the main hall, and there were no parallel sessions. Abstracts were submitted for talks on excess heat and related topics, tritium, transmutation, nuclear emissions, theory, and a small number of other topics. . . .

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Hagelstein, P.L. Resonant Tunneling and Resonant Excitation Transfer. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Issues involved in the tunneling of deuterons in metal deuterides are considered in relation to experimental claims of anomalies in metal deuterides. From earlier studies, screening is thought to be similar to the case of molecular D₂. Resonant tunneling has been advocated in the literature as a possible mechanism to achieve tunneling enhancements. We develop a two-level system for a piecewise constant potential model for resonant tunneling that matches the energy levels in the vicinity of a level crossing, arguing that such models are applicable for more general potential models. Resonant tunneling effects and dynamics, including acceleration due to coherence, are accounted for in the model. The model is extended to include relaxation effects, and it is found that one would not expect to find coherent effects associated with tunneling in the case of two deuterons in a metal lattice. We present a simple model for the transfer of excitation from a collection of deuterons to a collection of helium nuclei, a model closely related to resonant tunneling and also to new phonon-coupled SU(N) models under development. The excitation transfer models show coherent enhancements as well as collective effects.

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Hagelstein, P.L. Thermal to Electric Energy Conversion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

As research in the area of excess power production moves forward, issues associated with thermal to electric conversion become increasingly important. This paper provides a brief tutorial on basic issues, including the Carnot limit, entropy, and thermoelectric conversion. Practical thermal to electric conversion is possible well below the Carnot limit, and this leads to a high threshold for self-sustaining operation in Pons-Fleischmann type experiments. Excess power production at elevated temperatures will become increasingly important as we move toward self-sustaining devices and energy production for applications. Excess power production in heatproducing systems that do not require electrical input have an enormous advantage over electrochemical systems. Such systems should be considered seriously within our community in the coming years.

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Hagelstein, P.L. Unified Phonon-Coupled SU(N) Models For Anomalies In Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

We present a systematic, but abbreviated, account of issues and models for anomalies in metal deuterides. To interact, deuterons must get close to one another, and we consider conditions under which this occurs and the ramifications. Within the general picture under discussion, anomalies are ultimately a consequence of phonon exchange that occurs when nuclear reactions take place in the solid state. We review the generalization of the resonating group method for reactions in vacuum to include solid state effects, and discuss implications for experiment. Phonon exchange in the case of a much simplified scalar Gaussian nuclear model is reviewed. The coupling of reactions at different sites is explored, and connections are made with recent experiments on alpha emission. The fastest site-other-site reactions are null reactions in which fusion reactions and their inverses are coupled. A consideration of these processes leads to the conclusion that compact states should be present stabilized by phonon exchange, and that these may be responsible for anomalies in recent beam experiments with metal deuterides. Energy exchange between nuclei and the lattice can be very efficient, according to results from idealized models for null reactions involving many sites. Aspects of excess heat production and other effects appear to be addressed by the new models.

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Hagelstein, P.L., et al. New Physical Effects in Metal Deuterides. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

The experimental evidence for anomalies in metal deuterides, including excess heat and nuclear emissions, suggests the existence of new physical effects.

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Hagelstein, P.L. Models for anomalies in condensed matter deuterides. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Models based on phonon exchange for excess heat production in Fleischmann-Pons experiments are considered. In the case that sufficient phonon exchange occurs to stabilize intermediate states containing a neutral, then a model in which excitation is transferred from the D₂/⁴He system to a strongly coupled quantum system made up of an oscillator (highly-excited phonon mode) and a Dicke system (ground state and excited state receiver nuclei) seem appropriate. We find that a coupled Dicke system and oscillator can support energy coupling in the case of strong coupling. We present evolution equations for resonant coupled Dicke systems, augmented with loss. An update is provided on phonon exchange in nuclear calculations.

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Hagelstein, P.L., et al. A Theoretical Formulation for Problems in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Hagelstein, P.L. and I. Chaudhary. Excitation transfer and energy exchange processes for modeling the Fleischmann-Pons excess heat effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The absence of energetic particles commensurate with the energy produced is the single most notable feature of the Fleischmann-Pons experiment for theory, assuming that a new nuclear process is involved.  We discuss briefly energy exchange between two-level systems and a low energy oscillator, concluding that spin-boson models augmented with loss are able to describe coherent energy exchange involving a large number of oscillator quanta.  Since the coupling between deuterons and the lattice is weak, the excitation must be transferred to a different system with stronger coupling, in order to develop a simple model relevant for heat production.  The resulting toy model can be used for simulation, and we describe briefly ongoing efforts to develop a computational model.

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Hagelstein, P.L., M.E. Melich, and R. Johnson. Input To Theory From Experiment In The Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Excess heat in the Flesichmann-Pons effect constitutes a new physical effect unlike other physical processes with which we are familiar. Many groups have proposed theoretical mechanisms to account for the effect, but at present none has been generally accepted. This motivates us to review what experiment tells us about theory. There exists a relatively large body of experimental results, and it is possible to connect many of these individual results to theoretical statements, which might then be used as the basis for the development of new theoretical models.

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Hagelstein, P.L. and I. Chaudhary, Models Relevant to Excess Heat Production in Fleischmann-Pons Experiments, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 249-267.

Hagi, H.

Hagi, H., Diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in palladium films prepared by RF sputtering. Materials Transactions JIM, 1990. 31(11): p. 954.

Hajdas, W.

Hajdas, W., et al., Search for cold fusion events. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72: p. 309.

Hale, G. M.

Hale, G.M., R.D. Smith, and T.L. Talley, Nuclear reactions and screened-Coulomb fusion rates. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 187.

Hale, G.M. and T.L. Talley. Deuteron-Induced Fusion in Various Environments. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Halley, J. W.

Halley, J.W. and J.L. Valles, Estimate of nuclear fusion rates arising from a molecular-dynamics model of palladium deuteride. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(9): p. 6072.

Hanawa, T

Hanawa, T. X-ray Spectroscropic Analysis of Carbon Arc Products in Water. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Handel, P.

