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Shibab-Eldin, A.A., et al., Cold fusion: effects of possible narrow nuclear resonance. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 965.

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Shibata, T., et al., A low background neutron measuring system and its application to the detection of neutrons produced by the D2O electrolysis. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1992. 316: p. 337.

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Shikano, K., H. Shinojima, and H. Kanbe. D2 Release Process From Deuterated Palladium in a Vacuum. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

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Shimamura, I., Intramolecular nuclear fusion in hydrogen-isotope molecules. Prog. Theor. Phys., 1989. 82: p. 304.

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Shinojima, H., et al. Studies of d-d Reactions in Deuterated Palladium by Using Low-Energy Deuterium Ion Bombardment. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Shinojima, H., et al. Detection for Nuclear Products in Transport Experiments of Deuterium through Palladium Metals. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

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Shioe, Y., et al., Measurement of neutron production rate regarding the quantity of LiNbO3 in the fracturing process under D2 atmosphere. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112 A: p. 1059.

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Shirai, O., et al., Some experimental results relating to cold nuclear fusion. Bull. Inst. Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ., 1991. 69: p. 550.

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Shirakawa, T., et al. Neutron Emission from Crushing Process of High Piezoelectric Matter in Deuterium Gas. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

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Shirakawa, T., et al. Particle Acceleration and Neutron Emission in a Fracture Process of a Piezoelectric Material. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

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Shkedi, Z., et al., Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. Fusion Technol., 1995. 28: p. 1720.

Shkedi, Z., Response to "Comments on 'Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'". Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 133.

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Shohoji, N., Unique features of hydrogen in palladium metal lattice: hints for discussing the possible occurrence of cold nuclear fusion. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1990. 9: p. 231.

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Shoulders, K.R., Patents. 1991: US Patent 5,018,180 (1991); 5,054,046 (1991); 5,054,047 (1991); 5,123,039 (1992) and 5,148,461 (1992).

Shoulders, K.R. and S. Shoulders, Observations on the role of charge clusters in nuclear cluster reactions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 111.

Shoulders, K.R. and S. Shoulders. Charge clusters in action. in Conference on Future Energy. 1999. Bethesda, MD: Integrity Research Institute.

Shoulders, K.R., Permittivity Transitions. J. New Energy, 2001. 5(2): p. 121.

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Shrikhande, V.K. and K.C. Mittal, Deuteration of Machined Titanium Targets for Cold Fusion Experiments, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. B 2.

Cold fusion experiments were initiated with solid targets made from titanium loaded with deuterium gas on receipt of reports of the successful Frascati experiments1. The absorption of deuterium by Ti is a reversible process and when titanium is heated in a deuterium atmosphere, the reaction will continue until the concentration of deuterium in the metal attains an equilibrium value. This equilibrium value depends on the specimen temperature and the pressure of the surrounding deuterium atmosphere. Any imposed temperature or pressure change causes rejection or absorption of deuterium until a new equilibrium state is achieved. If the surface of titanium is clean, the rate of absorption increases rapidly with temperature. At temperatures above 500°C, the equilibrium is achieved in a matter of a few seconds. However deuterium absorption is considerably reduced if the surface of Ti is contaminated with oxygen. Keeping in view these facts, a procedure was evolved for titanium target preparation and subsequent deuteration. The following sections describe the details of preparation of the targets, their chemical cleaning and degassing followed by deuteration process.

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Shrikhande, V.K., et al. Preliminary Results on the Variation of Electrical Resistance of TiDx Wire With Deuterium Concentration. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Shunjin, W.

Shunjin, W., Effect of Coulomb screening on deuterium-deuterium fusion cross section. Gaoneng Wuli Yu Hewuli, 1991. 15(8): p. 761 (in Chinese).

Shyam, A.

Shyam, A., et al., Multiplicity Distribution of Neutron Emission in Cold Fusion Experiments, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 4.

Shyam, A., et al. Observation of High Multiplicity Bursts of Neutrons During Electrolysis of Heavy Water with Palladium Cathode Using the Dead-Time Filtering Technique. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Abstract
 A series of experiments were carried out to detect production of neutrons from a commercial (Milton Roy) palladium—nickel electrolytic cell operated with 0.1 M LiOH or LiOD as the electrolyte at a current density of ~ 80 mA/cm2. Neutron emission was monitored using a bank of 16 BF₃ detectors embedded in a cylindrical moderator assembly. A dead—time filtering technique was employed to detect the presence of neutron “bursts” if any and characterize the multiplicity distribution of such neutron bursts. It was found that with an operating Pd—D₂O cell located in the centre of the neutron detection set—up, the daily average neutron count rate increased by about 9% throughout a one month period, over the background value of ~ 2386 counts/day indicating an average daily neutron production of ~ 2220 neutrons/day by the cell. In addition analysis of the dead—time filtered counts data indicated that about 6.5% of these neutrons were emitted in the form of bursts of 20 to 100 neutrons each. On an average there were an additional 6 burst events per day during electrolysis with LiOD over the daily average background burst rate of 1.7 bursts/day. The frequency of occurrence of burst events as well as their multiplicity was significantly higher with D20 + LiOD in the cell when compared with background runs as also light water “control” runs.

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Shyam, A. and T.C. Kaushik, Absence of neutron emission during interaction of deuterium with metal at low energies. Pramana, 1998. 50: p. 75.

Shyam, A., Strange behavior of tritiated natural water. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 264.

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Siegmann, H.C., L. Schlapbach, and C.R. Brundle, Self-restoring of the active surface in the hydrogen sponge LaNi5. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1978. 40: p. 972.

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Silver, D.S., J. Dash, and P.S. Keefe, Surface topography of a palladium cathode after electrolysis in heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 423.

Silver, D.S. and J. Dash. Surface Studies of Palladium After Interaction with Hydrogen Isotopes. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

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Silvera, I.F. and E. Moshary, Deuterated palladium at temperatures from 4.3 to 400K and pressures to 105 kbar: search for cold fusion. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 42(14): p. 9143.

Simanek, E.

Simanek, E., Quantum tunnelling through a fluctuating barrier. Enhancement of cold-fusion rate. Physica A, 1990. 164: p. 147.

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Simons, J.K. and T.B. Flanagan, Absorption Isotherms of H in the Alpha-Phase of the H-Pd System. J. Phys. Chem., 1965. 69: p. 3773.

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Simons, J.W. and T.B. Flanagan, Effects of the Electronic Band Shape of Palladium Metal on the Proton Model for Hydrogen Absorption. Canadian J. Chem., 1965. 43: p. 1665.

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Singh, M., et al., Verification of the George Oshawa Experiment for Anomalous Production of Iron From Carbon Arc in Water. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 266.

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Sinha, B., et al., Observations of neutron bursts in electrolysis of heavy water. Indian J. Technol., 1989. 27: p. 275.

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Sinha, K.P. and D.C. Albright, The role of local electron pairing in facilitating fusion, fission and other mechanisms in reproducible experiments. 1999.

Sinha, K.P. and P.L. Hagelstein. Electron Screening in Metal Deuterides. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Sinha, K.P. and A. Meulenberg. A model for enhanced fusion reaction in a solid matrix of metal deuterides. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Our study shows that the cross-section for fusion improves considerably if d-d pairs are located in linear (one-dimensional) chainlets or line defects. Such non-equilibrium defects can exist only in a solid matrix.  Further, solids harbor lattice vibrational modes (quanta, phonons) whose longitudinal-optical modes interact strongly with electrons and ions.  One such interaction, resulting in potential inversion, causes localization of electron pairs on deuterons. Thus, we have attraction of D⁺ – D^- pairs and strong screening of the nuclear repulsion due to these local electron pairs (local charged bosons: acronym, lochons).  This attraction and strong coupling permits low-energy deuterons to approach close enough to alter the standard equations used to define nuclear-interaction cross-sections. These altered equations not only predict that low-energy-nuclear reactions (LENR) of D⁺ – D^- (and H⁺ – H^-) pairs are possible, they predict that they are probable.

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Sioda, R. E.

Sioda, R.E., Heat effects during room-temperature electrolysis of deuterium oxide. Bull. Electrochem., 1989. 5(12): p. 902.

Sioda, R.E. and T.Z. Fahidy, A simplified approach to the thermal behaviour of electrolytic Dewar cell calorimeters. J. Appl. Electrochem., 1992. 22: p. 347.

Sioda, R.

Sioda, R., Cavity in Metal (Hohlraum) Limited-Radiation Effect Law. Curr. Topics Electrochem., 1994. 3: p. 349.

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Sjland, K.A., P. Kristiansson, and K.G.J. Westergard. Liquid Scintillator Detection and Multiparameter Data Acquisition for Neutron Detection in Cold Fusion Experiments. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

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Skelton, E.F., et al., In situ Monitoring of Crystallographic Changes in Pd Induced by Diffusion of D. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1998. 58(22).

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Skerrett, P.J., Cold Fusion at Texas A&M: Problems, but No Fraud. Science, 1990. 250: p. 1507.

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Skibbe, U. and G. Neue, A 2D-NMR method to study near-surface regions of conductors. Colloids Surf., 1990. 45: p. 235.

