Strackan, J. S.

Strackan, J.S., Thermoelectric Energy Conversion. 1994: US Patent #5,288,336.

Stremmenos, C.

Stremmenos, C., Fusione fredda. Un dibattito che prosegue" ("Cold fusion. A debate that continues"). Chim. Ind. (Milan), 1999. 81: p. 361 [in Italian].

Stringham, R.

Stringham, R. and R. George, Cavitation induced micro-fusion solid state production of heat, 3He, and 4He. 1995.

Stringham, R. Anomalous heat production by cavitation. in 1998 IEEE International Ultrasonic Symposium. 1998. Sendai, Japan.

Stringham, R., First gate energies. 1998.

Stringham, R., et al. Predictable and Reproducible Heat. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Stringham, R. The Cavitation Micro Accelerator. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Stringham, R. Pinched cavitation jets and fusion events. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT 
 The collapse of a transient cavitation bubble in deuteriumoxide produces a high density plasma jet containing 109 deuterons.  The inertial compression of a jet via an electron induced magnetic field pinch effect on its plasma contents produces high to even higher deuteron densities in the order of 1025 gm/cc before implanting into a foil target.  This model is parallel to the systems found in the hot plasmas of inertial systems.   During the initial period of implantation of a few picoseconds, the high density deuterons in the target lattice experience reduced coulomb repulsion due to the high density charge screening.  In this environment it is possible that some DD fusion events occur as evidenced by photos of the metal target foils and by the evidence of helium four and tritium production.   Making some basic assumptions the smallest diameter and highest population of vent sites in the target foils are produced by events in the order of 20 Mev.   When experiments were monitored there was no long range radiation detected.

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Stringham, R. Cavitation and Fusion - poster session. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Natural cavitation phenomena in D₂O using  piezo devices, is now amplified initiating DD fusion events that produce heat and helium.   We have adapted it for our use.  The transient cavitation bubble, TCB, has been harnessed to produce high densities of deuterons, 10²⁵ to 25/cc.  An electrically driven piezo device filled with D₂O produces acoustic field generating TCBs that are, in the final collapse stage, micro accelerators.  The result is the implanting of deuterons into a target foil producing ⁴He originating from the Pd foil and T from the Ti foil.  We are an emergent tangent technology to sonoluminescence, SL, technology, which we use to give us an environmental parameter probe into the bubble contents at the moment of its highest energy density.  (Much of the SL studies center on the pulses of photons coupled to the irradiating acoustic field emanating from an oscillating single stable cavitation bubble, SSCB.)[1] The generation of these photons relates to conditions for the target implantation process.  Recently we have been studying the effects of frequency on multi TCB SL conditions that produce fusion.  These experiments and the analytical methods have concentrated on the mass spectroscopy of reactor gases, calorimetry of the reactor and power supply, and the scanning electron microscope photographs of target foils [2].  The results from many experiments are pieced together to reach a plausible path for the TCB that terminates with deuterons implanting into a target with the resulting fusion events.  The use of SL for monitoring the bubble content’s high energy densities allows for reactor parameter management for fusion events in the target foil.  Studies of multi TCBs’ SL at higher temperatures (300–450şK), external pressures (10⁶–10^7.5 dynes/cm²) and frequencies (.02- 1.7 MHz) are proceeding in a search for better fusion environments.  The results of these experiments will be presented.

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Stringham, R. Cavitation and Fusion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Stringham, R. Low Mass 1.6 MHz Sonofusion Reactor. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT                                                                                                        
We are using one of the most remarkable pulsing systems that nature offers for producing transient high energy densities and I have been fortunate enough to be involved with it for over 20 years.  Over time we have increased the frequency of our piezo cavitation drivers and are now at 1.6 MHz and find that our results are the same.  Even better, the Qx /(reactor gm), the energy density, is drastically increased when compared to our 40 and 20 KHz piezo systems [1,2,3]. The cost is decreased by at least an order of magnitude and the durability is greatly increased.  All Q values in this paper are dQ/dt Joules/sec. or watts.  The systems differ in several ways because of the 40 times increase in frequency.    These 1.6 MHz systems produce more sonoluminescence, SL, and more but smaller bubbles and an energy density in the collapsing bubble system that is the same magnitude as the 40KHz systems [4,5]. . . .

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Stringham, R. Ejecta Sites and DD Fusion Events. in APS March Meeting. 2006. Baltimore, MD.

A cavitation-produced jet that implants a target foil at high impact velocities produces foil damage shown in color and SEM, scanning electron microscopy, photos. The work here dates from 1989 to 2001 and was produced in several different reactors, target foils, and frequencies. The result of high density pinched implantation of D⁺ and e^-, deuterons and electrons; plasma is a D⁺ cluster. The implant occurs in a picosecond time frame with a creation of D⁺/Pd, in a 100/1 ratio of an initially electron free D⁺ cluster with a diameter in the order of a hundred nm. The mobile e^- react with D⁺ and surround the D⁺ cluster with D. DD fusion events occurring in the transient high-density cluster produce a gamma free heat pulse. The heat pulse reaches the lattice surface in a nanosecond expelling the vapor/liquid foil and products as ejecta. The ejecta sites are easily seen in SEM photos and are counted and plotted as MeV DD fusion events. The results have been interpreted as DD fusion events that increase in energy as they decrease in frequency (counts) exponentially.

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Stringham, R. 1.6 MHz Sonofusion Measurement and Model. in American Physical Society Meeting. 2007. Denver, CO.

Years of data collected from First Gate’s various sonofusion systems gain fundamental support from recent extrapolations of hot fusion research.  Consider the velocity, 3x104m/sec, of a high density low energy jet plasma of deuterons that originates from the collapse of the TCB, transient cavitation bubble, in D₂O that implants a target foil [1 - Many ICCF & APS].  The foil generates heat via DD fusion events that produce 4He and T.  We compare our sonofusion to the jet plasma of Tokamak type plasma fusion systems with all their stability problems.  Since sonofusion is a compilation of billions single fusion events per second and not a continuous fusion system like Tokamak, Stellarator, and Jet fusion systems; a comparison gives sonofusion a decided advantage. . . .

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Stringham, R. Bubble Driven Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Stringham, R., Sonofusion, Deuterons to Helium Experiments, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 159-173.

Stringham, R. When Bubble Cavitation Becomes Sonofusion. in 237rd ACS National Meeting. 2009. Salt Lake City.

Experimentally, heat and ⁴He are the fusion products of sonofusion (SF). SF controls a naturally occurring phenomenon with cavitation-induced bubbles and their high energy density transferred to transient jets that implant deuteron clusters into a matrix or lattice. The SF path to clusters can be extrapolated from high-density experiments of inertial confined fusion, ICF, Bose Einstein Condensates, BEC, muon fusion, MF, and astrophysical phenomena, to explain our ejecta sites, Qx, ⁴He, and no measureable long-range radiation results. The fusion events emanate from deuteron clusters implanted into target foils. Clusters are squeezed and cooled via electromagnetic, EM, compression pressures and evaporative cooling of cluster surface deuterons producing the fusion environment. Evidence of these cluster fusion events is found in the millions of target foil ejecta sites in SF target foils.

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Stritzker, B.

Stritzker, B. and J. Becker, Superconductivity in Metastable Pd-Alloys Produced by Ion Implantation at Low Temperatures. Phys. Lett. A, 1975. 51: p. 147.

Stroka, A.

Stroka, A., B. Baranowski, and S.M. Filipek, Search for 3He and 4He in Pd-D2 system long term cumulation experiment in high pressure. Pol. J. Chem., 1993. 67: p. 353.

Stuhr, U.

Stuhr, U., et al., An investigation of hydrogen diffusion in nanocrystalline Pd by neutron spectroscopy. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 393.

Stukan, P. A.

Stukan, P.A., Y.M. Rumyantsev, and A.V. Shishkov, Generation of hard radiation and accumulation of tritium during electrolysis of heavy water. High Energy Chem., 1993. 27: p. 461.

Stukan, R. A.

Stukan, R.A. and Y.M. Rumyantsev, Effect of tritium on the generation of hard radiation in the electrolysis of D2O with a palladium cathode (T-D cold fusion reactions). High Energy Chem., 1996. 30: p. 343.

Stulen, R. H.

Stulen, R.H., Summary Abstract: Observation of Molecular H2 and D2 on Pd and Ag Using Thermal Desorption Between 5 and 20 K. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1988. 6: p. 776.