Handel, P. Influence of Surface Tension, Nucleation Centers, and Electron Effective Mass on the Achievable Level of Electrolytic Deuterium Loading. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Handel, P., Intermittency, irreproducibility, and the main physical effects in cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 512.

Handel, P. Reformulation of the Cold Fusion Problem: Heterogeneous Nucleation - A Likely Cause of the Irreproducibility and Intermittency of Cold Fusion Observations. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Handel, P. Subtraction of a New Thermo-Electromechanical Effect from the Excess Heat, and the Emerging Avenues to Cold Fusion. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Handel, P., Thermoelectric excess heat effect in electrolytic cells. Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 1994. 95: p. 489.

Hanksworth, M. R.

Hanksworth, M.R. and J.P.G. Farr, Cold Neutron Radiography of Hydrogenated Palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1981. 119: p. 49.

Hansen, L. D.

Hansen, L.D., et al., COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ANOMALOUS EFFECTS IN Pd/LiOD ELECTROLYTIC CELLS. 1995.

Hansen, L.D., S.E. Jones, and D.S. Shelton, A response to hydrogen + oxygen recombination and related heat generation in undivided electrolysis cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 447: p. 225.

Hansen, W. N.

Hansen, W.N. Report to the Utah State Fusion/Energy Council on the Analysis of Selected Pons Fleischmann Calorimetric Data. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Here is reported my analysis of a series of electrochemical experiments run by Pons and Fleischmann, P/F. This series produced some remarkable results which were revealed only through a careful analysis.

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Hansen, W.N. and M.E. Melich. Pd/D Calorimetry- The Key to the F/P Effect and a Challenge to Science. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
The main issue before this conference can be stated as a simple question:
Question #1: Can large amounts of heat be generated at a significant rate by Pd/D interaction as announced by Fleischmann and Pons?
By now there have been many experimental results claiming to answer “yes” and which force us to take that possibility very seriously. As used here the “large amounts” are much larger than can possibly be explained by chemistry or metallurgy as known today. Up to now the only practical way of answering this question is by Pd/D calorimetry. . . .

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Hansen, W.N. and M.E. Melich, Pd/D Calorimetry- The Key to the F/P Effect and a Challenge to Science. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 355.

Hansen, W.N., G. Hansen, and D. Glenn. Analysis of Some Electrochemical Calorimetry Data. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

To demonstrate our techniques for analyzing the calorimetric data of an electrochemical cell, we use three sets of data taken at the NEH laboratory in Sapporo, Japan, copies of which were kindly given to us by Dr. Melvin Miles who was personally involved in their taking.

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Hanson, A. O.

Hanson, A.O. and J.L. McKibben, A Neutron Detector Having Uniform Sensitivity from 10 Kev to 3 MeV. Phys. Rev., 1947. 72(8): p. 673.

Harb, J. N.

Harb, J.N., W.G. Pitt, and H.D. Tolley, Statistical analysis of neutron burst size and rate during electrolysis of LiOD solutions. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 669.

Hargitai, C.

Hargitai, C., Considerations on cold nuclear fusion in palladium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137(1): p. 17.

Hargrave, C.

Hargrave, C., Cold Fusion: A Glimpse into the Future. Share International, 1992. 11: p. 17.

Harith, M. A.

Harith, M.A., et al., Theoretical and experimental studies on the cold nuclear fusion phenomena". Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 704.

Hasegawa, H.

Hasegawa, H. and K. Nakajima, Effect of Hydrogen on the Mechanical Properties of Pd. J. Phys. F, 1979. 9(6): p. 1035.

Hasegawa, N.

Hasegawa, N., et al. Observation of Excess Heat during Electrolysis of 1 M LiOD in a Fuel Cell Type Closed Cell. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Hasegawa, N., et al. Observation of Excess Heat during Electrolysis of 1 M LiOD in a Fuel Cell Type Closed Cell. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Hasegawa, N., et al. Observation of Excess Heat During Electrolysis of 1M LiOD in a Fuel Cell Type Closed Cell. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
 Measurements of electrolytic deuterium loading into Pd and Pd-Rh alloy cathodes and excess heat during electrolysis in 1M LiOD have been conducted simultaneously in closed cells with a fuel cell anode pressurized by deuterium gas. The excess heat up to 4-5W/Pd cc has been reproduced by using Pd rod cathodes from various sources. Excess heat increases with electrolysis current density higher than ca. 0.1-0.2 A/cm2, cathode overvoltage and D/Pd higher than 0.80-0.84, but its dependence on D/Pd or D/M appears to be specific to each cathode material in the region of high cathode loading, where the current density or overvoltage appears to be a more important parameter to control the amount of excess heat than the cathode loading.

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Hasegawa, N., et al. Electrolytic Deuterium Absorption by Pd Cathode and a Consideration for High D/Pd Ratio. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Hassam, A B.

Hassam, A.B. and A.N. Dharamsi, Deuterium molecule in the presence of electronic charge concentrations: implications for cold fusion. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1989. 40(11): p. 6689.

Haug, A.

Haug, A. and H. Hoegaasen, Sonoluminescence in heavy water. Phys. Scr., 1996. 54: p. 197.

Hawkins, N.

Hawkins, N., et al. Investigations of Mechanisms and Occurrence of Meteorologically Triggered Cold Fusion at The Chinese Academy of Sciences. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Hawkins, N., Possible natural cold fusion in the atmosphere. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2112.

Hayden, M. E.

Hayden, M.E., et al., High precision calorimetric search for evidence of cold fusion using in situ catalytic recombination of evolved gases. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 161.

He, J.

He, J., et al. A Study on Anomalous Nuclear Fusion Reaction by Using a HV Pulse Discharge. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

He, J., et al., Study of anomalous nuclear fusion reaction by using HV pulse discharge. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1993. 10(11): p. 652.

He, J., Nuclear fusion inside condense matters. Front. Phys. China, 2007. 1: p. 96-102.

Heming, G.

Heming, G., Cold Fusion In search of Infinite Energy. MURJ 2001. 4: p. 63-67.

Hemmes, H.

Hemmes, H., B.M. Geerken, and R. Griessen, Contribution of optical phonons to the thermal expansion of PdHx and a'-PdDx. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1984. 14: p. 2923.

