Bjerklie, D.

Bjerklie, D., J.M. Nash, and D.T. Thompson, Fusion Illusion?, in Time. 1989. p. 72.

Blagus, S.

Blagus, S., et al., Search for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrodes. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 333: p. 321.

Blagus, S., et al., Evidence for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrode. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 105.

Blanchard, R.

Blanchard, R., Fizzion a new process for low energy nuclear transformation and energy production. 1998.

Blaschko, O.

Blaschko, O., P. Fratzl, and R. Klemencic, Model for the Structural Changes at Low Temperatures in PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1981. 24: p. 277.

Blaser, J. P.

Blaser, J.P., et al., Experimental investigation of cold fusion phenomena in palladium. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 262.

Blencoe, J. G.

Blencoe, J.G., et al., Tests for 'cold fusion' in the Pd-D2 and Ti-D2 systems at 40-380 MPa and -196-27 degC. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 149.

Bochler, S.

Bochler, S., et al., 3d Photoemission from Mixed Valent YbH2.6. J. de Physique, Colloque C9, Supp., 1987. 48(12): p. 947.

Bockris, J.

Bockris, J., J. McBreen, and L. Lewis, The Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics and Hydrogen Entry into a-Iron. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1965. 112: p. 1025.

Bockris, J. and P.K. Subramanyan, The equivalent pressure of molecular hydrogen in cavities within metals in terms of the overpotential developed during the evolution of hydrogen. Electrochim. Acta, 1971. 16: p. 2169.

Bockris, J., G.H. Lin, and N.J.C. Packham, A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 11.

Bockris, J., About the alleged presence of tritium in some palladium electrodes and journalist Gary Taubes article in Science. 1990.

Bockris, J., Addition to 'A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena'. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 523.

Bockris, J., et al. Does Tritium Form at Electrodes by Nuclear Reactions? in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

This paper reports tritium formed in LiOD D₂O solutions in which Pd cathodes are used to evolve D₂. Electrolysis was carried out for up to 4œ months. Excess heat has been observed from 5 electrodes out of 28, tritium in 15 out of 53 but 9 out of 13 if the electrodes are limited to 1 mm diameter. Steady state tritium concentrations were 10⁴-10⁷ disintegrations min^-1 ml^-1. A weak correlation may exist between heat observed and tritium produced. The rate of production of tritium was c. 10¹⁰ atoms cm^-2 sec^-1. The branching ratio of tritium to neutrons was ~ 10⁸.
A theoretical dendrite enhanced fusion model is suggested. Growing gas layer breakdown occurs at sufficiently high surface potential dendrite tips and correspondingly fusion reactions occur. The model gives quantitative consistence with experiment, especially the sporadic nature and the observed branching ratio.

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Bockris, J. and D. Hodko, Is there evidence for cold fusion? Chem. & Ind., 1990. 22: p. 688.

Bockris, J. and D. Hodko. Is There Evidence for Fusion Under Solid State Confinement. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Bockris, J., The Answer to the Conundrum at Texas A & M: Accusations of Fraud in an Article Published by "Science. 1990.

Bockris, J., Cold fusion II: The Story Continues. New Scientist, 1991. 19: p. 50.

Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. Fugacity of hydrogen isotopes in metals: degradation, cracking and cold fusion. in Symp. Hydrogen Storage Materials, Batteries, Electrochemistry 1991. 1991.

Bockris, J., How Physicists and Chemists Differ. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 1991. 4(4): p. 65-66.

Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. The Mechanism of Deuterium Evolution on Palladium: Relation to Heat Bursts Provoked By Fluxing Deuterium Across the Interface. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Bockris, J., et al., Cold fusion as a consequence of high fugacity among hydrogen isotopes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1992. 17: p. 445.

Bockris, J., et al. Tritium and Helium Production in Palladium Electrodes and the Fugacity of Deuterium Therein. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Bockris, J. and R. Sundaresan. Electrochemistry, Tritium and Transmutation. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Bockris, J. and R. Sundaresan, Electrochemistry, Tritium, and Transmutation. 1994.

Bockris, J., et al. Triggering of Heat and Sub-Surface Changes in Pd-D Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

I. INTRODUCTION 
More than four years after the first reports of chemically stimulated nuclear reactions, the triggering of heat evolution and the production of associated nuclear debris remains a highly uncertain matter. Both the duration of the switch-on time and, indeed, whether a given electrode will commence to show nuclear activity within 500 hours of the beginning of electrolysis, remain unclear.
In the present study, three methods of triggering anomalous heat are described. The changes in the sub-surface of palladium during the evolution of D2 or H2 are described as a function of potential, temperature and time.
Finally, these results are evaluated against the present theories of heat production in metals. 

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Bockris, J., Were the Seeds of the Decay of the West Sown in 1650? 1994.

Bockris, J., et al., Lattice assisted nuclear transformation (LANT). 1995.

Bockris, J., G.H. Lin, and R.T. Bush, Do nuclear reactions take place under chemical stimulation? J. Sci. Expl., 1996. 10: p. 245.

Bockris, J., The complex conditions needed to obtain nuclear heat from D-Pd systems. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 210.

Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, Two zones of "Impurities" observed after prolonged electrolysis of deuterium on palladium. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5/6): p. 67.

In experiments carried out recently in which hydrogen was electrolyzed from water in contact with a palladium electrode, the concentration and depth of impurities were measured as a function of electrolysis time. It was found that after 3 weeks, two different sets of impurities could be observed, one set within 50Ć of the surface and another set different chemical spaces, about 1μ inside the metal.

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Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, First experimental establishment of high internal pressure of molecular hydrogen developed in palladium during water electrolysis. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998. 23(12): p. 1079.

Bockris, J., Speculative interpretation of overunity experiments involving water electrolysis. 1998.

Bockris, J., Early Contributions from Workers at Texas A&M University to (So-called) Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. New Energy, 1999. 4(2).

INTRODUCTION:  THE SITUATION IN MARCH, 1989
The firm opinion in respect to basic knowledge of the nucleus common among chemists and physicists in March, 1989, was that chemical effects (involving frequencies of - 10¹⁴), could not affect the nucleus of atoms with frequencies - 10⁶ times higher.  It was also believed in March, 1989, that high energy neutrons were the path towards atomic fission, as in nuclear reactors; and that collisions of H isotopes at extremely high temperatures similar to those in the sun, constituted the main path towards the fusion of nuclei.

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Bockris, J., Nuclear Transmutation: The reality of cold fusion (Book Review). Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 1999. 19(5): p. 439.

Bockris, J., Some happenings at Texas A&M University when unexpected new results in research are obtained. 1999.