Sugai, H.

Sugai, H., M. Tanase, and M. Yahagi, Release of tritium, protium, and helium from neutron-irradiated Li-Al alloy. II. J. Nuclear Mater., 1998. 254(2/3): p. 151.

Sugakov, V. I.

Sugakov, V.I., Conditions for inducing, dynamics and manifestation of atom acceleration in nonequilibrium crystals. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1996. 41: p. 834 (Ukrainian).

Sugiura, H.

Sugiura, H. and E. Yamaguchi. Calorimetric Analysis of the Excess Heat Generated from Pd:D and Pd:H by the 'In-vacuo' Method. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Sullivan, D. L.

Sullivan, D.L., Exclusionary epideictic: NOVA's narrative excommunication of Fleischmann and Pons. Sci., Technol. Human Values, 1994. 19: p. 283.

Sun, D. L.

Sun, D.L., et al., A study of existing forms of deuterium in palladium by positron lifetime spectroscopy. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1992. 37: p. 1073.

Sun, D.L., et al., An explanation for the abnormal temperature rise of palladium cathode during electrochemical deuterium charging. Science in China A, 1993. 36: p. 1501.

Sun, Y.

Sun, Y., Q.D. Yang, and Q.F. Zhang, Application of real time surveillance technique to precision calorimetry system. Sichuan Lianhe Daxue Xuebao, Gongcheng Kexueban (J. Sichuan Union Univ., Eng. Sci. Ed.), 1999. 3(6): p. 119 [in Chinese].

Sun, Z.

Sun, Z. and D. Tomanek, Cold fusion: how close can deuterium atoms come inside palladium? Phys. Rev. Lett., 1989. 63(1): p. 59.

Sundaresan, R.

Sundaresan, R. and J. Bockris, Anomalous Reactions During Arcing Between Carbon Rods in Water. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 261.

Sunden, O.

Sunden, O. Centripelal de Broglie Wave Fields Connected to Particles at Rest Explain Cold Fusion and Particle-Wave-Duality. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Sundqvist, B. U. R.

Sundqvist, B.U.R., et al., On the observation of charged particles in cold fusion. Phys. Scr., 1989. 40: p. 303.

Swartz, M. R.

Swartz, M.R., Quasi-one-dimensional model of electrochemical loading of isotopic fuel into a metal. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 296.

Swartz, M.R. A Method to Improve Algorithms Used to Detect Steady State Excess Enthalpy. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Swartz, M.R. Some Lessons From Optical Examination of the PFC Phase-II Calorimetric Curves. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Swartz, M.R. Generalized Isotopic Fuel Loading Equations. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Swartz, M.R., Isotopic Fuel Loading Coupled to Reactions at an Electrode. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 74.

Swartz, M.R., Experiments Using Nickel Cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 68.

Swartz, M.R., Four Definitions of Power Ratio used to Describe Excess Enthalpy in Solid-State Loading Systems. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 54.

Swartz, M.R., Hydrogen Redistribution by Catastrophic Desorption in Selected Transition Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 26.

Swartz, M.R., Improved calculations involving energy release using a buoyancy transport correction. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 219.

Swartz, M.R., Possible deuterium production from light water excess enthalpy experiments using nickel cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 68.

Swartz, M.R., Potential for positional variations in flow calorimetric systems. 1996.

Swartz, M.R., The Relationship between Input Power and Enthalpic Behavior of Nickel Cathodes During Light Water Electrolysis. 1996.

Swartz, M.R., The Relative Impact of Thermal Stratification of the Air Surrounding a Calorimeter. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 141.

Swartz, M.R., Codeposition of palladium and deuterium. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 126.

Swartz, M.R., Consistency of the biphasic nature of excess enthalpy in solid-state anomalous phenomena with the quasi-one-dimensional model of isotope loading into a material. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 63.

Swartz, M.R., Explanation for Some Difference Between Reports of Excess Heat in Solid State Fusion Experiments. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(1): p. 60.

Swartz, M.R., Noise Measurement in Cold Fusion Systems. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 56.

Swartz, M.R., Phusons in nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 228.

Swartz, M.R. Optimal Operating Point Characteristics of Nickel Light Water Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Swartz, M.R., The Importance of Controlling Zero-Input Electrical Power Offset. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 14.

Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner, Bremsstrahlung in Hot and Cold Fusion. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 90-101.

Swartz, M.R., Further confirmation of optimal operating point behavior. 1999.

Swartz, M.R., Generality of Optimal Operating Point Behavior in Low Energy Nuclear Systems. J. New Energy, 1999. 4(2): p. 218-228.

Swartz, M.R., et al. Importance of nondimensional numbers in cold fusion. in Symposium on New Energy. 1999. Salt Lake City, UT.

Swartz, M.R., Optimal Operating Point Analysis of Dr. Mizuno's, Dr. Arata's and Other Data. 1999.

Swartz, M.R., Patterns of success in research involving low energy nuclear reactions- A metanalysis. 1999.

Swartz, M.R., Summary of the seventh international conference on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 99.

Swartz, M.R., G.M. Verner, and A.H. Frank. The impact of heavy water (D2O) on nickel-light water cold fusion systems. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner. Excess Heat from Low Electrical Conductivity Heavy Water Spiral-Wound Pd/D2O/Pt and Pd/D2O-PdCl2/Pt Devices. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: in print.

Swartz, M.R. Photoinduced Excess Heat from Laser-Irradiated Electrically-Polarized Palladium Cathodes in D2O. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: in print.

Swartz, M.R. and L. Forsley. Analysis of "Superwave-as-Transitory-OOP-Peak" Hypothesis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. Electrical Breakeven from LANR Phusor Device Systems: Relative Limitations of Thermal Loss in Feedback Loop. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. Excess Power Gain using High Impedance and Codepositional LANR Devices Monitored by Calorimetry, Heat Flow, and Paired Stirling Engines. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R., G.M. Verner, and A. Weinberg. Non-Thermal Near-IR Emission from High Impedance and Codeposition LANR Devices. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. Optimal Operating Point Manifolds in Active, Loaded Palladium Linked to Three Distinct Physical Regions. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner. The Phusor LANR Cathode is a Metamaterial which Creates Deuteron Flux for Excess Power Gain. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Switendick, A. C.

Switendick, A.C., Electronic structure and stability of palladium hydrogen (deuterium) systems, PdH(D)n, 1*n*3. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 1363.

Szalewicz, K.

Szalewicz, K., J.D. Morgan, and H.J. Monkhurst, Fusion rates for hydrogen isotopic molecules of relevance for 'cold fusion'. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. 2824.

Szeflinski, Z.

Szeflinski, Z., et al., Upper limit of neutron emission from the chemical reaction of LiD with heavy water. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 168: p. 83.

Szklarczyk, M.

Szklarczyk, M., R.C. Kainthla, and J. Bockris, On the Dielectric Breakdown of Water: An Electrochemical Approach. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1989. 136: p. 2512.

Szpak, S.

