Chambers, G. P.

Chambers, G.P., et al., Charged particle spectra of palladium thin films during low energy deuterium ion implantation. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 281.

Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and K.S. Grabowski. Search for Energetic Charged-Particle-Reaction Products During Deuterium-Charging of Metal Lattices. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Chambers, G.P., J.M. Eridon, and K.S. Grabowski, Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(8): p. 5388.

Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and Y. Kucherov, Glow Discharge in Deuterium. 1995.

Champion, J.

Champion, J., Explanation of Observed Nuclear Events Associated with Cold Fusion and Similar Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 1994.

Champion, J., History of Transmutation Research. 1994.

Chandler, D. L.

Chandler, D.L., et al., Fusion : Test Tube Yields More Questions Than Answers, in Boston Globe. 1989: BostonEditor. p. 29.

Chang, C. P.

Chang, C.P., et al., Hydrogen and deuterium in palladium. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1991. 16: p. 491.

Chang, K.

Chang, K., U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look, After 15 Years, in New York Times. 2004.

Chang, Y. F.

Chang, Y.F. and C.Z. Yu. The Physical-Chemical and Nuclear Multistage Reaction Mechanism and the Multistage Ignition Condition on Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Chao, J.

Chao, J., et al. Three Dimensional Computer Simulation of an Isoperibolic Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Chapnik, I. M.

Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of induced beta radioactivity in PdD. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1990. 146: p. 273.

Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of electrochemically induced transmutation in PdD. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 161: p. 111.

Chatterjee, L.

Chatterjee, L., Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion? Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 683.

Chatterjee, L., A. Chakrabarty, and G. Das, Non-radiative exit channels in low energy d-d fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1991. 29: p. 781.

Chatterjee, L., On a weak flavor for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 358.

Chatterjee, L. and G. Das, Sub-barrier nuclear fusion of amuonic and muonic flavour. Phys. Lett., 1991. A154: p. 5.

Chatterjee, L., The two faces of the Coulomb barrier. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 365.

Chatterjee, L., S. Mandal, and A. Chakrabarty, Electron accumulation and reproducibility of cold fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1993. 31: p. 131.

Chatterjee, L., Electrolysis in thin-film nickel coatings: mimicking supernova physics? Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 147.

Chaudhary, I.

Chaudhary, I. and P.L. Hagelstein. Four-body RST General Nuclear Wavefunctions and Matrix Elements. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

The inclusion of phonon exchange in a nuclear reaction is accomplished most easily when the associated matrix elements are written explicitly as a function of the spatial coordinates. We report on the wavefunctions and matrix elements for the special case of a T = 0 4-body deuteron-deuteron fusion reaction.

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Chechin, V. A.

Chechin, V.A., et al. Fracto-Acceleration Model of Cold Nuclear Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Chechin, V.A., et al., Critical review of theoretical models for anomalous effects in deuterated metals. Int. J. Theo. Phys., 1994. 33: p. 617.

Abstract
 
We briefly summarize the reported anomalous effects in deuterated metals at ambient temperature, commonly known as "Cold Fusion" (CF), with an emphasis on important experiments as well as the theoretical basis for the opposition to interpreting them as cold fusion. Then we critically examine more than 25 theoretical models for CF, including unusual nuclear and exotic chemical hypotheses. We conclude that they do not explain the data.
 
From: http://arxiv1.library.cornell.edu/vc/nucl-th/papers/0303/0303057v1.pdf

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Chechin, V.A. and V.A. Tsarev, On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical origin of nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 469.

Cheek, G. T.

Cheek, G.T. and W.E. O'Grady, Measurement of hydrogen uptake by palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 277: p. 341.

Cheek, G.T. and W.E. O'Grady, Measurement of H/D uptake characteristics at palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 368: p. 133.

Chemla, M.

Chemla, M., J. Chevalet, and R. Bury, Heat evolution involved with the electrochemical discharge of hydrogen and deuterium on palladium. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 1989. 309: p. 987 (in French).

Chemla, M., et al., Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at the palladium electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 277: p. 93.

Chen, B. R.

Chen, B.R., et al., Theoretical studies of the effect of hydrogen-hydrogen interactions on the structural and dynamical properties of metal/hydrogen clusters. J. Chem. Phys., 1996. 105(21): p. 9686.

Chen, C. L.

Chen, C.L. and J.K. Wu, Electrolytic hydrogen transport in palladium. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1994. 13: p. 84.

Chen, L.

Chen, L., X. Qiu, and S. Song, Experimental research of excess heat under high pulse current. High Power Laser Part. Beams, 1998. 10(2): p. 312 (in Chinese).

Chen, M.

Chen, M., et al., Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 155.

Chen, S. H.

Chen, S.H., et al. The Sensitizing Phenomenon of X-ray Film in the Experiment of Metals Loaded with Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Chen, S. K.

Chen, S.K., et al., The microstructure of electrocatalytically deuterium-loaded palladium rods". Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 302.

Chen, S.K. and C.Y. Liaug. Observations of Cell Temperature Drops and High Vapor Temperatures in H2O Electrolysis of Ni and in D2O Electrolysis of Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Chen, S.

Chen, S., et al., X-ray diagnostics in gas discharge. Trends Nucl. Phys., 1995. 12((3)): p. 58 (in Chinese).

Chen, S. and X.Z. Li. Tritium production and selective resonant tunneling model. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
            Two principles of the selective resonant tunneling model are recapitulated, and applied to the case of tritium production. The model can explain the tritium production in condensed matter nuclear reaction with no neutron and gamma radiation semi-quantitatively. A similar model may excess heat with no commensurate neutron and gamma radiation. Some experiments are suggested to test our explanation.

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Chen, S. and X.Z. Li. The Application Of Multiple Scattering Theory (Mst) In Calculating The Deuterium Flux Permeating The Pd Thin Film. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The multiple-scattering theory is applied to the de Broglie wave of deuterons inside the palladium film. The formalism for band structure calculation and the reflection and transmission calculations for finite slices is presented. The latter is based on a double-layer scheme which obtains the reflection and transmission matrix elements for the multiplayer slice from those of a single layer. With a relative simple model for the potential of palladium crystal lattice, we calculate the band structures of probability wave of deuterons propagating in the palladium, as well as the transmission coefficients through finite periodic slices. Selective resonant tunneling theory is adopted when obtaining the scattering matrix T. Our calculations consist with experimental results which can not be explained by diffusion theory.

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Chen, X.

Chen, X. and J. Yang, Studies on dineutron model of cold fusion (I). Hunan Shifan Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao, 1993. 16((1)): p. 42 (in Chinese, Eng. abstr).

Chen, Y. P.

Chen, Y.P. and S.D. Cai, Dynamic screening effect from acoustic plasmons. Science in China A, 1994. 37((1)): p. 62.

Chene, J.

Chene, J. and A.M. Brass, Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 280: p. 199.

Cheng, Y. C.

Cheng, Y.C., W.Y.P. Hwang, and S.N. Yang. Thoughts on Warm Fusion Versus Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Chernov, I. P.

Chernov, I.P., et al. Charge Isotopic Composition of Metals at Deuterium Charge. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Chernov, I.P., et al., Yield of nuclear reaction products from deuterium-saturated composite materials and layered structures. Russ. Phys. J., 1998. 41: p. 642.

Chernov, I.P., et al. Excitation of Hydrogen Subsystem in Metals by External Influence. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Chiba, M.

Chiba, M., et al., Measurement of neutron emission from LiNbO3 fracture process in D2 and H2 atmosphere. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1995. 108: p. 1277.

Chicea, D.

Chicea, D. About nuclear coulomb barrier and electron over-concentration. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Chicea, D., Electron Clusters- Possible Deuterium Fusion Catalyzers. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(1): p. 37.

Abstract
Simple calculations concerning the behaviour of the deuterons trapped in an electron cluster are presented. The kinetic energy achieved by a deuteron accelerated from the edge to the center of an electron cluster is sufficient for the coulomb barrier to be penetrated in the traditionally known manner. The results are discussed in connection with the published experimental data concerning the impact of the electron clusters on a metal target.