Henderson, R. A.

Henderson, R.A., et al., More searches for cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 475.

Henis, Z.

Henis, Z., S. Eliezer, and A. Zigler, Cold nuclear fusion rates in condensed matter: a phenomenological analysis. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1989. 15: p. L219.

Herbst, H.

Herbst, H., Ist der Aufbau des Heliums aus Wasserstoff gelungen? (Was the production of helium from hydrogen succesful?). Chemiker-Zeitung, 1926. 50: p. 905 (in German).

Herrero, C.

Herrero, C. and F.D. Manchester, Location of the Low Temperature Resistivity Anomaly in Pd-D. Phys. Lett. A, 1981. 86: p. 29.

Herrmann, G.

Herrmann, G., Five Decades Ago: From the "Transuranics" to Nuclear Fission. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1990. 29: p. 481.

Herzog, R. F.

Herzog, R.F., Fusion in a Solid: A Pump Primer, in Phys. Today. 1990. p. 120.

Hietschold, M.

Hietschold, M., Electric field control for cold nuclear fusion? - a suggestion. Wiss. Z. TU Karl-Marx-Stadt, 1989. 31: p. 635.

Higashiyama, Y.

Higashiyama, Y., et al. Replication of MHI transmutation experiment by D2 gas permeation through Pd complex. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Unusual nuclear transmutation reactions have been reported by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). In their experiment, D₂ gas permeates through a Pd complexes, which consists of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd. When they used sample Pd complexes with additional Cs on the surface, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the sample was subjected to D₂ gas permeation at 343 K and 1 atm for about one week. The elemental analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This phenomenon was reproduced qualitatively in the present replication experiment.
 We performed D-permeation experiments similar to the MHI’s experiment three times, and we confirmed the production of Pr. Pd complex samples were provided to us by MHI. The surface was electrolytically cleaned to remove hydrocarbons before depositing Cs. D₂ gas was permeated through the Pd complexes at 343 K and 1 atm for about 5 days. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was performed to analyze the existence of the elements (Cs and Pr) and the mass distribution. The results showed the existence of Pr. And we also confirmed the existence of Pr by using fast Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) in Fusion Neutronics Source (FNS) of Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI).
 As a result, we confirmed that the nuclear transmutation reaction, from ¹³³Cs to ¹⁴¹Pr, was occurred. This transmutation suggests that the mass numbers and atomic numbers increase 8 and 4, respectively. The model of multi-body resonance fusion of deuterons proposed by A. Takahashi² can explain this mass-8-and-charge-4 increased transmutation.

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Hill, J. C.

Hill, J.C., et al., Search for cold fusion using Pd-D2O cells and Ti-D mixtures. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 305.

Hioki, T.

Hioki, T., et al. Influence of Deuterium Gas Permeation on Surface Elemental Change of Sr-88 Ion-Implanted Pd and Pd/CaO multi-layer system in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Hirabayashi, T.

Hirabayashi, T., Y. Yoshida, and Y. Aradono, Verification of room temperature nuclear fusion. 2. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 31 (in Japanese).

Hirooka, Y.

Hirooka, Y., M. Miyake, and T. Sano, A Study of Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption By Titanium. J. Nucl. Mater., 1981. 96: p. 227.

Ho, N. S.

Ho, N.S. and F.D. Manchester, The Electrical Resistivity of Palladium-Hydrogen and Palladium-Deuterium Alloys between 4 and 300 K. Can. J. Phys., 1968. 46: p. 1341.

Hoare, J. P.

Hoare, J.P. and S. Schuldiner, Mechanisms of hydrogen producing reactions on palladium. III. Hydrogen overvoltage on the polarization and diffusion sides of a cathode-diagram. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1956. 103(4): p. 237.

Hoare, J.P., S. Schuldiner, and G.W. Castellan, Electrochemical behavior of the palladium-hydrogen system(III). Gas-charged palladium alloys. J. Chem. Phys., 1958. 28: p. 22.

Hodgkinson, N.

Hodgkinson, N., Nuclear Confusion, in The Sunday Times (UK). 1993: LondonEditor.

Hodko, D.

Hodko, D. and J. Bockris, Possible excess tritium production on Pd codeposited with deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 353: p. 33.

Hoffman, N. J.

Hoffman, N.J., Book Review of Taubes Book. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 225.

Hoffman, N.

Hoffman, N., A Dialogue on Chemically Induced Nuclear Effects. A Guide for the Perplexed about Cold Fusion. 1995, La Grange Park, Ill: American Nuclear Society.

Hoffmann, B.

Hoffmann, B., H. Baumann, and F. Rauch, Hydrogen Uptake by Palladium-Implanted Titanium Studied by NRA and RBS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 1989. 15: p. 361.

Holleck, G. L.

Holleck, G.L. and T.B. Flanagan, The mechanism for the isotopic exchange between deuterium and acidic solutions on palladium surfaces. J. Phys. Chem., 1967. 71: p. 3110.

Holst-Hansen, P.

Holst-Hansen, P. and D. Britz, Can current fluctuations account for the excess heat claims of Fleischmann and Pons? J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 388: p. 11.

Hongyu, Z.

Hongyu, Z., et al. Some Results on Cold Fusion Research. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Hora, H.

Hora, H., et al., Plasma and surface tension model for explaining the surface effect of tritium generation at cold fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. 12D(3): p. 393.

Hora, H., et al. Surface Models for Cold Fusion and the Possibilities of Multilayered Cells for Energy Production. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Hora, H., et al., Screening in cold fusion derived from D-D reactions. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 175: p. 138.

Hora, H. and J.A. Patterson, The d and p reactions in low-energy nuclear fusion, transmutation, and fission. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 1996. 76: p. 144.

Hora, H., J.C. Kelly, and G.H. Miley, Energy gain and nuclear transmutation by low-energy p- or d-reaction in metal lattices. Infinite Energy, 1997. 2(12): p. 48.

Hora, H., Magic numbers and low energy nuclear transmutation by protons in host metals. Czech. J. Phys., 1998. 48(3): p. 321.