Bockris, J., Accountability and academic freedom: The battle concerning research on cold fusion at Texas A&M University. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 103.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD OF LOW TEMPERATURE NUCLEAR REACTIONS FROM GROUPS AT TEXAS A&M
Directly after the March 1989 TV announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that they had achieved a nuclear reaction at electrodes in the cold, research began on the phenomenon at Texas A&M. The University was picked by EPRI as a recipient of funds to investigate the field. Thus, it possessed a Thermodynamic Research Center, a Cyclotron group, and three groups in Electrochemistry (Chemistry Department). In addition, there was the Center for Electrochemical Systems and Hydrogen Research in the Texas Engineering Experiment Center, housed in the university. All these groups received funds to explore “cold fusion.”

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Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, The mechansim of the evolution of hydrogen on palladium and associated internal damage phenomena. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2000. 25: p. 747.

Bockris, J. The History Of The Discovery Of Transmutation At Texas A&M University. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Until 1989 I had been a publisher of high temperature physical chemistry, electrochemical and environmental research papers.   I was a physical chemist and my contact with nuclear chemistry was only in using it in some tracer techniques.
The Fleischmann and Pons announcement of March 1989 was of interest partly because of its radical nature, but also because I had known Martin Fleischmann since his days as a student at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London.
I had easy access to Fleischmann and I therefore could instruct my co-workers (about 20 at the time) about the technique used in the Fleischmann and Pons work.

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Boes, N.

Boes, N. and H. Zuchner, Electrochemical methods for studying diffusion, permeation and solubility of hydrogen in metals. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 49: p. 223.

Bonazzola, G. C.

Bonazzola, G.C., et al., A large-area neutron detector based on double scattering. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1990. A299: p. 25.

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Bond, R.A. and D.K. Ross, The Use of Monte Carlo Simulations in the Study of a Real Lattice Gas and its Application to the a' Pd-D System. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1982. 12: p. 597.

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Boniszewski, T. and G.C. Smith, The influence of hydrogen on the plastic deformation ductility, and fracture of nickel in tension. Acta Metall., 1963. 11: p. 165.

Borbely, L.

Borbely, L. and P. Doleschall, Nucleon Exchange Effects at Low Bombarding Energies for Deuteron-Neutron Scattering. Phys. Lett. B, 1992. 283: p. 10.

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Bosch, H.S., et al., Electrochemical Cold Fusion Trials at IPP Garching. 1989.

Bosch, H.S., et al., Electrochemical cold fusion trials at IPP Garching. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 165.

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Boscoli, R., Method and machine for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions. 1998.

Bose, H.

Bose, H., et al., Verification Studies in Electrochemically Induced Fusion of Deuterons in Palladium Cathodes, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 8.

Botta, E.

Botta, E., et al., Measurement of 2.5 MeV neutron emission from Ti/D and Pd/D systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 105A: p. 1663.

Botta, E., et al. Search for 4He Production from Pd/D2 Systems in Gas Phase. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Abstract
 We describe the performance of an apparatus consisting of a cell containing a Pd sheet loaded with D2 in gas phase coupled to a high resolution Q-mass spectrometer. The loading ratio α = D/Pd is increased by applying a constant electric field along the Pd sheet, α is carefully measured by means of the electric resistance variation and of the thermodynamic parameters. In one experiment a signal corresponding to ⁴He production was observed.

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Botta, E., et al. Measurement of 4He Production from D2 Gas-Loaded Pd Samples. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract
 A Pd sheet gold plated at both ends was loaded with D₂ in a Cold Fusion cell operating on the basis of the Coehn effect. The procedure was the same followed in a previous experiment. The gas has been analyzed by means of a high resolution mass spectrometer before the absorption into Pd and after desorption: a significant presence of ⁴He after desorption has been measured, in agreement with the previous results.

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Botta, E., et al., On the neutron emission from the Ti/D system. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112: p. 607.

Botter, F.

Botter, F., et al., Search for emission of neutrons from a palladium-deuterium system. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 232: p. 536.

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Boucher, G.R., F.E. Collins, and R.L. Matlock, Separation factors for hydrogen isotopes on palladium. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 200.

Boudard, A.

Boudard, A., M. Garcon, and S. Platchkov, What shape has the deuteron? Recherche, 1991. 22(235): p. 1094.

Bower, B.

Bower, B., Peer Review Under Fire. Science News, 1991. 139: p. 394.

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Bowker, J. and G.R. Piercy, The use of palladium to obtain reproducible boundary conditions for permeability measurements using galvanostatic charging. Metal. Trans. A, 1985. 16: p. 715.

Bowman, M. G.

Bowman, M.G., A Proposed Pathway for Cold Fusion Reactions. 1990: Letter.

Boya, L. J.

Boya, L.J., Possible mechanisms for cold fusion in deuterated palladium. An. Fis., Ser. B, 1990. 86(2): p. 221.

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Bracci, L., G. Fiorentini, and G. Mezzorani, A Dynamical Calculation of the Electron Shielding for d-d Fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146(3): p. 128.

Bracci, L., G. Fiorentini, and G. Mezzorani, Nuclear fusion in molecular systems. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1990. 16: p. 83.

Braun, T.

Braun, T., A Selective, Annotated Bibliography. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1989. 136(3).

Braun, T., World Flash on Cold Fusion No. 10. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1991. 154(1): p. 1.

Bressani, T.

Bressani, T., E. Del Giudice, and G. Preparata, First steps toward an understanding of 'cold' nuclear fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101: p. 845.

Bressani, T., et al. A Study of the Neutron Emission from Ti Loaded With D in Gas Phase by Means of a Time-of-Flight Spectrometer. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Bressani, T., et al., Observation of 2.5 MeV neutrons emitted from a titanium-deuterium system. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1991. 104(9): p. 1413.

Bressani, T. and G. Preparata, What Makes a Crystal Stiff Enough for the Mossbauer Effect? Il Nuovo Cimento, Note Brevi, 1992. 14D(3): p. 345-349.

Bressani, T. Nuclear Physics Aspects of Cold Fusion Experiments, Scientific Summary after ICCF-7. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

1 Introduction
The circumstance that I made the scientific summary on Nuclear Products in Cold Fusion Experiments also after ICCF-6 gives to me the opportunity of combining the comparison of the results from two subsequent conferences and of discussing globally the impressive achievements gained in these last three years. The major achievement at ICCF-6 was, to my opinion, the evidence of the corre­lation between Excess Heat, when measured, and the production of ⁴He, observed in quantities of the same order of magnitude of what expected form the hypothe­sis that the reaction d + d → ⁴He + (energy) is the main source of energy in Cold Fusion experiments. This conclusion was reached by several experiments.

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Briand, J. P.

Briand, J.P., et al., Cold fusion: an alternative diagnostic. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1989. A285: p. 547.

