Rafelski, H. E.

Rafelski, H.E., et al., Cold fusion: muon-catalyzed fusion. J. Phys. B, 1991. 24: p. 1469.

Rafelski, J.

Rafelski, J. and S.E. Jones, Cold Nuclear Fusion. Scientific American, 1987. July: p. 84.

Rafelski, J., et al., Limits on Cold Fusion in Condensed Matter: A Parametric Study. 1989.

Rafelski, J., et al., How cold fusion can be catalyzed. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 136.

Rafelski, J., et al., Nuclear reactions catalyzed by a massive negatively charged particle. How Cold Fusion Can Be Catalyzed. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 136.

Ragheb, M.

Ragheb, M. and G.H. Miley, On the possibility of deuteron disintegration in electrochemically compressed deuterium ion (D+) in a palladium cathode. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 243.

Ragheb, M. and G.H. Miley, Deuteron disintegration in condensed media. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 429.

Ragland, E.

Ragland, E., Triode cell experiments for controlled Fleischmann/Pons effect. 1990.

Ragland, E. A Physical Description of Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Ragland, E., A cold fusion technology assessment. Part I - Preliminary Report. 1994.

Raj, P.

Raj, P., et al., Search for Nuclear Fusion in Gas Phase Deuteriding of Titanium Metal, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. B 1.

The possibility of D-D nuclear fusion in some deuterium-metal systems, under ambient conditions, has aroused feverish worldwide interest. Most of the work reported, so far, concerns deuterium charging of Pd metal through electrolysis of D₂O.
In the Chemistry Division, we have carried out some experiments on the deuteriding behaviour of Ti metal, through gaseous route, in the absorption as well as desorption modes, with the view to look for the fusion products, neutrons in the present case. These kinds of experiments have been reported by Frascatti Group in Italy. These authors detected neutron emission lasting over a period of several hours.

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Rajagopalan, S. R.

Rajagopalan, S.R., Cold fusion produces more tritium than neutrons. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 1059.

Rajan, K. G.

Rajan, K.G., et al., Electromigration approach to verify cold fusion effects. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 100.

Ramamurthy, H.

Ramamurthy, H., et al. Further Studies on Excess Heat Generation in Ni-H2O Electrolytic Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Rambaut, M.

Rambaut, M., Double screened Coulomb barrier accounts for neutrons productions in cluster and other fusion experiments. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 164: p. 155.

Rambaut, M. Lawson Criterion Made Obsolete by Cold Fusion through the Double Screening Process. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Rambaut, M., Account of Cold Fusion by Screening and Harmonic Oscillator Resonance. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 486.

Rambaut, M. Experimental Evidences for the Harmonic Oscillator Resonance and Electron Accumulation Model of Cold Fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monac: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Rambaut, M. Electrons clusters and magnetic monopoles. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Rangarajan, S. K.

Rangarajan, S.K., Electrochemically induced cold fusion? A commentary. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 598.

Ransford, H. E.

Ransford, H.E. and S.J. Pike. Apparatus for Safely ExtendingCold Fusion Investigations to High Temperature, Pressure and Input Power Regimes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Ransford, H.E., Apparatus for Safely Extending Cold Fusion Investigations to High Temperature, Pressure and Input Power Regimes. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 78.

Ransford, H.E., Non-Stellar nucleosynthesis: Transition metal production by DC plasma-discharge electrolysis using carbon electrodes in a non-metallic cell. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): p. 16.

Rant, J.

Rant, J., et al., Methods for in-situ detection of cold fusion in condensed matter. Kerntechnik, 1990. 55: p. 165.

Rao, K. A.

Rao, K.A., Technique for Concentration of Helium in Electrolytic Gases for Cold Fusion Studies, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 11.

Rao, K. R.

Rao, K.R. and S.L. Chaplot, Computer experiments concerning palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium lattices - implications to phenomenon of low-energy nuclear reaction. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 355.

Ratkje, S. K.

Ratkje, S.K. and B. Hafskjold, Local heat effects by electrolysis of heavy water. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 273: p. 269.

Raub, E.

Raub, E. and W. Plate, ãber das verhalten der edelmetalle und ihrer legierungen zu sauerstoff bei hoher temperatur im festen zustand. Z. Metallkde, 1957. 48: p. 529.

Raub, E. and W. Plate, ‹ber das verhalten der edelmetalle und ihrer legierungen zu sauerstoff bei hoher temperatur im festen zustand. Z. Metallkde, 1957. 48: p. 529.

Ray, M. K. S.

Ray, M.K.S., et al., The Fleischmann-Pons phenomenon - a different perspective. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 395.

Redey, L.

Redey, L., et al., Calorimetric measurements on electrochemical cells with Pd-D cathodes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 249.

Rees, L. B.

Rees, L.B., Cold Fusion: What Do We Know? What Do We Think? J. Fusion Energy, 1991. 10(1): p. 111.

Rehm, K. E.

Rehm, K.E., W. Kutschera, and G.J. Perlow, Search for protons from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction in an electrolytic cell with palladium-platinum electrodes. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 41(1): p. 45.

Reifenschweiler, O.

Reifenschweiler, O., Reduced radioactivity of tritium in small titanium particles. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 184: p. 149.

By heating a TiT0.0035 preparation consisting of extremely small monocrystalline particles (diameter ≈ 15 nm) a decrease of the radioactivity by 40% was observed. In further experiments the concentration of tritium in such preparations was varied (TiTx experiments) showing that the radioactivity of the tritium increased less than proportionally to its concentration. Careful analysis of the experiments seems to rule out the possibility of trivial errors. A provisional hypothetical explanation is formulated. Our experiments may point to a connection with cold DD-fusion.

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Reifenschweiler, O. Some Experiments on the Decrease of Radioactivity of Tritium Sorbed by Titanium. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Abstract
 A sharp decrease of the radioactivity of tritium was observed when the hydrogen isotope is sorbed by small monocrystalline particles of titanium and the preparation is heated to several hundred degrees centigrade. In other experiments the concentration of tritium in such preparations was varied, showing that the radioactivity of the tritium increased less than proportionally to its concentration. A first attempt is presented to explain these remarkable effects in terms of a “nuclear pair hypothesis”.

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Reifenschweiler, O., Some experiments on the decraease of tritium radioactivity. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 261.

Reifenschweiler, O., Some experiments on the decrease of tritium radioactivity. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 261.

Reifenschweiler, O., About the possibility of decreased radioactivity of heavy nuclei. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 291.

Reifenschweiler, O., Cold Fusion and Decrease of Tritium Radioactivity, in LENR-CANR.org. 2003.

In recent papers (1, 2, 3, 4) the author has deduced from experiments with tritium (5) that during heating of a TiT_0.0035 -preparation and of a TiT_0.0035-preparation the radioactivity of the tritium decreased strongly. This strange effect was distinctly confirmed by the observation that with the TiT_0.0035-preparation the radioactivity decreased 12.5 times stronger than the release of tritium (2,3,4). A quite independent proof of the strong decrease of λ of tritium could be obtained by a thermodynamic evaluation of the heating experiment with the TiT_0.0035-preparation: Assuming that λ of tritium decreases to zero or nearly zero in a part of the tritons enables the determination of the number of tritons with normal λ, n_T and the number of tritons with λ ≈ 0 n_To, both as a function of temperature. Then quite surprising n_T and n_To follow the laws of chemical equilibria in distinct parts of the experimental A = f(T)-function. From this unexpected result the decrease of tritium radioactivity is definitely proved once again (6).

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Reifenschweiler, O., Further Evidence of the Decrease of Tritium Radioactivity by a Thermodynamic Evaluation of a Heat Experiment. Infinite Energy, 2004. 9(54): p. 14.

Ren, X. Z.

Ren, X.Z. and X.Z. Li. Factors affecting hydrogen (deuterium) flux through a thin palladium film. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Ricco, G.

Ricco, G., et al. A Large Solid Angle MultiParameter Neutron Detector. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Rice, R. A.

Rice, R.A., et al., The Effect of Velocity Distribution on Cold Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion. 1989.

Rice, R.A., G.S. Chulick, and Y.E. Kim. The Effect of Velocity Distribution and Electron Screening on Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Rice, R.A., et al., The role of velocity distribution in cold deuterium-deuterium fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 147.