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Slanina, Z., Towards molecular-thermodynamic aspects of postulated Pd/D low-temperature nuclear fusion: a useful example of a failure of the conventional translation partition function. Thermochim. Acta, 1989. 156: p. 285.

Smedley, S. I.

Smedley, S.I., et al. The January 2, 1992, Explosion in a Deuterium/Palladium Electrolytic System at SRI International. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

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Smilga, A.V. and V.P. Smilga, A small physical effect. Ross. Khim. Zh., 1996. 40(3): p. 122 (in Russian).

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Smith, D.P. and G.J. Derge, The Occlusion and Diffusion of Hydrogen in Metals. A. Metallographic Study of Palladium-Hydrogen. Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1935. LXVI: p. 253.

Smith, D.P. and C.S. Barret, Note on the Arrangement of Phases in Pd-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1940. 62: p. 2565.

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Smith, T.F. and G.K. White, Gruneisen Parameters , Electron-Phonon Enhancement and Superconductivity for Pd-H Alloys. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1977. 7: p. 1029.

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Sobkowski, J., Cold fusion - facts and opinions. Wiad. Chem., 1990. 44: p. 587 (in Polish).

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Sobotka, L.G. and P. Winter, Fracture without fusion (Scientific correspondence). Nature (London), 1990. 343: p. 601.

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Sof'ina, V.V., Activation of Hydrogen Adsorption by Palladium. Pribory i Teckh. Eksp., 1963(4): p. 174.

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Sohlberg, K. and K. Szalewicz, Fusion rates for deuterium in titanium clusters. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 144(6,7): p. 365.

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Soifer, V.N., et al., Neutron yield in heavy-water electrolysis. Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1990. 35(6): p. 546.

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Sona, P.G., et al., Preliminary tests on tritium and neutrons in cold nuclear fusion within palladium cathodes. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 713.

Sona, P.G. and M. Ferrari, The possible negative influence of dissolved O2 in cold nuclear fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 678.

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Song, X. and J. Liu, Cold fusion and its lessons. Juaxue Tongbao, 1997(1): p. 54 (in Chinese).

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Soriaga, M.P., Surface Electrochemical Studies of Pd in Alkaline D2O Solutions. 1990.

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Southon, J.R., et al., Upper limit for neutron emission from cold deuteron-triton fusion. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 41(5): p. R1899.

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Soyfer, V.N., et al., Neutron emission during heavy water electrolysis. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 1992. 43: p. 1041.

Spallone, A.

Spallone, A., et al. New Electrolytic Procedure for the Obtainment of Very High H/Pd Loading Ratios. Preliminary Attempts for its Application to the D/Pd System. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Spallone, A., et al. Experimental studies to achieve H/Pd loading ratio close to 1 in thin wires, using different electrolytic solutions. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT
Systematic studies have been performed in order to achieve very high concentration of Hydrogen (or Deuterium) into a Palladium lattice.
 In a very diluted acid electrolytic cell a thin Pd cathode wire (100 mm) and tick anode Pt wires (0.5 mm) has been used as electrodes in a coaxial geometry. Normalised resistance (R/Ro) of Pd-H wire system has been measured on-line and used as reference of H/Pd values.
 Alcoholic solution (95%) and electrolytic solution (5%) has been used with addition of a very low amount of Sr and Hg ions; high loading results have been achieved with a satisfactory grade of reproducibility.

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Spallone, A., et al. An Overview Of Experimental Studies On H/Pd Over-Loading With Thin Pd Wires And Different Electrolytic Solutions. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
Hundreds of electrolytic loading tests of thin Pd wires in different experimental conditions have been performed in order to find out the best procedures for stable, high hydrogen overloading into the palladium lattice.
 In a very dilute acid solution thin Pd cathodes (50 or 100 mm in diameter) and thick Pt anodes (0.5 mm in diameter) were used in a parallel or coaxial geometry. Normalised resistance (R/Ro) of the Pd cathode was on-line and continuously measured in order to determine the actual H/Pd values.
 Different electrolytic solutions have been tested by adding to the acid solution very low amounts of Ca, Sr, Li and Hg ions; high loading H/Pd ratios have been achieved with a satisfactory grade of reproducibility.
 Several loading procedures have been performed in a wide range of electrolysis current (from a few mA up to one hundred mA) and at different Hg ion concentrations.
 The obtained results allowed for the definition of a loading protocol that ensures very high H/Pd over-loading. Stable R/Ro ≤ 1.2 values (corresponding to H/Pd ratios ≥ 1) can be currently achieved with an extremely low power electrolytic supply (10 V, 5 mA).

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Spallone, A., et al. Measurements Of The Temperature Coefficient Of Electric Resistivity Of Hydrogen Overloaded Pd. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

As reported in previous papers, we performed many electrolytic loading tests using thin Pd wires, achieving loading ratios of H/Pd  0.95 (H/Pd over-loading).  In particular, we defined a reproducible “loading protocol” suitable for achieving such an over-loading level, based on the use of very diluted acid electrolytic solutions (with additions of tenths of micro-moles of Ca or Sr or Li cations and some hundred nano-moles of Hg ions) and operating with electrolytic current cycles  from a few mA up to one hundred mA.
 
By observing the day/night cyclic fluctuations of electrical resistance, as a function of the corresponding temperature variations, of stable, long term, H/Pd loadings we were able to calculate the temperature coefficient of resistivity (K) of the Pd-H system at very high H/Pd loadings. . . .

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Spallone, A., et al. A Review of Experimental studies about Hydrogen over-loading within Palladium wires (H/Pd > 1). in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Speiser, B.

Speiser, B. and A. Rieker, Energy from electrochemically induced nuclear fusion? Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab., 1989. 37: p. 616 (in German).

Spinrad, B. I.

Spinrad, B.I., On cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 343.

Srinivasan, M.

Srinivasan, M., et al. Observation of Tritium in Gas/Plasma Loaded Titanium Samples. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

The observation of significant neutron yield from gas loaded titanium samples at Frascati in April 1989 opened up an alternate pathway to the investigation of anomalous nuclear phenomena in deuterium/solid systems, complimenting the electrolytic approach. Since then atleast six different groups have successfully measured burst neutron emission from deuterated titanium shavings following the Frascati methodology, the special feature of which was the use of liquid nitrogen to create repeated thermal cycles resulting in the production of non-equilibrium conditions in the deuterated samples. At Trombay several variations of the gas loading procedure have been investigated including induction heating of single machined titanium targets in a glass chamber as well as use of a plasma focus device for deuteriding its central titanium electrode.

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Srinivasan, M., et al. Statistical Analysis of Neutron Emission in Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

ABSTRACT
 The paper discusses two techniques for studying the multiplicity spectrum of neutron emission in cold fusion experiments. In the first method the multiplicity distribution of counts in 20 ms time intervals is analysed to give information about the statistics of neutron emission in cold fusion. The results of six such experiments indicate that about 10 to 25% of the neutrons produced in cold fusion are emitted in the form of bunches 400 to 600 neutrons each. The other method discussed is an adaptation of the Artificial Dead Time method developed originally for reactor noise analysis as well as for the passive neutron assay of plutonium. An expression for the fractional loss of counts in the presence of dead time is derived. It is shown that a neutron detection efficiency of ~ 1% is adequate to estimate the average multiplicity as well as the fraction of bunched neutron emission in the presence of a Poisson background.

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Srinivasan, M., Nuclear fusion in an atomic lattice: An update on the international status of cold fusion research. Curr. Sci., 1991. 60: p. 417.

It is now two years since the first reports of the occurrence of nuclear reactions at ambient temperatures in deuterated metals such as Pd or Ti were published. ‘Cold fusion’, as this phenomenon has now come to be known, has, however, become embroiled in intense controversy with the scientific community becoming sharply polarized into ‘believers’ and ‘non-believers’ of this novel phenomenon. This ambivalence is primarily because of the non-reproducibility of the claimed results by many reputed research groups that have often used sophisticated experimental equipment. However, as the present review clearly shows, a large number of laboratories in many different countries have now obtained very reliable experimental evidence confirming the generation of 2.45-MeV neutrons, tritium, charged particles, X-rays, etc., both in electrolysis experiments and in a variety of other D₂-/plasma-/ion-beam-loading experiments, thereby confirming the nuclear origin of the phenomenon. . . .

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Srinivasan, M., et al. Tritium and Excess Heat Generation During Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions of Alkali Salts With Nickel Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Srinivasan, M., et al., preprint Excess heat and tritium measurements in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. 1994.

Srinivasan, M., Meeting Report -- Energy Concepts for the 21st Century. Curr. Sci., 2008. 94(7): p. 842.

A one-day discussion meeting on the emerging new energy concepts for the 21st century was held at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore. B. V. Sreekantan and S. Ranganathan (NIAS) and M. Srinivasan (formerly of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai) served as co-conveners for this meeting. There were about 40 participants at the meeting, majority of whom had a scientific background. Two of the participants represented an Indian venture capitalist firm.

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Srinivasan, M. Hot Spots, Chain Events and Micronuclear Explosions (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Speculations on Characteristics of NAE
* Two decades into the CF/LENR/CMNSera, the mechanism behind these reactions still eludes us!
* General agreement that phenomenon occurs on surface, in "special" regions -NAEs by Storms.
* One could speculate that spatial extant of the NAE could possibly be a single nano particle or a grain.
* Reasonable to expect that all NAEs wont be created simultaneously all over cathode surface.
* Similarly, once formed, NAEs cant be expected to continue catalyzing reactions for "ever & ever".
* The NAEs must have a finite "active" lifetime !
* Could this be ns, microseconds, seconds, hours, days?