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Chicea, D., A Note on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 30.

Chicea, D. About Deuterium Nuclear Reaction Rate in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
The Coulomb barrier penetrability of two approaching nuclei is computed in the frame of the W.K.B approximation. A simple model for describing the screening effect of the Coulomb nuclear barrier by the high electron concentration in condensed matter is  presented. The nuclear reaction rate of the hydrogen isotope nuclei, trapped in a metallic lattice is assessed, both for the unscreened and for the screened Coulomb barrier, averaged by the Maxwell distribution. The model predicts that, in certain circumstances, for porous or grainy samples, which are subject to a negative electric potential and are heavily loaded with deuterium, very low nuclear radiation level might be detected. The results are discussed in connection with some of the very successful experiments like Miley’s metal-coated spheres.

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Chicea, D., D. Lupu, and I. Cheregi, Experimental evidence of neutron emission from TiDx samples. Hadronic J., 1998. 21: p. 567.

Chicea, D. The Role of the Energy Fluctuations in the Possibility of Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
In many experimental papers concerning experiments of loading certain metals like nickel, palladium with hydrogen isotopes low radiation levels have been reported. A simple model to describe the energy fluctuation of a deuteron trapped in a lattice, considering elastic collisions in one dimension with the ions is presented. The energy fluctuations, combined with the increase of the Coulomb barrier penetration probability produced by the electron screening effect, might lead to a very small and unsteady rate of low energy nuclear reactions produced by the hydrogen isotopes in condensed matter.

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Chicea, D. and D. Stoicescu. Experimental Evidence of Nuclear Reactions in Deuterated Titanium Samples Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions Induced by Temperature Variation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.

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Chicea, D. and D. Lupu, Low-intensity neutron emission from TiDx samples under nonequilibrium conditions. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 108.

ABSTRACT
Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly  above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.

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Chicea, D. On Current Density and Excess Power Density in Electrolysis Experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Abstract
Results of a study of an electrolytic device that can produce excess power are presented. The power calibration procedure used for the experiments and the data analysis procedure is briefly described in this paper. Different combinations of cathode and electrolyte were investigated. Thin foils of different pure metals were and thin spattered layers of different pure metals on different substrates were used as cathodes. Excess power results, the power density and details on the combinations of cathode and electrolyte are also presented. The results reveal that a higher excess power density was obtained using thin film metal cathodes than thin foils. Another interesting result is that the excess power density appears to be correlated with the current density along the cathode. Although the data points are in ranges that are different of each other with orders of magnitude, the slopes of the lines that are fitted on the data points comparable, within the experimental errors.

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Chicea, D. On New Elements on Cathode Surface after Hydrogen Isotopes Absorption. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 Several experiments of loading Hydrogen and Deuterium into different metals foils and thin film metal layers by using them as cathodes in prolonged electrolysis experiments were performed. Before and after experiments the cathode surface was analyzed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy technique. Results reveal that different elements that were not present in the surface layer before the experiment could be identified in the system after the experiment, with an accuracy considerable above the experimental errors.

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Chicea, D. Comment On Carbon Production In Deuterium-Metal Systems. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Several electrolysis experiments of loading deuterium into different metals foils and thin film films are described. Before and after loading the cathode surface was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. High magnification images of the surface of several metals were taken. A control experiment was conducted to make sure that the experimental setup is not accidentally contaminating the samples. A surprising amount of carbon was found on the cathode surface after each D loading experiment. The result is discussed in connection with other experimental results on low energy nuclear transmutations.

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Chidambaram, R.

Chidambaram, R. and V.C. Sahni, Materials issues in the so-called 'cold fusion' experiments. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 597.

Chidambaram, R. and V.C. Sahni, Materials Issues in the So-Called 'Cold Fusion' Experiments, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 1.

Chien, C. C.

Chien, C.C., et al., On an electrode producing massive quantities of tritium and helium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 338: p. 189.

Abstract
 A Pd electrode has been examined which produced a concentration of tritium in a 0.1 M LiOD solution around 10³ times above background. Tritium production at a given potential ceased after a few days, but could be restarted by a small increase of the deuterium overpotential. Correspondingly, He⁴ was found in 9-10 pieces of the Pd electrode at 2-100 times background. Addition of fresh amounts of D₂O quenched the T production which began again spontaneously after 1-2 days. If the T had come from contamination, ³He would have been found in the electrode: it was absent. Loss of charge by the nucleus lakes place when the fugacity of D in voids exceeds 10¹⁷ atm (Lifshitz and Pitaevskii, 1963). Sporadicity of function arises from the state of the surface, which is difficult to reproduce. The surface state controls the mechanism of D^- evolution: only some mechanisms give a fugacity high enough to cause fusion. Only one electrode out of four examined produced T and ⁴He. The surface of this electrode contained a Cu-mosaic structure, not seen on the inactive electrodes.

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Chien, C.C. and T.C. Huang, Tritium production by electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 391.

Chindarkar, A. R.

Chindarkar, A.R., et al., Observation of Anomalous Emissions of High Energy (=1 MeV) Charged Particles When 5 keV Protons Impinge on Palladium and Titanium Foils. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 197.

Cho, Y.

Cho, Y. and R.G. Leisure, Novel ultrasonic attenuation peak in a'-PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1988. 38: p. 5748.

Choi, C.

Choi, C., News Scan: Back to Square One, in Scientific American. 2005. p. 21.

Choi, E.

Choi, E., H. Ejiri, and H. Ohsumi. Limit on Fast Neutrons from DD Fusion in Deuterized Pd by Means of Ge Detector. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Choi, E., H. Ejiri, and H. Ohsumi, Application of a Ge detector to search for fast neutrons from DD fusion in deuterized Pd. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1993. 32A: p. 3964.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 A low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers was applied to investigate fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system. The neutron flux was obtained by measuring the yields of the γ-rays following inelastic scattering of the fast neutrons from nuclei in the scatterers. The detector was shown to be very sensitive in the search for rare neutron events such as d-d fusion at room temperature. The observed spectrum shows no statistically significant excess of the γ-rays above the background. The upper limit on the fusion rate was obtained as λ_f<1.6·10^-24(ddn)fusions/(dd)pair/s.

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Choi, E., et al., Search for time-correlated fast neutrons from DD fusion at room temperature. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1996. 35: p. 2793.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 A time-correlated spectrum of fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system was measured by a low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers. Time correlation of fast neutrons was obtained by measuring the time correlation of γ-rays following inelastic scattering of fast neutrons. The measurement shows no evidence for neutron burst during the electrolysis of the Pd-D system at room temperature.

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Chon, A.

Chon, A. and M. Rabinowitz, Classical Tunneling. International J. Theoret. Phys., 1990. 29(3): p. 215.

Chou, I

Chou, I., Permeability of Precious Metals to Hydrogen at 2 KB Total Pressure and Elevated Temperatures. Am. J. Sci., 1986. 286: p. 638.

Chou, P.

Chou, P. and M.A. Vannice, Calorimetric Heat of Adsorption Measurements on Palladium. I. Influence of Crystallite Size and Support on Hydrogen Adsorption. J. Catal., 1987. 104: p. 1.

Christensen, O. B.

Christensen, O.B., et al., H-H Interactions in Pd. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(3): p. 1993.

Christensen, O.B., et al., Effective-Medium Calculations for Hydrogen in Ni, Pd, and Pt. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41.

Christman, D. R.

Christman, D.R., Cold fusion. Chem. Eng. News, 1990: p. 78.

Chrzan, D. C.

Chrzan, D.C. and W.G. Wolfer, Helium Bubble Growth by the Dislocation Pipe Diffusion Mechanism. 1991.

Chu, C. W.

Chu, C.W., et al., Search for the proposed cold fusion of D in Pd. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 753.

Chu, L. Y.

Chu, L.Y. and D.-H. Lu, The estimation of nuclear fusion rate in crystal. Commun. Theor. Phys. (China), 1990. 13: p. 33.

Chu, L.