Rice, R.A. and Y.E. Kim, Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I'. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 111.

Rice, R.A., et al. Comments on exotic chemistry models and deep Dirac states for cold fusion. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Several models are examined in which it is claimed that cold fusion is the result either of tight binding of the electrons in H isotope atoms or molecules, or of an electron-H isotope resonance which allows a higher probability of Coulomb barrier penetration. In the case of models in which the electron is tightly bound to the H isotope atom, we show that states below the most deeply bound (-16.39 eV) are impossible in principle. We also present evidence against the possibility of the existence of electron-H isotope resonances. Finally, a lower bound is found for the binding energy of H isotope molecules which is above that calculated in the tightly bound electron-H isotope models.

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Rice-Evans, P.

Rice-Evans, P. and H. Evans, Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion. Eur. J. Phys., 1990. 11: p. 251.

Richards, P. M.

Richards, P.M., Molecular-Dynamics Investigation of Deuterium Separation in PdD1.1. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(11): p. 7966.

Richards, P.M., Molecular-dynamics investigation of deuteron separation in PdD1.1. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40: p. 7966.

Rieker, A.

Rieker, A., et al., Potential error sources in combined electrochemistry/neutron detection experiments. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1991. 46B: p. 1125.

Riesterer, T.

Riesterer, T., On the Hydrogen Site Occupation in Hydrides of Intermetallics. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 103: p. 219.

Riesterer, T., J. Osterwalder, and L. Schlapbach, Inverse Photoemission from PdH0.65. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1985. 32: p. 8405.

Riley, A. M.

Riley, A.M., J.D. Seader, and D.W. Pershing, An in-situ volumetric method for dynamically measuring the absorption of deuterium in palladium during electrolysis. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1992. 139: p. 1342.

Riley, D.

Riley, D. and M. McLaughlin, Turning thre corner: Energy solutions for the 21st century. 2001, Tahoe City, CA: Alternative Energy Institute, Inc.

Ritley, K. A.

Ritley, K.A., et al. A Search for Cold Fusion Signatures in Cathodically Charged Palladium. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Ritley, K.A., et al., The behavior of electrochemical cell resistance: a possible application to cold fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 699.

Ritley, K.A., et al., A search for tritium production in electrolytically deuterided palladium. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19(1): p. 192.

Rittner, E. S.

Rittner, E.S. and A. Meulenberg, A chemical interpretation of heat generated in 'cold fusion'. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 377.

Roberts, D. A.

Roberts, D.A., et al., Energy and flux limits of cold fusion neutrons using a deuterated liquid scintillator. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 42: p. R1809.

Roberts, D.A., et al., Deuterated liquid scintillator (NE230) as a fast neutron detector for cold- fusion and other research. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1992. 39(4): p. 532.

Robinson, G. W.

Robinson, G.W., Could cold fusion be caused by non-maxwell distributions? 1998.

Rock, P. A.

Rock, P.A., et al., Energy balance in the electrolysis of water with a palladium cathode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 293: p. 261.

Rodionov, B

Rodionov, B. and I. Savvatimova. Unusual Structures On The Material Surfaces Irradiated By Low Energy Ions. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Some unusual structures on the surface of metals and films (various x-ray films and nuclear emulsions) caused by exposure to bombardment by low-energy ions in glow discharge plasma, in electrolysis and other low-energy processes (when energy of particles doesn’t exceed several keV) have been found. The mechanism and model of the strange tracks formations and explanation of their structure change are suggested.
 
Neutrino–Dineutron Reactions (Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Induced By D₂ Gas
Permeation Through Pd Complexes. Y. Iwamura Effect)

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Roessler, O. E.

Roessler, O.E., et al., Fermi Gas Like Hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons Experiment. Z. Nature. A, 1989. 44: p. 329.

Roessler, O.E., et al., Fermi Gas Like Hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons Experiment. Z. Nature. A, 1989. 44: p. 329.

Roessler, O.E., et al., Fermi gas like hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons experiments. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1989. 44: p. 329.

Rogers, V. C.

Rogers, V.C., G.M. Sandquist, and K.K. Nielson, Deuterium concentration and cold fusion rate distributions in palladium. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 523.

Rogers, V.C. and G.M. Sandquist, Isotopic hydrogen fusion in metals. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 254.

Rogers, V.C. and G.M. Sandquist, Cold fusion reaction products and their measurement. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 483.

Rogers, V.C. and G.M. Sandquist, Isotopic Hydrogen Fusion in Metals. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 483.

Rolison, D. R.

Rolison, D.R., et al. Anomalies in the Surface Analysis of Deuterated Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

The surface and near-surface analytical characterization of thin palladium foils after the electrolysis of H₂O or D₂O was performed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution mass spectrometry, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These surface characterizations revealed a number of anomalous results, as summarized below.

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Rolison, D.R. and P.P. Trzaskoma, Morphological differences between hydrogen-loaded and deuterium-loaded palladium as observed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 287: p. 375.

Rolison, D.R. and W.E. O'Grady, Observation of elemental anomalies at the surface of palladium after electrochemical loading of deuterium or hydrogen. Anal. Chem., 1991. 63: p. 1697.

Romodanov, V. A.

Romodanov, V.A., et al. Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Romodanov, V.A., et al. Concept of Target Material Choice for Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Media. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Romodanov, V.A., et al. Reproducibility of Tritium Generation From Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Romodanov, V.A., et al. The nuclear reactions in condensed media for interaction of charge particles in energy region is forming by maximum elastic losses. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Romodanov, V.A., et al. High-Temperature Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Media. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Romodanov, V.A., et al. Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Media and X-ray. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Romodanov, V.A., et al. Tritium Generations in Metals at Thermal Activation. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Romodanov, V.A., Y.B. Skuratnik , and A.K. Pokrovsky. Generation of Tritium for Deuterium Interaction with Metals. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Romodanov, V.A., N.I. Khokhlov, and A.K. Pokrovsky. Registration of Superfluous Heat at Sorbtion-Desorbtion of Hydrogen in Metals. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Romodanov, V.A. Tritium Generation From The Interaction Of A Glow Discharge Plasma With Metals And With A Magnetic Field. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

ABSTRACT
This paper describes research into tritium generation arising during bombardment by accelerated ions of a mix of hydrogen isotopes from low-energy plasma of the glow discharge at surfaces of various metals, while imposing a magnetic field. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of a sample during the interaction of hydrogen isotopes with metals in plasma of the glow discharge, and it results in an increase test activity and tritium generation rate of almost two orders of magnitude compared to the same experiments without the magnetic field.

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Rosamilia, J. M.

Rosamilia, J.M., J.A. Abys, and B. Miller, Electrochemical hydrogen insertion into palladium and palladium-nickel thin films. Electrochim. Acta, 1991. 36: p. 1203.

Rosen, G.

Rosen, G., Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 1989. 91(7): p. 4415.

Rosen, G., Groundstate thermalization of hydrogen isotopes in certain metals: enhancement of p+d and d+d nuclear fusion rates by Bethe-Bloch polarization. Hadronic J., 1990. 13: p. 255.

Ross, K.

Ross, K. and S.M. Bennington, Solid state fusion (?). Physics World, 1989. 2: p. 15.

Rossi, A.

Rossi, A., Method And Apparatus For Carrying Out Nickel And Hydrogen Exothermal Reactions Patent WO 2009/125444 Al. 2009, World Intellectual Property Organization.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for carrying out highly efficient exothermal reaction between nickel and hydrogen atoms in a tube, preferably, though not necessary, a metal tube filled by a nickel powder and heated to a high temperature, preferably, though not necessary, from 150 to 5000C are herein disclosed. In the inventive apparatus, hydrogen is injected into the metal tube containing a highly pressurized nickel powder having a pressure, preferably though not necessarily, from 2 to 20 bars.

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Rotegard, D.

Rotegard, D., Fusion, cold fusion, and space policy. Space Power, 1991. 10: p. 205.

Roth, J. R.

Roth, J.R., Ball Lightning: What Nature is Trying to Tell the Plasma Research Community. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 255.

Roth, J.

Roth, J., et al., Fusion reactions during low energy deuterium implantation into titanium. Nucl. Fusion, 1990. 30: p. 441.

Rothwell, J.