Briand, J.P., et al., Cold fusion rates in titanium foils. Phys. Lett., 1990. A145(4): p. 187.

Briand, J.P. Is There Any Deuterium in Dr. Jone's Titanium Foils? in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Briand, J.P. and M. Froment, La fusion 'froide' dix-huit mois apres" (Cold fusion, 18 months later). Recherche, 1990. 21: p. 1282.

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Bridge, M.E., D.R. Lloyd, and J.M.D. Coey, Cold fusion ideas" (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 340: p. 105.

Brightsen, R. A.

Brightsen, R.A. and E. Mallove, Explanation of Cold Fusion Reactions Based on the Nucleon Cluster Model (NCM). 1992.

Brightsen, R.A., Application of the Nucleon Cluster Model to Experimental Results. 1995.

Brightsen, R.A., The Nucleon Cluster Model and the Periodic Table of Beta-Stable Nuclides. 1995.

Brightsen, R.A., Correspondence of the nucleon cluster model with the periodic table of elements. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5 & 6): p. 73.

Brightsen, R.A., Correspondence of the Periodic Table of Beta-Stable Nuclides with the Classical Periodic Table of Elements. 1996.

Brightson, R.

Brightson, R., Cluster Theory. 1994: Clustron Sciences Corp.

Brillas, E.

Brillas, E., et al. Product Analysis From D2O Electrolysis With Palladium and Titanium Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Brillas, E., et al. Product Analysis From D2O Electrolysis With Palladium and Titanium Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Brillas, E., et al., Product analysis from D2O electrolysis with Pd and Ti cathodes. Electrochim. Acta, 1992. 37(2): p. 215.

Brind, J.

Brind, J., letter. Science News, 1990: p. 163.

Britz, D.

Britz, D., Cold fusion: an historical parallel. Centaurus, 1990. 33: p. 368.

Britz, D., Parameter correlations in cold fusion measurements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1991. 155(6): p. 377.

Britz, D., Book Review - The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of Evidence and Explanations about Cold Fusion. J. Sci. Expl., 2007. 21: p. 801.

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Broad, W.J., M.W. Browne, and W.E. Schmidt, A Frenzy Over Fusion in Hundreds of Labs, in New York Times. 1989.

Broad, W.J., Science Times: Despite Scorn , Some Scientists Still Seek Cold Fusion Clues, in The New York Times. 1989: NYEditor. p. 5.

Broad, W.J., Signs of 'Cold' Fusion are Cited Cautiously, in The New York Times. 1989: NYEditor.

Broad, W.J., Cold Fusion Claimants Review Puzzling Results, in The New York Times. 1990: NYEditor. p. 8.

Broad, W.J., Cold Fusion Still Escapes Usual Checks of Science, in New York Times. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B5 and B9.

Broad, W.J., Scientist Defends Cold Fusion Work, in The New York Times. 1990: NYEditor.

Broad, W.J., Cold-Fusion Claim is Faulted on Ethics as Well as Science, in The New York Times. 1991: NYEditor. p. 1.

Broad, W.J., U.S. Plans to Hire Russian Scientists in Fusion Research, in New York Times. 1992. p. A1-A4.

Broad, W.J., New Class of Lightning Found High Above Clouds, in New York Times. 1995: New YorkEditor. p. 9.

Broad, W.J., A tempest in a test tube, 10 years later, in New York Times. 1999: NYEditor.

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Broer, M.M., et al., Search for neutrons from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reactions in electrochemically charged Palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(4): p. R1559.

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Brown, B. Lithium Fission to Fuse Deuterium? in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Brown, J.

Brown, J. Collective dipole oscillations in hydrogenated metals. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

Brown, J., Enhanced low energy fusion rate in metal deuterides due to vibrational deuteron dipole-dipole interactions and associated resonant tunneling between neighbouring sites, in arXiv.org. 2007.

It is observed that interstitial hydrogen nucleii on a metallic lattice are strongly coupled to their near neighbours by the unscreened electromagnetic field mediating transitions between low-lying states. It is shown that the dominant interaction is of dipole-dipole character. By means of numerical calculations based upon published data, it is then shown that in stoichiometric PdD, in which essentially all interstitial sites are occupied by a deuteron, certain specific superpositions of many-site product states exist that are lower in energy than the single-site ground state, suggesting the existence of a new low temperature phase. Finally, the modified behaviour of the two-particle wavefunction at small separations is investigated and prelimary results suggesting a radical narrowing of the effective Coulomb barrier are presented.

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Brown, N. E.

Brown, N.E. and N. Jarmie, Differential Cross Sections at Low Energies for 2H(d,p)3H and 2H(d,n)3He. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 41(4): p. 1391.

Brown, T.

Brown, T., A Selective, Annotated Bibliography No. 7. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Lett., 1990. 145: p. 385-388.

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Browne, M.W., New Shot at Cold Fusion by Pumping Sound Waves into Tiny Bubbles, in New York Times. 1994: NYEditor. p. 5.

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Brudanin, V.B., et al., Does cold nuclear fusion exist? Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 347.

Brudanin, V.B., et al., Once more about cold nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 351.

Brudanin, V.B., et al., Search for the cold fusion d(d,(4)He) in electrolysis of D2O. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 151(9): p. 543.

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Bruggeman, A., et al., Studiecentrum Voor Kernenenergie. 1989.

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Bruschi, L., et al., Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system". Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10(4): p. 303.

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Bruschi, M., U. Marconi, and A. Zoccoli. The neutron spectrometer of the cold fusion experiment under the Gran Sasso Laboratory. in Hadronic Phys., Winter Course 8th 1993. 1994: World Sci., Singapore.

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Bryan, S.R. and J.H. Gibson, Comments on 'Nuclear energy release in metals'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 95.

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Bu, F.S., et al. Loading ratio study in a gas-loading system. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

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Buchachenko, A.L., Chemistry on the border of two centuries - achievements and prospects. Russ. Chem. Rev., 1999. 68((2)): p. 85.

Buchachenko, A.L. and V.V. Chaikovskii, Contraction of electronic shells and a new strategy for cold fusion. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1999. 73: p. 1614.

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Bucur, R. and F.A. Lewis, The Establishment of Equilibria in the Isotopic Distribution of Hydrogen and Deuterium Between Palladium and Aqueous Solutions. Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge, 1971. 75: p. 207.

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Budnikov, A.T., et al., Study of gases evolving from palladium, nickel and copper, bombarded with D+ ions, from palladium saturated with gases by heavy water electrolysis and by heating in deuterium. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1990(1): p. 81 (in Russian).

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Buehler, D.B., et al. Is Reported "Excess Heat" Due to Nuclear Reactions? in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Buehler, D.B., Possible Gamma Bursts From Gas Loaded Ti Chips. 1992.