Chu, L. and S. Wang, Coulomb screening of deuterium in metal crystal. Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology), 1992. 26(6): p. 80 (in Chinese).

Chu, S. Y.

Chu, S.Y. and B. Shen, Can the color force be used to achieve fusion? Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. A6: p. 237.

Chubb, S. R.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Distributed bosonic states and condensed matter fusion. 1990, NRL: Washington.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Lattice Induced Nuclear Chemistry. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Nuclear Fusion in a Solid via a Bose Bloch Concentrate. 1990, NRL: Washington.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Quantum Mechanics of "Cold and "Not-So-Cold" Fusion". in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. An Explanation of Cold Fusion and Cold Fusion By-products, based on Lattice Induced Nuclear Chemistry. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Ion Band State Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Ion band state fusion: reactions, power density, and the quantum reality question. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 403.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, The Role of Hydrogen Ion Band States in Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 414.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Hidden results of the ion band state theory. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Periodic Order, Symmetry, and Coherence in Cold Fusion. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Really Cold, Cold Fusion. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Chubb, S.R., Introduction to the Special Issue of Accountability in Research Dealing With "Cold Fusion". Accountability Res., 2000. 8.

Background
During the 14^th century, the noted theologian and philosopher William of Ockham identified and applied the “law of economy,” as a fundamental postulate of logical thought.  Subsequently, Galileo and others used this “law” as justification for the notion of “scientific parsimony.”  This idea, which is also often called “Ockham’s Razor,” states that simplicity should be the cornerstone of scientific logic: given a choice between competing theories of a particular phenomenon, the simpler explanation should be selected in preference to the more complicated ones.

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Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Theoretical Framework for Anomalous Heat and 4He in Transition Metal Systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Introduction
Cold Fusion has been plagued with misconceptions about what is and is not possible, based on the “Laws” of Quantum Mechanics. An important reason for this is the seemingly impossibly large difference in length-scale between nuclear- and atomic- processes. In conventional fusion, these scales remain “so far apart” that they “effectively” don’t “talk” to each other, usually. However, electromagnetic interactions (EMI’s) have infinite range. For this reason, it is possible that EMI’s “can” “explain” how this “apparent” problem can be eliminated.

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Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Relationship between microscopic and macroscopic interactions in low energy nuclear reactions: Lessons learned from D + D = 4He. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

For a long time, Cold Fusion (CF) seemed to be at odds with conventional Physics both experimentally and theoretically.  A key reason for this involved confusion about the possibility that processes involving characteristic length scales of nuclear- and atomic- size dimensions could couple to each other without releasing high momentum particles.  As experiments have improved, this situation has changed.  In the paper, we identify and contrast a number of common themes associated with the manner in which five of the more refined theories have addressed this problem.

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Chubb, S.R. Impact of Boundary Effects Involving Broken Gauge Symmetry on LENR's. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Surfaces have a huge impact on the physics and chemistry of solids. Changes in surfaces (or other boundaries of a solid), in particular, can be related to changes in the local (“chemical”) environment.  In the idealized limit, in which surfaces are defined as “boundaries” associated with a lack of, or accumulation of charge, dynamical effects at surfaces can be used and are required (by the associated coupling to external electromagnetic fields) to relate seemingly unrelated local and non-local effects.  Thus, counter-intuitive ideas about local and non-local effects can become dominant.  In particular, in PdH or PdD, provided external forces are applied uniformly, it is entirely possible for hydrogen (p) or deuterium (d) nuclei to acquire a common phase (a broken gauge symmetry¹) and to "become wave-like" and interact coherently, through the electromagnetic field, simultaneously, but an-isotropically at the boundaries of a PdD or PdH substrate, or at isolated locations within either substrate.  Also, these effects can create coupling between localized and delocalized forms of interaction.  We use these and related effects as the basis for suggesting new experiments that have bearing on the findings of Iwamura et al, concerning the "apparent" transmutation of Cs to Pr.

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Chubb, S.R. Nuts and Bolts of the Ion Band State Theory. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The Nuts and Bolts of our Ion Band State theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR’s) in palladium-deuteride (PdD) and palladium-hydride (PdH) are the electrons that hold together or tear apart the bonds (or lack of bonds) between deuterons (d's) or protons (p’s) and the host material.  In PdD_x and PdH_x, this bonding is strongly correlated with loading.  In ambient loading conditions (x<~0.6), bonding inhibits Ion Band State occupation. . . .

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Chubb, S.R. Framework for Understanding LENR Processes, Using Conventional Condensed Matter Physics. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Conventional Condensed Matter physics provides a unifying framework for understanding Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR’s) in solids.  In the paper, standard many-body physics techniques are used to illustrate this fact.  Specifically, the paper shows that formally the theories by Schwinger, Hagelstein, and Chubb and Chubb (C&C), all can be related to a common set of equations, associated with reaction rate and energy transfer, through a standard many-body physics procedure (R-Matrix theory).  In each case, particular forms of coherence are used that implicitly provide a mechanism for understanding how LENR’s can proceed without the emission of high energy particles.  In addition, additional ideas, associated with Conventional Condensed Matter physics, are used to extend the earlier Ion Band State (IBS) model by C&C.  The general model clarifies the origin of coherent processes that initiate LENR’s, through the onset of ion conduction that can occur through ionic fluctuations in nanoscale crystals. In the case of PdDx , these fluctuations begin to occur as x -> 1 in sub-lattice structures with characteristic dimensions of 60 nm.  The resulting LENR’s are triggered by the polarization between injected d’s and electrons (immediately above the Fermi energy) that takes place in finite-size PdD crystals.  During the prolonged charging of PdDx , the applied, external electric field induces these fluctuations through a form of Zener tunneling that mimics the kind of tunneling, predicted by Zener, that is responsible for possible conduction (referred to as Zener-electric breakdown) in insulators.  But because the fluctuations are ionic, and they occur in PdD, nano-scale structures , a more appropriate characterization is Zener-ionic breakdown in nano-crystalline PdD.  Using the underlying dynamics, it is possible to relate triggering times that are required for the initiation of the effect, to crystal size and externally applied fields. 

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Chubb, S.R. Context for understanding why particular nano-scale crystals turn-on faster and other LENR effects. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Two persistent questions have been:  1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdD_x, 0.85 ~< x®1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon?   Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions.  The new theory can explain these experimental results but will be ignored by most scientists.  I suggest that this is expected:  The context of energy band and Ion Band State (IBS) theory is very different from the context of hot fusion theory. . . .

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Chubb, S.R. Framework for Understanding LENR Processes, Using Conventional Condensed Matter Physics (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

Chubb, S.R. Why Particular Nano-Scale PdD Crystals Turn-on Faster. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Two persistent questions have been: 1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdDx, 0.85 ~< x→1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon? Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions. The new theory can explain these experimental results . . .

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Chubb, S.R. Roles of Approximate Symmetry and Finite Size in the Quantum Electrodynamics of d+d -> 4He in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Chubb, S.R. Resonant Electromagnetic Interaction in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.

I Background about the importance of EMI in d+d -> ⁴He+gamma
II What are EMI Resonant Interactions?
III EMI Resonant Interactions in Finite Crystals
IV Ground State-Excited (Ion Band) State EMI Resonant and Non-
Resonant LENR
V EMI Resonant Interactions, Trapped Photons in SPAWAR
Experiments: Some Predictions

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Chubb, S.R., Resonant Electromagnetic Interaction in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 99-123.

Chubb, S.R. Resonant Electromagnetic-Dynamics Explains the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Chubb, S.R., Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier and Related Effects Through Resonant Electrodynamics and Quantum Mechanics in the Fleischmann-Pons Excess Heat Effect, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 177-192.

Chubb, T. A.

Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Bloch-symmmetric fusion in PdD(x). Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 710.

Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Cold fusion as an interaction between ion band states. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 93.

A theory of solid-state fusion based on the interaction between D⁺ and ⁴He⁺⁺ ion band states within a host lattice is presented. Formation of ion band-state deuterium is thermo-dynamically favored when lattice strain energy is greater than the incremental chemical potential of the band state. The key fusion step is a coalescence fluctuation that converts a twofold occupation state of electrostatic zero-point-motion size into a state of nuclear dimensions. Rates are calculated using the Fermi Golden Rule. Fusion energy is shared between band-state members and subsequently transferred to the lattice.