Rothwell, J., Highlights of the Fifth International Conference on Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(2): p. 8.

Rothwell, J., Very hot cold fusion: Dr. Mizuno's ceramic proton conductors. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 14.

Rothwell, J., CETI's 1 kilowatt cold fusion device denonstrated. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5&6): p. 18.

Rothwell, J., Review of McKubre, M. C. H., et al., Development of Advanced Concepts for Nuclear Processes in Deuterated Metals, EPRI TR-104195. Infinite Energy, 1996(11).

A review of McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Development of Advanced Concepts for Nuclear Processes in Deuterated Metals. 1994. Selected pages from this report are available here:
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/McKubreMCHdevelopmen.pdf
 Comprehensive, Meticulous and Definitive
This is one of the most comprehensive descriptions of a set of cold fusion experiments ever published. The only reports I know of that rival it are from F.G. Will et al., and M. H. Miles et al. This EPRI book describes the research paid for by EPRI and performed at SRI International between 1989 and 1994 by M. McKubre, S. Crouch-Baker, F. Tanzella and eight other principal investigators. These are among the most careful cold fusion experiments ever done. The results are unequivocal.

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Rothwell, J., Introduction to the Cold Fusion Experiments of Dr. Melvin Miles. Infinite Energy, 1997. 3(15/16): p. 27.

From 1989 until his funding was terminated in 1995, Melvin Miles performed some of the best cold fusion experiments on record. His goal was to answer two critical questions: Does cold fusion produce helium along with excess heat, like a plasma fusion reaction? And if so, does it produce roughly as much helium per joule of energy as a plasma fusion reaction does? He answers both questions affirmatively. When a cold fusion palladium cathode becomes active, it releases helium into the electrolyte. The helium leaves the cell in the effluent deuterium and oxygen gas. Cathodes that produced more excess heat produced greater amounts of helium. The ratio of helium to energy is roughly comparable to that of hot fusion, within an order of magnitude. This is strong evidence that cold fusion really is some form of nuclear fusion, and not fission, zero point energy, or something else.

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Rothwell, J., Dieter Britz: A Knowledgeable Skeptic. Infinite Energy, 1998. 3(18).

Rothwell, J., Review of Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible, By Arthur C. Clarke. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(22).

How did Arthur C. Clarke come to believe that cold fusion is real, and why should anyone care? The answer can be found in an unforgettable nonfiction book he wrote in 1963. It is Profiles of the Future, one of the best books about the future ever written, and one of the finest short overviews of science and technology. . . .

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Rothwell, J., Comparisons from the History of Technology. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): p. 39.

This paper was delivered at the Cold Fusion and New Energies Symposium held in Manchester, New Hampshire October 11, 1998. This version was modified and expanded in May 2003.
 Earlier at this conference Ed Storms said, “cold fusion is on life-support.” Will it survive? Can an unpopular scientific discovery be forgotten? Ed thinks that cold fusion is endangered. In a lecture titled “Cold Fusion – Does It Have a Future?” Nobel Laureate Julian Schwinger said that science itself is at risk . . .

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Rothwell, J., The Wright Brothers and Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 1999. 2(9): p. 37.

History is not inevitable. If the Wrights had not built the airplane, man would not have flown for another ten or twenty years, most experts agree. History is a product of free will. People make decisions, take actions, and shape events. Things do not get invented just because they are needed. We learn to live with awkward machines like the automobile transmission. If Bell Labs had not come up with the transistor, by now we would have computers with a million "vacuum tubes on a chip." (This kind of chip was fabricated for a special application years ago. Technology is flexible; transistors are not the only things you can miniaturize.)

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Rothwell, J., Transistors and Cold Fusion - Part I. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(25): p. 32.

The history of transistors teaches many lessons about how cold fusion might develop and what should be done to help it along.
 Transistors are physically similar to cold fusion devices. In fact, some of the earliest experimental transistors were immersed in electrolyte with a counter electrode to neutralize the surface barrier. . . .

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Rothwell, J., Transistors and Cold Fusion - Part II. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(26): p. 46.

Part 1 closed with the questions: Was the transistor truly inevitable? Where would we be without it? Is any innovation inevitable and unstoppable? I conclude that fundamental breakthroughs, like the transistor, are not inevitable, but once they are made, contingent, derivative or follow‑up breakthroughs like integrated circuits become inevitable. The discovery of cold fusion was not inevitable by any means, and cold fusion technology may never be developed because of technical difficulties or political opposition, but if it is developed and it becomes established, many contingent breakthroughs, like home power generators, will become inevitable.

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Rothwell, J., Butter Side Down: How Cold Fusion Researchers Battle the Innate Perversity of Inanimate Objects and Exploding Parameter Space. Infinite Energy, 2001. 7(37).

A brief introduction to some calorimeter types, and to some of the difficulties in cold fusion experiments.

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Rothwell, J., Cold Fusion, the Titanic Disaster Aftermath, and the Internet. Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(36).

“News is the first rough draft of history.”
—Newspaper publisher Philip L. Graham (1915-1963)

Newspapers are indeed the first draft of history and, in many cases, the last draft as well.  This has been one of the reasons behind cold fusion’s bad press over the years.  Researchers made initial assessments of the phenomenon back in April 1989 and offered up their gut-reaction opinions to the media. Many of these erroneous, off-the-cuff ramblings are still widely quoted today.  The three famous “negative” experiments at Caltech, MIT, and Harwell are often cited as proof that cold fusion does not exist, although careful reexaminations have subsequently shown that the tests conducted at all three establishments did, in fact, yield positive results.  Reporters, commentators, and historians seldom look beyond immediate impressions formed in the earliest days of a major event, when confusion is rampant and detailed investigations have not yet begun. . . .

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Rothwell, J., et al., Appeal to Readers and Correspondence with the Scientific American. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.

An appeal to LENR-CANR readers to help spread the word and help bring about a
rebirth of interest in cold fusion. This document also contains correspondence with the past and present editors of the Scientific American.

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Rothwell, J. and E. Storms. The LENR-CANR.Org Website, Its Past And Future. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The LENR-CANR-org website has proven to be a popular source of information about cold fusion. This site has distributed more full text papers about LENR than any other source. In addition, it contains many features that allow easy search and insertion of the discovered references into a document.

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Rothwell, J., Cold Fusion And The Future. 2004: LENR-CANR.org.

The purpose of this book is to show that with cold fusion we can accomplish marvelous things. This is not a review or history of the field. It is not meant to convince the reader that cold fusion exists. If you doubt that, please read original sources. The book describes how many nightmare problems that seem beyond any present solution, such as global warming, elimination of invasive species, and providing clean drinking water and sanitation to billions of poor people might be eliminated.  The future might be better than you think.
 This book is not copyright. It is distributed for free at LENR-CANR.org, here:
 http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/RothwellJcoldfusiona.pdf (6 MB)
 If you would like to print a copy, we suggest you download the high-resolution version:
 http://lenr-canr.org/ColdFusionAndTheFuturehires.pdf (17 MB)

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Rothwell, J. Introducing The Book "Cold Fusion and the Future". in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Rothwell, J., A Fusão a Frio e o Futuro. 2006: LENR-CANR.org.

The book “Cold Fusion and the Future” translated into Brazilian Portuguese by Sergio Bacchi.
 
O livro "A Fusão a Frio e o Futuro" traduzido ao português brasileiro por Sergio Bacchi. Uma visão das aplicações possíveis da fusão a frio do hidrogênio pesado. Um livro com muita imaginação e humanidade.

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Rothwell, J., Mirai o kizuku jyouonkakuyuugou. 2007: LENR-CANR.org.

The book “Cold Fusion and the Future” translated into Japanese.

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Rothwell, J. and E. Storms, Report on Arata's Paper and Lecture about his "Solid Fusion" Reactor. 2008, LENR-CANR.org.

This paper describes the recent demonstration (May 2008) of anomalous heat and helium production, presented by Prof. Yoshiaki Arata, when two different materials are exposed to D₂ near room temperature.

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Rothwell, J., Tally of Cold Fusion Papers. 2009, LENR-CANR.org.

This document contains a tally of cold fusion papers from two sources: the list maintained by Dieter Britz at Aarhus U., and the EndNote database used to generate the indexes at LENR-CANR.org. Various tallies such as the number of peer-reviewed experimental papers are presented.

