Turanciol, F.

Turanciol, F. Cold Fusion is Confirmed. in ICENES. 1991.

Turner, L.

Turner, L., Thoughts Unbottled by Cold Fusion. Phys. Today, 1989. Sept.: p. 140.

Turner, L., Peregrinations on cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 447.

Turner, L., Peregrinations on Cold Fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1994. 9(4): p. 447.

Turney, Jon

Turney, J., Lost in Limbo, in New Scientist. 2003. p. 48.

Uchida, H.

Uchida, H. and E. Fromm, Effect of Palladium and Oxygen Layers on the Hydrogen Absorption Rate of Tantalum Films at 300 K. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 95: p. 153.

Uchida, H., et al. Detection of Radioactive Emissions in the Electrolytic Deuteriding-Dedeuteriding Reactions of Pd and Ti. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Uchikawa, H.

Uchikawa, H., T. Okazaki, and K. Sato, New Technique of Activating Palladium Surface for Absorption of Hydrogen or Deuterium. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1993. 32: p. 5095.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 Activation is carried out by heating a Pd specimen at about 600 °C for several minutes in air. The activated surface is blue, and it is bleached when immersed hi hydrogen gas. The blue film is identified as PdO, and the bleached surface consists of nanocrystallites of metallic Pd, as proved by electron diffraction. An acti­vated Pd plate 0.7 mm in thickness is capable of absorb­ing, in 1 h, about 70 at% of H or D, the saturation value, in hydrogen gas of 1 atm at room temperature. The atomic ratio of H absorbed in Pd has been esti­mated to be about 70% when Pd metal is in equilibrium with hydrogen gas of 1 atm at 25⁰C. . . .

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Udovic, T. J.

Udovic, T.J., et al., Vibrational dynamics of hydrogen and deuterium in crystalline Pd9Si2. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 255.

Ueda, S.

Ueda, S., K. Yasuda, and A. Takahashi. Study of Excess Heat and Nuclear Products with Closed Electrolysis System and Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Uhm, H. S.

Uhm, H.S. and W.M. Lee, High concentration of deuterium in palladium from plasma ion implantation. Phys. Fluids B, 1991. 3: p. 3188.

Uhm, H.S. and W.M. Lee. High Deuterium Concentration in Palladium for Application to Cold Fusion. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Uhm, H.S. and W.M. Lee, High concentration of deuterium in palladium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 75.

Ulmann, M.

Ulmann, M., et al., Surface and electrochemical characterization of Pd cathodes after prolonged charging in LiOD + D2O solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 286: p. 257.

Upadhyay, C. S.

Upadhyay, C.S., Some views on spin relativity and its impact on science. Indian J. Theo. Phys., 2000. 48: p. 149.

Urutshoev, L.

Urutshoev, L. and V.I. Liksonov, Experimental Detection of 'Strange' Radiation and Transformations of Chemical Elements. Prikl. Fiz., 2000. 4: p. 83.

Vaidya, S. N.

Vaidya, S.N. and Y.S. Mayya, The Role of Combined Electron-Deuteron Screening in D-D Fusion in Metals, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 3.

Vaidya, S.N. and Y.S. Mayya, The role of combined electron-deuteron screening in deuteron-deuteron fusion in metals. Pramana, 1989. 33: p. L343.

Vaidya, S.N. and Y.S. Mayya, Theory of screening-enhanced D-D fusion in metals. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Lett., Part 2, 1989. 28(12): p. 2258.

Vaidya, S.N., On the possibility of coherent deuteron-deuteron fusion in a crystalline Pd-D lattice. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 481.

Vaidya, S.N., Comments on the model for coherent deuteron-deuteron fusion in crystalline Pd-D lattice. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 112.

Vaidya, S.N., Deuteron screening, nuclear reactions in solids, and superconductivity. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 405.

Vaiman, L. A.

Vaiman, L.A., et al., Observation of reactions in cold fusion during sorption or desorption of deuterium from palladium from the gas phase. Akad. Nauk USSR, Fiz.-Mat. Nauk, 1989(6): p. 62 (in Russian).

Vakarin, S. V.

Vakarin, S.V., et al. Influence of Perfection of Sodium Tungsten Bronze Single Crystals on Neutron Emission. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Valone, T

Valone, T. One Cold Fusion Speaker is One Too Many for a Future Energy Conference. in APS April Meeting, Session S13 - General Physics. 2001. Washington.

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Van der Merwe, P.T., Enhanced fusion induced by affiliated muons. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 696.

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Van Noorden, R., Cold fusion back on the menu, in Chemistry World. 2007.

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Van Swaay, M. and C.E. Birchenall, Permeability and diffusion of hydrogen through palladium. Trans. Metal. Soc., AIME, 1960. 218: p. 285.

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Van Vucht, J.H.N. and K.H.J. Buschow, Note on the Occurrence of Intermetallic Compounds in the Lithium-Palladium System. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 48: p. 345.

Van, J.

Van, J., Scientists Try to Put Chill on Cold Fusion, in Chicago Tribune. 1989: ChicagoEditor.

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VanVeen, R.J.A.R., Koude fusie. Ned. Tijdschr. Natuurkd., 2000. 66(4).

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Varaksin, A.N., et al., Computer modelling of phase transitions in deuterised palladium (possible mechanism of low-temperature nuclear fusion). Fiz. Metal. Metalloved., 1991(9): p. 30 (in Russian).

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Vaselli, M., et al., Screening effect of impurities in metals: a possible explanation of the process of cold nuclear fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(6): p. 927.

Velev, O. A.

Velev, O.A. and R.C. Kainthla, Heat flow calorimeter with a personal-computer-based data acquisition system. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 351.

Verbruggen, A. H.

Verbruggen, A.H., C.W. Hagen, and R. Griessen, Gorsky Effect in Concentrated a-PdHx. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1984. 14: p. 1431.

Veziroglu, T. N.

Veziroglu, T.N. Màssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in ?-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.

Veziroglu, T.N. Màssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in b-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.

Veziroglu, T.N. Mˆssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in ?-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.

Veziroglu, T.N. Mˆssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in b-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.

Vielstich, W.

Vielstich, W., et al., Search for neutrons from controlled deuterium concentrations in palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 303: p. 211.

Vigier, J. P.

Vigier, J.P. New Hydrogen Energies in Specially Structured Dense Media: Capillary Chemistry and Capillary Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Vigier, J.P. New Hydrogen (Deuterium) Bohr Orbits in Quantum Chemistry and Cold Fusion Processes. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Vigier, J.P., On cathodically polarized Pd/D systems. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 221: p. 138.

Vignati, M.

Vignati, M. Transformation From Heat of Low Temperature Sources into Work. Fundamentals for a Maximum of Efficiency. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Vijh, A. K.

Vijh, A.K. and A. Belanger, Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Metals and Silver-Palladium Alloys in Relation to Their Electronic Configuration. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1989. 11: p. 147.

Violante, V.

Violante, V. and A. De Ninno. Collision Between Two Deuterons in Condensed Matter: Ion Trap Mechanism. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Violante, V. and A. De Ninno. Quantum mechanical description of a lattice ion trap. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Violante, V. and A. De Ninno, Lattice ion trap: a possible mechanism inducing a strong approach between two deuterons in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 219.

Violante, V. Extended Analysis of the Lattice Radio-Frequency Trap as Possible Collision Mechanism Between Nucleus in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Violante, V., A. Torre, and G. Dattoli, Lattice ion trap: classical and quantum description of a possible collision mechanism for deuterons in metal lattices. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 156.

Violante, V., Lattice ion-trap confinement for deuterons and protons: Possible interaction in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1999. 35: p. 361.

Violante, V., et al. Hydrogen Isotopes Interaction Dynamics in Palladium Lattice. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Violante, V., et al., 3 Dimensional Analysis of the Lattice Confinement Effect on ion Dynamics. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39(2 (March)).

Violante, V., et al., Three-dimensional analysis of the lattice confinement effect on ion dynamics in condensed matter and lattice effect on the d-d nuclear reaction channel. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 266.

Violante, V., et al. Metallurgical effects on the dynamic of hydrogen loading in Pd. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 A theoretical work based on computer modeling is presented in order to explain the difference on the hydrogen electrochemical loading dynamics for two shapes of palladium cathodes. Pd foils and wires have been investigated solving the transport equations, in order to study the effect of self stress propagating. The results allow us to study the influence of the stress relaxing (via dislocation slipping) on the loading process.