Hora, H. and G.H. Miley, New magic numbers from low energy nuclear transmutations predict element (306)X(126) for compound reactions. Czech. J. Phys., 1998. 48: p. 1111.

Hora, H., et al. Nuclear Shell Magic Numbers Agree With Measured Transmutation by Low-Energy Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Hora, H., et al., Proton-metal reactions in thin films with Boltzmann distribution similar to nuclear astrophysics. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 331.

Hora, H. and G.H. Miley, Heavy nuclide synthesis by neutrons in astrophysics and by screened protons in host metals. Czech. J. Phys., 2000. 50: p. 433.

Hora, H., G.H. Miley, and J. Kelly. Low Energy Nuclear Reactions of Protons in Host Metals. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Hora, H., et al. Shrinking of hydrogen atoms in host metals by dielectric effects and Inglis-Teller depression of ionization potentials. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
        Conversion of deuterium to tritium in palladium has been clearly confirmed by the Arata-Zhang experiments. Endothermic element synthesis in Pd. and/or Ni layers due to high proton concentration, in analogy to stellar synthesis can be seen from the generation of very rare elements such as terbium. A convincing explanation is necessary. It was concluded phenomenologically that the reaction of the protons or deuterons by fusion or with the nuclei of the host metal occurs at a distance of about picometers with a reaction time of about megaseconds. It was noted that the Bohr radius rB of hydrogen atoms in a dielectric with refractive index n is changed to rBn2. such that with the electron concentration of the host metals a plasma refractive index of 0.076 results in a value of 3pm. In order to understand the subsequent dielectric modification of the ionization energy, we apply the model of depression of this energy by the Inglis-Teller effect for which a model with the best agreement with plasma experiments was presented before. For our model of the dielectrically shrunk picometer hydrogen atoms, the low ionization energies result in a reasonable relation between dielectric properties and the effective Debye length. Preference of the reaction at surfaces or interfaces between different host metals are due to the same reduction of the dielectric response as observed with surface plasmons. For the swimming electron layer theory, the spreading of the double layer for metal interfaces was discussed.

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Hora, H. Summary about theoretical results of the 9th international conference on cold fusion. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

For summarizing theoretical papers of the ICCF9 conference, a short reminder should be given about some significant experimental results that can form a basis for a theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). For a more historic view, the motivation for the Fleischmann-Pons experiment or the Preparata effect were well explained while-as an unusual view-L. Case reported that experiments may be understood by a simple chemical process involving catalytic surface properties. This could also explain why heat production happens in some cases and not in other cases. Contrary to this is the history of the observation of neutron emission from palladium compounds [1] or from deuterated palladium [2] that indicate nuclear processes. Today we have the significant result of Tian, Li et al [3] that the reaction of palladium wires after reacting with a hydrogen atmosphere during a current discharge, when the energy input was stopped and the gas evacuated, generated “heat after dead” for 43 hours producing about 3.6kW/cm3 or 13 keV/atom Pd . . .

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Hora, H., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Reactions resulting as picometer interactions with similarity to K-shell electron capture. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Since the appeal by Brian Josephson at the meeting of the Nobel Laureates July 2004, it seems to be indicated to summarize the following serious, reproducible and confirmed observations on reactions of protons or deuterons incorporated in host metals such as palladium. Some reflections to Rutherford’s discovery of nuclear physics, the Cockroft-Oliphant discovery of anomalous low energy fusion reactions and the chemist Hahn’s discovery of fission had to be included. Using gaseous atmosphere or discharges between palladium targets, rather significant results were seen e.g. from the “life after death” heat production of such high values per host atom that only nuclear reactions can be involved. This supports the earlier evaluation of neutron generation in fully reversible experiments with gas discharges hinting that a reasonable screening effect – preferably in the swimming electron layer – may lead to reactions at nuclear distances d of picometers with reaction probability times U of about megaseconds similar to the K-shell capture radioactivity. Further electrolytic experiments led to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) where the involvement of pollution could be excluded from the appearance of very seldom rare earth elements. A basically new theory for DD cross sections is used to confirm the picometer-megasecond reactions of cold fusion. Other theoretical aspects are given from measured heavy element distributions similar to the standard abundance distribution, SAD, in the Universe with consequences on endothermic heavy nuclei generation, magic numbers and to quark-gluon plasmas.

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Hora, H. and G.H. Miley, Maruhn–Greiner Maximum of Uranium Fission for Confirmation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions LENR via a Compound Nucleus with Double Magic Numbers. J. Fusion Energy, 2007. 26: p. 349-355.

Hora, H., G.H. Miley, and K. Philberth. Radiochemical Observations for Comparison of Uranium Fission with Low Energy Nuclear Reactions LENR. in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.

The discovery of nuclear fission by Hahn and Straßmann was based on a very rare microanalytical result what initially could not indicate the very complicated details of this most important process. A similarity is discussed for the low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) being proved from analogies of measurements of uranium fission. The distribution of the elements with uranium fission is similar to the element distribution with LENR. This was observed repeatedly and reproducibly with high density deuteron concentration in palladium. This discussion is specifically focussed to the Maruhn-Greiner local maximum of the distribution within the large-scale minimum if the fission nuclei are excited. The consequences of the complications in uranium fission are discussed in comparison with LENR with respect to the studies of a hypothetical fissioning compound nuclear reaction via a concluded element ³⁰⁶X₁₂₆ with double magic numbers.

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Hora, H., et al., Quark-Gluon Model for Magic Numbers Related to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 219-234.

Horanyi, G.

Horanyi, G., Open questions concerning the Fleischmann-Pons experiment. Magy. Kem. Fol, 1989. 95: p. 140 (in Hungarian).

Horanyi, G., Some basic electrochemistry and the cold nuclear fusion of deuterium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1989. 137(1): p. 23.

Horanyi, G., Some doubts about the occurrence of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 889.

Horowitz, C. J.

Horowitz, C.J., Cold nuclear fusion in metallic hydrogen and normal metals. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40: p. R1555.

Horowitz, C.J., Cold nuclear fusion in dense metallic hydrogen. Astrophys. J., 1991. 367: p. 288.

Howald, R. A.

Howald, R.A., Calculations on the Palladium-Lithium System for Cold Fusion. CALPHAD, 1990. 14: p. 1.