Szpak, S., et al., Electrochemical charging of Pd rods. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 309: p. 273.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 A model describing the electrochemical charging of Pd rods is presented. The essential feature of this model is the coupling of the interfacial processes with the transport of interstitials in the electrode interior. It is shown that boundary conditions arise from the solution of equations governing the elementary adsorption–desorption and adsorption–absorption steps and the symmetry of the electrode. Effects of the choice of rate constants of the elementary steps and the charging current on the surface coverage, the electrode potential and the time required to complete electrode charging are examined.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 302: p. 255.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Recently, Fleischmann et al. [1] reported that nuclear events can occur when deuterium is electrochemically compressed within the Pd–lattice. These events were reported to produce excess enthalpy, tritium, and neutrons. The exact nature of these events and the conditions leading to their initiation are poorly understood. In fact, the existence of such events is questioned by many [2]. The present position among those investigating this problem [3] is as follows: enthalpy production is a non–steady state process whose rate depends on the nature of the electrode material; however, the observed steady state production arises from an averaging of small perturbations. Nuclear events are believed to occur on the electrode surface as well as within the electrode interior.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Reliable Procedure for the Initiation of the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Statistics on the initiation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect are rather poor. Reports presented at the First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion have indicated that, at best, only ca 1/10 of all attempts were successful in either producing excess enthalpy or yielding products associated with nuclear reactions. Here, we show that the Fleischmann-Pons effect can be reproducibly and rapidly initiated by employing electrodes prepared by electrodeposition from Pd2+ salts in the presence of evolving deuterium. The effectiveness of this procedure is examined in terms of tritium production.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and S.R. Scharber, Charging of the Pd/(n)H system: role of the interphase. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 337: p. 147.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 The dynamics of transport of electrochemically generated deuterium across the electrode/electrolyte interphase was examined by slow scan (10 mV s-1) voltammetry. The investigation covers the potential range –1.2 to +0.4 V measured vs. an Ag/AgCl reference. It was found that a coupled, twolayer model of the interphase describes the observed behavior as a function of scan rate and electrolyte composition. The effect of chemisorbing species, e.g. CN- ions, as well as reactive species, e.g. SC(NH_)2, on the transport across the interphase is also discussed. Results are contrasted with those obtained for light water.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Comments on Methodology of Excess Tritium Determination. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Three methods of tritium data analysis are considered—comparison between experimental and theoretical data, total mass balance and curve-fitting.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and C.J. Gabriel, Absorption of deuterium in palladium rods: Model vs. experiment. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 365: p. 275.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 The electrochemical charging of Pd rods by deuterium involves a complex coupling of electrochemical, interfacial and transport processes. In order to predict the overpotential, surface coverage and bulk loading of the electrode during charging, a model has been developed that incorporates the essential features of these processes and involves variables such as the electrochemical rate constants, the bulk diffusion coefficient and the charging current. Features of the computed time dependence of the bulk loading are then compared with published experimental charging curves. New microscopic observations and X-ray diffraction data provide further evidence for the details of the charging process.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and R.D. Boss, Comments on the analysis of tritium content in electrochemical cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 373: p. 1.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 INTRODUCTION
Following the report by Fleischmann and Pons [1] in 1989 that nuclear events, including the production of tritium, can be initiated in electrochemical cells during the electrolysis of heavy water on Pd cathodes, tritium production has been claimed in a number of publications, a list of which was compiled by Storms [2] and more recently reviewed by Chien et al. [3]. However, substantial difficulties have been encountered in reproducing reported data and considerable controversy remains concerning the occurrence of such events, including tritium production.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, Deuterium uptake during Pd-D codeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 379: p. 121.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
The mode of deuterium uptake during Pd–D co–deposition has been explored using galvanostatic perturbation techniques. The resultant potential relaxation curves exhibit four distinct potential—time intervals where the relaxation process is controlled by the interaction between the transport of deuterium from the lattice to the surface to form adsorbed deuterium and the reduction of palladium from solution. These interactions are discussed in terms of the palladium + electrolyte interphase.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.

This report includes an introduction and a number of reprinted papers. The papers are also available as individual files in this library.
  INTRODUCTION
These introductory remarks illustrate the controversial climate that existed when the NRaD program investigated the anomalous effects the Pd/D system exhibited. These effects included, among others, excess enthalpy production at rates exceeding those usually associated with chemical reactions. The controversy concerns the origin of the observed excess enthalpy which, according to Fleischmann and Pons, is due to room temperature nuclear events involving deuterons present within the Pd lattice, hence, the term cold fusion. To avoid unnecessary arguments, this report refers to the phenomenon as the Fleishmann-Pons (FP) effect.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Calorimetry of Open Electrolysis Cells. 1995, Naval Control, Command and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
A special case of calorimetry of open electrochemical cells, that employing adiabatic enclosures, is examined. Conditions for an experimental realization of such enclosures is discussed in detail. Practical arrangement and method for data collection are presented.

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Szpak, S., et al., Cyclic voltammetry of Pd + D codeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 380: p. 1.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
Processes associated with the Pd + D alloy codeposition are examined by cyclic voltammetry. The voltammograms cover the potential range: +0.3 to –1.3 V (measured against an Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat) reference) and indicate that the partial current due to the Pd2+ ion reduction is diffusion limited at slow scan rates. Except for the significant increase in cathodic currents due to D2O reduction at ca. –0.25 V which occurs on a freshly generated Pd surface, the shapes of the voltammograms marginally differ from those recorded in the absence of Pd2+ ions in the electrolyte phase. A discussion of the dynamics of the interphase is presented.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Nuclear and Thermal Events Associated with Pd + D Codeposition. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 54.

ABSTRACT
 In the Pd+D codeposition process, palladium is electrodeposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. This process favors the initiation and propagation of nuclear and thermal events through a rapid absorption of deuterium to yield high D/Pd atomic ratios. This process results in the formation of non-equilibrium electrode structures that become the seat for localized gradients. Evidence for tritium production, X-ray emanation and generation of localized heat sources, with emphasis on experimental methodology, is provided. The active role of the electrode/electrolyte interphase in the development of these events is examined.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: a response to Vigier's comments. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 221: p. 141.

Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: Search for emanating radiation. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 210: p. 382.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Evidence for the emission of low intensity X-rays during cathodic polarization of the Pd/D system(s) is presented. The Pd/D system was prepared by charging with electrochemically generated deuterium both, palladium foil and paliadium electrodeposited from D2O electrolytes. Experimental and analytical procedures are described in detail.

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Szpak, S., et al., On the behavior of the Pd/D system: Evidence for tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 38.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Evidence for tritium production in the Pd/D system under cathodic polarization is presented. A comparison of the observed distribution and that calculated, based upon the conservation of mass, leads to the conclusion that tritium is produced sporadically at an estimated rate of ca 103–104 atoms per second. The results of several runs are interpreted by employing the concept of an electrode/electrolyte interphase and the accepted kinetics of hydrogen evolution. Observation of burst-like events followed by longer periods of inactivity yield poor reproducibility when distributions are averaged over the total time of electrolysis.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, On the release of n/1H from cathodically polarized palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 273.

Release paths for tritium produced during electrochemical compression of deuterium in a Pd lattice are examined. Arguments in support of the reversal of diffusion caused by gas evolution on the electrode surface are presented.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and M. Miles, Calorimetry of the Pd+D codeposition. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 234.

Thermal activities associated with electrochemical compression of deuterium produced on electrodes prepared by Pd D codeposition are discussed. Three cases are considered: activities during and shortly after commencement of current flow, those observed during runs of several days duration, and surface temperature distribution recorded by infrared scanning. Experimental results show excellent reproducibility, high-power outputs, and the development of thermal instabilities resulting in the formation of local hot spots.

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Szpak, S., et al. Polarized D+/Pd-D2O System: Hot Spots and "Mini-Explosions" (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

we have pioneered the use of co-deposition as the means to prepare the electrode to investigate the F-P effect and have conducted several hundred experiments using this basic technique over the past 13+ years.
 We co-deposited onto a Ni mesh that was physically placed close to a mylar film, covering a hole in the cell wall.  An IR camera was positioned to focus on the electrode and recordings were made during and after the co-deposition process to monitor the temperature of the electrode and the surrounding solution.

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Szpak, S., et al. Polarized D+/Pd-D2O System: Hot Spots and “Mini-Explosions”. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
 Two types of activities occurring within the polarized D+/Pd–D2O system, viz.
the presence of localized heat sources (hot spots) and associated with them mini–
explosions, are described. The “birth and death” of hot spots is monitored by IR
imaging while the mini–explosions are displayed by the voltage spikes exhibited
by a piezoelectric substrate onto which a Pd/D film was co–deposited. Processes
leading to the formation of unstable domains as a precursor to the observed
behavior is examined.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Precursors And The Fusion Reactions In Polarised Pd/D-D2O System: Effect Of An External Electric Field (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

PowerPoint presentation for the paper of the same title.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Precursors And The Fusion Reactions In Polarised Pd/D-D2O System: Effect Of An External Electric Field. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

The effect of an external electric field on the physical appearance of the Pd/D electrode in an operating cell is discussed. It is shown that the individual globules of the "cauliflower-like structure undergo a shape change exhibiting two distinct features, viz those that require energy expenditure that can be extracted from the applied external field (eg re-orientation, separation of individual globules, dendrite formation) and those that require energy expenditure far in excess of one that can be supplied by the electric field alone (eg exhibiting features usually associated with the solidification of a molten metal under liquid or the presence of localized catastrophic events leading to the formation of craters). It is shown, by energydispersive X-ray method, that the needed energy is provided by nuclear events occurring in the region close to the electrode surface. The nuclear events are of the type: precursor --> unstable nucleus --> stable nucleus.

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Szpak, S., et al., Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition. Thermochim. Acta, 2004. 410: p. 101.

Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrode, prepared by the co-deposition technique, serving as a cathode in the Dewar-type electrochemical cell/calorimeter is examined. It is shown that: (i) excess enthalpy is generated during and after the completion of the co-deposition process; (ii) rates of excess enthalpy generation are somewhat higher than when Pd wires or other forms of Pd electrodes are used; (iii) positive feedback and heat-after-death effects were observed; and (iv) rates of excess power generation were found to increase with an increase in both cell current and cell temperature, the latter being higher.

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Szpak, S., et al., Evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice. Naturwiss., 2005. 92(8): p. 394-397.

An operating Pd//D₂O, Li⁺, Cl^-//Pt cell, placed in an external electrostatic field, yielded unexpected results, viz. (i) Morphological changes in the form of discrete sites exhibiting molten-like features, i.e. features that require substantial energy expenditure. (ii) Presence of elements (Al, Mg, Ca, Si, Zn, . . .) that could not be extracted from cell components and deposited on discrete sites. The cell design and the experimental protocol assuring reproducibility is described in detail.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Experimental Evidence for LENR in a Polarized Pd/D Lattice (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

Recent experiments at the U.S. Navy San Diego SPAWAR Systems Center have demonstrated nuclear effects with palladium co-deposition cathodes subjected to magnetic or high voltage fields. CR-39 is used to detect high energy particles. It is placed in close proximity to the cathode because the particles do not travel far. These experiments appear to be highly reproducible.

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Szpak, S., et al., The effect of an external electric field on surface morphology of co-deposited Pd/D films. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2005. 580: p. 284-290.

The polarized PdD electrode undergoes significant morphological changes when exposed to an external electric field. These changes range from minor, e.g. re-orientation and/or separation of weakly connected globules, through forms that result from a combined action of the field as well as that connected with the evolution of gaseous deuterium, to shapes that require substantial energy expenditure.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Experimental Evidence for LENR in a Polarized Pd/D Lattice. in NDIA 2006. 2006. Washington, DC.

Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon, Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice: emission of charged particles. Naturwiss., 2007. DOI 10.1007.

Abstract
 
Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D₂O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report, we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D₂O system.

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Szpak, S., et al. LENR Research Using Co-Deposition. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include tritium and the emission of γ- and X-rays, neutrons, and energetic particles. This communication summarizes 19 years of LENR research that has focused on the Pd/D co-deposition process.

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Szpak, S., et al. SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific Pd:D Co-Deposition Research: Overview of Refereed LENR Publications in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Scientists at the US Navy SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific (SSC-Pacific), and its predecessors, have had extraordinary success in publishing LENR papers in peer-reviewed journals. This success hasn’t come easily and is due to several factors. One key reason for this success was the courage of the SSC-Pacific upper management in allowing scientists to conduct research and publish results in a controversial field. The few journal editors, who had the fortitude to consider our work, also contributed to this success. This contrasts with the majority of their peers who, taking the path of least resistance, ignored our work out of hand and returned manuscripts with, ‘the subject matter is not in the purview of the journal’. The reviewers also played a role in the successful publication of LENR-related papers. A multitude of reviewers, many outside the LENR field, had to put aside their biases and look objectively at our data.  In turn, the reviewers’ relentless concerns forced us to tenaciously address their issues. Ultimately, the SSC-Pacific team published 21 refereed papers in seven journals and a book chapter, spanning 19 years beginning in 1989. This paper is a brief synopsis of those publications.

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Tabet, E.

Tabet, E. and A. Tenenbaum, A dynamical model for cold fusion in deuterated palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 143.

Tabet, E. and A. Tenenbaum. Nuclear Effects in the Collapsing Lattice Model for Deuterated Palladium: New Results. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Tabet, E. and A. Tenenbaum, Nuclear reactions from lattice collapse in a cold fusion model. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 144(6,7): p. 301.

Tachikawa, E.

Tachikawa, E., Outline of room temperature nuclear fusion. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 11 (in Japanese).

Tajima, T.

Tajima, T., H. Iyetomi, and S. Ichimaru, Influence of attractive interaction between deuterons in Pd on nuclear fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 437.

Takagi, R.

Takagi, R., et al., Neutron emission during a long-term electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2135.

Takagi, R., et al., Neutron Emission During a Long-Term Electrolysis of Heavy Water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2135.

Takaharu, G.

Takaharu, G., et al., Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion. 1990: European Patent Application, 90107987.1.

Takahashi, A.

Takahashi, A., Opening possibility of deuteron-catalyzed cascade fusion channel in PdD under D2O electrolysis. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1989. 26(5): p. 558.

Takahashi, A., et al., Emission of 2.45 MeV and higher energy neutrons from D2O-Pd cell under biased-pulse electrolysis. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27: p. 663.

Takahashi, A., et al. Neutron Spectra from D2O-Pd Cells with Pulsed Electrolysis. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Takahashi, A., et al., Short Note : Emission of 2.45 MeV and Higher Energy Neutrons from D2O-Pd Cell Under Biased-Pulse Electrolysis. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27: p. 663.

Takahashi, A., et al. Neutron Spectra and Controllability by PdD/electrolysis Cell With Low-High Current Pulse Operation. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Takahashi, A., et al., Windows of cold nuclear fusion and pulsed electrolysis experiments. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 380.

Takahashi, A., et al. Anomalous Excess Heat by D2O/Pd Cell Under L-H Mode Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT
 A Pd sheet cathode centered within a Pt-wired anode in D₂O/LiOD electrolyte was used with the L-H mode pulse operation.  Anomalously large excess heat (32 watts in average for 2 months, 100 - 130 watts at peaks and averaged output/input power ratio 1.7) was once observed, associated with very low neutron emission (~1 n/s). To investigate the reproducibility of this experiment, a second experiment with minor changes in cell design was undertaken for 4 months. We reproduced excess heat, however at much smaller levels (8 watts on average and 15 watts at peak), but with neutron emission rates that were twice as large as measured previously. Possible changes in the conditions of the two experiments are discussed; i.e., cell voltages and over-potentials, formation of thin MOS film on the Pd cathode surface and a mechanism enhancing the D/Pd ratio. Excess power density per cm² of cathode surface showed systematic change as a function of surface current density. This trend is consistent with results from many other authors.

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Takahashi, A., Cold fusion research: Recent progress. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1992. 68(4): p. 360 (in Japanese).

Takahashi, A., et al., Excess heat and nuclear products by D2O/Pd electrolysis and multibody fusion. Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mater., 1992. 3: p. 221.

An excess heat of 100 W/cc level, 1.7 times the input power in average, and 160 MJ in total was observed for about two months by the L-H mode pulse electrolysis of a D₂O/Pd cell with plane-symmetric configuration of D-loading into the Pd cathode. Very weak neutron emission was detected to show an inversely proportional correlation to the excess heat variation. To explain the observed anomalous results including our past results, the theoretical model of competing multibody deuteron fusions in transient PdD_x lattice has been extended. It can explain most experimental results. Cold fusion may be the multibody fusion of hydrogen isotopes in the metal lattice.

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Takahashi, A. Nuclear Products by D2O/Pd Electrolysis and Multibody Fusion. in Int. Symp. Nonlinear Phenom. in Electromagnetic Fields. 1992. ISEM-Nagoya,.

Takahashi, A., Cold fusion research: present status. Koon Gakkaishi, 1993. 19(5): p. 179 (in Japanese).

Takahashi, A., Production of neutron, tritium and excess heat. Oyo Butsuri, 1993. 62: p. 707 (In Japanese).

Takahashi, A., Some Considerations of Multibody Fusion in Metal-Deuterides. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 451.

Takahashi, A., et al. Experimental Correlation Between Excess Heat and Nuclear Products. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Takahashi, A., et al., Multibody fusion model to explain experimental results. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 71.

Takahashi, A., Recent results and activities on the new hydrogen energy ("cold fusion"). Suiso Enerugi Shisutemu, 1996. 21: p. 39 (in Japanese).

Takahashi, A., et al., Anomalous enhancement of three-body deuteron fusion in titanium-deuteride with low-energy D+ beam implantation. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 256.

Takahashi, A., et al., Experimental study on correlation between excess heat and nuclear products by D2O/Pd electrolysis. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 4.

Takahashi, A. Results of Experimental Studies of Excess Heat vs Nuclear Products Correlation and Conceivable Reaction Model. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Takahashi, A., et al., Detection of three-body deuteron fusion in titanium deuteride under the stimulation by a deuteron beam. Phys. Lett. A, 1999. 255: p. 89.