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Violante, V., et al. X-ray emission during electrolysis of light water on palladium and nickel thin films. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 Electrochemical experiments have been carried out in order to investigate the emission of X-rays during electrochemical hydrogen loading of thin metallic films of Pd and Ni. An estimate of the inventory of the most significant chemical elements in the cells has also been done. The activity was developed within the framework of a cooperative research effort between ENEA and SRI. In order to minimize the background due to environmental contamination, the experimental cells were manufactured using only two materials (pure polyethylene and pure platinum). The thin films were produced by sputtering pure materials on supports made of the same pure polyethylene used for the cells.

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Violante, V., et al. Analysis Of Ni-Hydride Thin Film After Surface Plasmons Generation By Laser Technique. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

A nickel-hydride thin film was studied by the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) method. The differences between a “black” film and a pure nickel film “blank” behaviour are showed. The black Ni-hydride film has been obtained by a short electrolysis with 1 M  Li₂SO₄ electrolyte in light water. A shift in the minimum of the observed reflected light occurs, together with a change in the minimum shape, i.e. its half-height width increases. This two phenomenon are due to the change in the electronic band structure of the metal induced by the electron added in the lattice by hydrogen. The changing of the electronic structure, revealed by the laser coupling conditions, leads to consider that an hydride phase was created. Both the blank (not hydrogenated) and black (hydrogenated) specimens were taken under He-Ne laser beam at the reflectance minimum angle for about three hours. A SIMS analysis was also implemented to reveal differences in the isotopic composition of Cu, as marker element, between the blank and black films, in order to study the coupled effect of electrolysis and plasmon-polariton excitation on LENR processes in condensed matter.

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Violante, V., et al. Search For Nuclear Ashes In Electrochemical Experiments. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Electrochemical experiments have been carried out in order to identify traces of nuclear processes occurring in condensed matter. The experimental activity was primarily designed to reduce the background element impurities by using ultra-pure cleaning procedures to eliminate contamination. The working conditions allowed to obtain a clear signal from the investigated phenomena. Neutron activation, SIMS and high resolution Mass Spectrometer analysis yielded  experimental data greater than the measurement error and well above the detection limits of the instruments. The isotopic abundance has been studied for some elements and a strong difference as been observed between experimental data and natural values. A correlation has been observed between the shift of the isotopic composition and a weak emission of  X-rays, in some experiments.

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Violante, V., et al. Study Of Lattice Potentials On Low Energy Nuclear Processes In Condensed Matter. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The phenomena of anomalous heating effects in deuterated metals gained worldwide attention through the famous announcement of "cold fusion" in 1989. Recently, a number of experiments have identified nuclear reaction products that are attributed to hydrogen or deuterium interaction with the host metal. Consequently workers have renamed this field  as “Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter”. This work has used a variety of configurations and a variety of loading techniques giving reaction products ranging from Helium-4, Tritium,  to an array of heavy elements.

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Violante, V., et al. Progress In Excess Power Experiments With Electrochemical Loading Of Deuterium In Palladium. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Violante, V., et al. Progress in Excess Power Production by Laser Triggering (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same title.

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Violante, V., et al. Progress in Excess Power Production by Laser Triggering. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Violante, V., et al. Joint Scientific Advances in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

A joint effort performed by ENEA, SRI, Energetics Technologies, NRL and the University of Rome La Sapienza allowed to obtain a remarkable level of sheared reproducibility both in high loading of palladium with deuterium and in observing excess power production during calorimetric experiments. The excess heat was observed with a signal well above the measurement uncertainty, with up to 70% of reproducibility.
 
The wide-ranging scientific work carried out in optimizing the palladium electrodes and the accuracy of the calorimetry are the reasons for the success of this project.

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Violante, V., et al. Material Science on Pd-D System to Study the Occurrence of Excess Power. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

A recent joint work [1] identified the crucial role of material science in improving control of the Pd-D system to enhance the production of excess power during electrochemical loading of palladium foils with deuterium. Very high reproducibility, close to 100%, in loading Pd up to D/Pd ~1 (atomic fraction) was achieved. High loading about the threshold value of 0.9 is considered necessary to achieve the effect. This work demonstrated it is necessary but not sufficient. As a consequence, the focus of our research moved to the material properties of cathodes, especially surface characteristics, and an effort to correlate these properties with cathode performance during electrolysis. This paper describes the material properties examined that appear to produce excess heat.

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Vokhnik, O. M.

Vokhnik, O.M., et al., Search for effects related to nuclear fusion in the optical breakdown of heavy water. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys., 1992. 55(12): p. 1772.

Von Buttlar, H.

Von Buttlar, H., W. Vielstich, and H. Barth, Deuterium und tritumtrennfaktoren bei der elektrolytischen wasserstoffabscheidung. Berichte Bunsengesellschaft, 1963. 67: p. 650.

Voss, D.

Voss, D., Whatever happened to cold fusion?, in Phys World. 1999. p. 12.

Vysotskii, V.

Vysotskii, V. and R.N. Kuz'min. The Theory of Nonthreshold Cold Fusion in Solids. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Vysotskii, V. and R. Kuz'min. On Possibility of Non-Barrier DD-Fusion in Volume of Boiling D2O During Electrolysis. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Vysotskii, V. and R.N. Kuz'min, Nonequilibrium Fermi condensate of deuterium atoms in microvoids of crystals and the problem of barrier-free cold nuclear fusion. Tech. Phys., 1994. 39(7): p. 663.

Vysotskii, V., A.A. Kornilova, and I.I. Samoylenko, Experimental discovery and investigation of the phenomenon of nuclear transmutation of isotopes in growing biological cultures. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(10): p. 63.

Vysotskii, V., A.A. Kornilova, and I.I. Samoyloylenko. Experimental discovery of phenomenon of low-energy nuclear transformation of isotopes (Mn55=Fe57) in growing biological cultures. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Vysotskii, V., et al. Direct Observation and Experimental Investigation of the Process of Gamma-Decay Controlling in Quantum Nucleonics. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Vysotskii, V., et al. Experimental Observation and Study of Comtrolled Transmutation of Intermediate Mass Isotopes in Growing Biological Cultures. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Vysotskii, V., et al. Experimental Observation and Study of Controlled Transmutation of Intermediate Mass Isotopes in Growing Biological Cultures. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Vysotskii, V., et al., Observation and mass-spectrometry. Study of controlled transmutation of intermediate mass isotopes in growing biological cultures. Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(36): p. 64.

Vysotskii, V., et al., Observation and mass-spectrometry. Study of controlled transmutation of intermediate mass isotopes in growing biological cultures. Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(36): p. 64.

Vysotskii, V., et al. Catalytic influence of caesium on the effectiveness of nuclear transmutation on intermediate and heavy mass isotopes in growing biological cultures. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Vysotskii, V. Optimized dd-fusion without Coulomb barrier in a volume of cold gas of deuterium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Vysotskii, V., et al. Successful Experiments On Utilization Of High-Activity Waste In The Process Of Transmutation In Growing Associations Of Microbiological Cultures. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The problem of utilization of high-activity waste by effect of nuclear transmutation in growing associations of microbiological cultures was study. For the first time we have observed utilization of several kinds of highly active isotopes in the volume of distilled water extracted from first contour of water-water atomic reactor to nonradioactive nuclei.

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Vysotskii, V., et al. The Theory And Experimental Investigation Of Controlled Spontaneous Conversion Nuclear Decay Of Radioactive Isotopes. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

This paper paper discusses the theory and results of a direct experimental investigation into the control of internal electron conversion channels of radioactive isotopes' spontaneous decay. This occurs by controlling the action of an oriented crystal matrix on the motion of conversion electrons. The same effect takes place at any beta-processes (including at decay of a neutron with an emission of electrons and neutrino). It was shown that parameters of internal electron conversion decay greatly depended on the structure of the crystal matrix and on the distance between the excited nucleus and the crystal matrix.