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Srinivasan, M., Wide-Ranging Studies on the Emission of Neutrons and Tritium by LENR Configurations: An Historical Review of the Early BARC Results, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 35-57.

Srivastava, O. N.

Srivastava, O.N., et al. On the Formation of Palladium Deuteride and its Relationship to Suspected Cold Fusion. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Srivastava, Y. N.

Srivastava, Y.N., A. Widom, and L. Larsen, A Primer for Electro-Weak Induced Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 253-270.

Stacey Jr., W. M.

Stacey Jr., W.M., Reactor prospects of muon-catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium concentrated in transition metals. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 268.

Stachurski, J.

Stachurski, J. and A. Frackiewicz, A New Phase in the Pd-C System Formed During the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetylene. J. Less-Common Met., 1985. 108: p. 249.

Steinert, C.

Steinert, C., Laser-induced 'semicold' fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 206.

Stella, B.

Stella, B., et al. Evidence for Stimulated Emission of Neutrons in Deuterated Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Stella, B., et al. The FERMI Apparatus and a Measurement of Tritium Production in an Electrolytic Experiment. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Stella, B., et al., A high efficiency, low background neutron and gamma detector for cold fusion experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1995. 355: p. 609.

Stiff, D.

Stiff, D., Theories on Cold Fusion Abound, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: New YorkEditor. p. B4.

Stilwell, D. E.

Stilwell, D.E., K.H. Park, and M. Miles, Electrochemical Calorimetric Studies on the Electrolysis of Water and Heavy Water (D2O). J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 333.

Stoljarov, P.

Stoljarov, P., L. Urutskoev, and H. Lehn. Interaction Of Magnetic Monopoles On Polar Molecules. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Stoppini, G.

Stoppini, G., Coulomb screening in superconducting PdH. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1991. 13D: p. 1181.

Stoppini, G., Nuclear processes in hydrogen-loaded metals. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 81.

Storms, E.

Storms, E. and C.L. Talcott. A Study of Electrolytic Tritium Production. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

ABSTRACT
 
Tritium production is being investigated using cathodes made from palladium and its alloys (with Li, C, S, B, and Be) to which are applied various surface treatments. Three anode materials (Pt, Ni and stainless steel), and various impurities in the electrolyte have also been used. Tritium has been produced in about 10% of the cells studied, but there is, as yet, no pattern of behavior that would make the effect predictable.

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Storms, E. and C.L. Talcott, Electrolytic tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 680.

Abstract
 Fifty-three electrolytic cells of various configurations and electrode compositions were examined for
tritium production. Significant tritium was found in eleven cells at levels between 1.5 and 80 times the
starting concentration after enrichment corrections are made.

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Storms, E., Review of experimental observations about the cold fusion effect. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 433.

Storms, E. and C. Talcott-Storms, The effect of hydriding on the physical structure of palladium and on the release of contained tritium. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 246.

ABSTRACT
 The behavior of tritium released from a contaminated, palladium cathode has been determined and compared to the pattern found in cells claimed to produce tritium by a cold fusion reaction.
 Void space is produced in palladium when it is subjected to hydrogen adsorption and desorption cycles. This void space can produce channels through which hydrogen can be lost from the cathode, thereby reducing the hydrogen concentration. This effect is influenced, in part, by impurities, the shape of the electrode, the charging rate, the achieved concentration of hydrogen and the length of time the maximum concentration is present.

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Storms, E. Measurement of Excess Heat from a Pons_Fleischmann Type Electrolytic Cell. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Storms, E., Measurements of excess heat from a Pons-Fleischmann-type electrolytic cell using palladium sheet. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 230.

Two pieces of palladium sheet similar to that used by Takahashi were loaded with deuterium in a Pons-Fleischmann-type electrolytic cell, and heat production was measured. One sheet produced a steady increase in excess power that reached 7.5 W (20% of input power) before the study was interrupted. A second similar sheet from a different batch of palladium did not produce any measurable excess power. There were differences in the loading behavior, the maximum stoichiometry, and the presence of excess volume in the deuteride made from these materials. The first sheet contained 0.8% excess volume after having been deloaded from its maximum deuterium/palladium (D/Pd) ratio of 0.82 to 0.73, and the second sheet contained 13.5% excess volume while at its maximum ratio of 0.75. The high excess volume in the latter case is an indication of internal escape paths that reduce the required high D/Pd ratio.

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Storms, E. Some Characteristics of Heat Production Using the "Cold Fusion" Effect. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
 
Additional evidence is presented to show that heat production resulting from the Pons-Fleischmann Effect has a positive temperature coefficient, has a critical onset current density, and originates at the palladium cathode.

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Storms, E. The Status of "Cold Fusion". in 28th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1993. Atlanta, GA,.

Storms, E., Chemically-Assisted Nuclear Reactions. Cold Fusion, 1994. 1(3): p. 42.

Storms, E. Methods Required for the Production of Excess Energy Using the Electrolysis of Palladium in D2O-Based Electrolyte. in International Symposium, ÏCold Fusion and Advanced Energy SourcesÓ. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.

Storms, E., Some Characteristics of Heat Production Using the "Cold Fusion" Effect. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 96.

Storms, E., Cold fusion, a challenge to modern science. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 585.

Storms, E., Cold Fusion: From reasons to doubt to reasons to believe. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 23.

Storms, E. Status of "Cold Fusion". in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Storms, E., A Review of the Cold Fusion Effect. J. Sci. Expl., 1996. 10(2): p. 185.

Storms, E., A Study of Those Properties of Palladium That Influence Excess Energy Production by the "Pons-Fleischmann" Effect. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(8): p. 50.

ABSTRACT
 A large collection of palladium plates having different treatments were examined to determine the composition limit produced after electrolysis in LiOD-D₂O electrolyte, the amount of excess volume produced by the contained deuterium, the open circuit voltage generated by the material referenced to a platinum electrode, and the deloading rate in air. The influence of these properties on the ability to produce excess power from the “Pons-Fleischmann” effect was explored.
 The palladium was found to be very nonuniform with respect to the measured properties. Excess power production was associated with a minimum amount of excess volume and an open circuit voltage above 1.0 V. Samples capable of producing excess energy can be reactivated even after deloading or removal of the surface.

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Storms, E., How to produce the Pons-Fleischmann effect. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 261.

ABSTRACT
Conditions required for producing excess energy in PdD created in an electrolytic cell are described and reasons for their importance are discussed. This difficult to accept effect can now be produced with a high probability for success using the described procedures.

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Storms, E. Some Thoughts on the Nature of the Nuclear-Active Regions in Palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT
A large collection of palladium samples, supplied by IMRA Materials (Japan), were studied to determine the relationship between energy production and various properties including the amount of excess volume, the open-circuit-voltage, and the maximum D/Pd ratio. The following conclusions result from the work:
1. Palladium, no matter how well prepared, is very inhomogeneous with respect to the properties relevant to cold fusion. Therefore, most general conclusions can not be based on the behavior of one or a few samples.
2. The bulk properties do not represent the properties of the nuclear-active-regions. Theoreticians need to take special note of this observation.
3. Energy active palladium will continue to produce excess energy even after being subjected to acid treatment or physical removal of the surface. Therefore, “good” palladium is difficult to ruin.
4. A pretest method has been developed to identify “good” palladium.

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Storms, E., Cold Fusion Revisited (translation into Chinese). Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 16.

Translated by W.-S. Zhang.

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Storms, E., Cold Fusion Revisited. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 16.

Storms, E., Formation of b-PdD Containing High Deuterium Concentration Using Electrolysis of Heavy-Water. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1998. 268: p. 89.

ABSTRACT
The limiting composition of beta-PdD obtained during electrolytic loading results from a complex competition between diffusion of D atoms through any surface barrier, diffusion within the bulk sample, and loss of deuterium gas from surface-penetrating cracks. Reductions in surface crack concentration and surface-barriers are essential steps to achieve high compositions. The highest compositions within any sample are located within the surface region as a complex patch-work of values. The open circuit voltage (OCV), referenced to platinum, is useful in understanding changes in the surface composition and structure. Values as high as -1.35 V have been observed for highly loaded beta-PdD. Evidence for several new, possibly impurity stabilized structures is given.

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Storms, E. Relationship Between Open-Circuit-Voltage and Heat Production in a Pons-Fleischmann Cell. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

INTRODUCTION
Lack of reproducibility is still the major reason CANR is not generally accepted and has not advanced into commercial use. The ability to reproduce any phenomenon depends on knowing the major variables and conditions required for the events to operate. In the case of cold fusion, even fundamental factors such as the D/Pd ratio and the crystal structure of the nuclear-active regions are not known. It is the intent of this paper to demonstrate several techniques for obtaining such information and the results obtained from their application to the Pons-Fleischmann Effect.

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Storms, E. A New Method for Initiating Nuclear Reactions. in First International Conference on Future Energy. 1999. Washington, DC: Unpublished.