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Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Ion Band States: What They Are, and How They Affect Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. The Ion Band State Theory. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Abstract
            We have previously explained1-3 how the occupation of ion band states by hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) in palladium deuteride PdD and possibly Ni can result in radiationless fusion. The explanation includes a number of assumptions about the governing conditions associated with the process. As a consequence of these assumptions we predicted1-3 important excess heat phenomena (loading requirements, by-products, etc.) of Cold Fusion (CF) that were subsequently observed4,5. Although the governing ideas are based on mainstream solid state physics ideas, the underlying theory "seems" to have "evaded" a number of potential problems that have bothered many people concerning CF. As we have explained recently6,7, as a result of these solid state physics effects, discontinuous changes in momentum and singularities in the effective kinetic energies associated with H or D that may occur through the occupation of ion band states provide a means for eliminating the phenomena that seemingly are omitted by the theory. In this paper we clarify the origin of these effects and their relationship to questions that have been raised associated with our treatment of the Coulomb barrier.

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Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Wave function overlap and nuclear reactions in D+ ion band state matter. 1995.

Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Fusion Reactions in Deuterided Palladium. The Why of Cold Fusion Heat. 1996.

Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Radiationless Cold Fusion: Why Small "Crystals" Are Better, N(cell) Requirement, and Energy Transfer to Lattice. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract
The Ion Band State Theory describes Fleischmann and Pons cold fusion phenomena.  It is based on application of solid state band theory physics, many-body physics, and the known quantum behavior of hydrogen in metals.  Important assumptions are that charge neutrality exists in each unit cell and that the reactive quantum states, which are stationary Bloch states, are describable as symmetric sums over complete sets of non-stationary, particle-like Wannier states.  Consequences are that D⁺-D⁺ wave function overlap occurs for crystals possessing a sufficiently large number N_cell>~10⁴ of unit cells.  Once this condition is met, small crystals provide more power per cc than larger crystals.  Energy-transfer from the product state to the lattice electrons results from a change in the quantum of mass and resulting inelastic scattering due to charge distribution changes in the boundary region.  The theory also predicts that the primary product is ⁴He, as observed.

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Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Deuteride-Induced Strong Force Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

N_D band state D⁺ ions are treated as a sum over pairs.  The wave functions of a D⁺ pair is assumed to be a product of a Bloch function in lattice space times a Bloch function in separation space.  Overlap allows a strong force fusion reaction to ⁴He⁺⁺.  A coupling between the nuclear change and the ion charge distribution in the lattice is described.  The change in ion charge distribution scatters Bloch electrons in a multistep nuclear de-excitation process.

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Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Deuteron Fluxing and the Ion Band State Theory. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Abstract
In Cold Fusion, confusion exists as a result of conflicting intuitive pictures, one based on local physics, the other on non-local physics. The local picture, based on particle-particle interaction, has played a dominant role. The non-local “less-intuitive” picture, based on the known behavior of solids, places greater emphasis on the behavior of matter distributions and their interaction with the associated environment. The resulting description is consistent with the known laws of physics and the behavior of hydrogen, deuterium (D⁺) and tritons in transition metals. In the non-local picture, we examine consequences of fluxes of deuterons passing through the surfaces of transition metals as associated with the occupation of D⁺ ion band states and possible nuclear energy release.

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Chubb, T.A., Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result' and 'Seaerch for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production' (Lett. to Ed.). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 151.

Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Deuteron Fluxing and the Ion Band State Theory. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Chubb, T.A., Laboratory Evidence Demonstrating d-d Cold Fusion in Metals. 2002.

Since the initial announcement of the Fleischmann-Pons effect[1] there has been substantial laboratory progress in establishing the reality of excess heat produced by radiationless d-d nuclear reaction in the deuterium-palladium system.  Selected experimental achievements are listed below.

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Chubb, T.A. Modeling the 3He concentration in a Clarke et al. gas sample from an Arata-style cathode. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

The time history of 3He concentrations in gas samples collected and analyzed by Clarke et al. is modeled. A deficiency relative to expected helium suggests loss through microfractures identified by Farkas.

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Chubb, T.A. Production of excited surface states by reactant starved electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Starved reactant electrolysis can result in co-deposition of hydrogen and a higher voltage reactant. The hydrogen has the potential to be deposited in an excited state that is delocalized and wavelike. It is suggested that this occurred in the Liaw et al. study. Evidence for cathodic overpotential electrolysis in molten hydroxide electrolyte is presented.

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Chubb, T.A. LENR: Superfluids, Self-Trapping and Non-Self-Trapping States. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
 LENR ion band state models involve deuteron many-body systems resembling superfluids.  The physics of atom Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices teaches that superfluid behavior occurs when the potential barriers between adjacent potential wells permit high tunneling rates and the well potentials are shallow. These superfluids have fractional occupation of individual wells. Well periodic symmetry is not affected by the presence of the atoms.  This behavior suggests that deuterons in a lattice should be in non-self-trapping sites, which may indicate that D⁺_Bloch occupies the Pd tetrahedral sites.

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Chubb, T.A. The dd Cold Fusion-Transmutation Connection. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
 LENR theory must explain dd fusion, alpha-addition transmutations, radiationless nuclear reactions, and 3-body nuclear particle reactions.   Reaction without radiation requires many-body D⁺_Bloch periodicity in both location and internal structure dependencies.  Electron scattering leads to mixed quantum states. . . .

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Chubb, T.A. I. Bloch Ions. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
   A Bloch ion has periodic symmetry and is distributed in space in a lattice array form.  Its spatial density distribution is neutralized within each unit cell by a metal's electrons.  The wave function repeats coherently modulo a Bravais lattice vector.  Paired Bloch deuterons partitioned over a sufficiently large number of unit cells become superposed and coherently mixed by coordinate exchange.  A Hamiltonian describing paired deuterons 2-D+Bloch is presented, and its nuclear self-interaction and coupling with the lattice are described.

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Chubb, T.A. II. Inhibited Diffusion Driven Surface Transmutations. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
   This paper is the second of a set of 3 papers dealing with the role of coherent  partitioning as a common element in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), by which is meant cold-fusion related processes.  This paper discusses the first step in a sequence of 4 steps that seem to be necessary to explain Iwamura 2-alpha-addition surface transmutations.   Three concepts are examined:  salt-metal interface states, sequential tunneling that transitions D+ ions from localized interstitial to Bloch form, and the general applicability of 2-dimensional vs. 3-dimensional symmetry hosting networks. 

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Chubb, T.A. III. Bloch Nuclides, Iwamura Transmutations, and Oriani Showers. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
   The Iwamura et al. 2-alpha addition transmutations1 and the Oriani-Fisher energetic particle showers2 demand an explanation.  They both depend on the same physics as responsible for cold fusion, namely the coherent partitioning of deuteron charge when the deuteron assumes a Bloch-like form and becomes distributed among a large number Nwell of potential wells.  As a result the work required to bring the 2 "nuclei" into contact is reduced by 1/Nwell.  In cold fusion 2 spin-zero paired deuterons fuse as per 2 D+_Bloch --> ⁴He++_Bloch + 23.8 MeV.   In the Iwamura process 2 ⁴He++_Bloch fuse as per 2 ⁴He++_Bloch --> ⁸Be⁴+_Bloch + E_nuc, in a Bloch-sensitive reaction where reaction energy E_nuc is a function of N_well. . . .

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Chubb, T.A. Bloch-Sensitive Nuclides (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

Chubb, T.A. Catalytic fusion and the Interface between Insulators and Transition Metals. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Chubb, T.A., Three Types of dd Fusion. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 2005. 93: p. 895.