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Vysotskii, V., et al. Experiments On Controlled Decontamination Of Water Mixture Of Long-Lived Active Isotopes In Biological Cells. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Vysotskii, V. and A.A. Kornilova. The Spatial Structure Of Water And The Problem Of Controlled Low Energy Nuclear Reactions In Water Matrix. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Ordinary water has a number of unique features, among which there are its stable spatial structure and long-term “memory.” Numerous experiments confirm the existence of water memory, which is activated under the influence of various physical fields (e.g., magnetic field, mechanical impact, abrupt temperature or pressure change) and may store information about such influence for many hours and days. Such activated water has altered physical and chemical (including biochemical) features. An increasing number of reliable experiments show that the continuous model is inadequate for describing the structure of water.

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Vysotskii, V., et al. Experimental Observation And Combined Investigation Of High-Performance Fusion Of Iron-Region Isotopes In Optimal Growing Microbiological Associations. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Vysotskii, V., A. Tashyrev, and A.A. Kornilova, Experimental Observation and Modeling of Cs-137 Isotope Deactivation and Stable Isotopes Transmutation in Biological Cells, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 295-309.

Waanders, F. B.

Waanders, F.B. and J.J.A. Smit, Koue kernsmelting" (Cold fusion). Spectrum, 1990. 28: p. 46 (in Afrikaans).

Waber, J. T.

Waber, J.T. and T.L. Elifritz, The OGG-Schafroth theory of high temperature superconductivity and its relation to cold fusion. 1990.

Waber, J.T. Solid State Boson Condensation Model of Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Waber, J.T. and M. de Llano, Cold Fusion as Boson Condensation in a Fermi Sea. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 496.

Waber, J.T. and O.L. Egorova-Cheesman. Boson Condensation Involved in Radiation-Less Fusion. II. Spinodal Decomposition of Palladium/Palladium Deuteride System and the Andreev Effect. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Waber, J.T. Synthesis of the Theory of dd Fusion with the Solid State Theory of Bipolarons. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Waber, J.T. Production of excess heat based on Bosons in, Bosons out principle. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Wada, N.

Wada, N. and K. Nishizawa, Nuclear fusion in solid. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1989. 28(11): p. L2017.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 Spontaneous neutron emissions were intermittently detected from activated palladium rods well soaked with deuterium gas in a closed glass bulb. By the stimulation of the palladium rods with a high voltage discharge between the rods, a burst of neutron flux 2 × 104 times larger than background was detected. Atoms or molecules of mass number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were found in the residual gas. Nuclear fusion in solid is interpreted in terms of the supersaturation of the solid solution of deuterium.

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Wada, N., Possibility of room temperature nuclear fusion. Suri Kagaku, 1990. 330: p. 69 (in Japanese).

Wagman, D. D.

Wagman, D.D., et al., The NBS Tables of Chemical Properties, Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI Units. J. Phys. and Chem. Ref. Data, 1982. 11(#2): p. 238.

Wagner, F. T.

Wagner, F.T., et al., A comparison of calorimetric methods applied to the electrolysis of heavy water on palladium cathodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 295: p. 393.

Wagner, J. E.

Wagner, J.E., A Calorimetric Study of the Palladium Hydride and Deuteride Systems ( A Preliminary Report). 1985.

Waisman, J. L.

Waisman, J.L. and N.J. Kertamus. Excess Heat; The Microprinciples. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Waisman, J.L. and R.H. Summerl. The pathway to commercial applications for the deuterium-palladium systems. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Wakao, S.

Wakao, S., K. Ozeki, and H. Sawa, Gamma-ray emission from hydrogen-absorbing metal cathodes in D2O. J. Adv. Sci., 1990. 2(3): p. 149 (in Japanese with English abstract).

Wallace, K.

Wallace, K. and R. Stringham. A Tribute To Gene Mallove - The "Genie" Reactor. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
“Genie”, a 40 KHZ sonofusion reactor consists of  2 opposing 40 KHz piezos separated by 4 mm of D2O, with a centered Ti target foil, with one piezo transmitting, the other receiving and taking that signal, amplifying it, then feeding it back to the transmitter as the resonating frequency of the reactor.  This process makes for efficient watt input, Qi, where 80% of these watts will be used as the acoustic input, Qa, to the “Genie” sonofusion reactor.  In the reactor the transient cavitation bubbles, TCBs, produce billions of low energy high density jets per second that accelerate deuterons into foil targets producing excess heat, Qx.   The Qx is determined by calorimetric measurements of experiments that use coolant water circulated to the surface of the well insulated reactor and data collected in the form of T in and T out at steadystate temperatures and coolant flow rate.  The total watts out, Qo, minus Qa ideally should equal zero, and we know that this calorimetry method has several losses that are not measured.  This makes the method very conservative when looking for Qx.  The Qx must make up those heat losses before making its presence known.  The result from experiments of system I using flow x DT x 4.184 for Qo – Qi = Qx shows that Qx values over unity are the norm.  System II used a more realistic calculation for Qx where flow x DT x 4.184 for Qo – Qa = Qx showed increased results. The calibration of the reactor with a Joule heater, JH, and substituting H2O for D2O produced measurements that showed the reactor calorimetry was close to zero Qx production as one would expect.  These measurements showed that heat in = heat out, a good zero indicating no Qx, for the operation of the “Genie” sonofusion reactor.

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Walling, C.

Walling, C. and J. Simons, Two innocent chemists look at cold fusion. J. Phys. Chem., 1989. 93: p. 4693.

Walters, R. T.

Walters, R.T. and M.W. Lee, Two Plateaux for Palladium Hydride and the Effect of Helium from Tritium Decay on the Desorption Plateau Pressure for Palladium Tritide. J. Less-Common Met., 1990.

Wan, C. M.

Wan, C.M., et al. Anomalous Heat Generation/Absorption in Pd/Pd/LiOD/D2O/Pd Electrolysis System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Wan, C.M., et al. Repeated Heat Bursts in the Electrolysis of D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Wang, C.

Wang, C., et al. Identification of the Energetic Charged Particles in Gas-Loading Experiment of "Cold Fusion" Using CR-39 Plastic Track Detector. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Wang, D. L.

Wang, D.L., et al. Experimental Studies on the Anomalous Phenomenon in Pd Metal Loaded with Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Wang, D.

Wang, D., et al., Neutrons, gamma-rays and x-rays in a gas discharge. Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao, 1993. 10(3): p. 2789 (in Chinese).

Wang, D., et al., Research and progress of nuclear fusion phenomenon at normal temperature. Trends Nucl. Phys., 1995. 12(4): p. 31 (in Chinese).

Wang, D. and X. Zhang, Experimental discovery of X-ray new spectral series and interpretation. High Power Laser Part. Beams, 2005. 17(9): p. 1335-1340.

Note: This paper is in Chinese. Here is the English abstract:
 
Hydrogen (deuterium) gas discharge source was used to bombard target of non-crystalloid deuterate polyethylene　polymethylmethacrylate, etc. The scattering spectrum was measured. There are several sharp X-ray spectral lines on the scattering spectrum, but the primary spectrum of the discharge does not include these lines of the scattering spectrum. It is confirmed that they are neither the characteristic X-ray of C, O or other possible impurity element, nor diffractive spectral lines, nor the ¡°absorption cut off¡±of electron bremsstrahlung spectrum. It is most likely that they are a kind of X-ray spectral series of new kind of atom state. A new theory model called small hydrogen atom was put forward to explain the spectrum. It assumes that the discharge of hydrogen gas will produce small hydrogen atoms. . . .

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Wang, K. L.

Wang, K.L., et al. Search for Better Material for Cold Fusion Experiment Using CR-39 Detector. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Wang, Q.

Wang, Q. and J. Dash. Effect Of An Additive On Thermal Output During Electrolysis Of Heavy Water With A Palladium Cathode. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

A titanium additive to a heavy water-sulfuric acid electrolyte has been found to increase the thermal output during electrolysis with a palladium foil cathode.  Eight runs, about six hours each, over a period of 16 days, gave an average of 1.8 watt excess thermal power output compared with a light water control cell. This is about twice the excess obtained in co-deposition experiments. The excess thermal power output ranged from 0.5 ± 0.1 W to 2.6 ± 0.1 W, which was an average of about 17 % more than the input power. The additive apparently catalyzes heat producing reactions on the surface of the palladium. After electrolysis, the Pd cathode contained localized surface concentrations of Ag, Ni, Fe, Ti, S, and Pt.

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Wang, R.

Wang, R., Remarks on the possibility of cold fusion. Commun. Theor. Phys. (China), 1990. 13: p. 549.