ABSTRACT
Energy from present sources has proven to have serious limitations. Fortunately for the future of mankind, several new but controversial sources of energy have been discovered. This talk will describe a method to initiate nuclear reactions within solid materials, so-called Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR) when the environment is the focus or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) if the process is to be emphasized. Proposed is a new field of study which combines the electron environment (chemistry) with the nuclear environment (nuclear physics), two environments which are thought not to interact. The method generates energy without producing serious amounts of radiation or radioactive waste. In addition, the method is suggested as a means to reduce the radioactivity associated with previously generated nuclear waste. A wide range of experience obtained world-wide over the last ten years will be described and the controversial nature of the method will be discussed.

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Storms, E. Anomalous Heat Generated by Electrolysis Using a Palladium Cathode and Heavy Water. in American Physical Society Meeting. 1999. Atlanta, GA.

ABSTRACT
Samples of palladium sheet supplied by IMRA Japan were tested for anomalous energy production using electrolysis in heavy water and a sensitive calorimeter. Several samples were found to produce significant power above that being applied to produce electrolysis. This behavior was found to correlate with certain properties of the palladium metal. In addition, the anomalous heat was shown to originate at the cathode.

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Storms, E., My life with cold fusion as a reluctant mistress. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 42.

Over 9 years have passed since many of us were lured into believing that the Pons-Fleischmann effect would solve the world’s energy problems and make us all rich. Things have not yet worked out as we had hoped. Each of us have followed a different path through the labyrinth of this expectation. I would like to share with you my particular path and show you how I came to believe that problems of reproducibility are caused solely by the properties of the materials in which the nuclear reactions are proposed to occur.

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Storms, E., A critical evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann effect: Part 1. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(31): p. 10.

NOTE: This file contains both Parts 1 and 2.
 ABSTRACT
Many new studies are available to make an objective evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann effect possible. The phenomenon is conventionally known as “cold fusion,” or chemically assisted nuclear reactions (CANR)” when the environment is emphasized, or “low-energy nuclear-reactions (LENR)” if emphasis is placed on the process. A wide range of observations involving anomalous production of energy as well as nuclear products have been published. While many of the claims are still open to interpretation, the general conclusion is that an important, novel phenomenon has been discovered which deserves renewed interest.

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Storms, E., A critical evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann effect: Part 2. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(32): p. 52.

Storms, E., Description of a dual calorimeter. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(34): p. 22.

ABSTRACT
 A dual calorimeter is described which can be used to study electrolytic processes. Experience with this instrument has revealed several deficiencies inherent in the isoperibolic calorimeter design that apply to all calorimeters of this type when used to study the cold fusion effect.

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Storms, E. Excess Power Production from Platinum Cathodes Using the Pons-Fleischmann Effect. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
Excess power was produced using a platinum cathode. Efforts to produce active cathodes by plating palladium onto various metals were largely unsuccessful.

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Storms, E., The present status of chemically-assisted nuclear reactions. Infinite Energy, 2000. 5(29): p. 26.

Storms, E., Cold Fusion: An Objective Assessment. 2001.

Many people still believe that cold fusion is the result of bad science. In contrast, numerous laboratories in at least 10 countries have now claimed production of anomalous energy using a variety of methods, many of which are now reproducible. This energy is proposed to result from nuclear reactions initiated within a special periodic array of atoms at modest temperatures (energy). Evidence for nuclear reactions involving fusion of deuterium, transmutation involving both light and heavy hydrogen, and nuclear interaction between heavy nuclei has been published. The claims, if true, reveal a new method to release nuclear energy without harmful radiation and without the radioactivity associated with conventional methods. This paper examines published evidence describing this new phenomenon in order to test its reality and to extend an understanding of the process.

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Storms, E. Ways to Initiate a Nuclear Reaction in Solid Environments. in American Physical Society Meeting. 2001. Seattle, WA.

ABSTRACT
A large data base now exists to support the claim for nuclear reactions, including fusion, being initiated in solid environments at modest temperatures. This phenomenon is called Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR) or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) or “cold fusion”. Detailed information supporting the claims can be obtained from the website (http://home.netcom.com/~storms2/index.html) as well as from any scientific data base. These claims provide the incentive for this study. In this work, methods to produce anomalous energy are studied using electrolytic loading in D₂O of various materials (the Pons-Fleischmann method). Past work has concentrated on using palladium as the active material. This paper will demonstrate that energy-producing reactions can be made to occur in materials other than palladium. A unique method is proposed to explore many of the variables associated with the phenomenon.

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Storms, E., The Nature of the Nuclear-Active-Environment Required for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. Infinite Energy, 2002. 8(45): p. 32.

ABSTRACT
A collection of observations is used to characterize the nuclear-active environment required to initiate low energy nuclear reactions (LENR).

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Storms, E., Ways to Initiate a Nuclear Reaction in Solid Environments. Infinite Energy, 2002. 8(45): p. 45.

Storms, E., A Student's Guide to Cold Fusion. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.

Please note: an HTML version of this document with hyperlinked footnotes and references is available at http://www.lenr-canr.org/StudentsGuide.htm
 General Introduction
 The controversial phenomenon called "Cold Fusion" (CF), "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions" (LENR) or Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions" (CANR) involves the proposed ability to initiate a wide variety of nuclear reactions in solid materials using much lower energies than thought possible. Rather than using brute force to move nuclei to within reaction distance, apparently a mechanism exists in a lattice structure that is capable of circumventing any Coulomb barrier, allowing certain nuclei to interact. This paper will address the major observations that are used to support the claimed anomalous behavior. To help the reader obtain a quick overview of the claims, minimal detail is provided in the text. All of the many omitted papers are available in the website LIBRARY where dedicated readers can browse to their heart’s content. . . .

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Storms, E., Estudio de la Fusion en Frio. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.

The Student's Guide to Cold Fusion translated into Spanish.
 Mi interés en la fusión en frío comenzó poco después que los Profesores Pons y Fleischmann anunciaran su descubrimiento en 1989. Entonces, yo era un científico más trabajando en la investigación convencional acostumbrada en el LANL (Laboratorio Nacional Los Álamos). Entre los numerosos intentos por duplicar lo ya anunciado, he sido afortunado en producir triterio, así como energía anómala. No hay nada como trabajar un fenómeno para hacer creer a una persona que es real, sin tener en cuenta lo que otras personas menos observadoras pudieran decir. También vemos actuar livianamente a muchos colegas científicos que adquirieron una educación adicional pero decepcionante. Desde mi jubilación en el LANL, hace 12 ańos, continué investigando el tema y escribí documentos, incluyendo varias revisiones científicas, presionando por la aceptación del fenómeno. La gran colección de referencias adquiridas en este esfuerzo, que totalizan casi 3.000, se transformó en la BIBLIOTECA disponible en http://www.LENR-CANR.org. Con la ayuda esencial de Britz Dieter y Rothwell Jed, esta colección será mantenida hasta la fecha en que crezca el campo.

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Storms, E., Estudo da Fusao a Frio. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.

The Student's Guide to Cold Fusion translated into Brazilian Portuguese.
 Prefácio
 Meu interesse em fusăo a frio começou pouco depois dos Professores Pons e Fleischmann anunciarem sua descoberta em 1989, entăo eu era mais um cientista trabalhando em pesquisa convencional costumeiro em LANL (Los Alamos Laboratório Nacional). Das numerosas tentativas de duplicar os anúncios, eu fui afortunado em produzir tritério assim como energia anômala. Năo há nada como ver um fenômeno para fazer uma pessoa acreditar que é real, sem ter em conta o que pessoas menos observadoras possam dizer. Também, vendo muitos companheiros cientistas agindo tolamente e adquirindo uma educaçăo adicional mas decepcionante. Desde que me aposentei de LANL há doze anos continuei a investigar o assunto, escrever documentos, incluindo várias revisőes científicas, e pressionar para aceitaçăo do fenômeno. A grande coleçăo de referęncias, totalizando quase 3000, adquiridos neste esforço transformou-se na BIBLIOTECA em http://www.LENR-CANR.org. Com a ajuda essencial de Britz Dieter e Rothwell Jed, esta coleçăo será mantida até data em que o campo cresce.

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Storms, E. How to Make A Cheap and Effective Seebeck Calorimeter. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The Seebeck calorimeter is very effective in measuring heat generation over a wide range of power and with high sensitivity and stability.  Such a device can be constructed cheaply and easily, although with considerable investment of time.  A successful example is described.

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Storms, E. Use Of A Very Sensitive Seebeck Calorimeter To Study The Pons-Fleischmann And Letts Effects. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Characteristics of a commercial Seebeck calorimeter are described. This very stable instrument is applied to a study of the Pons-Fleischmann effect using a palladium anode and a platinum cathode.  The use of a laser to stimulate anomalous heat production (the Letts effect) is also described.  Positive results were obtained for both effects and these reveal important aspects of the nuclear-active-environment.

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Storms, E. What Conditions Are Required To Initiate The Lenr Effect? in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Accumulating evidence indicates that previous understanding of the environment in which the Pons-Fleischmann    effect occurs is wrong.  The environment is not highly loaded beta-PdD.  Instead, it is a complex alloy that may or may not contain palladium.  In addition, the size of the domains in which the nuclear reactions take place is critically important.  This new insight requires different explanations and experimental approaches than have been previously used.