Takahashi, A., M. Ohta, and T. Mizuno. A Model Analysis on Low-Energy Photo-Fusion of Pd Isotopes Under Dynamic Conditions of PdH(D)x. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Takahashi, A., Production of Stable Isotopes by Selective Channel Photofission of Pd. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2001. 40(12): p. 7031-7046.

A conservative modeling and analysis were attempted to explain the presence of nonradioactive fission-like products with nonnatural isotopic ratios observed in some D₂O/Pd electrolysis experiments. The collective deformation of a Pd nucleus by multiphoton E1 resonance absorption in a dynamic PdD_x lattice was assumed to induce low-energy photofissions via the selective scission channels within the lowest band (11–20 MeV) of channel-dependent fission barriers. Values of channel dependent fission barriers were calculated by using liquid drop model potentials for Pd isotopes. Fission products were analyzed in detail. Major fission products (FPs) are stable isotopes and the isotopic ratios of FP elements are very different from those of natural abundances. The present theoretical results have shown good agreement with the experimental data of Mizuno et al. [Denki Kagaku 64 (1996) 1660] and others in terms of Z-distribution, mass distribution and isotopic ratios. Selective channel photofissions with positive Q-values are possible for A > 90 nuclei, which may provide us with a clean method for the incineration for the radio isotope (RI) waste of nuclear plants.

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Takahashi, A. Drastic Enhancement Of Deuteron-Cluster Fusion By Transient Electronic Quasi-Particle Screening. in JCF4. 2002. Morioka, Japan: Unpublished.

Takahashi, A. Mass-8-and-Charge-4 Increased Transmutation by Octahedral Resonance Fusion Model. in JCF-4. 2002. Morioka, Japan.

Takahashi, A. Tetrahedral And Octahedral Resonance Fusion Under Transient Condensation Of Deuterons At Lattice Focal Points. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

To attempt to explain the very strange claim of observation by Mitsubishi group on the mass-8-and-charge-4-transferred (increased) transmutation (Mo-96 or Pr-141) out of sample zone of Sr-88 or Cs-133 in the D-diffusion type experiment with multi-layered Pd plate, our multi-body deuteron fusion model in transient lattice focal points has been extended to hypothesize the occurrence of 4D tetrahedral and 8D octahedral resonance fusion. High energy Be-8 particles by 8D fusion can induce selectively capture process to form mass-8-and-charge-4-increased transmutation out of Sr-88 or Cs-133 near PdDx lattice.

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Takahashi, A. Mechanism Of Deuteron Cluster Fusion By EQPET Model. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The present paper makes deepened modeling for the mechanism of transient Bose-type condensation for 4D and 8D clusters with electrons from Pd 4d-shell in PdDx lattice dynamics. Formation of quadruplet e*(4,4) electronic quasi-particle and octal-coupling e*(8,8) around lattice focal points with D-clusters which realize super screening for d-d and d-cluster Coulomb barrier is modeled for tetrahedral and octahedral symmetric condensations and discussed. Based on the electronic quasi-particle expansion theory (EQPET), modal fusion rates which are composed of 2D, 3D, 4D and 8D fusion rates with characteristic values for each mode are estimated for the tetrahedral and octahedral symmetric condensations. Based on given modal fusion rates we can estimate macroscopic cluster fusion rates (f/s/cc) by knowing time-averaged values of D-cluster densities. Several to few hundreds w/cc level fusion rates for 4D and 8D can be foreseen with major ash of ⁴He and a variety of secondary transmutation reactions, and neutron production rate by 2D fusion will be with 10-12 orders smaller magnitude than that of ⁴He production. Neutrons are therefore hardly visible in deuteron cluster fusion in condensed matter.

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Takahashi, A. Studies on 3D Fusion Reactions in TiDx under Ion Beam Implantation (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ICCF-10 PowerPoint presentation.

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Takahashi, A., et al. Studies on 3D Fusion Reactions in TiDx under Ion Beam Implantation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

With certain conditions for target-samples and beams, we could have identified specific particles (e.g., 4.75MeV tritons and 3He-particles, and 15.9 MeV deuterons) from 3D fusion reactions with yield ratios [3D]/[2D] to be in the order of 1E-4 to 1E-3, in contrary to the calculated [3D]/[2D] yield ratio of 1E-30 by the conventional random nuclear reaction theory2,3). The increasing trend of yield ratios in lower energy region than 100 keV for deuteron4), suggests that the enhanced 3D reactions were not attributed to the direct reactions with incident d-beam, but to the indirect 3D fusion out of the slowing down range of the beam.

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Takahashi, A. Theoretical Background for Transmutation Reactions (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Presented during Short Course on Cold Fusion, ICCF-10.

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Takahashi, A. 3He/4He Production Ratios By Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

The present paper treats application of the EQPET (Electronic Quasi-Particle Expansion Theory) model for TSC (Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate) of H/D mixed systems for Pd host metal. Production ratios of 3He/4He for multi-body fusion reactions in H/D mixed TSC systems are calculated as a function of H/D mixing rate. The model is further extended to treat direct nuclear interactions between host-metal nucleus and TSC of pure 4 protons (or 4 deuterons), since TSC can become very small (far less than 1 pm radius) charge-neutral pseudo-particle. Results for the case of Ni + 4p/TSC are discussed with Ni + p capture reactions and Ni + 4p fission reactions.

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Takahashi, A. A Theoretical Summary of Condensed Matter Nuclear Effects. in Siena Workshop on Anomalies in Metal-D/H Systems. 2005. Siena, Italy.

Key experimental results are compared with the results of EQPET/TSC models. Screening energy for d-d pair by theory is 360 eV and is comparable with 310 eV by Kasagi experiment for PdDx. Helium-4 production with scarce neutron is modeled by strong 4D fusion of minimum state 4d/TSC reaction. Maximum level of 4d/TSC fusion is 46 MW/cc-Pd and 23 keV/Pd, comparable to 24.8 keV/Pd by El Boher experiment. Transmutation with mass-8 and charge-4 increase is explained by 4d/TSC + host metal reactions. Fission-like products by Ni-H systems are in agreement with fission products of 4p/TSC + nickel nuclear reactions.

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Takahashi, A. Condensed Matter Nuclear Effects. in International Meeting on Frontier of Physics. 2005. Kuala Lumpur.

Under the conditions of cold fusion in PdD, the predominant reactions would be d+d-->(4)He* and (4)He*+d-->(6)Li*-->(4)He+d+23.8MeV. This cascade would explain the FPH results, giving fusion rates of up to 1E-13 f/s per D atom.

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Takahashi, A. Fusion Rate Formulas for Bosonized Condensates (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Takahashi, A. Main Scenarios of CMN-Effects (PowerPoint slides). in Sixth International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium-Loaded Metals. 2005. Siena, Italy.

Takahashi, A. Progress In Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Takahashi, A. Progress In Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Takahashi, A., F. Celani, and Y. Iwamura. The Italy-Japan Project -- Fundamental Research on Cold Transmutation Process for Treatment of Nuclear Wastes (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Takahashi, A., F. Celani, and Y. Iwamura. The Italy-Japan Project -- Fundamental Research on Cold Transmutation Process for Treatment of Nuclear Wastes. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Takahashi, A. Time-Dependent EQPET Analysis of TSC (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Takahashi, A. Time-Dependent EQPET Analysis of TSC. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Takahashi, A., Jyouon kakuyuugou 2006 - gyoushuukei kagaku e no tenkai (Cold fusion 2006 - progress in condensed matter nuclear science). 2006.

Takahashi, A. and N. Yabuuchi. D-Cluster Dynamics and Fusion Rate by Langevin Equation. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Takahashi, A. Deuterons-to-4He Channels (PowerPoint slides). in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.

Outline
* Two-Body d + d fusion and Out-Going Channels
* Third Interaction to d + d strong force for Changing Out-Going Channels
* D-Cluster Fusion to Produce 4He

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Takahashi, A. Dynamic Mechanism of TSC Condensation Motion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

This paper gives further discussions and explanations on the time-dependent quantum-mechanical behaviors of electron-clouds in 4D/TSC condensation motion by Langevin equation, in comparison with steady ground state electron orbits and their de Broglie wave lengths for D-atom and D₂ molecule.

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Takahashi, A. and N. Yabuuchi, Study on 4D/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate Condensation Motion by Non-Linear Langevin Equation, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 57-83.