Wang, T.

Wang, T., et al. Anomalous Phenomena in E<18 KeV Hydrogen Ion Beam Implantation Experiments on Pd and Ti. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Wang, T., et al. Interpretation of Excess Energy in Terms of Quasi-Atom Multi-body Model. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Wang, T., et al. Anomalous Radiation Induced by 1-300 keV Deuteron Ion Beam Implantation on Palladium and Titanium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Wang, T., et al. Nuclear and Atomic Cluster Effect of Deuterium Molecular Ion (D3+). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Wang, T., et al. Study of Possible Indirect Fusion Reaction in Solids. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Wang, T., et al., Investigating the Unknown Nuclear Reaction in a Low-Energy (E<300 keV) p + T2Hx Experiment. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 146.

Wang, T., et al. Nuclear Phemonena in P+Ti2Hx Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Wang, T., et al. Study of the Deuterated Titanium Ti2Hx Samples by Using Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Materials Analysis Methods. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Wang, X. W.

Wang, X.W., S.G. Louie, and M.L. Cohen, Hydrogen interactions in PdHn (1 <= n <= 4). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(8): p. 5822.

Wang, X.

Wang, X., et al. A New Device for measuring Neutron Bursts in Cold Fusion Experiments. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Wang, X., et al., Time distribution of neutron burst in thermal D/soiled system. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1996. 41(1): p. 73.

Wark, A. W.

Wark, A.W., et al., The effect of ultra sound on the electrochemical loading of hydrogen in palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996. 418: p. 199.

Warner, J.

Warner, J. and J. Dash. SEM and EDS Characterization of Titanium Cathodes Before and After Electrolysis in Heavy Water. in Microscopy and Microanalysis. 1999. Portland, OR.

A series of experiments were conducted with titanium cathodes and platinum anodes electrolyzed in heavy water-sulfuric acid electrolyte in closed cells. Each of the cathodes in these experiments was cut from the same titanium foil (99.99% Ti). Each cathode underwent a pre-experiment and a post-experiment SEM (ISI-SS40) and EDS (LINK AN10000) analysis. Of the eight experimental cathodes, three showed post-experimental evidence of localized chemical changes. This is consistent with other findings from this lab. Results obtained on one of these cathodes are presented here.

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Warner, J. and J. Dash. Heat Produced During the Electrolysis of D2O with Titanium Cathodes. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Warner, J., J. Dash, and S. Frantz. Electrolysis of D2O With Titanium Cathodes: Enhancement of Excess Heat and Further Evidence of Possible Transmutation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Abstract:
Using Ti-Pt electrodes in closed electrolytic cells containing D₂O-H₂SO₄ electrolyte, evidence for excess thermal power generation has been observed (i.e. Power out – Power in > 0).  It had been noted that experiments (8-cell) with smaller cathodes (larger perimeter to area ratio) performed better than experiments (SEC system) in which larger cathodes (smaller perimeter to area ratio) were used.  In an effort to increase the magnitude of the excess power output, slits were introduced into the larger cathodes to increase the perimeter to area ratio.  Two SEC systems were used during the course of these experiments.  Using data from the first SEC system we find that four of seven (57%) of the experiments with slit cathodes showed an excess thermal power, averaging 322 mW (ranging from 136 to 509 mW) and five of fourteen (36%) of the experiments with no cathode slits gave excess thermal power, averaging 171 mW (ranging from 115 to 233 mW).  Overall, 10 of 13 (77%) of the experiments with slit cathodes showed excess power while only 5 of 15 (30%) of the experiments with no slits in the cathodes showed excess power.  This result shows an increase in both the magnitude and reproducibility of the excess power output effect.  In addition, Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) was performed on several cathodes (post-experiment) where greater concentrations of unexpected elements are found in those cells that showed excess power compared to those cells that did not show excess power.

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Wasserman, A.

Wasserman, A., Electrochemical method of reducing aluminum oxide and producing additional energy. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 168.

Watanabe, K.

Watanabe, K., et al. A Search for Fracture-Induced Nuclear Fusion in Some Deuterium-Loaded Materials. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Weber, S. E.

Weber, S.E., et al., Theory of hydrogen pairing in metals. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 485.

Wei, Q.

Wei, Q., et al. Excess heat in Pd/C catalyst electrolysis experiment (Case-type cathode). in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

At high temperatures, the Pd/C catalyst cathode (Case-type) electrolysis in heavy water might produce more excess heat than at room temperature. While the “excess heat” in Case-type experiment was apparently confirmed at the higher temperature, the method raised new problems with electrolysis near boiling temperatures.

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Wei, Q., X.Z. Li, and Y.O. Cui. Excess Heat In Heavy Water--Pd/C Catalyst Cathode (Case-Type) Electrolysis At Temperatures Near The Boiling Point. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Wei, Q., et al. Deuterium (Hydrogen) Flux Permeating through Palladium and Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Deuterium (hydrogen) flux permeating palladium has been analyzed using mass spectroscopy (SRS RGA200) in a new apparatus. The “mass 6” component has been confirmed again. It is found that Langevin rate of D3+ generation in the mass spectrometer plays an important role. However, “mass 6” component cannot be attributed to D3+ only. The palladium plays an important role as well. The mixture of deuterium and hydrogen gas has been used to test the prediction of resonant tunneling theory as well.

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Wei, Q., et al. High Resolution Mass Spectrum for D2 (H2) Gas Permeating Palladium Film. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Wei, Q., et al. Element Analysis of the Surface Layer on the Pd and Pd-Y Alloy after Deuterium Permeation. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Wei, S. H.

Wei, S.H. and A. Zunger, Instability of diatomic deuterium in fcc palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 367.

Wei, S.H. and A. Zunger, Stability of atomic and diatomic hydrogen in fcc palladium. Solid State Commun., 1990. 73: p. 327.

Weinberger, S.

Weinberger, S., Warming Up to Cold Fusion, in Washington Post Magazine. 2004. p. W22.

Peter Hagelstein is trying to revive hope for a future of clean, inexhaustible, inexpensive energy. Fifteen years after the scientific embarrassment of the century, is this the beginning of something?

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Welborn, V.

Welborn, V., The cold fusion story: A case study illustrating the communication and information seeking behavior of scientists. Sci. Technol. Librarian, 1991. Spring: p. 51.

Wendt, G. L.

Wendt, G.L. and C.E. Irion, Experimental attempts to decompose tungsten at high temperatures. Science, 1922. 55(1425): p. 422-423.

Wenzl, H.

Wenzl, H., Fruitless experiments to prove 'cold nuclear fusion'. Phys. Bl., 1989. 45: p. 408(In German).

Werjefelt, B.

Werjefelt, B. Energy From Magnetic Materials/Magnetic Fields. in IAP Program on Cold Fusion. 1995. MIT.

Werle, H.

Werle, H., et al., Trials to induce neutron emission from a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 391.

Werth, J.

Werth, J., et al., Experimental Investigations into the Pons-Fleischmann Effect. 1990.

Whaley, K. B.

Whaley, K.B., Boson enhancement of finite-temperature coherent dynamics for deuterium in metals. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(6): p. 3473.

White, C. T.

White, C.T., et al., Limits of chemical effects on cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 363.

White, C.T., et al., D-D (H-H) interactions within the interstices of Pd. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1, 1991. 30: p. 182.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 Embedded atom, local-density-functional, and Hartree-Fock methods are used to calculate the effective interaction between deuterium (or equivalently within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation hydrogen) nuclei within palladium. No effects were found to suggest that the repulsion between deuterons in gas phase D₂ is reduced within the octahedral and tetrahedral interstices of this transition metal.

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Wicke, E.

Wicke, E., H. Brodowsky, and H. Zichner, Hydrogen in Metals II Hydrogen in palladium and palladium alloys, ed. G. Alefeld and J. Vàlkl. 1978, Berlin: Springer-VerlagWicke, E.

Widom, A.

Widom, A. and L. Larsen, Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces. Eur. Phys. J. C, 2006. 46(1): p. 107-111.

Wiesmann, H.

Wiesmann, H., Examination of cathodically charged palladium electrodes for excess heat, neutron emission, or tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 350.

Wiley, W.

Wiley, W., Utah scientists research cold fusion in France, in The Denver Post. 1994: DenverEditor. p. 9.