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Storms, E. Why Cold Fusion Has Been So Hard to Explain and Duplicate. in American Physical Society Winter Meeting. 2003. Austin Convention Center, Austin, TX: unpublished.

The nuclear active environment for the Pons-Fleischmann method is proposed to be in the complex surface layer that forms by electrodeposition, not in the bulk material.  This surface is not beta-PdD as many theories and explanation have assumed.  Therefore, most theories are unhelpful because they do not explain what happens in the real world.

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Storms, E. An Update of LENR for ICCF-11. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Storms, E., Calorimetry 101 for Cold Fusion; Methods, Problems and Errors. 2004, LENR-CANR.org.

Application of calorimetry to cold fusion or LENR presents unique problems that have not been previously summarized.  This paper discusses various calorimetric methods that have been applied to the subject and evaluates each in light of what has been discovered about their limitations and errors based on experimental studies. Such information is essential to a study of the effect and to evaluate the results.

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Storms, E., Why I believe "Cold Fusion" is Real. LENR-CANR.org, 2004.

The process called Cold Fusion is said to produce clean energy from fusion of deuterium nuclei using very simple devices, at least compared to the “hot” fusion method.  Many scientists have been outspoken in rejecting this claim based on their belief that the observations have not been replicated, are impossible, and cannot be explained.  The intent of this article is to provide a brief and easily understood description of why I believe this rejection is wrong. . . .
 This brief paper emphasizes the Fleischmann-Pons effect and studies done in the U.S., because it was written for and submitted to the DoE Panel that is re-evaluating the claims for cold fusion. It was submitted to the Panel on August 23, 2004.

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Storms, E., A Response to the Review of Cold Fusion by the DoE. 2005, Lattice Energy, LLC.

Various critiques provided by reviewers assembled by the DOE to evaluate cold fusion are addressed. Important issues are clarified and some misunderstandings are corrected.

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Storms, E. Description Of A Sensitive Seebeck Calorimeter Used For Cold Fusion Studies. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

A sensitive and stable Seebeck calorimeter is described and used to determine the heat of formation of PdD.  This determination can be used to show that such calorimeters are sufficiently accurate to measure the LENR effect and give support to the claims.

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Storms, E., The US Government Once Again Evaluates Cold Fusion. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 2005.

A sensitive and stable Seebeck calorimeter is described and used to determine the heat of formation of PdD.  This determination can be used to show that such calorimeters are sufficiently accurate to measure the LENR effect and give support to the claims.

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Storms, E. Why you should believe cold fusion is real (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

Storms, E., Cold Fusion for Dummies. 2006, LENR-CANR.org.

The field and the name "Cold Fusion" started in 1989 when chemists Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of the University of Southampton reported the production of excess heat in an electrolytic cell that they concluded could only be produced by a nuclear process. . . .
 Three basic questions about cold fusion need answers: Why are some people so hostile to the claims; why should a person believe the claims are real; and why should anyone care if the claims are real or not?

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Storms, E., Comment on papers by K. Shanahan that propose to explain anomalous heat generated by cold fusion. Thermochim. Acta, 2006. 441: p. 207-209.

Dr. Shanahan has published two papers (Thermochim. Acta 428 (2005) 207, Thermochim. Acta 382 (2002) 95) in which he argues that excess heat claimed to be produced by cold fusion is actually caused by errors in heat measurement. In particular, he proposes that unrecognized changes in the calibration constant are produced by changes in the locations where heat is being generated within the electrolytic cell over the duration of the measurement. Because these papers may lend unwarranted support to rejection of cold fusion claims, these erroneous arguments used by Shanahan need to be answered.

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Storms, E., FusĂŁo a Frio para Principiantes. 2006, LENR-CANR.org.

"Cold Fusion for Dummies," translated into Brazilian Portuguese by Sergio Bacchi.
 
O campo e o nome “Fusăo a Frio” apareceu em 1989, quando os químicos Stanley Pons da Universidade de Utah e Martin Fleischmann da Universidade de Southampton, reportaram a produçăo de excesso de aquecimento numa célula eletrolítica e concluíram que só poderia ser produzido por um processo nuclear. Este anúncio foi baseado numa extraordinária quantidade de energia que apareceu. Através dos anos anúncios adicionais de reaçőes nucleares inesperadas surgiram baseadas na produçăo de energia e produtos nucleares. Estes resultados foram e continuam sendo replicados por alguns laboratórios, mas năo por outros. Conseqüentemente, a realidade dos anúncios é freqüentemente rejeitada e fica como objeto de controvérsia. Algumas pessoas chegam mesmo ao extremo de achar que isto é o exemplo de uma pseudo-cięncia. Pode-se encontrar uma história detalhada da controvérsia em dois livros recentes sobre o assunto.

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Storms, E., Anomalous Heat Produced by Electrolysis of Palladium using a Heavy-Water Electrolyte. 2007, LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
 
Significant heat was generated for about 740 min when a sample of palladium foil was electrolyzed as the cathode in D₂O+LiOD. A very stable Seebeck calorimeter is described and used to make the measurements. The source of this anomalous energy is unknown. However, the observed energy and production of unexpected elements based on EDX examination are similar to the behaviors claimed by many people who study what is called low energy nuclear reactions.

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Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Radiation produced by low-voltage discharge in a gas containing deuterium was measured using a Geiger counter located within the apparatus. This radiation was found to consist of energetic particles that were produced only when the voltage was above a critical value. In addition, the emission was very sensitive to the presence of oxygen in the gas. In the presence of the required conditions, emission occurred reliably with reaction rates in excess of 10⁸ events/second.

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Storms, E., The Science Of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction. 2007: World Scientific Publishing Company.

Selected pages from the book, including the Preface and Table of Contents.

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Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Detection of Radiation Emitted from LENR. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

A study was made to detect X-radiation and energetic particle emission from nuclear reactions that may be initiated during low-voltage gas discharge in deuterium. Evidence is presented for X-radiation having an energy nearly equal to the voltage applied to the discharge and energetic particle emission similar to deuterons having energy with peaks between 0.5 and 3 MeV. A study of radiation emitted from materials exposed to deuterium gas is underway.

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Storms, E., How to Cause Nuclear Reactions at Low Energy and Why Should You Care (PowerPoint slides from video). 2008, Kiva Labs.

PowerPoint slides displayed during a video lecture on Google video:
 
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9026092151512597723

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Storms, E., How to Cause Nuclear Reactions at Low Energy and Why Should You Care. 2008, YouTube.com.

Storms, E., How to Explain Cold Fusion?, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 85-98.

Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation produced by glow discharge in a deuterium containing gas (Part 2). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.

This is the second paper in a series describing the radiation produced by the cathode during glow discharge in low-pressure gas using DC voltages between 400 V and 800 V. Evidence for energetic electrons, low-energy X-rays, and occasional proton (deuteron) emission has been obtained. The energy, intensity, and type of the radiation are sensitive to gas composition and the material used as the cathode.

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Storms, E. The Method and Results Using Seebeck Calorimetry. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The characteristics of and errors associated with Seebeck calorimeters, as applied to the Fleischmann-Pons Effect, are described. This type of calorimeter as well as a flow type calorimeter were used to measured apparent excess energy from the same sample of platinum plated with palladium and other materials.

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Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Role of cluster formation in the LENR process. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Presence and absence of expected radiation, occurrence of nuclear reactions having only one apparent product, and transmutation reactions involving addition of more than one deuteron all indicate involvement of large clusters of deuterons in the LENR process.  These clusters are proposed to hide their Coulomb barrier and to react with isolated deuterons to produce fusion and to react with larger nuclei to produce transmutation. Members of the cluster not directly involved in the nuclear reaction might be scattered by the released energy, thereby allowing momentum to be conserved and the resulting energy to produce particles having energy too small to be easily detected or to cause easily detectable secondary reactions.  Justification of this model is discussed. This proposed model is consistent with most observations, but raises additional questions about the nature of such super-clusters and other ways the energy may be communicated directly to the lattice that will be addressed in future papers.

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Storms, E., What is believed about cold fusion? 2009, LENR-CANR.org.

In 1989, Fleischmann and Pons[1-5] claimed to initiate a fusion reaction between deuterons in palladium that resulted in an unusual amount of heat. This claim was rejected because insufficient supporting experimental information was provided, the claim was very difficult to replicate, and no plausible explanation could be proposed. During the 20 years since then, studies in at least 8 countries has provided a rich collection of information, improved reproducibility, and encouraged many explanations. This work has been reviewed by Storms[6] in 2007 based on over 1000 citations and will not be repeated here. This paper provides a brief and focused summary of what is believed to be true about the effect at the present time.

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Strackan, J. S.

Strackan, J.S., Thermoelectric Energy Conversion. 1994: US Patent #5,288,336.

Stremmenos, C.

Stremmenos, C., Fusione fredda. Un dibattito che prosegue" ("Cold fusion. A debate that continues"). Chim. Ind. (Milan), 1999. 81: p. 361 [in Italian].

Stringham, R.

Stringham, R. and R. George, Cavitation induced micro-fusion solid state production of heat, 3He, and 4He. 1995.

Stringham, R. Anomalous heat production by cavitation. in 1998 IEEE International Ultrasonic Symposium. 1998. Sendai, Japan.