Takahashi, A., et al. Deuterium Gas Charging Experiments with Pd Powders for Excess Heat Evolution (II) Discussions on Experimental Results and Underlying Physics. in The 9th Meeting of Japan CF-Research Society. 2009. Shizuoka, Japan.

Experimental results obtained for Pd/PdO/ZrO2 nano-composite samples are summarized and the underlying physics is discussed. Arata-Zhang’s May 2008 excess heat result was replicated quantitatively. Using Pd/PdO/ZrO2 powders (produced by Santoku Co., Kobe Japan), we obtained: 1) D-gas charge in the first phase (zero pressure interval) gave 20~90% excess heat than H-gas charge. 2) In the second phase of pressure rise, significant excess heat (about 2 kJ/g-Pd) for D-gas charge was observed, while near zero level excess heat for H-gas charge was observed. We discuss the underlying surface and nano-particle physics in views of the enhanced surface adsorption potential by fractal sub-nano-scale trapping points on nano-Pd particle, the diffusion to inner shallower Bloch potential of regular Pd lattice, and the drastic mesoscopic and isotopic effect of surface and lattice rearrangement of nano-Pd particle by full D(H)-absorption to make deeper D(H) trapping potentials of surface adsorption (about 2 eV for D) and intermediate surface state trapping.

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Takahashi, A., Dynamic Mechanism of TSC Condensation Motion. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.

This paper discusses and explains the time-dependent quantum-mechanical behavior of electron-clouds in 4D/TSC (tetrahedral symmetric condensate) condensation motion by the Langevin equation, in comparison with steady ground state electron orbits and their de Broglie wave lengths for the D-atom and D₂ molecule. An electron orbit in a “d–e–d–e” quasi-molecular system of a face of 4D/TSC under time-dependent condensation makes a spiral track, finally reaching the center-of-mass point of the TSC, with a tail of time-varying effective wave length. The role and merit of the heavy mass electronic quasi-particle expansion theory (HMEQPET) method for approximating time-dependent TSC trapping potential and relating it to the estimation of time-dependent Coulomb barrier penetration probabilities of a 4D cluster is explained.

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Takahashi, A., The Basics of Deuteron-Cluster Dynamics as Shown by a Langevin Equation, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 193-217.

Takahashi, H.

Takahashi, H., Dynamical screening of potential by mobile deuteron and fusion rate of accelerated deuteron in PdDx. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 441.

Takahashi, H. The Roles of Coherency and Intermittency on D-D Fusion Reaction in PdDx Deuteride. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Takahashi, R.

Takahashi, R. Synthesis of Substance and Generation of Heat in Charcoal Cathode in Electrolysis of H2O and D2O Using Various Alkalihydrooxides. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Takahashi, R. Excess Heat Caused by Electrolysis for Drilled Charcoal Cathode and Heat Without Power Imput by Immersion of Charcoal in Heavy or Light Water at Elevated Temperatures. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Takahashi, R. Proposal of Microdrops-in-Bubble Model for Excess Heat, Cold Fusion and Related Phenomena. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Takahashi, Y.

Takahashi, Y., Present status and future problems of cold nuclear fusion. Kagaku Kogaku, 1989. 53: p. 608 (In Japanese).

Takata, N.

Takata, N., et al., A preliminary attempt to measure neutrons from cold fusion. Denshi Gijutsu Kenkyusho Iho, 1989. 53: p. 1438 (in Japanese).

Takeda, T.

Takeda, T. and T. Takizuka, Fractofusion mechanism. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1989. 58(9): p. 3073.

Takeda, T., Theory of room temperature nuclear fusion. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 40 (in Japanese).

Talcott, C. L.

Talcott, C.L., et al. Tritium Measurements: Methods, Pitfalls, and Result. in EPRI/NSF Planning Workshop. 1989. Washington, DC.

Talcott, C.L. and E. Storms. An Overview of "Cold Fusion". in JOWOG-12 Meeting, Atomic Weapons Estab. 1990. Aldermaston, England.

Talcott, C.L. Palladium Lattice Dimension Changes Associated With the Two Legs of the Hystersis Loop. in JOWOG-12 Meeting, Atomic Weapons Estab. 1990. Aldermaston.

Taleyarkhan, R. P.

Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Comments on Shapira and Saltmarsh report. 2002, Purdue U.

Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavation (Supplemental #1 for Science Online). Science, 2002. 295: p. 1868.

Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavation (Supplemental #2 for Science Online). Science, 2002. 295: p. 1868.

Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavation. Science, 2002. 295: p. 1868.

Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Recent Advances and Results in Acoustic Inertial Confinement Bubble Nuclear Fusion, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 139-157.

Talley, T. L.

Talley, T.L., Importance of Tritium Experiments. 1989.

Talley, T.L. Nuclear weapon Implications of "Cold" Fusion. in The 7th Biennial Nuclear Design Phys. Conf. 1989. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.

Tamaki, M.

Tamaki, M. and K. Tasaka. Field Formation of the Condensed Matter Fusion by Electro-Transport of Deuterium in Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Tamayo, J. M. M.

Tamayo, J.M.M., et al., Experiments on cold fusion at IMP. Rev. Inst. Mex. Pet., 1990. 22: p. 42 (in Spanish).

Tanaka, M.

Tanaka, M., Parametric enhancement of the tunneling transmission through a potential barrier. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1992. 29: p. 1129.

Tanaka, T.

Tanaka, T. and S. Himeno. A possible enhancement mechanism. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 An enhancing mechanism of nuclear fusions is presented, most part of which is within the framework of the traditional theories. In this mechanism, electron currents play an important role, which are induced by an externally applied field or counterstreams of free electrons which naturally exist inside, surface and outside of bulk metals. At places of electron currents, the electric potential becomes negative and there relevant nuclei gather and collide. Then, if electrons exist in close vicinities in addition, there the electric potential barriers are lowered further and the tunneling effects which bring about nuclear fusions drastically increase. Resultantly, the rate of nuclear fusions enhances as a whole. Then, if shape of the current can be sufficiently fine and strong the increase is more drastic. It is not clear that at present the mechanism can make enhance the fusion to any extent

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Tani, T.

Tani, T. and Y. Kobayashi. Tunnel Disintegration and Neutron Emission Probability. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Tani, T. and Y. Kobayashi. A model for neutron emission from condensed matter. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Taniguchi, M.

Taniguchi, M., N. Kaji, and A. Takahashi. Search for Anomalous Nuclear Reactions in PdDx by Detection of Nuclear Products in Vacuum/Gas System. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Taniguchi, N.

Taniguchi, N., et al., Conditions for cold nuclear fusion. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1990(9): p. 992 (in Japanese).

Taniguchi, R.

Taniguchi, R., T. Yamamoto, and S. Irie, Detection of charged particles emitted by electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1989. 28(11): p. L2021.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
 We have tried to obtain evidence for electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion by detecting charged particles associated with the nuclear reaction. Charged particles were detected by a conventional silicon surface barrier detector attached close to the thin foil cathode which formed the bottom of an electrolysis cell. The efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio of this system are higher than those of neutron detection systems, which made it easy to determine whether the fusion occurred or not. The energy spectrum measured with the electrolysis of D₂O suggested that the nuclear reaction took place in palladium cathode.

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Taniguchi, R., T. Yamamoto, and S. Irie, Fine structure of the charged particle bursts induced by D2O electrolysis. Bull. Univ. Osaka Prefect., Ser A, 1990. 39(2): p. 233.

Taniguchi, R. and T. Yamamoto. High Sensitivity Measurement of Charged Particles Emitted During Pulsed Electrolysis of D2O. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Taniguchi, R. and T. Yamamoto, High sensitivity measurement of charged particles using a silicon surface barrier detector. Hoshasen, 1990. 16: p. 29 (in Japanese).

Taniguchi, R. and T. Yamamoto. Fine Structure of the Charged Particle Bursts Induced by D2O Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Taniguchi, R. Characteristic Peak Structures on Charged Particle Spectra During Electrolysis Experiment. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Taniguchi, S.

Taniguchi, S., et al. ICP-MS Analysis of Electrodes and Electrolytes after HNO3/H2O Electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Tanzella, F. L.