Wilhelmi, Z.

Wilhelmi, Z., et al., Search for neutron emission in the deuterium-palladium system. Nukleonika, 1990. 35(7-9): p. 175.

Will, F. G.

Will, F.G., Groups Reporting Cold Fusion Evidence. 1990, National Cold Fusion Institute: Salt Lake City, UT.

A table showing 92 groups from 10 countries that reported replications of cold fusion by September 12, 1990. Published by the National Cold Fusion Institute. This table reproduced from Mallove, E., Fire From Ice. 1991, NY: John Wiley, pp. 246-248

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Will, F.G., et al. Studies of Electrolytic and Gas Phase Loading of Palladium with Deuterium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Highlights are presented of recent results obtained on deuterium and hydrogen loading of palladium both in electrolytes and in the gas phase. Reproducible tritium generation has been found on palladium cathodes with deuterium loadings approaching one deuterium atom per palladium atom. Tritium generation has been observed on four out of four such highly loaded cathodes. No tritium has been observed in four light water control cells operating simultaneously. Total tritium analysis was performed on all hermetically sealed cells before and after each experiment. Tentative evidence is presented for neutron generation and a single anomalous heat excursion. A novel high-pressure electrochemical cell is also described which employs a fuel cell approach, thereby avoiding oxygen evolution. Two anomalous heat excursions have been observed in this cell with excess power values up to 30%. Gas phase experiments of the Wada-type have been performed on palladium, using electrical discharges to activate the palladium. Neutron bursts up to 280 neutrons in 128 microseconds and tritium enhancements in the palladium of up to 25X background have been observed in the palladium. In both electrolytic and gas phase experiments, the tritium distribution in the palladium wires was found to be non-uniform.

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Will, F.G., K. Cedzynska, and D.C. Linton, Reproducible tritium generation in electrochemical cells employing palladium cathodes with high deuterium loading. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 360: p. 161.

Will, F.G., K. Cedzynska, and D.C. Linton. Tritium Generation in Palladium Cathodes With High Deuterium Loading. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

ABSTRACT
Tritium up to fifty times background has been observed upon electrolyzing 1N D₂SO₄ in four out of four cells when using Pd cathodes “of a certain type”. No tritium was detected in four control cells, containing H₂S0₄ in H₂O, employing Pd cathodes cut from the same wire spool. Tritium amounts were from 7 x 10¹⁰ to 2.1 × 10¹¹ atoms, corresponding to average generation rates from 5.1 × 10⁴ to 2 × 10⁵ atoms/sec/cm². In all cases, D/Pd and H/Pd loadings of 1 ± 0.05 were attained. A cyclic loading/unloading regime rather than the usual continuous constant current regime was applied to attain these high loadings. Tritium analysis was performed in Pd, electrolyte and the gas head space of the sealed cells. Maximum tritium concentrations of 8.9 × 10¹⁰ atoms/g Pd, 180 times the detection limit, were found in the D-loaded Pd cathodes, none in the Η-loaded Pd, Also, no tritium within detection limit was found in 150 unused Pd pieces. Of these, 13 were cut randomly from the same wire spool as the four D-loaded Pd cathodes. The probability that the tritium in the latter was due to random spot contamination is computed as 1 in 2,380. It is concluded that the tritium was generated by nuclear reactions in the Pd. However, no tritium was detected in four D-loaded Pd cathodes of a different type in spite of attaining loadings D/Pd = 1. Different metallurgical history and impurity contents may play an important role.

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Will, F.G., Hydrogen + oxygen recombination and related heat generation in undivided electrolysis cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997. 426: p. 177.

Williams, D. E. G.

Williams, D.E.G., et al., Upper bounds on 'cold fusion' in electrolytic cells. Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 375.

Wilson, R. H.

Wilson, R.H., et al., Analysis of experiments on the calorimetry of LiOD-D2O electrochemical cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 332: p. 1.

Wipf, H.

Wipf, H. and V. Erckman, On Permeation Techniques for Electrotransport Studies on Metal-Hydrogen Systems. Scr. Metall., 1976. 10: p. 813.

Wisniewski, R.

Wisniewski, R. and A.J. Rostocki, Hall Effect in the Pd-H System. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1971. 3(2): p. 251.

Witherspoon, M. C.

Witherspoon, M.C., R.C. Johnston, and F.A. Lewis, The Steady-State Hydrogen Content of Catalytically Active Noble Metal Cathodes During Hydrogen Bubble Evolution at High Current Densities. Electrochim. Acta, 1975. 20: p. 519.

Witherspoon, T. C.

Witherspoon, T.C., W.D. McFall, and T.C. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladium/Rhodium Alloys and the Possible Existence of b-Phase Rhodium Hydride. Nature Phys. Sci., 1973. 242: p. 44.

Wolf, K. L.

Wolf, K.L., et al. A Search for Neutrons and Gamma Rays Associated with Tritium Production in Deuterated Metals. in NSF/EPRI Workshop on Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Metals. 1989. Washington, DC.

Wolf, K.L., et al., Neutron emission and the tritium content associated with deuterium-loaded palladium and titanium metals. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 105.

Wolf, K.L., et al. Tritium and Tritons in Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Wolf, K.L., Activation Data and Reaction Update. 1993: LANL Memo from T. Claytor.

Wolf, W. L.

Wolf, W.L., et al. Neutron Emission from Deuterium-Loaded Metals. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Wolfer, W. G.

Wolfer, W.G., The Elastic Properties of Aged Tritides. 1990.

Worledge, D. H.

Worledge, D.H. Technical Status of Cold Fusion Results and Meeting Summary. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Worledge, D.H. Technical Status of Cold Fusion Results. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Worsham, J. E.

Worsham, J.E., M.K. Wilkinson, and C.G. Shull, Neutron-Diffraction Observations on the Palladium-hydrogen and Palladium-deuterium systems. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1957. 3: p. 303.

Wu, B.

Wu, B., et al., The SEM observation of palladium-deuterium system after the gas discharge process. Gaojishu Tongxun, 1991. 1(9): p. 1 (in Chinese).

Wu, C. K.

Wu, C.K., et al., Experimental observation of lack of room temperature fusion between palladium and heavy water. Hua Hsueh, 1989. 47(2): p. 139 (in Chinese).

Wu, W.

Wu, W., et al. Anomalous heat effect during permeation of deuterium gas through the palladium tube. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Wyrzykowski, K.

Wyrzykowski, K. and B. Baranowski, Pressure-Concentration Isotherms of Pd-H Thin Films up to 0.2 GPa of Gaseous Hydrogen. J. Less-Common Met., 1988. 141: p. 73.

Xiao, J.

Xiao, J. and P. Li, The possibilities for initiation of the cold fusion of the deuterons in the hydrogen storage materials. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1999. 24: p. 741.

Xu, J.

Xu, J., et al. D-D Distance in PdD0.4 at High Pressure. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Xu, Y.

Xu, Y. and A. Butt, Confirmatory experiments for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation. Nucl. Eng. Des., 2005. 235(10-12): p. 1317-1324.

Xuwu, A.

Xuwu, A., et al., Calorimetric investigation of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Thermochim. Acta, 1991. 183: p. 107-115.

Yabuuchi, N.

Yabuuchi, N. Quantum Mechanics on Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Yabuuchi, N. Two Types of Nuclear Fusion in Solids. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Yagi, M.

Yagi, M., et al., Measurement of neutron emission from a SiO2-D2 system. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1989. 137(6): p. 421.

Yagi, M., et al., Measurement of neutron emission from a titanium-deuterium system. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137(6): p. 411.

Yague, A. R.

Yague, A.R., Cold nuclear fusion and its history. Metal. Electr. (Spain), 1990. 54(618): p. 134 (in Spanish).

Yamada, H.

Yamada, H., et al. Neutron Emission from Palladium Electrodes in Deuterium Gas under Highly Non-uniform Electric Field. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Yamada, H., et al., Carbon Production on Palladium Point Electrode with Neutron Burst under DC Glow Discharge. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 55.

Yamada, H. and T. Fujiwara, Neutron emission from palladium point electrode in pressuriszed deuterium gas under DV voltage application. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 14.