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Bullock, J.S., G.L. Powell, and D.P. Hutchinson, Electrochemical factors in cold fusion experiments. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 275.

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Bush, B. F.

Bush, B.F., et al., Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 304: p. 271.

INTRODUCTION
Our interest in the “cold fusion” process [1,2] was piqued by the apparent lack of systematic investigation into the composition of the gaseous products produced during the electrolysis of D₂O. A critical issue in determining whether or not the cold fusion process exists is the quality of the evidence concerning the composition of the gaseous products. The low intensity of neutrons has prompted proposals of other fusion processes such as d + d → ⁴He + γ [3] and p + d → ³He [4,5]. Accord­ingly, we report the results of experiments designed to detect helium in the effluent gases from electrolysis reactions at palladium cathodes while rigorously excluding possible helium contamination from other sources. The calorimetric electrolysis experiments reported here were performed at China Lake, and the analyses designed to establish the composition of the effluent gases were performed in Austin.

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Bush, B.F. and M. Miles. Practical Aspects of Heat and Helium Measurements in Deuterated Palladium. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Bush, B.F., Data for 4He measurement. 1998.

Bush, B.F. and J.J. Lagowski. Methods of Generating Excess Heat with the Pons and Fleischmann Effect: Rigorous and Cost Effective Calorimetry, Nuclear Products Analysis of the Cathode and Helium Analysis. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract:
The results from a growing number of laboratories suggest that the Pons and Fleischmann effect (the production of “excess heat” during the electrolysis of D2O at palladium electrodes) is real. More over data from these laboratories indicate that excess heat events are accompanied by ⁴He production. Excess heat generation appears to depend on a number of factors: the quality — nature — of the cathode, chemical species present in the D2O / LiOD electrolyte, the conditions surrounding the electrolysis process — current density, potential, time, and the previous history of the cathode. Methods for obtaining useful cathodes will be described.

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Bush, R. T.

Bush, R.T. A Transmission resonance Model for Cold Fusion. in Winter Annual Meeting of Am. Soc. Mechan. Eng. 1989. San Francisco.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, A Cold Fusion Model that Matches Experimental Data. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 1990. 3(3): p. 21, 62.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, 'Cold nuclear fusion': A hypothetical model to probe an elusive phenomenon. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 397.

Bush, R.T. Isotopic Mass Shifts in Cathodically-Driven Palladium Via Neutron Transfer Suggested by the Transmission Resonance Model to Explicate Enhanced Fusion Phenomena (Hot and Cold) Within a Deuterared Metrix. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Bush, R.T. Production of Tritium, Neutrons, and Heat Based Upon the Transmission Resonance Model (TRM) for Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Bush, R.T. The TRM (Transmission Resonance Model) for Cold Fusion Fits Calorimetric Data on the Pons-Fleischmann Effect and Suggests Solutions to Nuclear "Anomalies". in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. A Calorimetric Study of the Excess Heat Effect in Thin Films of Palladium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Bush, R.T., Cold 'fusion'. The transmission resonance model fits data on excess heat, predicts optimal trigger points, and suggests nuclear reaction scenarios. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 313.

Bush, R.T., A light water excess heat reaction suggests that 'cold fusion' may be 'alkali-hydrogen fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 301.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Experimental Studies Supporting the Transmission Resonance Model for Cold Fusion in Light Water: I. Correlation of Isotopic and Elemental Evidence with Excess Heat. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Experimental Studies Supporting the Transmission Resonance Model for Cold Fusion in Light Water: II. Correlation of X-Ray Emission With Excess Power. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Calorimetric Studies for Several Light Water Electrolytic Cells With Nickel Fibrex Cathodes and Electrolytes with Alkali Salts of Potassium, Rubidium, and Cesium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells With Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Bush, R.T., Is It Possible That Anomalies Associated with the Excess Heat Effect Were Observed in the 1950's?: The Transmission Resonance Model (TRM) Answers Affirmatively. 1993.

Bush, R.T., A Unifying Model for Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 431.

Bush, R.T. An Interpretation of the Piantelli Effect Based Upon the LANT Hypothesis and ECFM Model for Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Bush, R.T. Evidence for an electrolytically induced shift in the abundance ratio of Sr-88 and Sr-86. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells with Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 334.

Bush, R.T. A Model for the Impurity Promotion and Inhibition of the Excess Heat Effects of Cold Fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: Monte-Carlo, Monaco.

Bush, R.T. The Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model (ECFM) Reconsidered with Special Emphasis Upon the Production of Tritium and Neutrons. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Bush, R.T., Can the Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model (ECFM) Account for Light Water Fusion? J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 63.

Bush, R.T., Electrolytically Simulated Cold Nuclear Synthesis of Strontium from Rubidium. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 28.

Bush, R.T., Consequences of lattice occupational symmetry. Infinite Energy, 1997. 2(12): p. 34.

Bushuev, V. S.

Bushuev, V.S., et al., Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis. Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(5): p. 57.

Bushuev, V.S., et al., Experiments in the recording of nuclear emissions by electrolysis of heavy water. Trud. Ord. Lenin. Ord. Oktyab. Revol. Fiz. Inst. im. P.N. Lebedeva, Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1992. 220: p. 89 (in Russian).

Bushuev, V.S., et al., Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis. J. Opt. Res., 1996. 4(5): p. 171.

Bussard, R. W.

Bussard, R.W., Virtual-state internal nuclear fusion in metal lattices. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 231.

Butler, M. A.

Butler, M.A., et al., High-sensitivity search for neutrons during electrochemical reactions. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 388.

Bylinsky, G.

Bylinsky, G., Cold Fusion Heats up Again. Fortune Magazine, 1991. 124(1): p. 18.

Byung, J. H.

Byung, J.H., Cold nuclear fusion. Hwahak Kwa Kongop Ui Chinbo, 1990. 30: p. 86 (in Korean).

Cain, B. L.

Cain, B.L., et al. Thermal Power Produced Using Thin-Film Palladium Cathodes in Concentrated Lithium Salt Electrolyte. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Cali, G. J.

Cali, G.J., et al., Electrochemical Regeneration of Clean and Well-Ordered Pd(111) Surface. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 297: p. 523.

Cammarota, G

Cammarota, G., et al. A flow calorimeter study of the Ni/H system. in Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 1997.

This paper documents the continuing calorimetric study of the nickel natural hydrogen system at Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Bologna, Italy. Our previous unpublished work had already verified anomalous increase in temperature of a nickel sample loaded with sub-atmospheric hydrogen first noted by Piantelli and co-workers. To ensure that such temperature anomalies were not the result of changes in heat transmission, it was decided to investigate the system using a flow calorimeter.

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Camp, W. J.