Hrushovetz, S. M.

Hrushovetz, S.M. Particles, Primes, and "Cold Fusion". in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Hsu, C. L.

Hsu, C.L., C.M. Wan, and F.R. Chen. TEM Investigation of Hydrogen Ordering in Pd. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Hu, C. C.

Hu, C.C. and T.C. Wen, Effect of pH and anion on hydrogen sorption/desorption at/within oxide-derived Pd electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1995. 142(5): p. 1376.

Huang, C. Y.

Huang, C.Y. and M. Rabinowitz, Some New Aspects of Super-High Temperature Superconductors. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 4(9): p. 567.

Huang, G. S.

Huang, G.S. and X.Z. Li. A possible phase transition in a gas-loading D/Pd system. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Huang, G.

Huang, G., et al. The Measurements and the Control of Loading Ratio of Deuterium in Palladium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Huang, N.

Huang, N., et al. A Flow Calorimeter Used in Duplication of 'Cold Fusion'. in Special Session Cold Fusion, Electrochemical Society. 1989. Hollywood, Fl: Electrochemical Society.

Huang, N. Effect of Light Water Additions on Excess Heat Generation of Palladium Deuterium System. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Hubler, G. K.

Hubler, G.K., Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen-Charged Palladium - A review (PowerPoint slides). Surf. Coatings Technol., 2007.

Abstract and PowerPoint slides describing the paper of the same title.

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Hubler, G.K., Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen-Charged Palladium - A review. Surf. Coatings Technol., 2007.

Huggins, R. A.

Huggins, R.A., Statement before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technolgy,. 1989.

Huggins, R.A. Fundamental Considerations Relating to the Electrochemical Insertion of Hydrogen and Palladium into Mixed Conductors. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Huggins, R.A., Fundamental considerations relating to the insertion of hydrogen isotopes into mixed conductors at high activities. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 1991. 210: p. 317.

Huggins, R.A. Materials Aspects of the Electrochemical Insertion of Hydrogen and Deuterium into Mixed Conductors. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
 A number of features of the presence of interstitial species in metals and alloys relevant to “solid state fusion” experiments are discussed. These include experimental evidence for very high virtual pressures under certain conditions, and the influence of promotors and surface blockers. Dislocation generation and motion can result from the large stresses accompanying composition gradients and phase transformations. Because of preferential segregation of interstitial species to dislocations, transport along dislocations can be much faster than through the bulk crystal, and dislocation motion can cause unusually rapid interstitial solute transport and both entry and emission from surfaces. Mechanical effects related to the presence of hydrogen often are sporadic and can have long delay times. It is possible that some of the same microstructural features and phenomena that are responsible for delayed mechanical behavior play an important role in the “solid state fusion” observations. Two dislocation mechanisms are presented that can produce transient local hyperloading.

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Huggins, R.A. and W.D. Nix, Decrepitation Model For Capacity Loss During Cycling of Alloys in Rechargeable Electrochemical Systems. Ionics, 2000. 6: p. 57.

Abstract. Mechanisms that are involved in the loss of capacity upon the cycling of electro­chemical cells are discussed. The inherent instability of the electrochemical interface and the resul­tant geometrical changes are characteristic of electrodes in which the reactant is a pure element. On the other hand, decrepitation can play an important role in the case of polyphase electrodes in which significant changes in specific volume occur. A simple one-dimensional model is presented that shows the mechanism and the important parameters that are involved in particle fracture. It predicts that decrepitation will lead to a terminal particle size, as is found experimentally.

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Hugo, M.

Hugo, M. A Home Cold Fusion Experiment. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Huizenga, J. R.

Huizenga, J.R., Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century. 1992, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Huizenga, J.R., Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century. 1993, New York: Oxford University Press.

Huke, A.

Huke, A., K. Czerski, and P. Heide. Accelerator Experiments and Theoretical Models for the Electron Screening Effect in Metallic Environments. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

An overview of our experiments and their results concerning the electron screening effects in metallic environments are presented. The measurements of the reactions 2H(d,p)3H and
2H(d,n)3He were performed with an electrostatic accelerator at incident deuteron energies between 5 and 60keV at different self-implanted target materials. The resulting screening energy values are about one order of magnitude larger compared to gas target experiments and exceed significantly the theoretical predictions. A thorough investigation of the processes in the targets under ion irradiation shows that there are multi-parameter collateral effects which are crucial for the correct interpretation of the observed enhancements. They mainly originate from target surface contaminations due to residual gases in the vacuum as well as from inhomogeneities in the deuteron density distribution in heterogeneous targets. For the special situation of deuterium in the metallic environment an improved analysis method has been developed beyond the standard procedures. Experimental evidence for the influence of such effects and a mathematical model for their assessment are given and compared with the results of other groups. We also present a numerical model of the electron screening effect in metallic lattices based on an ab-initio Hartree-Fock simulation.

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Huke, A., et al. Evidence for a Target-Material Dependence of the Neutron-Proton Branching Ratio in d+d Reactions for Deuteron Energies below 20 keV. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Angular distributions and the neutron-proton branching ratio of the mirror reactions 2H(d,p)3H and 2H(d,n)3He have been investigated using different deuterized metallic targets at projectile energies ranging from 5 to 60 keV. Whereas the experimental results obtained for Al, Zr, Pd and Ta targets do not differ from those known from gas-target experiments, an enhancement of the angular anisotropy in the neutron channel and a quenching of the neutron-proton branching ratio have been observed for Li and Sr targets at deuteron energies below 20 keV. Both effects can be explained assuming an induced adiabatic polarization of the reacting deuterons in the crystal lattice.

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Huke, A., et al., Evidence for a host-material dependence of the n/p branching ratio of low-energy d+d reactions within metallic environments. Eur. Phys. J. A, 2006. 27(s01): p. 187-192.

Huke, A., et al., Enhancement of the Deuteron-Fusion Reactions in Metals and its Experimental Implications. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 2008. 78(1).