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Roulette, T.

Roulette, T., J. Roulette, and S. Pons. Results of ICARUS 9 Experiments Run at IMRA Europe. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

INTRODUCTION
We describe herein the construction, testing, calibration and use of a high power dissipation calorimeter suitable for the measurements of excess enthalpy generation in Pd / Pd alloy cathodes during the electrolysis of heavy water electrolytes at temperatures up to and including the boiling point of the electrolyte. With the present design, power dissipation up to about 400W is possible. Excess power levels of up to ~250% of the input power have been observed with these calorimeters in some experiments. Extensions of the design to include recombination catalysts on open and pressurized cells will be the subject of a future report.

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Rousseau, D. L.

Rousseau, D.L., Case studies in pathological science. Am. Sci., 1992. 80: p. 54.

Roussetski, A. S.

Roussetski, A.S. Investigation of Nuclear Emissions in the Process of D(H) Escaping from Deuterized (Hydrogenized) PdO-Pd-PdO and PdO-Ag Samples. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Roussetski, A.S. Observation of (DD)-Fusion Reaction Products in Electrolyticaly Deuterized PdO/Pd Structures. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Roussetski, A.S. Application of CR-39 Plastic Track Detector for Detection of DD and DT-Reaction Products in Cold Fusion Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Abstract
The results of application of CR-39 plastic track detector in Cold Fusion experiments are presented. According to the calibration, this detector registered not only dd-fusion reaction products, but also dT ones. The procedures for identifying different particles of dd and dT-reaction are recommended. According to these procedures the possible levels of dd and dT-reactions in different experiments have been estimated.

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Roussetski, A.S. and E.I. Saunnin. Long-range a-particle emission from PuNi2 structure. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Roussetski, A.S., A.G. Lipson, and V.P. Andreanov. Nuclear Emissions from Titanium Hydride/Deuteride, Induced by Powerful Picosecond Laser Beam. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

The emission of nuclear particles (protons, deuterons, neutrons and alphas) was detected during irradiation of different targets, including 30 mm thick Ti-metal and Ti-deuteride foils as well as CH₂- film, by picosecond laser beam (I= 2.0x10¹⁸ W/cm², l=1.053 mm). The nominally pure Ti-metal target contained some amount of adsorbed hydrogen (TiH_x).

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Roussetski, A.S. Cr-39 Track Detectors In Cold Fusion Experiments: Review And Perspectives. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Introduction
             Earlier experiments [1,2] have showed emissions of DD-reaction products (3-MeV protons) and energetic charged particle emission (a-particles) during exothermic D(H) desorption from the Pd/PdO:D(H) heterostructures. The occurrence of these emissions was confirmed by independent experiments using both Si-surface barrier and CR-39 plastic track detectors [3, 4].

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Roussetski, A.S., et al. Correct identification of energetic alpha and proton tracks in experiments on CR-39 charged particle detection during hydrogen desorption from Pd/PdO:Hx heterostructure (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Earlier experiments have showed emissions of energetic charged particles (α-particles and protons) during exothermic H desorption from the Pd/PdO:Hx heterostructures. The occurrence of these emissions was confirmed by independent experiments using both Si-surface barrier and CR-39 plastic track detectors. Earlier we already showed that purified CR-39 plastic track detectors can be considered as an adequate scientific instrument, which suitable for detection of
individual uniformly distributed charged particles and also for the groups of these particles being emitted from the active spots (“hot zones”) attributed to the maximum internal strain area at the surface of PdDx and TiDx samples. The analysis of CR-39 data showed that in some cases energetic charged particle tracks (α-particles and protons) concentrated inside the small spots of detector. The typical “hot zone” with ~200 tracks within the area with the size of 0.2 × 0.5 mm² were found to be appeared during the hydrogen desorption experiments with Pd/PdO:Hx samples.

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Roussetski, A.S., et al. Correct identification of energetic alpha and proton tracks in experiments on CR-39 charged particle detection during hydrogen desorption from Pd/PdO:Hx heterostructure. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Rout, R. K.

Rout, R.K., M. Srinivasan, and A. Shyam, Autoradiography of Deuterated Ti and Pd Targets for Spatially Resolved Detection of Tritium Produced by Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. B 3.

Introduction
For the last few months, hectic activity has been underway in various laboratories to study the Cold Fusion phenomenon. De Ninno et al. reported emission of neutrons from titanium metal loaded with deuterium gas under pressure. Similar experiments have been conducted at Trombay. We report here evidence of cold fusion in D₂ gas loaded Ti and Pd targets through the use of autoradiography for spatially resolved detection of tritium. Our study employed three different techniques to observe tritium:
 
(i) Autoradiography using X-ray films.
 
(ii) Characteristic X-ray measurement of titanium, excited by the tritium β.
 
(iii) Liquid scintillation method for tritium β counting.

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Rout, R.K., et al., Copious low energy emissions from palladium loaded with hydrogen or deuterium. Indian J. Technol., 1991. 29: p. 571.

Palladium samples were loaded with deuterium and hydrogen using plasma focus and other loading techniques. Each sample, loaded so far, was observed to be emitting low energy, low intensity radiations. These radiations have been detected and analyzed by autoradiography and other supporting techniques.

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Rout, R.K., et al., Detection of high tritium activity on the central titanium electrode of a plasma focus device. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 391.

A 2-kJ Mather plasma focus device is used to deuterate the top end surface (or tip) of its central titanium electrode to investigate the occurrence of anomalous nuclear reactions in the context of the “cold fusion” phenomenon. The tip of the central titanium electrode is found to develop at least a few tens of microcuries of tritium after several plasma focus discharges. Neither the tritium impurity level in the deuterium gas used in the experiment nor the tritium branch of the d-d reactions that are known to occur in plasma focus devices can account for such activity in the electrode. Anomalous nuclear reactions in the deuterated titanium lattice appear to be the most probable source of this high activity.

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Rout, R.K., et al. Phenomenon of Low Energy Emission from Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Palladium loaded with either hydrogen or deuterium is found to give a clear autoradiograph on exposure to X-ray film. The phenomena is found to be 100% reproducible and is independent of the technique of loading, be it electrolytic, gas loading, plasma discharge or ion implantation. It appears only if the exposure to X-ray film is done in atmosphere of hydrogen, oxygen or air. These emissions are also detected by TLD measurements. Investigations seeking to identify the nature/energy of the radiation through transmission measurements using various filters tentatively indicate that the radiations could be low energy electrons having an energy of around 300 to 400 eV.

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Rout, R.K., et al., Update on observation of low-energy emissions from deuterated and hydrated palladium. Indian J. Technol., 1993. 31: p. 551.

Rout, R.K., et al., Reproducible, anomalous emissions from palladium deuteride/hydride. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 273.

Each and every palladium sample loaded/reloaded either with hydrogen or deuterium was observed to fog radiographic films kept in its close proximity in air. Strangely, even with ten layers of black paper (thickness ≈63 mg/cm2) as a filter between film and sample, fogging was observed. On the other hand, no fogging could be observed even when thin beryllium foil (≈1.4 mg/cm²), three layers of transparent polyester foils (≈10 mg/cm²), or thin aluminized polycarbonate (0.3 mg/cm²) were employed as filters. Several experiments have been performed to identify the phenomenon responsible for fogging. These experiments appear to rule out any of the known mechanisms, suggesting a new, strange, and unknown phenomena.

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Rudesill, J.

Rudesill, J., An Interview with Dr. Edmund Storms. Infinite Energy, 2007(75).

An interview with Edmund Storms and a discussion of the book “The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of Evidence and Explanations About Cold Fusion.”

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Rugari, S. L.

Rugari, S.L., et al., Upper limits on emission of neutrons from Ti in pressurized D2 gas cells: A test of evidence for 'cold fusion'. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 1298.

Rusov, V. D.

Rusov, V.D., et al., Fast neutron recording by dielectric track detectors in a palladium-deuterated-tritated water system in an electrolytic cell. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1989. 15(19): p. 9 (In Russian).

Russell, J. L.

Russell, J.L., Plausibility argument for a suggested mechanism for cold fusion. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1990. 17(10): p. 545.

Russell, J.L., Proposed heat producing nuclear reaction for cold fusion. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1991. 18: p. 305.