Camp, W.J., Helium Detrapping and Release from Metal Tritides. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1977. 14: p. 514.

Campari, E. G.

Campari, E.G., et al. Ni-H Systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Campari, E.G., et al. Overview Of H-Ni Systems: Old Experiments And New Setup. in 5th Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2004. Asti, Italy.

This is an overview of our experimental activity during the last twelve years. We have been studying the Ni-H system at temperatures of about 700 K. Our investigations have revealed several interesting effects:
a)         energy production for long time
b)         neutron emission
c)         γ-ray emission
d)         charged particles emission
e)            appearance of elements other than Ni on the surfaces of Ni samples.
These experiments were performed in several laboratories: the greatest part in Siena but also in Bologna, Colleferro and Pavia. A new laboratory in Colle Val d’Elsa (Siena) will become operative in the summer 2004.

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Campari, E.G., et al. Photon and particle emission, heat production and surface transformation in Ni-H system. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

The results obtained in several experiments on Ni-H system are presented here. Photon emission during the preliminary phases of activation and ¹H isotope absorption are shown; their correlation with the kind of surfaces (Ni and its alloys) and with neutron and other particle emission in the excitation progress and in large heat production is also presented. Finally the SEM-EDAX analysis of the sample surfaces after same months of heat production is shown; new elements (not present in the initial analysis) appeared. The concentrations of these elements with atomic number between C and Zn, is compared to the unmodified parts of same samples that remained inside the cell, outside of the activated region.

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Campari, E.G., et al. Surface Analysis of hydrogen loaded nickel alloys. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

We present a surface analysis of nickel alloy rods loaded with hydrogen. By comparing these with a blank (unused) metal rod, morphological differences and a different composition of the surface are observed. These surface modifications follow a spatial distribution along the rod. These results are compared with a previous analysis of similar samples.

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Campbell, C.

Campbell, C. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon: A Hypothesis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Campbell, R. B.

Campbell, R.B. and L.J. Perkins, A study of 'cold fusion' in deuterated titanium subjected to high-current densities. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 383.

Cannizzaro, F.

Cannizzaro, F., et al., Search for neutrons as evidence of cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 86.

Cantwell, R.

Cantwell, R. Update on results as Coolescence, LLC (PowerPoint slides). in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Update on results at Coolescence, Inc., in calorimetry, glow discharge and gas flow initiated LENR.

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Cantwell, R. and M. McConnell. Partial Replication of Storms/Scanlan Glow Discharge Radiation. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The Storms/Scanlan paper1 presented at the 8th international workshop in Catania described two types of radiation produced in a deuterium glow discharge. One type was thought to be mono energetic electrons in the 0.8 MeV range. A second type of emission, obtained when oxygen was added to the D2, was also described by Storms/Scanlan.
 
We have produced radiation with similar characteristics to this second type of emission. This radiation has been characterized with GM tubes, absorbers, silicon diode detector, and magnetic deflection. We propose that conventional low energy x-rays would produce behavior consistent with our observations.

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Capek, V.

Capek, V. and J. Czech, Tunnelling efficiency and the problem of cold fusion. Phys., 1989. B39: p. 793.

Carey, J.

Carey, J., et al., Fusion in a Bottle: Miracle or Mistake?, in Business Week. 1989. p. 100.

Carpenter, J. M.

Carpenter, J.M., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.

Carson, A. W.

Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Electrode Potentials and Compound Formation in the Palladium-Platinum-Hydrogen System. Nature (London), 1959. 183: p. 39.

Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladium/Platinum Alloys. Faraday Soc., 1960. 56: p. 363.

Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Proton Transfer Between Pd/H and Pd/Pt/H Electrodes. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1960. 56: p. 1324.

Carstens, D. H. W.

Carstens, D.H.W. and W.R. David, Equilibrium Measurements in the Beta Region of Palladium Protide and Palladium Deuteride. 1989: Los Alamos.

Carstens, D.H.W., An Apparatus for Studies of Hydrogen Isotope Exchange over Metals Using Laser-Raman Spectroscopy. 1990: Los Alamos.

Case, L. C.

Case, L.C., The reality of 'cold fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 478.

Case, L.C. Catalytic Fusion of Deuterium into Helium-4. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Long empirical study has defined one specific set of experimental conditions under which D₂ reproducibly undergoes nuclear fusion under mild laboratory conditions.
Gaseous D₂ is contacted with a supported metallic catalyst at superatmospheric pressure, and about 130-300° C. The catalyst is a platinum-group metal, at about 1/2% to 1% by weight, on activated carbon. Pd, Pt, Ir and Rh all work, and Ru has not been carefully studied yet. (Pd is preferred). This type of PGM on activated carbon is one of the standard hetero­geneous catalysts employed in the chemical industry, but the useful range of PGM content is much narrower than is known to be generally useful. . . .

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Case, L.C. There is a Fleischmann-Pons effect. The process is electrolytic, but the effect is catalytic. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Case, M.

Case, M. and R. Boehm. Assessment of thermal energy output from electrochemical cells - a critical review. in HDT (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.) 151 (Heat Transfer Adv. Energy Syst.). 1990.

Castagna, E.

Castagna, E., et al. Surface plasmons and low-energy nuclear reactions triggering. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Castano, C. H.

Castano, C.H., et al. Calorimetric Measurements During Pd-Ni Thin Film-cathodes Electrolysis in Li2SO4/H2O Solution. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

A sensitive open-type calorimeter was used to measure excess heat production during electrolysis in Li₂SO₄/H₂O solution with Pt-anode and Pd-Ni thin film cathodes 9000 Ć thick, sputtered on Al₂O₃ substrate. In order to estimate the actual performance and possible measurement errors during electrolysis in the calorimeter used, including heat convection, bubbling and possible H₂+O₂ recombination, smooth Pt sheets were used as cathodes in special reference runs. It is shown that the Alumina/ Pd-Ni sample that survived during electrolysis achieved excess heat production of 20-25 % of the input power              (equivalent to 300 ± 30 mW).

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Castano, C.H., et al. In-Situ Charactorization of Sputtered Pd Thin-Films Undergoing Electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Castellan, G. W.

Castellan, G.W., J.P. Hoare, and S. Schuldiner, Electrochemical behavior of the palladium-hydrogen system.(II). Thermodynamic considerations. J. Chem. Phys., 1958. 28: p. 20.

Castellano

Castellano, et al. Nuclear Transmutation in Deutered Pd Films Irradiated by an UV Laser. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
Nuclear transmutation results in palladium films loaded with deuterium gas and processed by an excimer laser are reported. Vacuum evaporation was utilised to obtain palladium films on Si wafers. The films were inserted in chambers with deuterium gas at a variable pressure up to 5 bar. During the UV laser processing the maximum irradiating energy density was lower than 50 mJ/cm in order to avoid the ablation of the palladium films. The samples were analysed by a scanning electron microscope and an electron probe microanalyzer. After the experiments, we found that the Pd films was modified. They presented many cracks and bubbles with very sharp edges. In the bubbles the transmutation of elements was observed.