Recent measurements of the reaction 2H(d,p)3H in metallic environments at very low energies performed by different experimental groups point to an enhanced electron screening effect. However, the resulting screening energies differ strongly for diverse host metals and different experiments. Here, we present new experimental results and investigations of interfering processes in the irradiated targets. These measurements inside metals set special challenges and pitfalls that make them and the data analysis particularly error prone. There are multiparameter collateral effects that are crucial for the correct interpretation of the observed experimental yields. They mainly originate from target surface contaminations owing to residual gases in the vacuum as well as from inhomogeneities and instabilities in the deuteron density distribution in the targets. To address these problems an improved differential analysis method beyond the standard procedures has been implemented. Profound scrutiny of the other experiments demonstrates that the observed unusual changes in the reaction yields are mainly due to deuteron density dynamics simulating the alleged screening energy values. The experimental results are compared with different theoretical models of the electron screening in metals. The Debye-Hückel model that has been previously proposed to explain the influence of the electron screening on both nuclear reactions and radioactive decays can be clearly excluded.

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Hunter, G. W.

Hunter, G.W., et al., A Dewar Calorimeter for Electrochemical Studies. 1990.

Hurlbert, R. C.

Hurlbert, R.C. and J.O. Konecny, Diffusion of hydrogen through palladium. J. Chem. Phys., 1961. 34: p. 655.

Hurtak, J. J.

Hurtak, J.J., Cold Fusion Research: Models and Potential Benefits. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 128.

Hurtak, J.J. and P.G. Bailey, Cold fusion research: Models and potential benefits. 1997: www.padrak.com/ine/.

Huston, E. L.

Huston, E.L. and G.D. Sandrock, Engineering Properties of Metal Hydrides. J. Less-Common Met., 1980. 74: p. 435.

Hutchinson, D. P.

Hutchinson, D.P., et al., Initial Calorimetry Experiments in the Physics Division -ORNL. 1990: Oak Ridge, TN.

Iazzi, F.

Iazzi, F., et al. Correlated Measurements of D2 Loading and 4He Production in Pd Lattice. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
A series of measurements have been performed on a thin sheet of Pd in D₂ gas atmo­sphere with an electric field applied across its length. The results in terms of correlation between the average loading ratio near the cathode and in the middle of the sheet are reported: they indicate that under particular conditions the application of the electric field succeeds to shorten the loading time and to obtain local D/Pd ratios higher than the average value.

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Ichimaru, S.

Ichimaru, S., S. Ogata, and A. Nakano, Rates of nuclear fusion in metal hydrides. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1990. 59(11): p. 3904.

Ichimaru, S., et al., Statistical-mechanical theory of cold nuclear fusion in metal hydrides. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1990. 59: p. 1333.

Ichimaru, S., Cold nuclear fusion in pressurized liquid metals. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1991. 60: p. 1437.

Ichimaru, S. Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Ichimaru, S., Nuclear fusion in dense plasmas. Rev. Mod. Phys., 1993. 65: p. 255.

Iguchi, T.

Iguchi, T., Measurement of a very small yield of neutron using a moderating-type (3)He gas counter. Ioniz. Radiat. (Tokyo), 1990. 16(3): p. 22 (in Japanese).

Iida, T.

Iida, T., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiment with Ti and Pd Foils Implanted with Deuterium Beams. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Iida, T., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiments with Ti and Pd Foils Implanted with Deuteron Beams II. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Deuteron implantation experiments on Ti and Pd foils have been made for the examination of the “cold” deuteron fusion reaction. In the center of a target chamber fitted to a 300 keV deuteron accelerator, a Ti or Pd foil sample was set to face toward 3 nsec pulsed deuteron beams collimated with a 3 mm diameter aperture. A Si-SSD was placed behind the foil to detect high energy charged particles emitted from the foil by the supposed deuteron fusion reactions.
In the 243 keV deuteron implantation experiments for 3-20 μm Ti and 5-22 μm Pd foils, unusual counts and peaks were measured in the energy region higher than the proton peak due to the well-known D-D reaction. And from the energy loss measurement with the screen foil in front of the Si-SSD, some of the unusual high energy peaks were found to be helium, though the original reactions are not identified. These helium peaks and unnatural counts are difficult to explain and might have something to do with the multibody fusion reactions proposed by A. Takahashi. More elaborate experiments with more detailed measurement such as correlated particle measurement should be necessary for confirmation of the multibody fusion reaction.

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Iida, T., Deuteron fusion experiments with some foils implanted with deuteron beams. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 77.

Iizumi, K.

Iizumi, K., et al. Heat Measurement During Plasma Electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Ikegami, H.

Ikegami, H. Cold Fusion Researches in Japan. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Ikegami, H., Present and future of cold fusion. Nuclear products from cold fusion. Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 60: p. 212 (in Japanese).

Ikegami, H., Next step to promote cold fusion research. Oyo Butsuri, 1993. 62: p. 717 (in Japanese).

Ikegami, H., Buffer Energy Nuclear Fusion, in Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.40. 2001. p. 6092-6098.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 A compact scheme of non-thermonuclear fusion is presented. Hydrogen ions are implanted directly from nonthermal discharge plasma or ion source into a surface of liquid Li metal at a buffer energy of a few tens keV where nuclear stopping occurs. The ions interact with Li atoms or mixed element atoms which are not being internally excited and tend towards the formation of united atoms at the minimum Gibbs free energy point. This leads to the enhanced rate of non-thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen ions due to cohesion in the liquid metal.

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Ikeya, M.

Ikeya, M. and H. Miyamaru, Chemical heat production of palladium electrode electrolytically charged with deuterium and hydrogen. Chem. Express, 1989. 4: p. 563.

Ilic, R.

Ilic, R., et al., A search for neutrons, protons, tritons, (3)He ions, gamma- and x-rays from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reaction in electrochemically charged palladium. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 1990. 17: p. 483.

Ilic, R., et al., Investigation of the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction in cast, annealed, and cold-rolled palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 505.

Ilic, R. and J. Rant, The search for cold nuclear fusion with track-etch and bubble damage detectors. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 1991. 19: p. 619.

Iller, C.

Iller, C., Hadronic Circuit Diagrams and the secrets of Cold Nuclear Chemistry. Alchemy Today, 1994. 2: p. 149.

Indech, R.