Russell, J.L., Virtual electron capture in deuterium. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1991. 18: p. 75.

Russell, J.L., On the nature of the cold fusion process. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1993. 20: p. 227.

Ruzic, D. N.

Ruzic, D.N., K. Schatz, and P.L. Nguyen, A novel apparatus to investigate the possibility of plasma-assisted cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 251.

Ryan, R. R.

Ryan, R.R., et al., Exploration of the Possibility of Fracturing Processes of Metal Deuterides (or Tritides) as a Mechanism for Nuclear Fusion. 1989.

Sada, H.

Sada, H., Theory of nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 107.

Sahni, V. C.

Sahni, V.C., Comment on 'Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible?'. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 4(7): p. 497.

Saito, N.

Saito, N., et al., Search for cold-fusion neutrons from palladium breathing deuterons. Denshi Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Iho, 1990. 54(9): p. 986 (in Japanese).

Saito, N., et al., Measurement of neutrons from cold fusion. Hoshasen, 1991. 17(1): p. 31 (in Japanese).

Saito, T.

Saito, T., et al. Studies on Fleishmann-Pons Calorimetry with ICARUS 1. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Sakaguchi, H.

Sakaguchi, H., G. Adachi, and K. Nagao. Helium Isotopes from Deuterium Absorbed in LaNi5. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Sakamoto, S.

Sakamoto, S. Observations of Cold Fusion Neutrons from Condensed Matter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Sakamoto, Y.

Sakamoto, Y., et al., Thermodynamic properties for solution of hydrogen in palladium-based binary alloys. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99(6): p. 807.

Sakamoto, Y., et al., Calorimetric enthalpies for palladium-hydrogen (deuterium) systems at H(D) contents up to about [H]([D])/[Pd] = 0.86. J. Phys.: Condens. Mater., 1996. 8: p. 3229.

Sakamoto, Y., et al. Calorimetric Enthalpies in the b-phase Regions of Pd Black-H(D) Systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Sakamoto, Y., et al., Thermodynamic properties for solutions of hydrogen in Pd-Pt-Rh alloys. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 212.

Salamon, M. H.

Salamon, M.H., et al., Limits on the emission of neutrons, gamma-rays, electrons and protons from Pons/Fleischmann electrolytic cells. Nature (London), 1990. 344: p. 401.

Salomons, E. M.

Salomons, E.M., et al., Pressure-Composition Isotherms of Thin Pd-H Films. J. Less-Common Met., 1987. 130: p. 415.

Salvarezza, R. C.

Salvarezza, R.C., et al., Electrochemical study of hydrogen absorption in polycrystalline palladium. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1991. 313: p. 291.

Samgin, A. L.

Samgin, A.L., et al. The Influence of Conductivity on Neutron Generation Process in Proton Conducting Solid Electrolytes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Samgin, A.L., et al. Cold Fusion and Anomalous Effects in Deuteron Conductors During Non-Stationary High-Temperature Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Samsonenko, N. V.

Samsonenko, N.V., D.V. Tahti, and F. Ndahayo, On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 220: p. 297.

Samsonenko, N.V., D.V. Tahti, and F. Ndahayo, Reply to the comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 229: p. 133.

Sanchez, C.

Sanchez, C., et al. Cold Fusion During Electrolysis of Heavy Water With Ti and Pt Electrodes. in Understanding Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989. Varenna.

Sanchez, C., et al., Nuclear products detection during electrolysis of heavy water with titanium and platinum electrodes. Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 1039.

Sandquist, G. M.

Sandquist, G.M. and V.C. Rogers, Enhancement of cold fusion reaction rates. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 351.

Sankaranarayanan, M.

Sankaranarayanan, M., et al. Investigation of Low Level Tritium Generation in Ni-H2O Electrolytic Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Sankaranarayanan, M., et al. Investigation of Low Level Tritium Generation in Ni-H2O Electrolytic Cells. in ICCF4, Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Sankaranarayanan, T. K.

Sankaranarayanan, T.K., et al. Evidence for Tritium Generation in Self-Heated Nickel Wires Subjected to Hydrogen Gas Absorption/Desorption Cycles. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Abstract
The loading characteristics of hydrogen gas in electrically self-heated nickel wires was investigated with a view to maximise hydrogen absorption and thereafter "trigger" it to generate anomalous excess heat as reported by Focardi et. al in early 1994. The nickel wires were found to absorb substantial quantity of hydrogen follow­ing several alternate cycles of absorption/desorption. But calorimetric studies conduct­ed with the system so far indicate that we have not succeeded in triggering excess heat generation. However on dissolution and counting using standard liquid scintillation techniques, a number of hydrogen loaded nickel wires were found to contain tritium in the range of 3 Bq to 2333 Bq. This finding corroborates the detection of tritium in light water solutions electrolysed by nickel cathodes reported by the authors first at ICCF - 3 (Nagoya, 1992) and again at ICCF - 4 (Hawaii, 1993), confirming the occurrence of anomalous nuclear reactions in nickel-hydrogen systems.

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Sankaranarayanan, T.K., et al., Investigation of low-level tritium generation in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 349.

Sannikov, V.I .

Sannikov, V.I., et al., Emission of neutrons and gamma-quanta from a titanium electrode polarised by a current in the gas phase over LiD. Rasplavy, 1991(4): p. 86 (in Russian).

Sano, T.

Sano, T., et al. Preparation of Pd Electrodes and Their Hydrogen Loading Rates. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Santandrea, R. P.

Santandrea, R.P. and R.G. Behrens, A review of the thermodynamics and phase relationships in the palladium- hydrogen, palladium-deuterium and palladium-tritium systems. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 1986. 7: p. 149.

Santhanam, K. S. V.

Santhanam, K.S.V., et al., Electrochemically initiated cold fusion of deuterium. Indian J. Technol., 1989. 27: p. 175.

Santhanam, K.S.V., et al., Excess enthalpy during electrolysis of D2O. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 1139.

Santucci, A.

Santucci, A., F. Borgognoni, and S. Tosti. Electrical resistivity and linear expansion of a hydrogenated Pd/Ag permeator tube (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

* Pd-25% wt. Ag alloy is considered for manufacturing hydrogen separators
* The linear expansion and resisitivity of Pg-Ag membranes have been measured under operating conditions typical of hydrogen separation processes
* Membrane module design (finger-like tube assembly, ohmic heating) has been based on the results of the experimental tests

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Santucci, A., et al. Synthesis and characterization of BaCe1-xYxO3-delta protonic conductor (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

In recent years, doped perovskite such as barium cerates (BaCeO3), strontium cerates (SrCeO3) and barium zirconates (BaZr03) have been studied as ceramic proton conductors for several technological applications: protonic membranes, hydrogen separation, catalytic support and solid oxides fuel cell components. Among those compounds, yttrium doped barium cerates have the best performances in terms of protonic conductivity at lowest temperature.

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Sapogin, L. G.

Sapogin, L.G. I. Deuterium Interaction in Unitary Quantum Theory. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Sapogin, L.G. II. On the Mechanism of Cold Nuclear Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Sapogin, L.G. and I.V. Kulikov, Cold nuclear fusion in the unitary quantum theory. Chin. J. Nucl. Phys., 1995. 17: p. 360.

Sapogin, L.G. On One of Energy Generation Mechanism in Initary Quantum Theory. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Sapogin, L.G., Energy generation processes and cold nuclear fusion in terms of Schroedinger equation. Chin. J. Nucl. Phys., 1997. 19(2): p. 115.

Sapogin, L.G. The Theory of Excess Energy in PAGD Reactor (Correa Reactor). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Sarto, F.

Sarto, F., E. Castagna, and V. Violante. Microscopic characterization of palladium electrodes for cold fusion experiments. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Sarto, F., et al. Electrode Surface Morphology Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The introduction of hydrogen into a metal during electrolysis of water involves primarily the metallic surface. The effect of surface morphology on electrochemical reaction kinetics is well described in the literature 1 therefore it seems to be reasonable to assume that the surface morphology of the cathodes could play a role in the electrochemical metal-hydride formation. Actually, a wide variety of surface features and profiles have been observed in the Pd cathodes typically employed in excess heat production experiments. These features are noted in both the as-prepared samples and the electrolyzed ones. In order to establish a correlation between the occurrence of a particular surface morphology and calorimetric results, it is necessary to identify a useful metric with which to describe and compare the different surface morphologies. In this work an approach based on Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been investigated. The method is oriented toward the identification of parameters suitable for a pre-screening of the materials.