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Catlett, D. S.

Catlett, D.S., J.N. Spencer, and G.J. Vogt, Hydrogen Transport in Lithium Hydride as a Function of Pressure. J. Chem. Phys., 1973. 58: p. 3432.

Cau, A.

Cau, A., Natural nuclear synthesis of superheavy elements (SHE). J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 155.

Cecil, F. E.

Cecil, F.E., D.M. Cole, and F.J. Wilkinson III, Measurement and Application of DDg, DTg and D3Heg Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 1985. 10/11: p. 411.

Cecil, F.E., et al., Measurement and Application of DD-gamma, DT-gamma and D He -gamma Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1985. 10-11: p. 411.

Cecil, F.E., et al. Observation of Charged-Particle Bursts from Deuterium-Loaded Thin-Titanium Foils. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Cecil, F.E., et al., Study of energetic charged particles emitted from thin deuterated palladium foils subject to high current densities. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 195.

Cecil, F.E. and G.M. Hale. Measurement of D-D and D-Li6 Nuclear Reactions at Very Low Energies. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT
 The nuclear reactions of very low energy deuterons (down to center-of-mass energies of 2 keV) with deuterons and ⁶Li have been measured. The measured D-D reactions are in good with agreement recent R-matrix calculations. The reaction ratios D(d,p)T/D(d,n)³He and ⁶Li(d,p)⁷Li/⁶Li(d,α)⁴He in particular were examined for possible evidence of an Oppenheimer-Phillips type enhancement. No significant enhancement was found in either ratio or in the absolute yields of the reactions. The radiative capture reactions D(d,γ)⁴He and ⁶Li(d,γ)⁸Be were likewise measured. The branching ratios of these radiative capture reactions to the nucleonic branches of the reactions appear roughly independent of energy. The role of these reactions in the production of heat in cold-fusion experiments is evaluated.

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Cecil, F.E., H. Liu, and J.S. Yan, Measurements of branching ratios of low energy deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on 2H, 6Li, and 10B. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1993. 47: p. 1178.

Cecil, F.E., H. Liu, and C.S. Galovich. Energetic Charged Particles from Deuterium Metal Systems. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA.

Cedzynska, K.

Cedzynska, K., et al. Tritium Analysis in Palladium With an Open System Analytical Procedure. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Cedzynska, K., et al., Tritium analysis in palladium with an open system analytical procedure. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 108.

Cedzynska, K. and F.G. Will, Closed-system analysis of tritium in palladium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 156.

Celani, F.

Celani, F., et al., Preliminary Measurements on Electrolytic Cold Fusion at Underground Gran Sasso Laboratory. 1989.

Celani, F., et al., Further measurements on electrolytic cold fusion with D2O and palladium at Gran Sasso Laboratory. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 718.

Celani, F., et al. Measurements in the Grans Sasso Laboratory: Evidence for Nuclear Effects in Electrolysis With Pd/Ti and Different Tests with Deuterium Hight-Temperature Superconductors. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Celani, F., et al. Search for Neutron Emission from Deuterided High Temperature Superconductors in a Very Low Background Environment. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Celani, F., et al. Measurement of Excess Heat and Tritium During Self-Biased Pulsed Electrolysis of Pd-D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

ABSTRACT
 After Takahashi reported large excess heat with pulsed electrolysis, we built a gas-closed flow calorimeter to perform pulsed current electrolysis. Blank tests using Au plate cathodes were carried out to characterize the system. Four cold-worked Pd sheets were tested, and two of them produced 7.5% and 6% mean excess heat for many weeks. The others Pd sheets did not produce excess heat in most tests, although one of them, after deuterium reloading, produced up to 25% excess heat, but only for few hours. Tritium analysis was carried out and some coincidence between tritium production and excess heat was found.

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Celani, F., et al., Search for enhancement of neutron emission from neutron-irradiated, deuterated, high-temperature superconductors in a very low background environment. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 181.

Celani, F., et al. High Power ”s Pulsed Electrolysis for Large Deuterium Loading on Pd Plates. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Celani, F., et al. D/Pd Loading Ratio up to 1.2:1 by High Power ”S Pulsed Electrolysis in Pd Plates. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Celani, F., et al. High Power ”s Pulsed Electrolysis Using Palladium Wires: Evidence for a Possible "Phase" Transition Under Deuterium Overloaded Conditions and Related Excess Heat. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Celani, F., et al. Numerical Simulation of Deuterium Loading Profile in Palladium and Palladium Alloy Plates From Experimental Data Obtained Using ”s Pulsed Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Celani, F., et al. Study of Deuterium Charging Behavior in Palladium and Palladium Alloy Plates, Charging Surface Treatments, by ”s Pulsed Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Abstract
A systematic study about deuterium loading in palladium has been performed. Palladium cold worked plates and palladium alloy plates have been used as comparison. A proper plate surface oxidation has been performed and anomalous absorption rates have been measured. A high peak current (15 A), short width pulse (duration 1 μs) electrolysis technique has been used to test all cathode plates and it is visible that this technique permits to reach very high D/Pd loading values (around 1/1 or even more for palladium). At the beginning of the loading, in close relation with the anomalous absorption rate, a bump of excess heat has been measured in two similar oxidized surface palladium plates.
All these tests show that the loading is completely reproducible.

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Celani, F., et al., Deuterium overloading of palladium wires by means of high power microsecond pulsed electrolysis and electromigration: suggestions of a "phase transition" and related excess heat. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 214: p. 1.

Abstract
             We describe room-temperature hydrogen and deuterium loading of palladium wires by means of pulsed electrolysis and the electromigration effect. The D/Pd atomic ratio has been measured by means of the dependence of the resistivity upon the D/Pd ratio. Values of the D/Pd ratio up to 0.95 or even higher have been reached in short times. A correlation between an anomalous temperature rise and a resistivity “transition” of the overloaded palladium clearly appears.

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Celani, F., et al. New Kinds of Electrolytic Regimes and Geometrical Configurations to Obtain Anomalous Results in Pd(M)-D Systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Celani, F., et al. Observations of strong resistivity reduction in a palladium thin long wire using ultra-high frequency pulse electrolysis at D/Pd>1. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract
             We performed an ultra-short width high voltage pulse electrolysis using a Pd thin wire cathode; a diluted electrolytic solution of D2P+LiOD was used in a peculiar wire-turned electrodes geometry.
             The deuterated Pd loading was evaluated by the D/Pd normalized electric resistance curve (R/Ro). After a long time of electrolysis a very high D/Pd loading (1:1 or more) was reached.
             Very low R/Ro (<0.1) Pd wire was measured after switching of electrolysis and this effect lasted for several minutes. The deuterium deloading occurred in several typologies (fast and slow terms) showed as a resistance transition on the Pd wire.
             This effect can be related to a peculiar surface structural condition.