Tanzella, F.L., et al. Parameters affecting the loading of hydrogen isotopes into palladium cathodes. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract
 We have tested our new Degree of Loading (DoL) cell design which can be directly transferred to the SRI mass flow calorimeter. We have shown that appropriately prepared Pd cathodes can reach high loadings in this new design and that the cells can be transferred to the calorimeter without degrading the cathode’s or cell’s performance. In all of the experiments the cathode deloaded at higher current densities, and ostensibly identical cathodes yield significantly different D:Pd loading/current density profiles.
In the new cell design high purity Pd from IMRA Materials and Johnson Matthey have generally loaded better than recent lots of 99.9% Engelhard Pd. Pd that IMRA Materials cast in air with added CaB6 held its loading best at higher current densities. Electrolyte additives Al, Si, Nd and Sm had no perceptible effect on loading behavior. The regular addition of Cl- ion, similar to what might happen when topping up open cells, can increase or maintain loading. The presence of Cu is detrimental to good loading . . .

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Tanzella, F.L., M.C.H. McKubre, and P.L. Hagelstein. Methods for Observing Anomalous Energy Transfer in Solids. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Taplin, H.

Taplin, H. "Light Element Fission", The Lithium-Fast Proton Nuclear Reaction. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Tateno, H.

Tateno, H. and Y. Iwashita, An attempt to observe nuclear fusion in titanium by internal friction. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl., 1991. 30: p. 41.

Taubes, G.

Taubes, G., Cold Fusion Conundrum at Texas A & M. Science, 1990. 248: p. 1299.

Taubes, G., Bad science. The short life and weird times of cold fusion. 1993, NY: Random House.

Taylor, C. A.

Taylor, C.A., Defining the scientific community: A rhetorical perspective on demarcation. Commun. Monogr., 1991. 58: p. 402.

Taylor, S. F.

Taylor, S.F., et al. Search for Neutrons from Deuterated Palladium Subject to High Electric Currents. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Tazima, K. L.

Tazima, K.L., et al. Time-Correlated Neutron Detection From Deuterium Loaded Palladium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Terazawa, H.

Terazawa, H., Are Super-Hypernuclei Found in Cosmic Rays? J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1991. 60: p. 1848.

Terazawa, T.

Terazawa, T., et al. Sustentation of higher deuterium loading ratio in palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Tesch, S.

Tesch, S., Yet again 'cold' nuclear fusion. Radio. Fernsehen Elektro. (East Ger.), 1990. 39 53 (In German).

Thacker, B.

Thacker, B. and J.E. Stratman, Transmuting common substances. The cold fusion controversy and the rhetoric of science. J. Business Tech. Commun., 1995. 9: p. 389.

Thomassen, K. L.

Thomassen, K.L., Remarks by Keith I. Thomassen. J. Fusion Energy, 1991. 10(1): p. 123.

Thompkins, P.

Thompkins, P. and C. Byrd, The Secret Life of Plants. 1993, New York: Penguin Books.

Thompson, A. W.

Thompson, A.W., Hydrogen Compatibility of Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys. Metal. Trans. A, 1974. 5: p. 1855.

Thompson, D. T.

Thompson, D.T., A report from the meeting in Salt Lake City. Platinum Met. Rev., 1990. 34: p. 136.

Tian, J.

Tian, J., et al. "Excess heat" and "heat after death" in a gas loading hydrogen/palladium system. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
  “Super-absorption” could occasionally appear when an H/Pd gas-loaded system was heated by an incandescent tungsten filament. The system-pressure was kept on in 10^-2 Pa for several hours without any aid of pumping. In this stage both “excess heat” and “heat after death” was observed once. By calibration, the feature constant of the system was 12.8şC/W in maximum. When the “excess heat” appeared, the system temperature was reached 153şC at the highest whereas the stable inputting power was 0.45mW. When the “heat after death” appeared—there was no power input to the system—the temperature of the system abruptly jumped up to 761şC. In the former, 25kJ “excess heat” within 12 hours was measured which corresponded to 180 eV/atom Pd. And about 2MJ “heat after death” within 43 hours was corresponding to 13keV/atom Pd. The maximum excess powers in each case were 3.3 and 49W and the correlated power density were 230 and 3600 W/cm3 Pd respectively. The variation results of concentration of Li-7and Li-6 and their abundance ratio in Pd suggested that the anomalous heat might come from a nuclear origin.

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Tian, J., et al. Anomalous heat flow and its correlation with deuterium flux in a gas-loading deuterium-palladium system. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
 A special experimental device was designed to test the anomalous thermal effect of Pd with deuterium flux (D_{f )} caused by deuteron diffusion passing through a thin wall of a Pd tube under a D₂ pressure difference across the Pd wall. It is found that the variation of the flux was the significant precursor of the anomalous heat, because a remarkable heat flow was detected when the D_f  was becoming obviously larger. The experiment was repeated for more than 16 times, and the maximum heat flow detected was 4.8mW whereas the accuracy of the calorimeter is better than 30μW. There were no heat flow detected when the temperature of the device was increased and when the D₂ pressure difference equaled to zero. Neither heat flow nor flux was observed in the control experiment using N₂.gas. The results of TLD (Themoluminescence dosimeter) detection implied a nuclear origin of the heat flow because the dosage of radiation in reaction vessel was often higher than that in reference vessel.

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Tian, J., et al. "Excess Heat" during Electrolysis in Platinium/K2CO3/Nickel Light Water System. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Tian, J., et al. Heat Measurements And Surface Studies Of Pd Wires After Being Exposed To A H2 Gas-Loading System Irradiated With A YAG Frequency Doubling Laser. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.

Abstract: This study involved excess heat triggering attempts with a YAG frequency doubling laser (λ=532nm) used to irradiate palladium hydrides with different gas-loading ratios. The results showed that experiments using laser stimulation produced no significant excess heat evidence. However, on the surface of Pd sample there were some new elements including Ag and Cd. These were found in localized sites by SEM and EDS analysis.

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Tian, J., et al. Excess Heat Triggering by 532nm Laser in a D/Pd Gas-Loading System. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

A laser (532 nm) operated in three modes (continuous, static pulsed and dynamic pulsed) was used to irradiate a series of palladium deuterides with different deuteron loading ratios in a D/Pd gas-loading system. (The loading ratios were D/Pd=0, 0.08, 0.10, 0.17 and 0.27.)  The results showed that static pulsed triggering produces a maximum excess heat effect of about 2.6 kJ within a half hour when the loading ratio of Pd was about 0.1 and input power was 25 mW. This corresponds to 4.9 × 10^-15 J/atom D or 1.8 × 10⁴ W/cm³ Pd. The reason the static pulsed triggering produced more excess heat than other two modes needs to be further studied. The proper ratio in the Pd lattice matching a suitable triggering power may be a key point for heat production.

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Tian, Z. Q.

Tian, Z.Q., A proposal for a cold fusion study in the Ti/D system. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 92.

Tien, J. K.

Tien, J.K., et al., Hydrogen Transport by Dislocations. Metal. Trans. A, 1976. 7: p. 851.

Timashev, S. F.

Timashev, S.F., Possible mechanisms for nuclear-chemical transformations in a palladium matrix during heavy water electrolysis. Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1989. 63: p. 2283 (in Russian).

Timashev, S.F., Nuclear-chemical transformations in the condensed phase. Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1995. 69: p. 1396 (in Russian).

Tisenko, Yu. A.

Tisenko, Y.A., Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. I. Sov. Phys. J., 1993. 36: p. 764.

Tisenko, Y.A., Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. II. Sov. Phys. J., 1993. 36: p. 769.

Tisenko, Y.A., Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. III. Russ. Phys. J., 1994. 37: p. 590.

Toimela, T.

Toimela, T. Effective Interaction Potential in the Deuterium Plasma and Multiple Resonance Scattering. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Abstract
The effective interaction potential for charged particles is calculated in the deuterium plasma formed in the surface region of the palladium cathode in the electrolysis of heavy water. It is shown that the Coulomb potential is overscreened producing, at certain distances, an attractive potential between deuterium nuclei pairs and also between the deuterium nuclei and the surface atoms. This behavior of the effective potential in the deuterium plasma can be regarded as a counterpart of the Friedel oscillations of the electron gas at zero temperature. Because of this attractive potential, there are bound states for the deuteron pairs as well as for the surface atoms and deuterons. In these bound states the equilibrium distance between the nuclei is of the order 0.15 - 0.2 Ĺ depending on the number density of deuterons. The fusion rate is calculated for the bounded deuteron pairs and it is found to be of the order   per deuteron pair for the highest deuteron densities. Furthermore, it is shown that larger fusion rates are possible for the deuterons bound to the surface atoms. This may arise by a process, where the trapped deuterons share the released energy collectively via a proposed Multiple Resonance Scattering (MRS) mechanism. It is then found that the ⁴He-channel is the overwhelmingly dominant fusion channel. Moreover, the appearance of the transmutation processes in this MRS procedure are briefly discussed.