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Sarto, F., et al. The Role of Cathode's Surface Properties in the Electrochemical Deuterium Loading of Pd Foils (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Recent experimental evidences clearly indicate that the reproducibility of excess heat production is correlated with the cathode surface properties. To support the results, a theoretical frame has been also developed, that suggests that a relevant role in the excess heat production is played by the electrodynamics processes at the cathode interface. In particular, one of the mechanisms involved is the enhancement and spatial localization of the electro-magnetic field at the metal/electrolyte interface, promoted by proper surface roughness and morphology.

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Sasaki, A.

Sasaki, A., An approach to cold fusion. Kenkyu Kiyo - Miyagi Kogyo Koto Senmom Gakko, 1990. 26: p. 47.

Sasaki, K.

Sasaki, K., Report of my transmutation experiment. 1998.

Sasaki, Y.

Sasaki, Y., et al. Anomalous Heat Generation in Charging of Pd Powders with High Density Hydrogen Isotopes (I) Results of absorption experiments using Pd powders (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Aim
It has been reported that charging of highly pure D2 gas into Pd nano-powders in the form of Pd/ZrO2 nano-composite contained in a stainless-steel vacuum vessel has induced significant excess heat.
We have constructed an experimental system to confirm the phenomenon of heat and 4He generation by calorimetry and investigate the underlying physics.

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Sasaki, Y., et al. Deuterium Gas Charging Experiments with Pd Powders for Excess Heat Evolution (I) Results of absorption experiments using Pd powders. in The 9th Meeting of Japan CF-Research Society. 2009. Shizuoka, Japan.

A twin system for hydrogen-isotope absorption experiments has been constructed to replicate the phenomenon of heat and ⁴He generation during D₂ gas absorption in nano-sized Pd powders reported by Arata and Zhang, and to investigate the underlying physics. For PdZr oxide nano-powders, anomalously large energies of hydrogen isotope absorption, 2.4 ±0.2 eV/D-atom and 1.8 ±0.4 eV/H-atom, as well as large loading ratios of D/Pd =1.1 ±0.0 and H/Pd =1.1 ±0.3, respectively, were observed during deuteride/hydride formation. The sample charged with D₂ also showed significantly positive output energy in the second phase after deuteride formation. Results for 0.1-μm diameter Pd powder samples and Pd-black samples are also shown, for comparison.

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Sastry, K. S. R.

Sastry, K.S.R., Fusion reaction. Science, 1989. 244: p. 904 (Letters).

Sato, T.

Sato, T., et al., Detection of neutrons in electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 357.

Savinell, R. F.

Savinell, R.F. and H.S. Burney Jr., Report of the electrolytic industries for the year 1989. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990. 137: p. 485C.

Savvatimova, I.

Savvatimova, I., Y. Kucherov, and A.B. Karabut. Cathode Material Change after Deuterium Glow Discharge Experiments. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract
 The results of impurity concentration measurements in a palladium cathode by different methods before and after deuterium glow discharge experiments are presented. The concentration of some impurities increases up to 104 times. Elements appear which cannot be found in the discharge environment. Autoradiography of cathode samples shows that isotopes with different radiation energy (less than 20 keV and more 100 keV) exist in the cathode after experiment. The obtained results cannot be explained by the existence of a conventional fusion reaction, but may be explained by a more complex fusion-fission reaction.

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Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut. Nuclear Reaction Products Registration on the Cathode after Glow Discharge. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut. Radioactivity of the Cathode Samples after Glow Discharge. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut, Nuclear reaction products detected at the cathode after a glow discharge in deuterium. Poverkhnost, 1996(1): p. 63 (in Russian).

Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut, Radioactivity of palladium cathodes after irradiation in a glow discharge. Poverkhnost, 1996(1): p. 76 (in Russian).

Savvatimova, I. and V.U. Korolev. Comparative Analysis of Heat Effect in Various Cathode Materials Exposed to Glow Discharge. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Savvatimova, I. Transmutation Effects in the Cathode Exposed Glow Discharge, Nuclear Phenomena or Ion Irradiation Results? in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Savvatimova, I. Reproducibility of Experiments in Glow Discharge and Processes Accompanying Deuterium ions Bombardment. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
The problems of reproducibility of experiments in glow discharge (GD) and electrolysis are considered. The difficulty in estimation of nuclear and non-nuclear processes contribution in isotopic and elemental composition change in material irradiated by ions is noted.
The post-experimental charged particles flow from samples in Deuterium GD was measured. The current ranging ~ 10^-6A·cm^-2 - ~10^-13A·cm^-2 was registered in the first 1 - 3 post-experimental minutes for different materials (Pd, Pd alloys, Ag and Mo) and experimental parameters. The emissions duration lasted 30-100 minutes and depended upon experimental parameters.
Analysis of tracks on X-ray films placed inside and outside of a metal GD chamber has shown existence of tracks varying from several to tens of millimeters. The tracks were of various shapes: round and curvilinear, and also rotating including double spirals.

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Savvatimova, I. and J. Dash. Emission registration on films during glow discharge experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Deuterium and protium experiments in the glow discharge apparatus were conducted with U, W, Zr, Pd foils placed on the cathode. The glow discharge apparatus contains two concentric quartz tubes, each with about five mm wall thickness. Kodak BioMax MR-2 films (13x18 cm) contained in individual packets are intended to detect gamma and x-ray emission in the energy range from 150 to 260 keV. The films were placed against the outer quartz tube about 70 mm from the electrodes during glow discharge operation time ranging from 1-25 hours. The applied glow discharge voltage during was 200-700 V, the current was 5-25 mA/cm2, and the gas pressure was 2-5 torr.

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Savvatimova, I. and D. Gavritenkov. Results Of Analysis Of Ti Foil After Glow Discharge With Deuterium. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

ABSTRACT
 In this study we report on the surface structure, distribution and isotopic composition of elements found on Ti cathodes before and after glow discharge in plasma, during which excess heat was produced. Irradiation was carried out with deuterium ions with a discharge voltage below 1000 volts, with a current of 10 to 20 mA.
 The analysis of the surface structure and of elemental composition of the Ti sample was carried out with a scanning electronic microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), which can detect impurities at concentrations as low as 0.2 atomic %. New metallic phase formation and newly present elements were revealed by the EDS method in several different, separate active spots on the cathode surface, with concentrations ranging from 0.3% up to 10 or 20% or more . . .

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Savvatimova, I. and D. Gavritenkov. Influence Of Parameters Of The Glow Discharge On Change Of Structure And The Isotope Composition Of The Cathode Materials. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Results of examinations of changes in structure, element, and isotope composition of cathodes after the glow discharge exposure in hydrogen, deuterium, argon, and xenon are submitted. The voltage of the discharge was less than 1000 V and the current was 5–150 mA. Samples before and after ions bombardment in the glow discharge were explored by the methods of mass spectrometry: the secondary ions (SIMS), the secondary ions with additional ionization of neutral sprayed particles (SNMS), spark (SMS), and thermo-ionization (TIMS), and also methods of energy dispersion X-ray spectral analysis (EDX). The alpha-, beta-, gamma- emission, and gamma- spectrometry for radioactive uranium specimens were also carried out before and after experiments in the glow discharge. Changes in structure, isotope, and element composition of the cathode samples depend on current density, integrated ions flow (fluence of ions), kind of irradiating ions and other experimental conditions. Attempts are made to estimate qualitatively and quantitatively the role of each of the parameters on intensity of the observed changes in cathode composition. It is shown that the maximum changes in structure, chemical and isotope composition of the cathode material occur in “hot points,” such as craters from microexplosions, phase segregations, blisters and other new formations. . . .

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Savvatimova, I., G. Savvatimova, and A.A. Kornilova. Gamma Emission Evaluation in Tungsten Irradiated By Low Energy Deuterium Ions. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Savvatimova, I. Transmutation in Tungsten Irradiated by Low Energy Deuterium Ions. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Scalia, A.