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Celani, F., et al., Reproducible D/Pd ratio > 1 and excess heat correlation by 1-microsec-pulse, high-current electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 398.

A high-current (up to 100 A), short-pulse (1-μs du­ration) electrolysis technique is presented that permits high loading (D/Pd up to 1.2) of deuterium in palla­dium cathodes. Several different cold-worked palladium plates were used as cathodes, and some underwent sur­face treatments (oxidation or addition of intermetallic compounds). The surface-treated plates showed atypical deuterium absorption dynamics, and the D/Pd loading ratio exceeded 1. Moreover, during initial loading, these cathodes showed anomalous excess heat (up to 80%) far greater than the absorption enthalpy. The pure pal­ladium surface plates did not show this effect.

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Celani, F., et al. Preliminary Results with "Cincinnati Group Cell" on Thorium "Transmutation" under 50 Hz AC Excitation. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Celani, F., et al. The Effect of Gamma-Bet Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in ICCF7, Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract
 It will be shown, using long and thin wires of Pd, that the Electromigration is a powerful tool to increase the H(D) loading in Pd only, and only if, some proper experimental set-up and conditions are fulfilled. Some of key interrelated parameters are: wire diameter, effective  wire temperature, strong barriers at most and less cathodic side, anode-cathode and intercathodic voltages, current densities, proper impurities on the Pd surface, ageing effects.

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Celani, F., et al. The Effect of Gamma-Beta Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in ICCF7, Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Celani, F., et al. The Effect of g-b Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Celani, F. Ultra high (over 1:1) H/Pd loading ratio using thin wires in acidic solution with addition of very low concentration impurities. in Italian Physical Soc. 1998. Salerno, Italy.

Celani, F., A study on the electrochemistry parameters to achieve reproducible high H/Pd and D/Pd vlues in relation to anomalous excess heat: proteobacteria contamination problematics. 1999.

Celani, F., et al. High Hydrogen Loading into Thin Palladium Wires through Precipitate of Alkaline-Earth Carbonate on the Surface of Cathode: Evidence of New Phases in the Pd-H System and Unexpected Problems Due to Bacteria Contamination in the Heavy-Water. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

Abstract
 A new procedure has been developed at INFN Frascati Laboratory in order to achieve a very high Hydrogen or Deuterium electrolytic loading into a long and thin Palladium wire. This technique consists in the addition of a very small amount of alkaline–earth elements into a very diluted acidic solution.
Because of enhancing pH values around the cathode, during the electrolysis, carbonates are able to precipitate onto the cathode’s surface forming a thin layer which strongly increases the Pd loading; a computer simulation has been developed to find out the proper working conditions for the carbonates precipitation.
Loading results of Hydrogen were excellent (H/Pd 1). The evidence of a new phase in the Pd–H system was inferred from the basis of the variation of the thermal resistivity coefficient of the Pd wire as a function of the H/Pd ratio. . . .

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Celani, F., et al. Electrochemical D loading of palladium wires by heavy ethyl-alcohol and water electrolyte, related to Ralstonia bacteria problematics. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Celani, F., et al. Electrochemical D loading of palladium wires by heavy ethyl-alcohol and water electrolyte, related to Ralstonia bacteria problematics. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Taking in considerations the several effects of new kinds of bacteria living in heavy water (discovered by us in 1999), from the point of view of Deuterium (D) overloading inside Palladium (Pd), it was developed (since June 2001) a new kind of electrolyte based on mixture of alcohol and water (both heavy) with proper addition of Strontium (Sr) and Mercury (Hg) salts in an acidic environment (DCl, D2SO4): all these procedure according to what developed from our group since 1996 for H2O solutions (without H2SO4) and, since 2000, for light water-alcohol (with H2SO4). It was found excess heat (by high accuracy flow calorimeter) and excess Tritium (T) production (by low background T measurement instrumentation) only when the loading ratio was quite high and some movements to D inside Pd was performed.
 Efforts will be done to increase the absolute values of such experimental results, in the near future.

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Celani, F., et al. Evidence of anomalous tritium excess in D/Pd overloading experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Measurements of Tritium have been performed, using a very low background and accurate instrumentation, on electrolytes before and after Deuterium absorption in Palladium wires.
Tritium was always present in the electrolytic cells, having long and thin Palladium wires (carefully degassed) as cathode and Platinum wire as anode, because  “normal contamination” of deuterated liquids.
 Two different kinds of electrolytes were used (unusual, for several aspects, to conventional ones adopted in Cold Fusion experiments): the first one was composed by heavy water in DCl acidic environment (pH=4.5) with the addition of Strontium (and Mercury) salts at micro-molar concentration, the second one was composed by heavy ethyl alcohol--heavy water solution (concentration ratio about 11:1), acidic environment (DCl+D2SO4), with the addition of Strontium and Mercury concentrated as before.
 We have found anomalous Tritium production (at large statistical significance) only when the achieved loading ratio (D/Pd) was quite large (about 0.95) and several loading/deloading cycles had been performed.

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Celani, F., et al., Evidence of anomalous tritium excess in D/Pd overloading experiments. 2002, Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati.

Abstract
 Measurements of Tritium have been performed, using a very low background and accurate instrumentation, on electrolytes before and after Deuterium absorption in Palladium wires. Tritium was always present in the electrolytic cells, having long and thin Palladium wires (carefully degassed) as cathode and Platinum wire as anode, because “normal contamination” of deuterated liquids.
 Two different kinds of electrolytes were used (unusual, for several aspects, to conventional ones adopted in Cold Fusion experiments): the first one was composed by heavy water in DCl acidic environment (pH=4.5) with the addition of Strontium (and Mercury) salts at micro-molar concentration, the second one was composed by heavy ethyl alcohol--heavy water solution (concentration ratio about 11:1), acidic environment (DCl+D2SO4), with the addition of Strontium and Mercury concentrated as before.
 We have found anomalous Tritium production (at large statistical significance) only when the achieved loading ratio (D/Pd) was quite large (about 0.95) and several loading/deloading cycles had been performed.

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Celani, F., et al. Unexpected Detection Of New Elements In Electrolytic Experiments With Deuterated Ethyl-Alcohol, Pd Wire, Sr And Hg Salts. in JCF-4. 2002. Morioka, Japan.