There seem to be 3 different processes by which deuterons can be made to fuse so as to release nuclear energy. The conventional approach is thermonuclear fusion, which uses collisions between energized deuterons to create a transient 4He nucleus that decays by energetic particle emission. Deuteron-deuteron (dd) fusion is modeled by scattering theory. Quantum wave mechanics uses wave functions to describe the colliding particles as plane waves.  The waves are treated as if arriving from infinity, and as going away to infinity after scattering or reaction.  Gamow factors calculating the probability of transmission through the dd Coulomb barrier are used in calculating fusion rates.

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Chubb, T.A. D2 Fusion in Ionic Solid + Nanometal Composite (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.

Interfaces between Ionic Solids and Nanometals
• Provides 2-dimension lattice symmetry
• Promotes Bloch deuterium
• Deuterium quasiparticles undergo fusion . . .

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Chubb, T.A. In Honor of Yoshiaki Arata. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

This paper seeks to make readers aware that Arata and Zhang (A&Z) in 2007/8 demonstrated operation of an autonomous fusion “heater”. The heater generated a steady outflow flow of heat at slightly above room temperature throughout a run lasting hundreds of hours. The steady nuclear heat occurred after a brief burst of chemical heat during D₂ absorption. No other energy input was present.

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Chubb, T.A. Interface Model of Cold Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The interface theory of cold fusion is a variant of Ion Band State (IBS) Theory. It models Bloch symmetry deuterons in a 2-dimensional metal lattice instead of the 3-dimensional metal lattice first used. Both IBS variants recognize that the required lattice symmetry has limited extent, with the reactive deuterons being bound inside a closed volume like a box. The reactive deuterons are confined within classical turning point boundaries, while within the box their density distributions are modulated by a lattice array potential. Strictly speaking, the IBS fusion theory is a many-body theory. Nuclear dd fusion is one of several LENR processes. Some LENR processes do not require many-body ions and support room temperature nuclear reactions using light ions in single-particle Bloch geometry. For example, the decay of metastable single-body Bloch-function ⁸Be seems to be the source of MeV alphas in Oriani's light/heavy water electrolysis, and in several co-deposition electrolysis CR39 studies, as described in ICCF14 Abstracts. The Oriani MeV alphas are side products of both light water and heavy water electrolysis, using either Pd or Ni cathodes, as shown in highly repeatable tests. Bloch ⁸Be is likely the nuclearly reactive component in the final step of the Iwamura et al. transmutation studies. Despite differences, all LENR systems seem to share some essential physics.

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Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier in Cold Fusion. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.

Schwinger pointed out that under some circumstances the Coulomb barrier between paired charged particles is replaced by a correlation factor in a two-body wave function. This paper shows how having two deuterons bound within a common volume having a multiplicity of potential wells can lead to an energy-minimized Schwinger form of wave equation with wave function overlap. Relevance to a situation in which a small number of deuterium atoms is forced into a fully loaded palladium deuteride (PdD) host is discussed.

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Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Usefulness of Quasiparticle Ion Band States in Modeling LENR Processes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Considerable confusion occurred from a speculative conjecture that we suggested in 1989, concerning the potential role of conventional energy band theory in the "cold fusion" claims suggested by Fleischmann and Pons. Two important reasons for this are related to: 1. Misconceptions about what was taking place in the experiments, and 2. Limitations of conventional energy band theory. In particular, we proposed the idea that deuterium nuclei (deuterons) could occupy energy band states (ion band states)--analogous to the kinds of energy band states that electrons occupy in ordered solids--with the possibility of nuclear fusion. But conventional energy band theory has limitations, associated with the underlying quantum mechanics. In particular, band theory involves single-particle quasi-particle wave functions.

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Chukanov, K. B.

Chukanov, K.B. New Pulsed Gas Loading Cold Fusion Technology. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Chulick, G. S.

Chulick, G.S., Y.E. Kim, and R.A. Rice, Low Energy D-D Fusion Experimental Cross-Sections. 1989.

Chulick, G.S., et al., Comment on "Cluster-Impact Fusion by P. M. Echenique et al. 1990.

Chulick, G.S., R.A. Rice, and Y.E. Kim. The Effect of Electron Screening and Velocity Distribution on Proton-Deuterium Fusion Rates in Jupiter. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Cirillo, D.

Cirillo, D. and V. Iorio. Transmutation of metal at low energy in a confined plasma in water. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Cirillo, D. and V. Iorio, Transmutation of metal to low energy in confined plasma in the water electrochemical plasma cell. 2004.

Abstract:
Energetic emissions have been observed from an electrolytic cell when tungsten electrodes are used to generate a confined plasma close to the cathode immersed an alkaline solution. In addition, energy generation has been observed, always close to the cathode, along with the appearance of new chemical elements in the experimental apparatus. These elements were not present in the cell before the experiment. This observation is proof of nuclear transmutations occurring within the cell. The results of this research and a theoretical model of the phenomenon were shown for the first time on April 18, 2004 during the second Grottammare (Ap) ONNE meeting in Italy.

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Cisbani, E.

Cisbani, E., et al., Neutron Detector for CF Experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 2001. 459: p. 247.

Abstract
This paper describes a neutron detector designed by INFN-Sanita` group of Rome. The detector fulfills all the requirements of cold fusion experiments and, on the other hand, can operate in several kind of experiments involving neutron detection, even when significant, variable and not taggable background is present. As a matter of fact, it is suitable to detect every source emitting multi-MeV neutrons, correlated or not correlated, in burst or constant rate, isotropic or directional. It is a low-noise detector. The detector was used in cold fusion experiments demonstrating, with high sensibility, the absence of neutron emission in these phenomena.

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Clark, R. W.

Clark, R.W., What ever happened to cold fusion? J. Chem. Ed., 1991. 68: p. 277.

Clarke, A. C.

Clarke, A.C., 2001: The Coming Age of Hydrogen Power. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(22): p. 15.

[F]our years ago, two scientists named Pons and Fleischmann claimed to have achieved “cold fusion” at room temperature in certain metals saturated with deuterium, the heavy isotope of hydrogen. Under these conditions, they reported that they were getting out more energy than they put into the system. This, of course, created a worldwide sensation, and many laboratories tried to repeat the experiments. They all failed, and Pons and Fleischmann were laughed out of court.
 That was the last anyone heard of them for a couple of years. But meanwhile, there had been an underground movement of scientists who believed that there might be something in all this business, and started experiments of their own—often in defiance of their employers . . .

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Clarke, B. W.

Clarke, B.W. and R.M. Clarke, Search for (3)H, (3)He, and (4)He in D2-loaded titanium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 170.

Clarke, B.W., et al., Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 152.

Clarke, W. B.

Clarke, W.B., W.J. Jenkins, and Z. Top, Determination of Tritium by Mass Spectrometric Measurement of 3He. Int. J. Appl. Radia. Isot., 1976. 27: p. 515.

Clarke, W.B., Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40.

Clarke, W.B., Response to "Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result'' (lett. to Ed.). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 152.

Clarke, W.B. and B.M. Oliver, Response to comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production'' (Lett. to Ed;). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 153.

Claytor, T. N.

Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium and neutron measurements of a solid state cell. in NSF/EPRI Workshop on Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Materials. 1989. Washington, DC.

Claytor, T.N., et al., Solid State Fusion Update. 1990.

Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium and Neutron Measurements From Deuterated Pd-Si. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Claytor, T.N., D.G. Tuggle, and H.O. Menlove. Tritium Generation and Neutron Measurements in Pd-Si Under High Deuterium Gas Pressure. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Ita: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

INTRODUCTION
 This paper summarizes some of the methods applicable for low level tritium detection needed in the search for anomalous fusion in metal hydrides. It is also intended to further detail our tritium and neutron results that have been obtained with the Pd-Si-D system, originally presented at earlier workshops ^1,2. A measure of reproducibility that was not evident in our previous work has been achieved partially due to the better detection sensitivity afforded by the use of low tritium deuterium and partially from the fact that the foil-wafer cells can be made with nearly identical electrical characteristics. This reproducibility has allowed us to narrow the optimum conditions for the experiment. While this experiment is rather different from the “standard” electrolytic cell^3,4,5 or the Ti gas hydride experiment⁶, similarities exist in that non equilibrium conditions are sought and the tritium generation levels are low and neutron emission is extremely weak. In contrast to many electrochemical cell experiments, the system used in these experiments is completely sealed during operation and uses no electrolyte.