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Toimela, T. Multiple Resonance Scattering. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

The previously proposed Multiple Resonance Scattering (MRS) theory is elaborated. In addition of predicting a radiationless fusion of two deuterium nuclei into a ⁴He-nucleus in its ground state, the MRS theory is also shown to be in agreement with the experimental results concerning the transmutations of heavier nuclei. A form for the nuclear active environment is suggested and new experiments are proposed to verify the MRS theory.

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Toki, H.

Toki, H. and K. Sugimoto, Deuteron-alpha Bose-Einstein condensation for coherent deuteron fusion in Pd double structure cathode. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 2000. 76B(3): p. 35.

Tomanek, D.

Tomanek, D., Z. Sun, and S.G. Louie, Ab initio Calculation of Chemisorption Systems: H on Pd(001) and Pd(110). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 4699.

Tomas, P.

Tomas, P., et al., Deuterium nuclear fusion in metals at room temperature. Fizika (Zagreb), 1989. 21: p. 209.

Tomellini, M.

Tomellini, M. and D. Gozzi, On the possibility for local oversaturation of deuterium in palladium. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1990. 9: p. 836.

Tom-nek, D.

Tom-nek, D., Z. Sun, and S.G. Louie, Ab initio Calculation of Chemisorption Systems: H on Pd(001) and Pd(110). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 4699.

Toriyabe, Y.

Toriyabe, Y., et al. Elemental Analysis Of Palladium Electrodes After Pd/Pd Light Water Critical Electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Elemental analyses of palladium electrodes were conducted after a new type of light water electrolysis was performed at optimum conditions in a system designed to induce a nuclear reaction. This process is referred to as Pd/Pd light water critical electrolysis. The conjecture that a nuclear transmutation process is occurring in this experiment is easier to test in this system, because it is easy to determine whether the elements detected on the cathode surface are impurities or transmutation products. We assume that the elements found only on the cathode surface, and nowhere else in the cell as contamination, namely iron, titanium, chromium and so on, must be transmutation products. Furthermore, countless Ohmori-type palladium craters were observed for the first time for this system, and these are evidence that nuclear reactions occurred at the electrode surface.

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Toriyabe, Y. and J. Kasagi. Development of New Detector System for Charged Particle Emission. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Toumey, C. P.

Toumey, C.P., Conjuring science in the case of cold fusion. Public Understand. Sci., 1996. 5: p. 121.

Tran, D. N.

Tran, D.N., et al., Investigation of nuclear fusion at the normal temperature. Tap Chi Vat Ly, 1990. 15(1): p. 29 (in Vietnamese).

Triassi, A.

Triassi, A. Variation Of The Concentration Of Isotopes Copper And Zinc In Human Plasmas Of Patients Affected By Cancer. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Tripodi, P.

Tripodi, P., et al., Temperature coefficient of resistivity at compositions approaching PdH. Phys. Lett. A, 2000. 276: p. 122.

Tripodi, P., et al. Dynamics of hydrogen loading in palladium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Trower, W. P.

Trower, W.P., Cold Fusion As Seen With X-Ray Vision. Physics Today, 1989. July: p. 13.

Tsarev, V. A.

Tsarev, V.A., Cold fusion. Sov. Phys. Usp., 1990. 33(11): p. 881.

Tsarev, V.A. and D.H. Worledge. Review of new results on cold nuclear fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Tsarev, V.A. Cold Fusion Studies in the USSR. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Tsarev, V.A. Current Status of Cold Fusion. in First Int. Sakharov Conf. 1991. Moscow, USSR.

Tsarev, V.A. and P.I. Golubnichii, Geological manifestations of cold fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1991(3): p. 22.

Tsarev, V.A. and D.H. Worledge, New results on cold nuclear fusion: a review of the conference on anomalous nuclear effects in deuterium/solid systems, Provo, Utah, October 22-24, 1990. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 484.

Tsarev, V.A., Anomalous nuclear effects in solids ("cold fusion"): questions still remain. Sov. Phys. Usp., 1992. 35: p. 842.

Tsarev, V.A. Cold Fusion Researches in Russia. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Tsarev, V.A. and D.H. Worledge, Cold fusion studies in the USSR. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 138.

Tsarev, V.A. and V.A. Chechin, On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical nature of anomalous nuclear effects in a solid. Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1992. 9-10: p. 47 (in Russian).

Tsuchida, T.

Tsuchida, T., Role of hydrogen atoms in palladium. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1963. 18: p. 1016.

Tsuchiya, K.

Tsuchiya, K., et al., Interaction between two neighboring deuterium atoms in palladium. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 1371.

Tsuchiya, K., K. Ohashi, and M. Fukuchi. Mechanism of Cold Fusion in Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Tsuchiya, K., K. Ohashi, and M. Fukuchi, Mechanism of Cold Nuclear Fusion II. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 493.

Tsuchiya, K., K. Ohashi, and M. Fukuchi, A possible mechanism for nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 452.

Tsuchiya, K. A possible model for nuclear reaction in metal vacancy including condensed Bose particles. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Tsuchiya, K. Quantum states of deuterons in palladium. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is one of the candidates to induce the nuclear fusions in solids, because d-d repulsions are screened by conduction electrons and deuterons can be condensed at defects  in solids. In this work, d-d fusion rate in Pd induced by BEC is estimated. The equivalent linear two-body method, which is based on an approximate reduction of many-body problems by variational principle, is used for the calculation. Thomas-Fermi and non-linear screening potentials are used as d-d interactions.

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Tsuchiya, K., Quantum states of deuterons in palladium. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2004. 20: p. 1513-1519.

Tsuchiya, K. and H. Okumura. Theoretical Study of Nuclear Reactions Induced by Bose-Einstein Condensation in Pd. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Tsuchiya, K., et al. Observation of Optical Phonon in Hydrogen Storage Pd Using Raman Spectroscopy. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The techniques of hydrogen loading in Pd are developed by many workers. And the states of hydrogen in Pd attract many interests because they might be related to the nuclear reactions. In this study, we have tried to observe optical phonon induced by hydrogen-hydrogen interactions in Pd using Raman spectroscopy. This measurement can be done for the sample completely sealed in a glass tube cutting off the influence of the external air, because glass materials are Raman inactive. In the measurement chamber of spectroscopy device, scattered waves of the incident laser beam from the hydrogen storage Pd are detected and Raman shifts including the information about the optical phonon in the sample are derived.

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Tsvetkov, S. A.

Tsvetkov, S.A., et al., Molecular-dynamics calculation of phase transitions in the Pd-D system and cold nuclear fusion. Phys. Metals Metallogr., 1993. 76: p. 399.

Tsvetkov, S.A., E.S. Filatov, and V.A. Khokhlov. EXCESS HEAT IN MOLTEN SALTS OF (LiCl-KCl)+(LiD+LiF) AT THE TITANIUM ANODE DURING ELECTROLYSIS. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The electrochemical cell and technique of realization of precision calorimetric measurements is developed.
Experiments with molten salts containing of deuteride lithium are carried out. Calorimetric measurements made on the titanium anode during experiments. Measurements made in an inert atmosphere of helium and in an atmosphere of deuterium at various density of an electrolysis current. Excess heat was obtained on the titanium anode in an atmosphere deuterium at electrolysis. The X-ray diffraction analysis made on the used titanium anode. The analysis of the received results is resulted.

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Tsvetkov, S.A. Possibility Of Using Of Cold Fusion For Nuclear Waste Products Transmutation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
The possibility of using of cold fusion for nuclear waste products transmutation is investigated in this paper. In generally a method is based on saturation of the titanium by a mixture of deuterium and air. Possible nuclear fusion reactions are discussed. Their "burning out" sections, effective half-life periods and intensity of neutron beams are evaluated. Applicability of the method for a transmutation of the nuclear waste containing Cesium -137 is considered.

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Tuggle, D. G.

Tuggle, D.G., et al., Solid State Fusion Update. 1990: Los Alamos.

Tuggle, D.G., T.N. Claytor, and S.F. Taylor. Tritium Evolution from Various Morphologies of Palladium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.