Yamada, H., et al. Tritium Production in Palladium Deuteride/Hydride in Evacuated Chamber. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
 The controlled out-diffusion method was employed to induce a nuclear reaction in a palladium (Pd) plate with a MnOx film. The time-resolved mass spectra for Pd deuteride revealed tritium (T) production during the out-diffusion experiment. Similar time behaviors of mass number 1-4 and 6 in the spectra was also observed for Pd hydride. Film blackening was observed for most Pd deuteride as well as Pd hydrides using a normal monochromatic negative photographic film. The radiation from the Pd plate consists of two kinds of components for a Pd hydride. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy has shown considerable increase in counts of Li for Pd hydride after the out-diffusion experiment.

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Yamada, H., et al., Producing a radioactive source in a deuterated palladium electrode under direct-current glow discharge. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 253.

Yamada, H., et al. Production of Ba and several anomalous elements in Pd under light water electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Yamada, H., et al. Analysis By Time-Of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy For Nuclear Products In Hydrogen Penetration Through Palladium. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Elemental analysis was performed for the palladium foil through which the hydrogen gas penetrated. We analyzed sample surface by Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and searched for newly produced elements during the gas permeation process. Significant increase of the counts for Cr, Fe, Cu and Ag were found after the permeation. These elements could have been produced by nuclear transmutation.

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Yamada, H., et al. Producing Transmutation Elements on Plain Pd-foil by Permeation of Highly Pressurized Deuterium Gas. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Yamaguchi, E.

Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka, Cold fusion induced by controlled out-diffusion of deuterons in palladium. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1990. 29(4): p. L666.

A gigantic neutron burst of (1-2)×10⁶ n/s has been detected from deuterated Pd plates with heterostructures set in a vacuum chamber. An explosive release of D2 gas, biaxial bending of all the samples, and excess heat evolution were also observed at the same time. It has been concluded that these phenomena are caused by the cooperative production of D accumulation layers at Pd surfaces due to controlled out-diffusion of D-atoms.

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Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka. Nuclear Fusion Induced by the Controlled Out-Transport of Deuterons in Palladium. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka. Direct Evidence for Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Deuterated Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka, Helium-4 production and its correlation with heat evolution. Oyo Butsuri, 1993. 62(7): p. 712 (in Japanese).

Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka, Helium-4 production from deuterated palladium. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1993. 69(7): p. 743 (in Japanese).

Yamaguchi, E. and H. Sugiura. Excess Heat and Nuclear Products from Pd:D/Au Heterostructures by the 'In-vacuo' Method. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Yamaguchi, M.

Yamaguchi, M., et al., Thermodynamic theory of magnetic field effects on chemical equilibra and applications to metal-hydrogen systems. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253: p. 191.

Yamaguchi, T.

Yamaguchi, T., et al. Investigation of Nuclear Transmutation Using Multilayered CaO/X/Pd Samples Under Deuterium Permeation. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

We constructed an experimental system in which accelerator analyses by PIXE, ERDA, NRA and RBS can be made in situ under deuterium (D) gas permeation through multilayered CaO/X/Pd samples to induce nuclear transmutation in the element X. Furthermore, to examine the effect of flow direction, we made a D gas permeation system separated from the accelerator beam-line chamber for ex-situ accelerator analysis. We report the results of recent experiments in this paper.

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Yamamoto, H.

Yamamoto, H. A catalytic role of atomic oxygen on anomalous heat generation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Yamamoto, H. An Explanation of Earthquakes by the Blacklight Process and Hydrogen Fusion. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Yamamoto, N.

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Yamamoto, T., T. Oka, and R. Taniguchi, In-situ observation of deuteride formation in palladium electrochemical cathode by x-ray diffraction method. Annu. Rep. Osaka Prefect. Radiat. Res. Inst., 1990. 30: p. 79.

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Yaroslavskii, M.A., Possible mechanism for the initiation of nuclear reactions during temperature changes and phase transitions in condensed materials. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 308: p. 95 (in Russian).

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Yasuda, K., Y. Nitta, and A. Takahashi. Study of Excess Heat and Nuclear Products with Closed D2O Electrolysis Systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

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Yasui, K., Fractofusion mechanism. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 400.

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Yi-Fang, C. and L. Zheng-Rong. Nonlinear barrier penetration and cold fusion. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

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Yoshida, Y., Y. Aradono, and T. Hirabayashi, Verification of room temperature nuclear fusion. 1. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 21 (in Japanese).

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Yoshihara, K., T. Sekine, and T. Braun, An attempt to detect fracto-fusion during microwave irradiation of D2O loaded silica gel. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137: p. 333.

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Yoshikawa, N., et al. Search for Tritium in Pd+D Systems by a Gas Proportional Chamber. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

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You, J.H., et al., Interior adsorption, channel collimation, and nuclear fusion in solids. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 7293.

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Yu, C.Z. and Y.F. Chang. Internal Conversion Mechanism in Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

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Yuan, L.J., et al. Neutron Monitoring on Cold-Fusion Experiments. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

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Yue, S., Z. Qingfu, and G. Qingquan. The crystal change and "excess heat" production by long time electrolysis of heavy water with titanium cathode due to deuterium atom entering the lattice of titanium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

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Yuhara, T. and H. Futami, Method for Identifying Nuclides that Can be Produced in Cold Nuclear Fusion. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 135.

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Yuki, H., et al. Reaction rates of the D+D reaction in metal at very low energies. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Yuki, H., T. Satoh, and T. Ohtsuki, D + D reaction in metal at bombarding energies below 5 keV. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1997(23): p. 1459-1464.

Abstract. In order to study the electron screening effect on low-energy nuclear reactions in metals, the D + D reaction in Ti and Yb was investigated. Yields of protons emitted in the D(d, p)T reactions from the deuteron bombardment of Ti and Yb thick targets with bombarding energies between 2.5 and 7.2 keV were measured. The obtained yields were compared with those predicted by using the parametrization of cross sections at higher energies. It was found that the reaction rates in metals are enhanced over those of the bare nuclei for Ed < 5 keV, and the enhancement can be interpreted as caused by the electron screening. The electron screening potentials in Ti and Yb are deduced to be 19 ± 12 eV and 81 ± 10 eV, respectively.

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Yuki, H., et al., Measurement of the D(d,p) reaction in Ti for 2.5 < Ed < 6.5 keV and electron screening in metal. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1997. 66: p. 73.

In order to study the electron screening effect on low-energy nuclear reactions in metals, the D+D reaction in Ti was investigated. Measured were thick target yields of protons emitted in the D(d, p)T reaction from the bombardment of Ti metal with deuteron energies between 2.5 and 6.5 keV. The obtained yields were compared with those predicted by using the parameterization of cross sections at higher energies. It was found that the reaction rates in Ti are slightly enhanced over those of the bare D+D reaction for E_d < 4.3 keV, and the enhancement can be interpreted as caused by the electron screening. The electron screening potential in Ti is deduced for the first time to be 19 ± 12 eV.

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Yuki, H., Anomalous enhancement of DD reaction in Pd and Au/Pd/PdO heterostructure targets under low-energy deuteron bombardment. JETP Lett., 1998. 68(11).

Yields of protons emitted in the D + D reaction in Pd, Au/Pd/PdO, Ti, and Au foils are measured by a dE–E counter telescope for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. The experimental yields are compared with those predicted from a parametrization of the cross section and stopping power at higher energies. It is found that for Ti and Au target the enhancement of the D(d,p)T reaction is similar to that observed with a deuterium gas target (several tens of eV). The dependence of the yields on the bombarding energy corresponds well to the screening potential parameters U_x=250±15 eV for Pd and 601±23 eV for Au/Pd/PdO. Possible models of the enhancement obtained are discussed.

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Yun, K. S.

Yun, K.S., et al., Calorimetric observation of heat production during electrolysis of 0.1 M LiOD + D2O solution. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 306: p. 279.

Yurichev, I. A.

Yurichev, I.A. and E.G. Ponyatovsky, Isomorphic Transitions and Critical Phenomena in F.C.C. Metals Under Hydrogen Pressure. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1980. 58: p. 57.

Zahm, L. L.

Zahm, L.L., et al., Experimental Investigations of the Electrolysis of D2O Using Pd and Pt Electrodes. 1989.

Zahm, L.L., et al., Experimental investigations of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cathodes and platinum anodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 281: p. 313.

Zak, J.