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Claytor, T.N., D.G. Tuggle, and S.F. Taylor. Evolution of Tritium from Deuterided Palladium Subject to High Electrical Currents. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Claytor, T.N., Tritium Production from a Low Voltage Deuterium Discharge of Palladium and Other Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 118.

Claytor, T.N., D.D. Jackson, and D.G. Tuggle, Tritium production from low voltage deuterium discharge on palladium and other metals. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(7): p. 19.

ABSTRACT
Over the past year we have been able to demonstrate that a plasma loading method produces an exciting and unexpected amount of tritium from small palladium wires.
In contrast to electrochemical hydrogen or deuterium loading of palladium, this method yields a reproducible tritium generation rate when various electrical and physical conditions are met. Small diameter wires (100 - 250 microns) have been used with gas pressures above 200 torr at voltages and currents of about 2000 V at 3-5 A. By carefully controlling the sputtering rate of the wire, runs have been extended to hundreds of hours allowing a significant amount (> 10’s nCi) of tritium to accumulate. We will show tritium generation rates for deuterium-palladium foreground runs that are up to 25 times larger than hydrogen-palladium control experiments using materials from the same batch. We will illustrate the difference between batches of annealed palladium and as received palladium from several batches as well as the effect of other metals (Pt, Ni, Nb, Zr, V, W, Hf) to demonstrate that the tritium generation rate can vary greatly from batch to batch.

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Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium Production from Palladium Alloys. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

ABSTRACT
A number of palladium alloys have been loaded with deuterium or hydrogen under low energy plasma bombardment in a system that allows the continuous measurement of tritium. Long run times (up to 200 h) result in an integration of the tritium and this, coupled with the high intrinsic sensitivity of the system (~ 0.1nCi/l), enables the significance of the tritium measurement to be many sigma (>10). We will show the difference in tritium generation rates between batches of palladium alloys (Rh, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Be, B, Li, Hf, Hg and Fe) of various concentrations to illustrate that tritium generation rate is dependent on alloy type as well as within a specific alloy, dependent on concentration.

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Close, F.

Close, F., Cold Fusion I: The Discovery That Never Was. New Scientist, 1991. 1752: p. 46.

Close, F., Too Hot to Handle. The Race for Cold Fusion. 1992, New York: Penguin, paperback.

Cohen, J. S.

Cohen, J.S. and J.D. Davies, Is cold fusion hot? Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 487.

Cohen, J.S. and J.D. Davies, The cold fusion family. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 705.

Cola, M.

Cola, M., et al. A Simple Model of the "Coehn-Aharonov" Effect in a Peculiar Electrolytic Configuration. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Collins, G. S.

Collins, G.S., J.S. Walker, and J.W. Norbury, Deuteron tunnelling at electron-volt energies. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 409.

Collins, G.S., et al., Electrolytic loading of hydrogen in metals studied by PAC. Hyperfine Interactions, 1990. 60: p. 663.

Collis, W. J. M. F.

Collis, W.J.M.F., Oklo Isotope Anomalies and Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 525.

Collis, W.J.M.F. Nuclear Reactions of Cold Fusion-A Systematic Study. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Collis, W.J.M.F. ENSAP Software Tool to Analyse Nuclear Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Conte, E.

Conte, E., A generalization of Schroedinger's equation using biquaternions: the possibility of fusion for particles. Phys. Essays, 1995. 8: p. 52.

Conte, E., Theoretical indications of the possibility of nuclear reactions at low energy. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 49.

Conway, B. E.

Conway, B.E. and J.C. Currie, Significance of effects of pressure on electrode reactions.Part III.Equilibrium processes at reference electrodes and the volume of H in Pd. Canadian J. Chem., 1978. 56: p. 915.

Conway, B.E. and J. Wojtowicz, Time-scales of electrochemical desorption and sorption of H in relation to dimensions and geometeies of host metal hydride electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 326: p. 277.

Cook, N.

Cook, N. Toward an Explanation of Transmutation Products on Palladium Cathodes. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Cook, N. and V. Dallacasa. The FCC Structure of the Nucleus and the Magnetic Interaction among Nucleons (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

The strongest objection to "cold fusion" research since 1989 has been the assertion by nuclear theorists that low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) "violate everything known about nuclear physics." We argue to the contrary that LENR are consistent with quantum mechanics (QM), and "violate" only various questionable assumptions of the 30+ established models of nuclear structure theory. In fact, these "models" are known to be mutually-contradictory (a liquid nuclear interior in the liquid-drop model [LDM], a gaseous-phase in the shell model; local cluster formations in the alpha-particle model, no local interactions in the Fermi-gas model; a short-range nuclear force in the LDM, a long-range "effective" force in the shell model; etc.) and clearly indicate that nuclear theory itself is unfinished business.

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Corey, J.

Corey, J., Trip Report: ICCF11. 2005, Sandia National Laboratories.

Introduction
On March 23, 1989, at the University of Utah, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had caused fusion reactions between deuterium nuclei to occur at room temperature, creating a potentially endless and benign source of energy for the world. Of course, this flew in the face of conventional physics, and scientists all over the world hurried to reproduce the effect. The major institutes in the US were unable to do so, and a US Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Research Advisory Panel (ERAB) declared that the effect was not real and that government funding for further research would essentially constitute waste, fraud, and abuse. Thus died the hope of cheap, endless energy through “cold fusion,” at least as far as the regular scientific community was concerned.

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Corrigan, D. A.

Corrigan, D.A. and E.W. Schneider, Tritium separation effects during heavy water electrolysis: implications for reported observations of cold fusion. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 281: p. 305.

Corrigan, D.A., B.K. Schwemmin, and E.W. Schneider, Radiochemical measurements of tritium during heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes in closed cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 312: p. 175.

Cottingham, W. N.

Cottingham, W.N. and D.A. Greenwood, The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1989. 15: p. L157.

Coupland, D. R.

Coupland, D.R., et al. Some Observations Related to the Presence of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Coupland, D.R., et al. Some Observations Related to the Presence of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Cowley, C. R.

Cowley, C.R., et al., On the possible presence of promethium in the spectra of HD 101065 (Przybylski’s star) and HD 965. A & A, 2004(419): p. 1087–1093.

Cox, D. M.

Cox, D.M., et al., Abnormally Large Deuterium Uptake on Small Transition Metal Clusters. Catalysis Lett, 1990. 4: p. 271.

Cranberg, L.

Cranberg, L., Cold fusion doubts and controls" (title given by section editor). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 515.

Cravens, D.

Cravens, D. Factors Affecting Success Rate of Heat Generation in CF Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
 A series of low cost, low precision experiments were conducted to screen for factors which may affect the successful observation of heat from palladium/ heavy water electrolytic cells. Critical factors include the selection of the palladium and the experimental protocol during the initial loading to the beta phase. It was found that bubble patterns, volume expansion, and surface appearance can be used as early predictors of ultimate success. Since large scale defects are detrimental, methods of avoiding cracking are discussed. These include alloying, preparing a uniform surface, loading at a slow rate at low temperatures, delaying use of additives to the electrolyte, and uniform loading techniques. Methods of achieving the later and larger heat releases were found to include: rapid increase in the current density above a threshold value and raising the temperature. A reflux calorimeter design is presented that allows for continuous studies at boiling temperatures of the electrolyte. Unexpected and unexplained occurrences of heat bursts by magnetic fields and radio frequency fields are reported.

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Cravens, D., A report on testing the patterson power cell. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 21.

Cravens, D., Cold Fusion Testing at CET. 1995.

Cravens, D. Flowing Electrolyte Calorimetry. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Cravens, D. and D. Letts. Practical Techniques In CF Research - Triggering Methods (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

PowerPoint slides for this paper.