Stringham, R., First gate energies. 1998.

Stringham, R., et al. Predictable and Reproducible Heat. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Stringham, R. The Cavitation Micro Accelerator. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Stringham, R. Pinched cavitation jets and fusion events. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

ABSTRACT 
 The collapse of a transient cavitation bubble in deuteriumoxide produces a high density plasma jet containing 109 deuterons.  The inertial compression of a jet via an electron induced magnetic field pinch effect on its plasma contents produces high to even higher deuteron densities in the order of 1025 gm/cc before implanting into a foil target.  This model is parallel to the systems found in the hot plasmas of inertial systems.   During the initial period of implantation of a few picoseconds, the high density deuterons in the target lattice experience reduced coulomb repulsion due to the high density charge screening.  In this environment it is possible that some DD fusion events occur as evidenced by photos of the metal target foils and by the evidence of helium four and tritium production.   Making some basic assumptions the smallest diameter and highest population of vent sites in the target foils are produced by events in the order of 20 Mev.   When experiments were monitored there was no long range radiation detected.

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Stringham, R. Cavitation and Fusion - poster session. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Natural cavitation phenomena in D₂O using  piezo devices, is now amplified initiating DD fusion events that produce heat and helium.   We have adapted it for our use.  The transient cavitation bubble, TCB, has been harnessed to produce high densities of deuterons, 10²⁵ to 25/cc.  An electrically driven piezo device filled with D₂O produces acoustic field generating TCBs that are, in the final collapse stage, micro accelerators.  The result is the implanting of deuterons into a target foil producing ⁴He originating from the Pd foil and T from the Ti foil.  We are an emergent tangent technology to sonoluminescence, SL, technology, which we use to give us an environmental parameter probe into the bubble contents at the moment of its highest energy density.  (Much of the SL studies center on the pulses of photons coupled to the irradiating acoustic field emanating from an oscillating single stable cavitation bubble, SSCB.)[1] The generation of these photons relates to conditions for the target implantation process.  Recently we have been studying the effects of frequency on multi TCB SL conditions that produce fusion.  These experiments and the analytical methods have concentrated on the mass spectroscopy of reactor gases, calorimetry of the reactor and power supply, and the scanning electron microscope photographs of target foils [2].  The results from many experiments are pieced together to reach a plausible path for the TCB that terminates with deuterons implanting into a target with the resulting fusion events.  The use of SL for monitoring the bubble content’s high energy densities allows for reactor parameter management for fusion events in the target foil.  Studies of multi TCBs’ SL at higher temperatures (300–450şK), external pressures (10⁶–10^7.5 dynes/cm²) and frequencies (.02- 1.7 MHz) are proceeding in a search for better fusion environments.  The results of these experiments will be presented.

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Stringham, R. Cavitation and Fusion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Stringham, R. Low Mass 1.6 MHz Sonofusion Reactor. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT                                                                                                        
We are using one of the most remarkable pulsing systems that nature offers for producing transient high energy densities and I have been fortunate enough to be involved with it for over 20 years.  Over time we have increased the frequency of our piezo cavitation drivers and are now at 1.6 MHz and find that our results are the same.  Even better, the Qx /(reactor gm), the energy density, is drastically increased when compared to our 40 and 20 KHz piezo systems [1,2,3]. The cost is decreased by at least an order of magnitude and the durability is greatly increased.  All Q values in this paper are dQ/dt Joules/sec. or watts.  The systems differ in several ways because of the 40 times increase in frequency.    These 1.6 MHz systems produce more sonoluminescence, SL, and more but smaller bubbles and an energy density in the collapsing bubble system that is the same magnitude as the 40KHz systems [4,5]. . . .

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Stringham, R. Ejecta Sites and DD Fusion Events. in APS March Meeting. 2006. Baltimore, MD.

A cavitation-produced jet that implants a target foil at high impact velocities produces foil damage shown in color and SEM, scanning electron microscopy, photos. The work here dates from 1989 to 2001 and was produced in several different reactors, target foils, and frequencies. The result of high density pinched implantation of D⁺ and e^-, deuterons and electrons; plasma is a D⁺ cluster. The implant occurs in a picosecond time frame with a creation of D⁺/Pd, in a 100/1 ratio of an initially electron free D⁺ cluster with a diameter in the order of a hundred nm. The mobile e^- react with D⁺ and surround the D⁺ cluster with D. DD fusion events occurring in the transient high-density cluster produce a gamma free heat pulse. The heat pulse reaches the lattice surface in a nanosecond expelling the vapor/liquid foil and products as ejecta. The ejecta sites are easily seen in SEM photos and are counted and plotted as MeV DD fusion events. The results have been interpreted as DD fusion events that increase in energy as they decrease in frequency (counts) exponentially.

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Stringham, R. 1.6 MHz Sonofusion Measurement and Model. in American Physical Society Meeting. 2007. Denver, CO.

Years of data collected from First Gate’s various sonofusion systems gain fundamental support from recent extrapolations of hot fusion research.  Consider the velocity, 3x104m/sec, of a high density low energy jet plasma of deuterons that originates from the collapse of the TCB, transient cavitation bubble, in D₂O that implants a target foil [1 - Many ICCF & APS].  The foil generates heat via DD fusion events that produce 4He and T.  We compare our sonofusion to the jet plasma of Tokamak type plasma fusion systems with all their stability problems.  Since sonofusion is a compilation of billions single fusion events per second and not a continuous fusion system like Tokamak, Stellarator, and Jet fusion systems; a comparison gives sonofusion a decided advantage. . . .

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Stringham, R. Bubble Driven Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Stringham, R., Sonofusion, Deuterons to Helium Experiments, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 159-173.

Stringham, R. When Bubble Cavitation Becomes Sonofusion. in 237rd ACS National Meeting. 2009. Salt Lake City.

Experimentally, heat and ⁴He are the fusion products of sonofusion (SF). SF controls a naturally occurring phenomenon with cavitation-induced bubbles and their high energy density transferred to transient jets that implant deuteron clusters into a matrix or lattice. The SF path to clusters can be extrapolated from high-density experiments of inertial confined fusion, ICF, Bose Einstein Condensates, BEC, muon fusion, MF, and astrophysical phenomena, to explain our ejecta sites, Qx, ⁴He, and no measureable long-range radiation results. The fusion events emanate from deuteron clusters implanted into target foils. Clusters are squeezed and cooled via electromagnetic, EM, compression pressures and evaporative cooling of cluster surface deuterons producing the fusion environment. Evidence of these cluster fusion events is found in the millions of target foil ejecta sites in SF target foils.

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Stritzker, B.

Stritzker, B. and J. Becker, Superconductivity in Metastable Pd-Alloys Produced by Ion Implantation at Low Temperatures. Phys. Lett. A, 1975. 51: p. 147.

Stroka, A.

Stroka, A., B. Baranowski, and S.M. Filipek, Search for 3He and 4He in Pd-D2 system long term cumulation experiment in high pressure. Pol. J. Chem., 1993. 67: p. 353.

Stuhr, U.

Stuhr, U., et al., An investigation of hydrogen diffusion in nanocrystalline Pd by neutron spectroscopy. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 393.

Stukan, P. A.

Stukan, P.A., Y.M. Rumyantsev, and A.V. Shishkov, Generation of hard radiation and accumulation of tritium during electrolysis of heavy water. High Energy Chem., 1993. 27: p. 461.

Stukan, R. A.

Stukan, R.A. and Y.M. Rumyantsev, Effect of tritium on the generation of hard radiation in the electrolysis of D2O with a palladium cathode (T-D cold fusion reactions). High Energy Chem., 1996. 30: p. 343.

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Stulen, R.H., Summary Abstract: Observation of Molecular H2 and D2 on Pd and Ag Using Thermal Desorption Between 5 and 20 K. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1988. 6: p. 776.

Sugai, H.

Sugai, H., M. Tanase, and M. Yahagi, Release of tritium, protium, and helium from neutron-irradiated Li-Al alloy. II. J. Nuclear Mater., 1998. 254(2/3): p. 151.

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Sugakov, V.I., Conditions for inducing, dynamics and manifestation of atom acceleration in nonequilibrium crystals. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1996. 41: p. 834 (Ukrainian).

Sugiura, H.

Sugiura, H. and E. Yamaguchi. Calorimetric Analysis of the Excess Heat Generated from Pd:D and Pd:H by the 'In-vacuo' Method. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Sullivan, D. L.

Sullivan, D.L., Exclusionary epideictic: NOVA's narrative excommunication of Fleischmann and Pons. Sci., Technol. Human Values, 1994. 19: p. 283.

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Sun, D.L., et al., A study of existing forms of deuterium in palladium by positron lifetime spectroscopy. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1992. 37: p. 1073.

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Sun, Y., Q.D. Yang, and Q.F. Zhang, Application of real time surveillance technique to precision calorimetry system. Sichuan Lianhe Daxue Xuebao, Gongcheng Kexueban (J. Sichuan Union Univ., Eng. Sci. Ed.), 1999. 3(6): p. 119 [in Chinese].

Sun, Z.

Sun, Z. and D. Tomanek, Cold fusion: how close can deuterium atoms come inside palladium? Phys. Rev. Lett., 1989. 63(1): p. 59.