Zak, J., Low-temperature fusion of light nuclei in the Fleischmann-Pons reaction. Inz. Aparat. Chem., 1989. 28(5): p. (in Polish).

Zakharova, V. P.

Zakharova, V.P. and G.A. Kotel'nikov, To the question of cold nuclear fusion. Atom. Tekh. za Rubez., 1989. 9: p. 28 (in Russian).

Zakowicz, W.

Zakowicz, W. and J. Rafelski. Coupled Channel Model for Ultra-Low Energy Deuteron-Deuteron Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Zakowicz, W., Possible resonant mechanism of cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 170.

Zelenskii, V. F.

Zelenskii, V.F., et al., Experimental investigation of cold D-D-fusion by ion implantation. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1990(1): p. 91 (in Russian).

Zelenskii, V.F., et al., Experiments on cold nuclear fusion in Pd and Ti saturated with deuterium by ion implantation. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved. , 1990. 52(1): p. 65 (in Russian).

Zelenskii, V.F., et al., Preliminary results of the second series of experiments on cold fusion. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1991. 2(56): p. 48 (In Russian).

Zelenskii, V.F. and V.F. Rybalko, Studies of neutron emission by mechanical destruction of Ti and Pd samples, saturated with deuterium. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1991. 2(56): p. 46 (In Russian).

Zelentsov, V. V.

Zelentsov, V.V., New but well forgotten [matters]. Koord. Khim., 1989. 19: p. 1296 (in Russian).

Zhang, F. X.

Zhang, F.X. and S.X. Jin, Effect of electron screening and ionic correlation on the fusion rate of deuterium in Pd/D system. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1993. 38(9): p. 718.

Zhang, J. S.

Zhang, J.S., The estimation of the difference between d(n,n)3He and d(d,p)T cross sections in the cold fusion. Commun. Theor. Phys. (China), 1991. 16: p. 439.

Zhang, Q. F.

Zhang, Q.F., et al. The Detection of 4-He in Ti-Cathode on Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Zhang, Q.F., et al., Research of calorimeter of water electrolysis open system. Sichuan Lianhe Daxue Xuebao, Gongcheng Kexueban (J. Sichuan Union Univ., Eng. Sci. Ed.), 1999. 3(5): p. 33 [in Chinese].

Zhang, Q. Q.

Zhang, Q.Q., et al. The Excess Heat Experiments on Cold Fusion in a Titanium Lattice. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Zhang, Q.

Zhang, Q., et al., The excess heat experiments on cold fusion in titanium lattice. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1995. 12(2): p. 165.

Zhang, Q., et al., The relationship of crystal structure transition of Ti-cathode and 'excess heat' on cold fusion. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1996. 13(3): p. 257 (in Chinese).

Zhang, Q., et al., The experimental study on the 'excess heat' for deuteron absorbed in the lattice of titanium. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1998. 15: p. 210 (In Chinese).

Zhang, W. X.

Zhang, W.X., Possibility of phase transitions inducing cold fusion in palladium/deuterium systems. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 82.

Zhang, W.-S.

Zhang, W.-S., X.-W. Zhang, and H.Q. Li, The maximum hydrogen (deuterium) loading ratio in the Pd|H2O(D2O) electrochemical system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997. 434: p. 31.

Based on the Volmer-Heyrovsky-Tafel mechanism, Frumkin adsorption and thermodynamic data of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption in Pd, effects of surface parameters on the hydrogen deuterium) loading ratio into Pd in the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction are discussed. There is a change of mechanism from the Volmer-Tafel route to the Volmer-Heyrovsky route when the current density rises, and there exists the maximum loading ratio at a certain current density when the symmetry factor of the Heyrovsky step is less than that of the Volmer reaction. The theoretical results fit the experimental data presented before very well; other factors that affect the loading ratio are discussed as well.

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Zhang, W.-S. and X.-W. Zhang, A numerical approach to the voltammograms of a thick plate Pd|H electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 445.

The kinetics of H sorption in a thick plate Pd|H electrode in cyclic voltammetry (CV) are studied by numerical methods and the effects of various parameters on the peak potential, peak current and hydrogen concentration are discussed. We find that the hydrogen concentration in PdH_x is much less than the equilibrium value and give a simple criterion for the existence of phases occurring during CV. The voltammetric electro-sorption of H into Pd and electro-desorption of H from Pd are controlled by the adsorption of H on Pd and diffusion of H in Pd, respectively. By comparison with the previous experimental results, it is concluded that there are two sorts of adsorption, strong and weak playing key roles in H absorption into Pd at anodic and cathodic overpotentials (vs. RHE), respectively.

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Zhang, W.-S., X.-W. Zhang, and X.G. Zhao, Voltammograms of thin layer Pd/H(D) electrodes in the coexistence of a and ß phases. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 458: p. 107.

The kinetics of a thin layer Pd H(D) electrode at the coexistence of α and β phases in cyclic voltammetry are studied and the effects of various parameters are discussed. It is found that the voltammogram of the α ↔ β phase transition is trigonal in shape which differs significantly from those for diffusion and adsorption. The kinetic characteristics of the α + β mixed region are controlled by the deviation of parameters from the thermodynamic values. These results indicate that cyclic voltammetry can be used for studying the kinetics of phase transition occurring in a layer electrode. The present treatment is verified by comparison with the previous experimental results.

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Zhang, W.-S. and Z.-L. Zhang, Effects of self-stress on the hydrogen absorption into palladium hydride electrodes of plate form under galvanostatic conditions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999. 474.

Effects of diffusion induced stress on the hydrogen absorption into plate form electrodes of β-phase PdH_x are discussed numerically based on the Volmer-Tafel route of the hydrogen evolution reaction, and thermodynamic considerations involving stress fields and non-ideal interactions of hydrogen in the electrode. It is found that the self-induced stresses enhance the absorption rate and may exceed the yield stress, especially when the thickness of the plate and/or charging current (or negative potential) increase. On the other hand, a plate with both sides exposed to electrolyte absorbs hydrogen more rapidly than that with only one side exposed to electrolyte under the same equivalent thickness and other conditions. Of course, the stresses developed in the former plate are always greater than those of the latter.

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Zhang, W.-S., et al., Numerical simulation of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption into ß-phase hydride (deuteride) palladium electrodes under galvanostatic conditions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999. 474.

The kinetics of H(D) absorption into a β-phase PdH_x (PdD_x) electrode are discussed numerically, based on the Volmer–Tafel route of the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction and thermodynamic and kinetic data of H(D) in the b-phase PdH_x (PdD_x). It is found that the asymptotic loading ratio of H(D) is determined only by the Tafel step under galvanostatic conditions. The kinetics of H(D) absorption can be characterised by a parameter  . . .

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Zhang, W.-S., X.-W. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang, Effects of self-induced stress on the steady concentration distribution of hydrogen in fcc metallic membranes during hydrogen diffusion. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 2000. 62.

Based on the thermodynamics involving the lattice expansion due to hydrogen insertion, the interaction between hydrogen atoms and the blocking effect in hydrogen diffusion, we discuss the profiles of hydrogen concentration and self-induced stress, and their interaction in the steady state during hydrogen diffusion across elastic membranes of fcc metals or alloys. Contrary to the conventional viewpoint, it is found that the selfinduced stress suppresses the departure of the concentration distribution from the linearity. The residual stress profile depends on the phase of metal-hydrogen system. However, the diffusion flux is independent of the existence and magnitude of self-stress; this conclusion means that the conventional steady-state method for measurement of the diffusion coefficient can be applied experimentally even while the self-stress effect is significant. Finally, although these results are obtained from the fcc metal-hydrogen system, our conclusions can be extended to the diffusion problem of other interstitials in solid samples.

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Zhang, W.-S., Z.-L. Zhang, and X.-W. Zhang, Effects of temperature on hydrogen absorption into palladium hydride electrodes in the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2000. 481.

On the basis of the thermokinetics of the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction and the thermodynamics of Pd+H(D) system, we analytically and numerically discuss effects of temperature on the loading ratio of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption into electrodes of β-phase PdH_x (PdD_x) under the galvanostatic charging condition. It is found that the change of the loading ratio with temperature depends on the absorption enthalpy, adsorption enthalpy and apparent activation energy of the exchange current density of the Tafel reaction. Our theoretical predictions fit the available experimental results well.