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Cravens, D. and D. Letts. Practical Techniques In CF Research - Triggering Methods. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

A collection of useful techniques for triggering CF events is presented which are gleaned from 14 years of CF research and thousands of experiments by the authors.  Special attention is give to those techniques that trigger excess heat by dynamic conditions that are imposed upon CF systems.  These triggering techniques include changes in cell temperature, pulsing the current to electrolytic systems, acoustical stimulation of gas systems, chemical triggering of electrolytic system, pressure changes, radio frequency excitation, magnetic field variations and laser stimulation.  Laser stimulation is found to be a potentially fruitful technique to trigger heat events, to probe the cathode surface by scanning for active locations and to compare products from at active and inactive regions.

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Cravens, D. Search for Radiation Signals from Electrolytic Cells (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

Cravens, D. and D. Letts. The Enabling Criteria Of Electrochemical Heat: Beyond Reasonable Doubt. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

One hundred sixty seven papers from 1989 to 2007 concerning the generation of heat from electrochemical cells were collected, listed, and digitally posted to a CD for reference, review and study. A review showed four criteria that were required for successful experiments attempting replication of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. All published negative results can be traced to researchers not fulfilling one or more of these criteria. Statistical and Bayesian studies show that observation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect is correlated with the criteria and that production of “excess heat” is a real physical effect “beyond a reasonable doubt.”

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Crawford, O. H.

Crawford, O.H., Examination of a proposed phonon-coupling mechanism for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 161.

Crespo, C. L.

Crespo, C.L., R.F.C. Carvalhal, and C.A.C. Sequeira, Anomalous effects during electrolysis of aqueous solutions. Cienc. Tecnol. Mater., 1998. 10((1/2)): p. 43 [in Portuguese].

Cribier, M.

Cribier, M., M. Spiro, and J. Favier, Conventional sources of fast neutrons in cold fusion experiments. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 228: p. 163.

Criddle, E. E.

Criddle, E.E. Implications ofIsoperibolic Electrode Calorimetry for Cold Fusion: The Silica Effect. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Criddle, E.E. Evidence of Agglomeration and Syneresis in Regular and Excess Heat Cells in Water. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Crouch-Baker, S.

Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella. Some Thermodynamic Properties of the H(D)-Pd System. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella, Calorimetric study of two metallic samples. 1996.

Crowley, B. J. B.

Crowley, B.J.B., Nuclear Fusion in High Density Matter. Nucl. Fusion, 1989. 29(12): p. 2199.

Crum, L.

Crum, L. Sonoluminescence And Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion. in Fifth International Symposium on Cavitation (cav2003). 2003. Osaka, Japan.

CSST

CSST, Hearing before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives. 1989: Washington, DC.

U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology on cold fusion, April 1989.

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Cuevas, F.

Cuevas, F., et al. An Experimental System for "Cold Fusion" Experiments with Self-Produced Iodide Titanium Films. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Cuevas, F., et al. An Experimental System for "Cold Fusion" Experiments with Self-Produced Iodide Titanium Films. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Cuevas, F., J.F. Fernandez, and C. Sanchez. Search for Neutron Emissions Induced by Electric Currents and Phase Transitions in Titanium Deuteride Films. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Cuevas, F., J.F. Fernandez, and C. Sanchez. Search for Neutron Emissions Induced by Electric Currents and Phase Transitions in Titanium Deuteride Films. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Cuevas, F., J.F. Fernandez, and C. Sanchez, A search for nuclear reactions in deuterated fresh iodide-titanium films. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 644.

Cunnane, V. J.

Cunnane, V.J., R.A. Scannell, and D.J. Schiffrin, H2 + O2 recombination in non-isothermal, non-adiabatic electrochemical calorimetry of water electrolysis in an undivided cell. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 269: p. 163.

Czerski, K.

Czerski, K., et al., Enhancement of the electron screening effect for d + d fusion reactions in metallic environments. Europhys. Lett., 2001. 54(4): p. 449-455.

Abstract. -- To study the electron screening of nuclear reactions in metallic environments, angular distributions and thick target yields of the fusion reactions ²H(d,p) ³H and ²H(d,n)
³He have been measured on deuterons implanted in three different metal targets (Al, Zr and Ta) for beam energies ranging from 5 to 60 keV. The experimentally determined values of the screening energy are about one order of magnitude larger than the value achieved in a gas target experiment and significantly larger than the theoretical predictions. A clear target material dependence of the screening energy has been established.

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Czerski, K., P. Heide, and A. Huke. Electron Screening Constraints for Cold Fusion. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Czerski, K., et al., The 2H(d,p)3H reaction in metallic media at very low energies. Europhys. Lett., 2004. 68(3): p. 363-369.

Abstract. -- Based on our experimental studies of the electron screening effect in the ²H(d, p) ³H reaction for five deuteron-implanted solid targets (C, Al, Zr, Pd, Ta), theoretical calculations have been performed within an improved dielectric function theory. The theory describes correctly the observed target material dependence of the screening energies, underestimating, however, the absolute values by about a factor of 2. Applying an effective screening energy approach, the theoretical cross-sections, thick-target yields as well as nuclear reaction rates have been calculated down to the energies corresponding to the conditions of so-called cold-fusion experiments. This allows for a comparison of the experimental results at higher energies with those achieved in the heavy-water electrolysis experiments.

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Czerski, K., et al., Experimental and theoretical screening energies for the 2H(d, p)3H reaction in metallic environments. Eur. Phys. J. A, 2006. 27(s01): p. 83-88.

Czerwinski, A.

Czerwinski, A., R. Marassi, and S. Zamponi, The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part I. Acidic solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 316: p. 211.

Czerwinski, A. and R. Marassi, The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part II: Basic solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 322: p. 373.

Czerwinski, A., Influence of lithium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1994. 39: p. 431.

Czerwinski, A., et al., The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part III: The influence of solution composition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 386: p. 207.

Czerwinski, A., et al., Influence of cesium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1997. 42(1): p. 81.

Czirr, J. B.

Czirr, J.B., G.L. Jensen, and J.C. Wang. High-Efficiency Neutron and Charged-Particle Detector. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Daddi, L.

Daddi, L. Neutrons Observations in Cold Fusion Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Daddi, L. On a possible role of the virtual neutrons in cold fusion. in ASTI Workshop. 1999. Asti.

Daddi, L., Proton-electron reactions as precursors of anomalous nuclear events. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 249.

Dagani, R.

Dagani, R., Nuclear Fusion: Utah Findings Raise Hopes, Doubts, in Chem. Eng. News. 1989. p. 4.

Dagani, R., Advocates,Skeptics Alike Still Puzzled by Cold Fusion. Chem. Eng. News, 1990.

Dagani, R., Cold Fusion Believer Turned Skeptic Crusades for More Rigorous Research. Chem. Eng. News, 1995.

Dairaku, T.

Dairaku, T., et al. Studies of nuclear-reactions-in-solid in titanium deuteride under ion implantation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

In order to find the signature of multi-body fusion, experiments of ion-beam implantation were carried out using titanium deuteride target made by the gas-loading method. Up to now, charged particles that are not known in the ordinary beam-target interaction have been observed in the experiment.

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Dalard, F.

Dalard, F., et al., Electrochemical incorporation of lithium into palladium from aprotic electrolytes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 270: p. 445.

Dalun, W.

Dalun, W., et al. Diagnosis of Neutrons from the Gas Discharge Facility. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

D'Amato, F.

D'Amato, F., et al. Search for Nuclear Phenomena by the Interaction Between Titanium and Deuterium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Dan, C.

Dan, C. The Role of the Energy Fluctuations in the Possibility of Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Dandapani, B.

Dandapani, B. and M. Fleischmann, Electrolytic Separation Factors on Palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1972. 39: p. 323.

Dannetun, H. M.

Dannetun, H.M., et al., The H2-O2 Reaction on Palladium Studied Over a Large Pressure Range: Independence of the Microscopic Sticking Coefficients on Surface Condition. Sur. Sci., 1985. 152-153: p. 559.

Dannetun, H.M., et al., The H2-O2 Reaction on Palladium Studied Over a Large Pressure Range: Independence of the Microscopic Sticking Coefficients on Surface Condition. Sur. Sci., 1985. 152-153: p. 559.