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Sundaresan, R. and J. Bockris, Anomalous Reactions During Arcing Between Carbon Rods in Water. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 261.

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Sunden, O. Centripelal de Broglie Wave Fields Connected to Particles at Rest Explain Cold Fusion and Particle-Wave-Duality. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

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Sundqvist, B.U.R., et al., On the observation of charged particles in cold fusion. Phys. Scr., 1989. 40: p. 303.

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Swartz, M.R., Quasi-one-dimensional model of electrochemical loading of isotopic fuel into a metal. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 296.

Swartz, M.R. A Method to Improve Algorithms Used to Detect Steady State Excess Enthalpy. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Swartz, M.R. Some Lessons From Optical Examination of the PFC Phase-II Calorimetric Curves. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Swartz, M.R. Generalized Isotopic Fuel Loading Equations. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Swartz, M.R., Isotopic Fuel Loading Coupled to Reactions at an Electrode. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 74.

Swartz, M.R., Experiments Using Nickel Cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 68.

Swartz, M.R., Four Definitions of Power Ratio used to Describe Excess Enthalpy in Solid-State Loading Systems. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 54.

Swartz, M.R., Hydrogen Redistribution by Catastrophic Desorption in Selected Transition Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 26.

Swartz, M.R., Improved calculations involving energy release using a buoyancy transport correction. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 219.

Swartz, M.R., Possible deuterium production from light water excess enthalpy experiments using nickel cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 68.

Swartz, M.R., Potential for positional variations in flow calorimetric systems. 1996.

Swartz, M.R., The Relationship between Input Power and Enthalpic Behavior of Nickel Cathodes During Light Water Electrolysis. 1996.

Swartz, M.R., The Relative Impact of Thermal Stratification of the Air Surrounding a Calorimeter. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 141.

Swartz, M.R., Codeposition of palladium and deuterium. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 126.

Swartz, M.R., Consistency of the biphasic nature of excess enthalpy in solid-state anomalous phenomena with the quasi-one-dimensional model of isotope loading into a material. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 63.

Swartz, M.R., Explanation for Some Difference Between Reports of Excess Heat in Solid State Fusion Experiments. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(1): p. 60.

Swartz, M.R., Noise Measurement in Cold Fusion Systems. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 56.

Swartz, M.R., Phusons in nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 228.

Swartz, M.R. Optimal Operating Point Characteristics of Nickel Light Water Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Swartz, M.R., The Importance of Controlling Zero-Input Electrical Power Offset. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 14.

Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner, Bremsstrahlung in Hot and Cold Fusion. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 90-101.

Swartz, M.R., Further confirmation of optimal operating point behavior. 1999.

Swartz, M.R., Generality of Optimal Operating Point Behavior in Low Energy Nuclear Systems. J. New Energy, 1999. 4(2): p. 218-228.

Swartz, M.R., et al. Importance of nondimensional numbers in cold fusion. in Symposium on New Energy. 1999. Salt Lake City, UT.

Swartz, M.R., Optimal Operating Point Analysis of Dr. Mizuno's, Dr. Arata's and Other Data. 1999.

Swartz, M.R., Patterns of success in research involving low energy nuclear reactions- A metanalysis. 1999.

Swartz, M.R., Summary of the seventh international conference on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 99.

Swartz, M.R., G.M. Verner, and A.H. Frank. The impact of heavy water (D2O) on nickel-light water cold fusion systems. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner. Excess Heat from Low Electrical Conductivity Heavy Water Spiral-Wound Pd/D2O/Pt and Pd/D2O-PdCl2/Pt Devices. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: in print.

Swartz, M.R. Photoinduced Excess Heat from Laser-Irradiated Electrically-Polarized Palladium Cathodes in D2O. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: in print.

Swartz, M.R. and L. Forsley. Analysis of "Superwave-as-Transitory-OOP-Peak" Hypothesis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. Electrical Breakeven from LANR Phusor Device Systems: Relative Limitations of Thermal Loss in Feedback Loop. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. Excess Power Gain using High Impedance and Codepositional LANR Devices Monitored by Calorimetry, Heat Flow, and Paired Stirling Engines. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R., G.M. Verner, and A. Weinberg. Non-Thermal Near-IR Emission from High Impedance and Codeposition LANR Devices. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. Optimal Operating Point Manifolds in Active, Loaded Palladium Linked to Three Distinct Physical Regions. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner. The Phusor LANR Cathode is a Metamaterial which Creates Deuteron Flux for Excess Power Gain. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Switendick, A. C.

Switendick, A.C., Electronic structure and stability of palladium hydrogen (deuterium) systems, PdH(D)n, 1*n*3. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 1363.

Szalewicz, K.

Szalewicz, K., J.D. Morgan, and H.J. Monkhurst, Fusion rates for hydrogen isotopic molecules of relevance for 'cold fusion'. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. 2824.

Szeflinski, Z.

Szeflinski, Z., et al., Upper limit of neutron emission from the chemical reaction of LiD with heavy water. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 168: p. 83.

Szklarczyk, M.

Szklarczyk, M., R.C. Kainthla, and J. Bockris, On the Dielectric Breakdown of Water: An Electrochemical Approach. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1989. 136: p. 2512.

Szpak, S.

Szpak, S., et al., Electrochemical charging of Pd rods. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 309: p. 273.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 A model describing the electrochemical charging of Pd rods is presented. The essential feature of this model is the coupling of the interfacial processes with the transport of interstitials in the electrode interior. It is shown that boundary conditions arise from the solution of equations governing the elementary adsorption–desorption and adsorption–absorption steps and the symmetry of the electrode. Effects of the choice of rate constants of the elementary steps and the charging current on the surface coverage, the electrode potential and the time required to complete electrode charging are examined.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 302: p. 255.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Recently, Fleischmann et al. [1] reported that nuclear events can occur when deuterium is electrochemically compressed within the Pd–lattice. These events were reported to produce excess enthalpy, tritium, and neutrons. The exact nature of these events and the conditions leading to their initiation are poorly understood. In fact, the existence of such events is questioned by many [2]. The present position among those investigating this problem [3] is as follows: enthalpy production is a non–steady state process whose rate depends on the nature of the electrode material; however, the observed steady state production arises from an averaging of small perturbations. Nuclear events are believed to occur on the electrode surface as well as within the electrode interior.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Reliable Procedure for the Initiation of the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Statistics on the initiation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect are rather poor. Reports presented at the First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion have indicated that, at best, only ca 1/10 of all attempts were successful in either producing excess enthalpy or yielding products associated with nuclear reactions. Here, we show that the Fleischmann-Pons effect can be reproducibly and rapidly initiated by employing electrodes prepared by electrodeposition from Pd2+ salts in the presence of evolving deuterium. The effectiveness of this procedure is examined in terms of tritium production.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and S.R. Scharber, Charging of the Pd/(n)H system: role of the interphase. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 337: p. 147.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 The dynamics of transport of electrochemically generated deuterium across the electrode/electrolyte interphase was examined by slow scan (10 mV s-1) voltammetry. The investigation covers the potential range –1.2 to +0.4 V measured vs. an Ag/AgCl reference. It was found that a coupled, twolayer model of the interphase describes the observed behavior as a function of scan rate and electrolyte composition. The effect of chemisorbing species, e.g. CN- ions, as well as reactive species, e.g. SC(NH_)2, on the transport across the interphase is also discussed. Results are contrasted with those obtained for light water.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Comments on Methodology of Excess Tritium Determination. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Three methods of tritium data analysis are considered—comparison between experimental and theoretical data, total mass balance and curve-fitting.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and C.J. Gabriel, Absorption of deuterium in palladium rods: Model vs. experiment. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 365: p. 275.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 The electrochemical charging of Pd rods by deuterium involves a complex coupling of electrochemical, interfacial and transport processes. In order to predict the overpotential, surface coverage and bulk loading of the electrode during charging, a model has been developed that incorporates the essential features of these processes and involves variables such as the electrochemical rate constants, the bulk diffusion coefficient and the charging current. Features of the computed time dependence of the bulk loading are then compared with published experimental charging curves. New microscopic observations and X-ray diffraction data provide further evidence for the details of the charging process.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and R.D. Boss, Comments on the analysis of tritium content in electrochemical cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 373: p. 1.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 INTRODUCTION
Following the report by Fleischmann and Pons [1] in 1989 that nuclear events, including the production of tritium, can be initiated in electrochemical cells during the electrolysis of heavy water on Pd cathodes, tritium production has been claimed in a number of publications, a list of which was compiled by Storms [2] and more recently reviewed by Chien et al. [3]. However, substantial difficulties have been encountered in reproducing reported data and considerable controversy remains concerning the occurrence of such events, including tritium production.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, Deuterium uptake during Pd-D codeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 379: p. 121.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
The mode of deuterium uptake during Pd–D co–deposition has been explored using galvanostatic perturbation techniques. The resultant potential relaxation curves exhibit four distinct potential—time intervals where the relaxation process is controlled by the interaction between the transport of deuterium from the lattice to the surface to form adsorbed deuterium and the reduction of palladium from solution. These interactions are discussed in terms of the palladium + electrolyte interphase.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.