Abstract
The insoluble powder recovered at the bottom of our electrolytic cell, after several electrolytic deuterium loading/deloading cycles, was analysed by an ICP-MS analyser. The electrolyte was constituted of a deuterated hydro-alcoholic solution; Sr and Hg salts were added to such a solution at micromolar concentration; the cathode was a long and thin Pd  wire. The ICP-MS analyses of the insoluble powder were motivated from the recent results of Y. Iwamura and collaborators at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-Research Center (Yokohama,
Japan) showing reproducible “transmutation” of Sr into Mo (isotopic composition different from natural one) and Cs into Pr, when a special multilayer Pd sheet was subjected to a prolonged Deuterium gas flowing. Some of our results look partially in agreement with Y. Iwamura report. Other unexpected elements were also detected with an isotopic distribution close to the natural one. The production of stable isotopes by Selective Channel Photofission, according to the model of A.Takahashi (Osaka University, Japan), can help for  nderstanding. Further works, hopefully also from other Laboratories, are needed to clarify these kinds of results.

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Celani, F., et al. Thermal and Isotopic Anomalies when Pd Cathodes are Electrolysed in Electrolytes Containing Th-Hg Salts Dissolved at Micromolar Concentration in C2H5OD/D2O Mixtures. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Discussed in this paper is the evolution of work that started by using the M. Fleischmann and S. Pons method and ended by using thin palladium wires electrolyzed in an electrolyte consisting of slightly acidic heavy alcohol-water solution containing thorium (Th) and mercury (Hg) salts at micromolar concentrations. The resulting large and dynamic loading of the Pd wires was studied. The recent use of thorium instead of strontium resulted in thermal anomalies and detection of new elements in larger amounts. The results with Sr are qualitatively in agreement with what was found by Y. Iwamura (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) using multilayers of Pd-CaO-Pd-Sr in flowing deuterium gas. Most  results seem to be in agreement with a “multi-body resonance fusion of deuterons” model recently developed by A.Takahashi (Osaka University).

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Celani, F., et al. New Procedures to Make Active, Fractal-like Surfaces on Thin Pd Wires. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Celani, F., et al. The Effect of -Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Celani, F. Toward the use of nanoparticles for stable excess heat in Pd-D system: progress report at INFN-LNF. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

Since 2003, we suspected and later get evidence that nanostructures (or fractals) at the surface of  Pd make a key role in obtaining anomalous effects in Pd-D system, both of nuclear (like transmutations) and/or thermal origin.
 
We presented several papers, at JCF, Asti and ICCF Conferences which aim was to explore the role of nanometric Palladium. We developed a (complex) procedure to oxidise-produce fractals/holes at Pd wire surface, during electrolysis. . . .

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Cellucci, F.

Cellucci, F., et al. X-Ray, Heat Excess and 4He in the Electrochemical Confinement of Deuterium in Palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract
The energy balance between heat excess and 4He in the gas phase has been found reasonably satisfied even if the low levels of 4He found do not give the necessary confidence to state definitely that we are dealing with the fusion of deuterons to give 4He. In the melted cathode, whose data are reported here, 4He was not found at the achieved sensitivity. X-ray film, positioned at 50 mm from the cell, roughly gave the image of the cathode through spots. The energy of the radiation and the total energy associated to it have been, respectively, evaluated as (89±1) keV and (12.0 ± 0.4) kJ. This value is ≈ 0.5% of the energy measured by calorimetry in the same interval of time.

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Cerofolini, C. F.

Cerofolini, C.F. and A.F. Para, Alternatives in low energy fusion?". Springer Proc. Phys., 1992. 59 (Exot. At. Condens. Matter): p. 129.

Cerofolini, C.F. and A.F. Para, Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter Alternatives in Low Energy Fusion? 59 ed, ed. G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly. 1992: Springer Proc. in Phys.Cerofolini, C.F. 129.

Cerofolini, F.

Cerofolini, F., et al. Binuclear Atoms as Fusion Precursors in a Hot Cloud. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Cerofolini, G. F.

Cerofolini, G.F., N. Re, and A.F. Para. (D+D+)2e- Binuclear Atoms as Activated Precursors in Cold Fusion and Warm Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Cerofolini, G.F. and A.F. Para, Can binuclear atoms solve the cold fusion puzzle? Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 98.

Cerofolini, G.F., et al., Giant Neutron Trapping by a Molecular Species Produced During the Reaction of D+ With H- in a Condensed Phase. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 465.

Cerron-Zeballos, E.

Cerron-Zeballos, E., et al., Investigation of anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1996. 109A: p. 1645.

ChĂȘne, J.

ChĂȘne, J. and A.M. Brass, Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 280: p. 199.

Chambaud, G.

Chambaud, G., B. Levy, and J.G. Esteve, Estimate of Ti effects on D-D fusion. Phys. Lett., 1991. A156: p. 395.

Chambers, G. P.

Chambers, G.P., et al., Charged particle spectra of palladium thin films during low energy deuterium ion implantation. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 281.

Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and K.S. Grabowski. Search for Energetic Charged-Particle-Reaction Products During Deuterium-Charging of Metal Lattices. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

Chambers, G.P., J.M. Eridon, and K.S. Grabowski, Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(8): p. 5388.

Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and Y. Kucherov, Glow Discharge in Deuterium. 1995.

Champion, J.

Champion, J., Explanation of Observed Nuclear Events Associated with Cold Fusion and Similar Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 1994.

Champion, J., History of Transmutation Research. 1994.

Champion, J., Producing Precious Metals at Home. 1994: Discovery Publishing, P. O. Box 67, Westboro, WI 54490.

Chandler, D. L.

Chandler, D.L., et al., Fusion : Test Tube Yields More Questions Than Answers, in Boston Globe. 1989: BostonEditor. p. 29.

Chang, C. P.

Chang, C.P., et al., Hydrogen and deuterium in palladium. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1991. 16: p. 491.

Chang, K.

Chang, K., U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look, After 15 Years, in New York Times. 2004.

Chang, Y. F.

Chang, Y.F. and C.Z. Yu. The Physical-Chemical and Nuclear Multistage Reaction Mechanism and the Multistage Ignition Condition on Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

Chao, J.

Chao, J., et al. Three Dimensional Computer Simulation of an Isoperibolic Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Chao, J., et al. Three Dimensional Computer Simulation of an Isoperibolic Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Chapnik, I. M.

Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of induced beta radioactivity in PdD. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1990. 146: p. 273.

Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of electrochemically induced transmutation in PdD. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 161: p. 111.

Chatterjee, L.

Chatterjee, L., Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion? Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 683.

Chatterjee, L., A. Chakraborty, and G. Das, Non-radiative exit channels in low energy d-d fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1991. 29: p. 781.

Chatterjee, L., On a weak flavor for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 35