Danos, M.

Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion in solids. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 484.

Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 413.

Danos, M. and V.B. Belyaev, Estimate of the neutron transfer fusion rate. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 354.

Darby, M. I.

Darby, M.I. and M.N. Read, Site Preference of Dilute Hydrogen in Palladium. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 90: p. L41.

Dardik, I.

Dardik, I., et al. Intensification Of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Using Superwave Excitation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Energetics Technologies (ET) was recently established to investigate possibilities for inducing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) using special wave excitation. Four experimental approaches are being pursued: electrolysis, glow-discharge, gas loading in catalyst cells and high-pressure high-temperature cell with ultrasonic wave excitation. The experimental setups developed by ET are described along with preliminary results obtained. A significant amount of excess heat was measured in the first glow discharge experiment. The power generated during the experiment was up to 3.9 times the input power. When driven with waves the excess heat was higher than when driven with DC. A significant amount of excess heat was also measured after the shutdown of the glow discharge; it lasted for approximately 10 hours. The total excess energy generated is estimated to be 6.7 times the input energy. The "heat-after-death" phenomenon was also observed in another glow discharge experiment. Excess heat up to approximately 80% was measured over a period of over 3 months in yet another glow discharge experiment. Driving the electrolytic cells with waves resulted in a faster loading than when driving them with DC of the same average current. The tritium concentration in the electrolyte measured at the end of the experiments was found to be up to more than 100% the pre-experiment level. No excess heat was measured, so far, in the catalyst cells. Successful loading of Pd target with D was obtained in the high-pressure high-temperature gas cell without going through the alpha+beta phase of the Pd-D system.

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Dardik, I., et al. Excess heat in electrolysis experiments at Energetics Technologies (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

PowerPoint slides describing research at Energetics Technology. Topic covered: SuperWaves;  glow discharge experiments; electrolytic cells; cathode pretreatment; excess heat obtained; tritium and material analysis.

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Dardik, I., et al. Progress in Electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

ABSTRACT
In last year we have succeeded obtaining significant Excess Heat (=100%) with seven different Pd foils, using Electrolytic cells, excited by Dardik’s Super Wave.
Several of the successful foils were provided by Dr. Vittorio Violante of ENEA Frascatti.
Significant Excess Heat: The output power exceeded the input power (COP) by at least 100%.
Maximum COP obtained is 600%, it lasted for 24.5 hours. The longest period of Excess Heat obtained was 134 hours at COP of 150%.
A new type of experiments was initiated. Electrolytic loaded Pd cathode is exposed to Ultra Sonic waves (US), inducing cavitations in the vicinity of the cathode.

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Dardik, I. Preparata Prize acceptance speech. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Dardik, I., et al. Ultrasonically-excited electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Three electrolysis cells with built-in ultrasonic transmitters were developed by Energetics Technologies. The ultrasonic transmitters induce cavitation in the electrolyte in the vicinity of the palladium cathode for in-situ cleaning and activation of the cathode surface, generation of dislocations, assistance in loading and excitation of the Pd-D system. The ultrasonically assisted electrolysis cells are described and excess heat generating experiments using these cells are illustrated. All of these experiments used the Dardik’s modified SuperWaves to drive the electrolysis. The reproducibility of excess heat generation obtained using the ultrasonically assisted electrolysis experiments approaches 80%, which is the highest of all types of electrolysis experiments performed at Energetics Technologies.

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Das, D.

Das, D. and M.K.S. Ray, Fusion in condensed matter - a likely scenario. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 115.

Dasannacharya, B. A.

Dasannacharya, B.A. and K.R. Rao, Remarks on Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 2.

Dash, J.

Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman. Surface Morphology and Microcomposition of Palladium Cathodes After Electrolysis in Acified Light and Heavy Water: Correlation With Excess Heat. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman. Changes in Surface Topography and Microcomposition of a Palladium Cathode Caused by Electrolysis in Acidified Light Water. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman, Surface Morphology and Microcomposition of Palladium Cathodes After Electrolysis in Acified Light and Heavy Water: Correlation With Excess Heat. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 299.

Dash, J. and S. Miguet, Microanalysis of Pd Cathodes after Electrolysis in Aqueous Acids. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 23.

ABSTRACT
 The morphology and microcomposition of palladium after electrolysis in heavy water were studied. Fibers which appeared on the surface were observed to change with time. Evidence which supports the possibility of transmutation is presented.

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Dash, J., R. Kopecek, and S. Miguet. Excess Heat and Unexpected Elements from Aqueous Electrolysis with Titanium and Palladium Cathodes. in 32nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1997.

ABSTRACT
Presented here are results of research performed at Portland State University during the period 1994 to 1996.
Excess heat was produced at the rate of about 1.2 watts during electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium cathode weighing 0.0625g. Analysis of the electrodes before and after electrolysis with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) revealed that new surface topographical features with concentrations of unexpected elements (V, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn) formed during electrolysis.
The morphology and microcomposition of palladium after electrolysis in heavy water were studied. Fibers which appeared on the surface were observed to change with time. Evidence which supports the possibility of transmutation is presented.

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Dash, J., J. Freeman, and B. Zimmermann, Cold Fusion Research - Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 2002, Portland State University: Porland, OR.

PowerPoint slides describing cold fusion experiments conducted during Portland State University summer apprenticeship program in 2002.

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Dash, J., et al. Effects of Glow Discharge with Hydrogen Isotope Plasmas on Radioactivity of Uranium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
Uranium foils were attached to the cathode of a glow discharge apparatus. A plasma of either hydrogen or deuterium ions was used to bombard the uranium. The rates of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation emissions were significantly greater for the bombarded uranium than for the original material.

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Dash, J. and D. Chicea. Changes In The Radioactivity, Topography, And Surface Composition Of Uranium After Hydrogen Loading By Aqueous Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
Hydrogen loading  of 99.98% pure natural uranium foils (0.18 mm thick) was performed by aqueous electrolysis in order to compare with glow discharge results. Alpha, beta, and gamma specific radioactivity were measured  after hydrogen loading and compared with the control. Some of the samples revealed an increase of the specific radioactivity of up to 20%. Gamma ray spectroscopy was also performed on the samples. Results reveal an increase of the specific counts for the peaks of Th234 and U235 and a decrease in the U Ka1 characteristic x-ray peak. The surface topography changed from granular before electrolysis to pitted afterward. The thorium concentration increased slightly after electrolysis compared with the original material. In summary, this work in progress reveals that loading hydrogen into uranium increases the uranium decay rate, in agreement with the glow discharge results.

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Dash, J., C. Lee, and S. Pedersen, The Quest for Excess. 2003, Portland State University: Porland, OR.

PowerPoint slides describing cold fusion experiments conducted during Portland State University summer apprenticeship program in 2003.

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Dash, J. and A. Ambadkar. Co-Deposition Of Palladium With Hydrogen Isotopes. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT. Palladium was co-deposited with hydrogen isotopes on a Pd cathode. This resulted in enhanced production of excess thermal power. After electrolysis the Pd Lβ / Lα ratio was found to be increased in characteristic x-ray spectra from localized, microscopic areas on the surface of the Pd cathode. This suggests the possibility that appreciable amounts of silver are present in these areas.

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Dash, J., A. Ambadkar, and Q. Wang. ICCF11 Tutorial - Search for optimum conditions to produce excess heat from the electrolysis of heavy water with a palladium cathode (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Tutorial presented at ICCF-12.

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Dash, J. and D.S. Silver. Surface Studies After Loading Metals With Hydrogen And/Or Deuterium. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.

Surface studies of 40 μm thick Pd foils after electrolysis in D₂O / H₂SO₄ electrolyte for six minutes found inversions in isotopic ratios. Anomalous isotopic ratios were also found on the surface of a 350 μm thick Pd foil after electrolysis in the same electrolyte for 74 hours.

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Dash, J., Q. Wang, and D.S. Silver, Excess Heat and Anomalous Isotopes and Isotopic Ratios From the Interaction of Palladium With Hydrogen Isotopes, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 61-80.