Scalia, A., The Nuclear Fusion for the Reactions 2H (d,n) 3He, 2H (d,p) 3H, 3H (d,n) 4 He. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101(5): p. 795.

Scalia, A. and P. Figuera. The Cross Section Factor for the Reactions 2H(d,p)3H + 2H(d,n) 3He at Very Low Temperature. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Scaramuzzi, F.

Scaramuzzi, F. Survey of Gas Loading Experiments. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Scaramuzzi, F. Cold Fusion Research in Italy. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Scaramuzzi, F., La fusione fredda quattro anni dopo (Cold fusion four years later). Chim. Ind. (Milan), 1993. 75(5): p. 425 (in Italian).

Scaramuzzi, F., Ten Years of Cold Fusion: An Eye-witness Account. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 77.

INTRODUCTION
The name of Cold Fusion (CF) comes from the interpretation given to certain phenomena taking place in a metal lattice roughly at room temperature, in terms of nuclear fusion, say between two deuterium nuclei: cold in comparison with the high temperatures of thermonuclear fusion (10⁸ K). The first time this was suggested was in the Spring of 1989, ten years ago, by Fleischmann and Pons (1): their experiment gave rise to much turmoil all over the world, ending within a few months with the scientific community rejecting the experiment and thus this interpretation. Research in CF continued nevertheless in a few laboratories, mostly in the USA, Japan, Italy, Russia and China; International Conferences were held regularly, roughly every 1.5 years. However, after ten years, in spite of undeniable (although not overwhelming) progress in the field, there is hardly any communication between this small CF community and the scientific world at large.

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Scaramuzzi, F., Gas loading of deuterium in palladium at low temperature. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2004. 385: p. 19.

The experimental technique presented in this article is aimed at measuring the absorption of hydrogen or deuterium gas in a thin palladium sample while the system is at low temperature. A result for deuterium is described, consisting in the measurement of the equilibrium loading ratio X (called also D/Pd ratio, atomic), as a function of pressure, on a palladium film 3.6 μm-thick at 150 K. Values of X up to 1 have been measured at pressures lower than 1 bar. The electric resistance of the palladium sample also has been measured as a function of temperature and of X, and the results are reported.

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Scaramuzzi, F. Low Temperature Gas Loading Of Deuterium In Palladium (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Objectives of the experiment
The idea is to realize a conceptually simple experiment, reproducible, and with a straightforward answer:
* To start with, measuring the D/Pd ratio, aiming to high values.
* Possibly detecting excess heat.
* Analyze the gas, looking for 4He.
* Studying the loading dynamics.

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Schaffer, M.

Schaffer, M., What is the current scientific thinking on cold fusion? Scientific American, 1997. on line.

Schaller, C.

Schaller, C., Fusion Lecturer Cold To Press, in Los Alamos Monitor. 1990: Los AlamosEditor.

Schaller, C., Scientist Convinced Process is Nuclear, in Los Alamos Monitor. 1990: Los AlamosEditor. p. 1.

Schaller, C., Scientists Careful in Fusion Finds, in Monitor. 1990: Los AlamosEditor. p. 1.

Schaller, C., Scientists Seeing Results in Cold Fusion, in Monitor. 1990: Los AlamosEditor. p. 183.

Schilling, K. D.

Schilling, K.D., et al., Search for charged-particle emission from deuterated palladium foils. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1990. 336: p. 1.

Schirber, J. E.

Schirber, J.E. and C.J.M. Northrup, Concentration Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature In Pd-H and Pd-D. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1974. 10: p. 3818.

Schirber, J.E. and B. Morosin, Lattice Constants of Beta-Pd-Hx and Beta-PdDx with x Near 1.0. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1975. 12: p. 117.

Schirber, J.E., et al., Search for cold fusion in high-pressure deuterium-loaded titanium and palladium metal and deuteride. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 397.

Schlapbach, L.

Schlapbach, L., et al., Surface Effects and the Formation of Metal Hydrides. J. Less-Common Met., 1980. 73: p. 145.

Schlapbach, L. and J.P. Burger, A New XPS/UPS Study of the Electronic Structure of PdH0.6. J. Phys., Lett., 1982. 43: p. L-273.

Schlapbach, L. and T. Riesterer, The Composition of the Surface Properties of FeTi and Fe2Ti4Ox in View of the Different Hydrogen Sorption Behaviours. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 101: p. 453.

Schlapbach, L., et al., Low Temperature Electronic Properties of Cerium Hydrides. J. Less-Common Met., 1986(130): p. 239.

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Schlapbach, L. Hydrogen and Its Isotopes in and on Metals. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

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Schmidt, S., Cold Fusion Conundrum. Analog Science Fiction and Fact, 1995. Jan: p. 5.

Schneider, J. H.

Schneider, J.H., How a rectangular potential in Schroedinger's equation could explain some experimental results on cold nuclear fusion. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 377.

Schober, T.

Schober, T., et al., The Observation of Cylindrical Cavities at Dislocations in Dilute Tritium-Charged Vanadium. Scr. Metall., 1984. 18: p. 255.

Schober, T., et al., The Observation of Cylindrical Cavities at Dislocations in Dilute Tritium-Charged Vanadium. Scr. Metall., 1984. 18: p. 255.

Schommers, W.

Schommers, W. and C. Politis, Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible? Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3(8): p. 597.

Schreiber, M.

Schreiber, M., et al. Recent Experimental Results on the Thermal Behavior of Electrochemical Cells in the Hydrogen-Palladium and Deuterium-Palladium Systems. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Schreiber, M., et al. Recent Measurements of Excess Energy Production in Electrochemical Cells Containing Heavy Water and Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Abstract
 This paper reports calorimetric experiments related to the energy breakeven issue during heavy water electrolysis using a Pd cathode in thermodynamically closed cells. A comparison with light water electrolysis under the same conditions is also given. Excess power has been observed in a number of cases in which the overall energy balance becomes positive after a short period, leading to the generation of significant amounts of excess energy. In one case, excess power was maintained over a period of ten days, and produced over 23 MJ of excess energy per mole of palladium.

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Schrieder, G.

Schrieder, G., H. Wipf, and A. Richter, Search for cold nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium. Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 1989. 76: p. 141.

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Schuldiner, S., G.W. Castellan, and J.P. Hoare, Electrochemical Behavior of the Palladium-Hydrogen System. I. Potential-Determining Mechanisms. J. Chem. Phys., 1958. 28: p. 16.

Schulte, U.

Schulte, U., Die 'Kalte Kernfusion' - ein wissenschaftlicher Artifakt [in German] ('Cold fusion' - a scientific artifact). Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung, 2002. 142(14): p. 77.

Schultz, R.

Schultz, R. and J.P. Kenny, Electronuclear catalysts and initiators: The di-neutron model for cold fusion. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(29): p. 58.

Schultze, J. W.

Schultze, J.W., et al., Prospects and problems of electrochemically induced cold nuclear fusion. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1289.

Schwinger, J.

Schwinger, J., Cold fusion: a hypothesis. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1990. 45A: p. 756.

Schwinger, J. Nuclear Energy in an Atomic Lattice. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Schwinger, J., Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice. 1. Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters, 1990. 15: p. 221.

The distinct nature of the cold fusion regime is emphasized: electromagnetic selection rules suppress radiation, permitting excess energy transference to the lattice; the coherent nature of the wave-function is at variance with the standard separation between barrier penetration and nuclear reactivity. The discussion is restricted to tritium production, based on the dd reaction that populates the first excited state of ⁴He, which decays into t+p, whereas the formation of ³He+n is energetically forbidden. Production rates compatible with the broad range of experimental results are realized within a narrow parametric interval. The great sensitivity to the physical circumstances is reminiscent of the reproducibility problems that have plagued this field.

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Schwinger, J., Cold fusion: Does it have a future? Evol. Trends Phys. Sci., Proc. Yoshio Nishina Centen. Symp., Tokyo 1990, 1991. 57: p. 171.

Abstract. The case against the reality of cold fusion is outlined. It is based on preconceptions inherited from experience with hot fusion. That cold fusion refers to a different regime is emphasized. The new regime is characterized by intermittency in the production of excess heat, tritium and neutrons. A scenario is sketched, based upon the hypothesis that small segments of the lattice can absorb released nuclear energy.

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Schwinger, J., Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice. Prog. Theor. Phys., 1991. 85: p. 711.