Indech, R. and R. Karshenboym. Optimization of Output in a Cold Fusion Generator. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Irvine, J. M.

Irvine, J.M. and S. Riley, Cold fusion doubts and controls. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 515 (15-Jun).

Isagawa, S.

Isagawa, S., Y. Kanada, and T. Suzuki. Search for Excess Heat, Neutron Emission and Tritium Yield from Electrochemically Charged Palladium in D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Isagawa, S., Y. Kanda, and T. Suzuki. Heat Production and Trial to Detect Nuclear Products from Palladium-Deuterium Electrolysis Cells. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Isagawa, S., Mass spectroscopic means for determining 4He in the presence of large amounts of D2. Vacuum, 1996. 47: p. 497.

Isagawa, S. and Y. Kanda. Mass Spectroscopic Search for Helium in Effluent Gas and Palladium Cathodes of D2O Electrolysis Cells Involving Excess Power. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Isagawa, S., Y. Kanda, and T. Suzuki, Present status of cold fusion experiment at KEK". Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 65(1): p. 60.

Isobe, Y.

Isobe, Y., H. Fukuoka, and A. Takahashi. Simultaneous Measurements of Neutrons, X-rays, Excess Heat and D-Loading Ratio Using Open D2O Electrolysis System. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Isobe, Y., et al. Search for Coherent Deuteron Fusion by Beam and Electrolysis Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

[Abstract] Procedures and results of three kinds of experiments i.e., closed type D₂O/Pd electrolysis, electron beam irradiation and ion-beam bombardment on titanium-deuteride (TiDx) have been introduced in this paper. In the electrolysis experiment, upper gas of the electrolysis cell was analyzed using a Quadrupole Mass Analysis System (Q-MAS). Significant amount of helium-4 was detected without neutron emission in several experiments and in one of these experiments, the amount of helium-4 atom in the released gas from the palladium cathode was 8.1x10¹⁶ atoms. Under electron beam irradiation to highly D-loaded palladium, anomalous spectra were taken in X-ray measurement. In the experiments using deuteron beam and TiDx, responses which suggested 3D multi-body fusion were taken and the reaction rate of which was increased compared to the D(d,p)T reaction rate, below 100 keV. This result may reflect the coherent effect of the solid state in the reactions. From the results of the experiments using proton beam and TiDx, peaks which suggested 3D multi-body reaction were detected with high reproducibility. Moreover, high energetic protons having 17-20 MeV emitted kinetic energy which suggested H-D-D three-body coherent fusion were also detected.

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Isobe, Y., et al., Search for multibody nuclear reactions in metal deuteride induced with ion beam and electrolysis methods. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41(part 1): p. 1546.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 We report here the experimental results suggesting the occurrence of multibody nuclear reactions in metal deuterides under ion-beam irradiation and electrolysis. A meaningful increase of helium-4 was observed during electrolysis with the Pd-D₂O system, while neutron emission was not observed. The D+D+D fusion, 3D→t+³He+9.5 MeV, has been observed repeatedly in deuteron-beam irradiation experiments with a TiD_x target. On the other hand, in proton-beam experiments with TiD_x, H+D+D-fusion: H+D+D→p+⁴He+23.8 MeV was observed. Considering this result, it seems that the 3D reaction occurred between two deuterons trapped closely in TiD_x and an incident particle of deuteron. . . .

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Ito, T.

Ito, T., T. Kursawa, and T. Yaguchi, Concerning 'cold fusion'. Meiji Daigaku Nogakubu Hokoku, 1994. 100: p. 1 (in Japanese).

Itoh, T.

Itoh, T., et al. Observation of Nuclear Products Under Vacuum Conditions from Deuterated Palladium with High Loading Ratio. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Itoh, T., et al. Observation of Nuclear Products in Gas Release Experiments with Electrochemically Deuterated Palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Iwamura, Y.

Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and I. Toyoda. Observation of Anomalous Nuclear Effects in D2-Pd System. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Iwamura, Y., et al. Characteristic X-ray and Neutron Emissions from Electrochemically Deuterated Palladium. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Iwamura, Y., et al. Correlation between behavior of deuterium in palladium and occurance of nuclear reactions observed by simultaneous measurement of excess heat and nuclear products. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan.

We developed a new type of experimental apparatus for simultaneous measurement of excess heat and nuclear products with intent to induce continuous nuclear reactions in D₂  Pd system. It consists of two parts: an electrochemical cell for calorimetry, and a vacuum chamber for nuclear measurement. Deuterium atoms flow continuously from the electrochemical side to the vacuum side through a palladium plate, and we might expect that nuclear reactions last for a long term in the system, since it is considered that diffusion process of deuterium atoms in palladium is important to induce nuclear reactions.

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Detection of Anomalous Elements, X-ray and Excess Heat Induced by Continous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
A new type of experimental apparatus is developed to induce nuclear reactions by continuous diffusion of deuterium. Ti atoms, which cannot be explained by contamination, were detected on the surface where deuterium atoms passed through on Pd cathodes after electrolysis. A multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd) is introduced based on an EINR (Electron Induced Nuclear Reaction) model. Excess heat generations and x-ray emissions were observed for all the cases we tried by the multi-layer cathodes. ⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁶Fe ratio of Fe atoms detected on the multi-layer cathodes is anomalously larger than natural
⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁶Fe.

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Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, X-ray and excess heat induced by continuous diffusion of deuterium through multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 56.

Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, x-ray, and excess heat in a D2-Pd system and its interpretation by the electron-induced nuclear reaction model. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 476.

Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and M. Sakano. Nuclear Products and Their Time Dependence Induced by Continuous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Palladium Containing Low Work Function Material. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Two kinds of experimental methods have been designed to induce nuclear reactions in the Pd-D system. One is the D₂ gas diffusion method, and the other is the electrolysis diffusion method. A common feature of the methods is to cause continuous diffusion of deuterium through a multi-layer Pd that contains low work function material (CaO, TiC, YzOs, etc.). Time dependence of nuclear products (Mg, Si, S, F, Al) were observed by the D₂ gas diffusion method, in which the products were analyzed WITHOUT taking the multi-layer Pd out of the apparatus. The time dependence of the products was reproduced qualitatively. The ³³S/³²S ratio of the products was one order larger than that of natural abundance. Fe isotope ratio anomaly of the multi-layer Pd obtained by the electrolysis diffusion method was confirmed by SIMS and TOF-SIMS. Si powder products detected after electrolysis amounted to 0.057g, and its isotopic composition was anomalous.