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Zhang, W.-S., Z.-L. Zhang, and X.-W. Zhang. Effects of Temperature on Loading Ratios of Hydrogen (Deuterium) in Palladium Cathodes under the Galvanostatic Conditions. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

On the basis of the thermokinetics of the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction and the thermodynamics of Pd+H(D) system, we analytically and numerically discuss effects of temperature on the loading ratio of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption into electrodes of β-phase PdHx (PdDx) under the galvanostatic charging condition. It is found that the change of the loading ratio with temperature depends on the absorption enthalpy, adsorption enthalpy and apparent activation energy of the exchange current density of the Tafel reaction. Our theoretical predictions fit the available experimental results well.

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Zhang, W.-S. and Z.-L. Zhang, Steady concentration distribution of hydrogen in elastic membranes during hydrogen diffusion. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2000. 302.

A critical discussion on non-linear steady-state concentration profiles for hydrogen diffusion in elastic metallic membranes, proposed by other authors, is provided based on mathematical analysis and numerical simulation. It is shown that the non-linear distribution is non-existent and the linear form is the only solution for the ideal solid solution phase.

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Zhang, W.-S. and Z.-L. Zhang, Effects of hydrogen self-stress in thin circular-plates with clamped edges. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2002. 346.

A description of self-stress produced by hydrogen absorption into thin metallic circular-plates with clamped edges is presented. The plate deflects when the average hydrogen content exceeds a critical value, which depends mainly on the size of the plate, if no external load is applied; the plate distortion exhibits bistable characteristics, i.e. the deflection direction may be either upward or downward. On the other hand, a plate deflects prior to hydrogen insertion while an external force is imposed on it. The self-stresses and their effects on the solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen in plates are discussed as well.

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Zhang, W.-S., Z.-L. Zhang, and X.-W. Zhang, Effects of self-induced stress in tubular membranes during hydrogen diffusion. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2002. 336.

Various effects induced by self-stress during hydrogen diffusion across metallic tabular membranes are discussed. The up-hill diffusion in the initial time of permeation, the time course of inner pressure change, the steady distributions of hydrogen concentration and residual stress in membranes, and the acceleration of permeation rate on interruption of hydrogen charging are properly interpreted.

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Zhang, W.-S., Z.-F. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang. Electrochemical effects on the resistance measurements of Pd/H electrode. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Additional resistances contributed to that of PdH_x electrode in an electrolyte using the direct current method are calculated. It is found that an electrode with a large ratio of length to radius, an active surface, a surrounding electrolyte with high conductance and high electrolysis current will induce substantial additional resistances.

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Zhang, W.-S., Z.-F. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang. Primary calorimetric results on closed Pd/D2O electrolysis systems by calvet calorimetry. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Anomalous heat absorption was observed in a closed Pd|D₂O electrolysis system by Calvet calorimetry. The average excess power was – 14.6 mW over 105 hours period, which corresponds to a volume excess power of – 10.3 W/cm³ Pd and heat absorption of 3.81 MJ/cm³ Pd or 350 eV/atom Pd.

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Zhang, W.-S., Z.-F. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang, Some problems on the resistance method in the in situ measurement of hydrogen content in palladium electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2002. 528.

Some problems on the resistance method in determining the hydrogen content in PdH_x electrodes are discussed. First, the resistivity ratio of PdH_x, the temperature coefficient of resistivity and the resistance of PdH_x, and the resistance of Pd  having undergone hydriding-dehydriding cycles are discussed. It is found that the resistivity ratio is somewhat higher than the resistance ratio with the same x value and their difference depends on the internal stress-state arising from hydrogen insertion. Another fact that has been omitted in past work is that the temperature coefficients of PdH_x resistance and resistivity increase while x > 0.7. The Pd resistance decreases with hydriding-dehydriding cycle number due to the shape deformation of the electrode, which occurs. . . .

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Zhang, W.-S., Effects of electrochemical reaction and self-stress on hydrogen diffusion in tubular membranes during galvanostatic charging. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2003. 256-357.

Based on theories of hydrogen electrode reactions at the palladium surface and self-stresses of hydrogen in thin tubular shells established earlier, we numerically calculate transport properties of hydrogen across a tubular membrane under galvanostatic charging conditions. It is found that the exited hydrogen flux is much less than the charging current since the hydrogen combination reaction takes place at the outer surface. On the other hand, the overall system is in an unstable state after a long time charging; this makes the determination of hydrogen diffusivity difficult in experiments. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained before.

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Zhang, W.-S., et al., Effects of reaction heat and self-stress on the transport of hydrogen through metallic tubes under conditions far from equilibrium. Acta Mater., 2004.

A thermokinetic model of hydrogen diffusion across a metallic tube is established. It includes the enthalpy change of the metal-hydrogen reaction, heat losses, dependences of reaction rate and hydrogen diffusion coefficient on temperature, and self-stress effects, etc. A phenomenon, the super fast diffusion of hydrogen before the up-hill diffusion and Fickian diffusion during hydrogen gas charging process, which has been found experimentally for 35 years, is presented by this model. Effects of pressures and other parameters are discussed.

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Zhang, W.-S., et al., Numerical simulation of diffusivity of hydrogen in thin tubular metallic membranes affected by self-stresses. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2004. 29.

Based on the self-stress theory for hydrogen in thin tubular shells, we numerically calculate apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of hydrogen in membranes obtained from the time-lag and half-rise methods under chemopotential- and flux-step boundary conditions. It is found that ADCs differ from the diffusion coefficient under stress-free conditions when either the initial concentration or the chemopotential-step (or flux-step) is taken to be a nonzero value. At the same time, effects of other parameters on values of ADC are discussed as well. The theoretical results are qualitatively consistent with the available experimental data. Our results indicate that a small current will give the minimum error in determining the diffusion coefficient while the initial hydrogen content is nonzero.

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Zhang, W.-S., Resistance shifts of a Pd|H electrode in measurement and electrolysis with direct currents. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2004. 571.

Some mistakes in the paper published in the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 528 (2002) 1 are corrected. The resistance changes of a Pd|H electrode caused by the co-conduction of the electrolyte, the concentration-cell effect and collection of electrolysis current in the in situ resistance measurement using direct currents are calculated analytically. Some advice is given for resistance measurements.

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Zhang, W.-S., J. Dash, and Q. Wang. Seebeck Envelope Calorimetry With A Pd/D2O+H2SO4 Electrolytic Cell. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Anomalous excess heat in Pd/D₂O+H₂SO₄ electrolytic cells was confirmed using an accurate method of heat measurement, Seebeck Envelope Calorimetry. A cell was placed in the calorimeter, which measures the output heat flux directly and avoids many of the problems other methods have. The maximum excess power thus far was 1.3 W (or 11 W cm^-3) with input power of 13 W at a current density of 0.4 A cm^-2. Calibrations were carried out before and after electrolysis experiments using a Pt/H₂O+H₂SO₄ electrolytic cell, a dummy cell with inner resistor, or a pure resistor. Different calibrations gave consistent device constants within experimental error. Pd cathodes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. Unexpected elements were observed on the sample surface after electrolysis.

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Zhang, W.-S. and J. Dash. Excess Heat Reproducibility And Evidence Of Anomalous Elements After Electrolysis In Pd/D2O+H2SO4 Electrolytic Cells. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.

Electrolyte temperature is a key factor in excess heat production using Pd|D₂O+H₂SO₄ electrolytic cells. Best results are obtained when the electrolyte temperature is close to the boiling point. Stable excess heat is generated by events on or near the Pd cathode surface. In addition to the stable excess heat, heat bursts are sometimes observed. These occurred most frequently in experiments using 2 mm diameter tubes for the cathodes. Excess heat measured by isoperibolic calorimetry is directly verified by Seebeck envelope calorimetry. Experiments with D₂SO₄ replacing H₂SO₄ in heavy water electrolyte showed that there was no affect on excess heat production. After electrolysis, localized concentrations of silver were found on Pd cathode surfaces. Three characteristic surface features, (1) craters with rims containing electroplated Pt; (2) cracks in the sample; and (3) palladium regions around the cathode edges are preferred locations for the occurrence of silver.

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Zhang, W.-S., J. Dash, and Z.-L. Zhang. Construction of a Seebeck Envelope Calorimeter and Reproducibility of Excess Heat. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.