Schwinger, J. Cold Fusion, A Brief History of Mine. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

As Polonius might have said: “Neither a true-believer nor a disbeliever be.” From the very beginning in a radio broadcast on the evening of March 23, 1989, I have asked myself—not whether Pons and Fleischmann are right—but whether a mechanism can be identified that will produce nuclear energy by manipulations at the atomic-the chemical-level. Of course, the acceptance of that interpretation of their data is needed as a working hypothesis, in order to have quantitative tests of proposed mechanisms.

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Schwinger, J., Cold Fusion, A Brief History of Mine. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. xiii.

Schwinger, J., Energy Transfer In Cold Fusion and Sonoluminescence. 1994.

Scott, C. D.

Scott, C.D., et al., A preliminary investigation of cold fusion by electrolysis of heavy water. 1989: Oak Ridge.

Scott, C.D., et al., Measurement of excess heat and apparent coincident increases in the neutron and gamma-ray count rates during the electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 103.

Scott, C.D., et al., Preliminary Investigation of Possible Low-Temperature Fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 115.

Scott, C.D., et al. The Initiation of Excess Power and Possible Products of Nuclear Interactions During the Electrolysis of Heavy Water. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

The electrolysis of heavy water is being investigated with an insulated flow calorimetric system. In each of a series of tests, the electrolyte was 0.1 to 1.0 LiOD in D₂O and cylindrical palladium cathodes surrounded by wire-wound platinum anodes were used at cathode current densities of 100 to 800 mA/cm². The most recent test was made with a "closed system" without off-gas in which the electrolysis gases were internally recombined. Fast neutrons and gamma rays were measured continuously during each test. It was shown that certain system perturbations could initiate and extend the generation of excess power. In one test, an apparent increase in the neutron count rate was also coincident with system perturbations.

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Searson, P. C.

Searson, P.C., Hydrogen evolution and entry in palladium at high current density. Acta metall. Mater., 1991. 39: p. 2519.

Seeliger, D.

Seeliger, D., et al., Search for DD-fusion neutrons during heavy water electrolysis. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34(7): p. 991.

Seeliger, D., Physical problems of the investigations into nuclear fusion in condensed media. Isotopenpraxis, 1990. 26: p. 384 (in German).

Seeliger, D. and A. Meister, A simple plasma model for the description of d-d fusion in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2114.

Seeliger, D., et al. Evidence of Neutron Emission From a Titanium Deuterium System. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Seeliger, D., Theoretical limits of nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Acta Phys. Hung., 1991. 69: p. 257.

Segre, S. E.

Segre, S.E., et al., A Search for Neutron Emission from Deuterated Palladium. 1989.

Segre, S.E., et al., A mechanism for neutron emission from deuterium trapped in metals. Europhys. Lett., 1990. 11: p. 201.

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Seifritz, W., No end to cold fusion (Kalte Fusion und kein Ende). GIT Fachz. Lab., 1991. 35: p. 114 (in German).

Seifritz, W., Ein neuer Weg zur Nutzbarmachung der Kernfusion?["A new way of using nuclear fusion?"]. Atomwirtsch. Atomtech., 1996. 41: p. 729 (in German).

Seifritz, W., Letter to the Editor. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2003. 28: p. 357.

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Seitchie, J.A., A.C. Gossard, and V.J. Accarino, Knight shifts and susceptibilities of transition metals: Palladium. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1964. 136: p. 1119.

Seitz, R.

Seitz, R., Fusion in from the cold?" (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 185.

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Semiletov, S.A., et al., Electron-Diffraction Investigation of Tetragonal PdH. Kristallografiya, 1980. 25: p. 665.

Senjuh, T.

Senjuh, T., et al. Study of Material Processing and Treatment for High Deuterium-Loading. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Senjuh, T., et al., Experimental study of electrochemical deuterium loading of Pd cathodes in the LiOD/D2O system. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 617.

Seo, M.

Seo, M. and M. Aomi, Piezelectric response to surface stress change of a palladium electrode in sulfate aqueous solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1992. 139(4): p. 1087.

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Service, A.W., New Tomorrow Dawns As LANL Confirms Cold Fusion, in The New Mexican. 1989: Santa FeEditor.

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Sevilla, J., et al., Some characteristics of titanium and palladium samples used in cold fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 188.

Sevilla, J., et al. Time-Evolution of Tritium Concentration in the Electrolyte of Prolonged Cold Fusion Experiments and its Relation to Ti Cathode Surface Treatment. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

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Shackelford, J.F., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Diffusion of metals into metalsShackelford, J.F. 1964.

Shaheen, M.

Shaheen, M., et al. Anomalous Deuteron to Hydrogen Ratio in Oklo Samples and Possibility of Deuteron Disintegration. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Shaheen, M. and M. Ragheb, Anomalous deuteron to hydrogen ratio in naturally occurring fission reactions and the possibility of deuteron disintegration. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1992. 158: p. 323.

Shamoo, A. E.

Shamoo, A.E., Editorial. Accountability Res., 2000. 8.

Before 1996, when I gave lectures on responsible conduct of research or research ethics, I used to emphasize the importance of ensuring in biomedical research the quality and integrity of research data. My reason for emphasizing this point was that, as opposed to situations associated with maintaining comparable standards in clinical trials, in which existing funding levels allow for the possibility that particular experiments will be repeated, in biomedical research, one cannot obtain funding to repeat research experiments that are large and expensive. For this reason, it was (and has remained) imperative that instances of possible fraud, misconduct and sloppy work be reduced from the outset. Because of limited funding, as a consequence, the self-correcting process of science may not be operative in these areas. I then used to end this part of my discussion by citing how in cold fusion research, and because of the potential significance and impact of the particular claims associated with this area, the self-correcting nature of science worked. The cold fusion experiments have been repeated dozens of times without success. The conclusion was that they were proven to be wrong. However, I was basing my conclusion on the numerous reports in newspapers and scientific magazines but not on any readings of the original literature.

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Shanahan, K.

Shanahan, K., A Possible Calorimetric Error in Heavy Water Electrolysis on Platinum. Thermochim. Acta, 2002. 387(2): p. 95-101.

Abstract
A systematic error in mass flow calorimetry calibration procedures potentially capable of explaining most positive excess power measurements is described. Data recently interpreted as providing evidence of the Pons-Fleischmann effect with a platinum cathode are reinterpreted with the opposite conclusion. This indicates it is premature to conclude platinum displays a Pons and Fleischmann effect, and places the requirement to evaluate the error’s magnitude on all mass flow calorimetric experiments.

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Shanahan, K., Comments on Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition. Thermochim. Acta, 2005. 428: p. 207.

Shanahan, K., Reply to 'Comment on papers by K. Shanahan that propose to explain anomalous heat generated by cold fusion,' E. Storms. Thermochim. Acta, 2005. 441: p. 210.

Shani, G.

Shani, G., et al., Evidence for a background neutron enhanced fusion in deuterium absorbed palladium. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72(1): p. 53.

Shankland, S.

Shankland, S., Storms: Interest in cold fusion resurging, in Los Alamos Monitor. 1994: Los AlamosEditor. p. 31.

Shanley, E. S.

Shanley, E.S., The simplest explanation... Chem. Health & Saf., 1995. 2(2): p. 4.

Shapira, D.

Shapira, D. and M. Saltmarsh, Nuclear Fusion in Collapsing Bubbles—Is It There? An Attempt to Repeat the Observation of Nuclear Emissions from Sonoluminescence. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2002. 89(10): p. 104302-1.

Shapovalov, V. L.

Shapovalov, V.L., Test for additional heat evolution in electrolysis of heavy water with palladium cathode. JETP, 1989. 50: p. 117.

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Shaw, G.L., et al., Scenario for cold fusion by free quark catalysis. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 102: p. 1441.

Sheldon, E.

Sheldon, E., An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion. Contemporary Physics, 2008. 49(5).

Shelton, D. S.

Shelton, D.S., et al., An assessment of claims of 'excess heat' in 'cold fusion' calorimetry. Thermochim. Acta, 1997. 297: p. 7.

Shen, G.

Shen, G., et al., The efficiency calculation of a low background neutron detection system. Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology), 1991. 25: p. 93 (in Chinese).