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University.: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Iwamura, Y., M. Sakano, and T. Itoh, Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41: p. 4642.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. It is reprinted here with permission of the author. The abstract begins:
 Elemental analysis of Pd complexes, which consist of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd, is described, after subjecting the Pd complexes to D2 gas permeation. The Pd complex was located in a vacuum chamber and the elemental analysis was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) apparatus mounted on the chamber. . . .

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Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and M. Sakano, Nuclide Transmutation Device and Nuclide Transmutation Method. 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.: U.S.A.

PATENT
ABSTRACT: The present invention produces nuclide transmutation using a relatively small-scale device. The device 10 that produces nuclide transmutation comprises a structure body 11 that is substantially plate shaped and made of palladium (Pd) or palladium alloy, or another metal that absorbs hydrogen (for example, Ti) or an alloy thereof, and a material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation laminated on one surface 11A among the two surfaces of this structure body 11. The one surface 11A side of the structure body 11, for example, is made a region in which the pressure of the deuterium is high due to pressure or electrolysis and the like, and the other surface 11B side, for example, is a region in which the pressure of the deuterium is low due to vacuum exhausting and the like, and thereby, a flow of deuterium in the structure body 11 is produced, and nuclide transmutation is carried out by a reaction between the deuterium and the material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation.

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Observation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes,. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
Observation of low energy nuclear reactions induced by D₂ gas permeation through Pd complexes, which consist of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd, is described.   The Pd complex was located in a vacuum chamber and the elemental analysis was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) apparatus mounted on the chamber.  When Cs was added on the surface of a Pd complex, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the Pd complex was subjected to D₂ gas permeation at 343K and 1atm for about one week.  In the case of adding Sr on the surface, Mo emerged on the surface while the added Sr decreased after D₂ permeation for about two weeks.  All the phenomena were reproduced qualitatively.  The isotopic composition of the detected Mo exhibited characteristics indicating an isotopic abundance of Sr rather than the natural abundance of Mo

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Iwamura, Y., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Transmutation In Condensed Matter Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes: Correlation Between Deuterium Flux And Nuclear Products. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Observations of low energy nuclear reactions induced by D₂ gas permeation through Pd complexes (Pd/CaO/Pd) were presented at ICCF-9 and in a paper published in the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (JJAP). When Cs was added on the surface of a Pd complex, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the Pd complex was subjected to D₂ gas permeation. When Sr was added to the surface, Mo emerged while the Sr decreased after D₂ gas permeation. The isotopic composition of the detected Mo was different from the natural abundance.
 In this paper, recent progress of our research is described. The detected Pr was confirmed by various methods such as TOF-SIMS, XANES, X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and ICP-MS. Analysis of the depth profile of Pr indicated that a very thin surface region up to 100 angstroms was the active transmutation zone. Many experimental results showed that the quantity of Pr was proportional to the deuterium flux through Pd complex. The cross section of transmutation of Cs into Pr can be roughly estimated at 1 barn if we consider the deuterium flux as an ultra low energy deuteron beam.

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Iwamura, Y. Consideration on the Role of CaO (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Iwamura, Y. Observation of Nuclear Transmutation Reactions induced by D2 Gas Permeation through Pd Complexes (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

We have been studying low energy nuclear transmutations induced by D₂ gas permeation through Pd complexes (Pd/CaO/Pd). We presented experimental results at ICCF9 and ICCF10^1-3. In this paper, we report recent progress. Transmutations of Ba into Sm were observed in two cases: with natural Ba on Pd complex samples (a definite result), and with mass 137-enriched Ba (probable). In these experiments, the atomic mass increase was 12 and atomic number increase was 6. One of our experimental apparatuses was carried to SPring-8, which is the world’s largest synchrotron radiation facility, located at Hyogo prefecture in Japan. Pr was confirmed several times by XRF at SPring-8. Some experiments were done to explore physical structure of the CaO layer. According to a D+ ion beam bombardment experiment performed at Tohoku University, the deuterium density of our Pd complex is one order larger than normal Pd. When we replaced CaO with MgO, we did not obtain any positive results. These results shed light on the role of the CaO layer in the Pd complex.

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Iwamura, Y. Observation of Nuclear Transmutation Reactions induced by D2 Gas Permeation through Pd Complexes. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Transmutations of Ba into Sm were observed both when  natural Ba was applied to the Pd  complex samples, and when mass 137-enriched Ba (monoisotopic Ba) was applied. The mass  distribution of Sm that we obtained depended on the starting isotopic distribution of Ba.
 One of our experimental apparatus was carried to SPring-8 for the purpose of in-situ measurement, and we obtained a Pr signal using the X-ray Fluorescence method.
 According to a D+ ion beam bombardment experiment performed at Tohoku University, the deuterium density of our Pd complex is one order of magnitude larger than normal Pd.

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Iwamura, Y. Pd Complex (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Iwamura, Y., et al. Observation Of Surface Distribution Of Products By X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry During D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

In-situ measurement of transmutation of Cs into Pr was performed, and the surface distribution of Pr was investigated using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry) at SPring-8, a large synchrotron x-ray facility. The in-situ measurement indicated that Pr emerged and Cs decreased at some points after D₂ gas permeation, though any Pr cannot be observed before D₂ gas permeation at all the points on the Pd complex surface. Using small size X-ray beam in 100- and 500-micrometer squares, we obtained 2 dimensional XRF spectra for three permeated samples, from which we detected Pr. Pr was detected again by the two small x-ray beams as expected. The amount of Pr varied greatly at different locations of the Pd surface, however, a clear correlation between surface structures and distribution of Pr has not seen up to now. Experimental results suggest that nuclear transmutations do not occur uniformly but some uncertain factors, presumably condensed matter effects in the present Pd/D/CaO system, have a large effect on the rate or the process of the reactions.

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