This report includes an introduction and a number of reprinted papers. The papers are also available as individual files in this library.
  INTRODUCTION
These introductory remarks illustrate the controversial climate that existed when the NRaD program investigated the anomalous effects the Pd/D system exhibited. These effects included, among others, excess enthalpy production at rates exceeding those usually associated with chemical reactions. The controversy concerns the origin of the observed excess enthalpy which, according to Fleischmann and Pons, is due to room temperature nuclear events involving deuterons present within the Pd lattice, hence, the term cold fusion. To avoid unnecessary arguments, this report refers to the phenomenon as the Fleishmann-Pons (FP) effect.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Calorimetry of Open Electrolysis Cells. 1995, Naval Control, Command and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
A special case of calorimetry of open electrochemical cells, that employing adiabatic enclosures, is examined. Conditions for an experimental realization of such enclosures is discussed in detail. Practical arrangement and method for data collection are presented.

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Szpak, S., et al., Cyclic voltammetry of Pd + D codeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 380: p. 1.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
Processes associated with the Pd + D alloy codeposition are examined by cyclic voltammetry. The voltammograms cover the potential range: +0.3 to –1.3 V (measured against an Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat) reference) and indicate that the partial current due to the Pd2+ ion reduction is diffusion limited at slow scan rates. Except for the significant increase in cathodic currents due to D2O reduction at ca. –0.25 V which occurs on a freshly generated Pd surface, the shapes of the voltammograms marginally differ from those recorded in the absence of Pd2+ ions in the electrolyte phase. A discussion of the dynamics of the interphase is presented.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Nuclear and Thermal Events Associated with Pd + D Codeposition. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 54.

ABSTRACT
 In the Pd+D codeposition process, palladium is electrodeposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. This process favors the initiation and propagation of nuclear and thermal events through a rapid absorption of deuterium to yield high D/Pd atomic ratios. This process results in the formation of non-equilibrium electrode structures that become the seat for localized gradients. Evidence for tritium production, X-ray emanation and generation of localized heat sources, with emphasis on experimental methodology, is provided. The active role of the electrode/electrolyte interphase in the development of these events is examined.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: a response to Vigier's comments. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 221: p. 141.

Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: Search for emanating radiation. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 210: p. 382.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Evidence for the emission of low intensity X-rays during cathodic polarization of the Pd/D system(s) is presented. The Pd/D system was prepared by charging with electrochemically generated deuterium both, palladium foil and paliadium electrodeposited from D2O electrolytes. Experimental and analytical procedures are described in detail.

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Szpak, S., et al., On the behavior of the Pd/D system: Evidence for tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 38.

This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
 Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
 ABSTRACT
 Evidence for tritium production in the Pd/D system under cathodic polarization is presented. A comparison of the observed distribution and that calculated, based upon the conservation of mass, leads to the conclusion that tritium is produced sporadically at an estimated rate of ca 103–104 atoms per second. The results of several runs are interpreted by employing the concept of an electrode/electrolyte interphase and the accepted kinetics of hydrogen evolution. Observation of burst-like events followed by longer periods of inactivity yield poor reproducibility when distributions are averaged over the total time of electrolysis.

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Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, On the release of n/1H from cathodically polarized palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 273.

Release paths for tritium produced during electrochemical compression of deuterium in a Pd lattice are examined. Arguments in support of the reversal of diffusion caused by gas evolution on the electrode surface are presented.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and M. Miles, Calorimetry of the Pd+D codeposition. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 234.

Thermal activities associated with electrochemical compression of deuterium produced on electrodes prepared by Pd D codeposition are discussed. Three cases are considered: activities during and shortly after commencement of current flow, those observed during runs of several days duration, and surface temperature distribution recorded by infrared scanning. Experimental results show excellent reproducibility, high-power outputs, and the development of thermal instabilities resulting in the formation of local hot spots.

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Szpak, S., et al. Polarized D+/Pd-D2O System: Hot Spots and "Mini-Explosions" (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

we have pioneered the use of co-deposition as the means to prepare the electrode to investigate the F-P effect and have conducted several hundred experiments using this basic technique over the past 13+ years.
 We co-deposited onto a Ni mesh that was physically placed close to a mylar film, covering a hole in the cell wall.  An IR camera was positioned to focus on the electrode and recordings were made during and after the co-deposition process to monitor the temperature of the electrode and the surrounding solution.

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Szpak, S., et al. Polarized D+/Pd-D2O System: Hot Spots and “Mini-Explosions”. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Abstract
 Two types of activities occurring within the polarized D+/Pd–D2O system, viz.
the presence of localized heat sources (hot spots) and associated with them mini–
explosions, are described. The “birth and death” of hot spots is monitored by IR
imaging while the mini–explosions are displayed by the voltage spikes exhibited
by a piezoelectric substrate onto which a Pd/D film was co–deposited. Processes
leading to the formation of unstable domains as a precursor to the observed
behavior is examined.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Precursors And The Fusion Reactions In Polarised Pd/D-D2O System: Effect Of An External Electric Field (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

PowerPoint presentation for the paper of the same title.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Precursors And The Fusion Reactions In Polarised Pd/D-D2O System: Effect Of An External Electric Field. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

The effect of an external electric field on the physical appearance of the Pd/D electrode in an operating cell is discussed. It is shown that the individual globules of the "cauliflower-like structure undergo a shape change exhibiting two distinct features, viz those that require energy expenditure that can be extracted from the applied external field (eg re-orientation, separation of individual globules, dendrite formation) and those that require energy expenditure far in excess of one that can be supplied by the electric field alone (eg exhibiting features usually associated with the solidification of a molten metal under liquid or the presence of localized catastrophic events leading to the formation of craters). It is shown, by energydispersive X-ray method, that the needed energy is provided by nuclear events occurring in the region close to the electrode surface. The nuclear events are of the type: precursor --> unstable nucleus --> stable nucleus.

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Szpak, S., et al., Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition. Thermochim. Acta, 2004. 410: p. 101.

Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrode, prepared by the co-deposition technique, serving as a cathode in the Dewar-type electrochemical cell/calorimeter is examined. It is shown that: (i) excess enthalpy is generated during and after the completion of the co-deposition process; (ii) rates of excess enthalpy generation are somewhat higher than when Pd wires or other forms of Pd electrodes are used; (iii) positive feedback and heat-after-death effects were observed; and (iv) rates of excess power generation were found to increase with an increase in both cell current and cell temperature, the latter being higher.

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Szpak, S., et al., Evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice. Naturwiss., 2005. 92(8): p. 394-397.

An operating Pd//D₂O, Li⁺, Cl^-//Pt cell, placed in an external electrostatic field, yielded unexpected results, viz. (i) Morphological changes in the form of discrete sites exhibiting molten-like features, i.e. features that require substantial energy expenditure. (ii) Presence of elements (Al, Mg, Ca, Si, Zn, . . .) that could not be extracted from cell components and deposited on discrete sites. The cell design and the experimental protocol assuring reproducibility is described in detail.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Experimental Evidence for LENR in a Polarized Pd/D Lattice (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

Recent experiments at the U.S. Navy San Diego SPAWAR Systems Center have demonstrated nuclear effects with palladium co-deposition cathodes subjected to magnetic or high voltage fields. CR-39 is used to detect high energy particles. It is placed in close proximity to the cathode because the particles do not travel far. These experiments appear to be highly reproducible.

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Szpak, S., et al., The effect of an external electric field on surface morphology of co-deposited Pd/D films. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2005. 580: p. 284-290.

The polarized PdD electrode undergoes significant morphological changes when exposed to an external electric field. These changes range from minor, e.g. re-orientation and/or separation of weakly connected globules, through forms that result from a combined action of the field as well as that connected with the evolution of gaseous deuterium, to shapes that require substantial energy expenditure.

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Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Experimental Evidence for LENR in a Polarized Pd/D Lattice. in NDIA 2006. 2006. Washington, DC.

Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon, Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice: emission of charged particles. Naturwiss., 2007. DOI 10.1007.

Abstract
 
Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D₂O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report, we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D₂O system.

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Szpak, S., et al. LENR Research Using Co-Deposition. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include tritium and the emission of γ- and X-rays, neutrons, and energetic particles. This communication summarizes 19 years of LENR research that has focused on the Pd/D co-deposition process.

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Szpak, S., et al. SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific Pd:D Co-Deposition Research: Overview of Refereed LENR Publications in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Scientists at the US Navy SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific (SSC-Pacific), and its predecessors, have had extraordinary success in publishing LENR papers in peer-reviewed journals. This success hasn’t come easily and is due to several factors. One key reason for this success was the courage of the SSC-Pacific upper management in allowing scientists to conduct research and publish results in a controversial field. The few journal editors, who had the fortitude to consider our work, also contributed to this success. This contrasts with the majority of their peers who, taking the path of least resistance, ignored our work out of hand and returned manuscripts with, ‘the subject matter is not in the purview of the journal’. The reviewers also played a role in the successful publication of LENR-related papers. A multitude of reviewers, many outside the LENR field, had to put aside their biases and look objectively at our data.  In turn, the reviewers’ relentless concerns forced us to tenaciously address their issues. Ultimately, the SSC-Pacific team published 21 refereed papers in seven journals and a book chapter, spanning 19 years beginning in 1989. This paper is a brief synopsis of those publications.

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