Abbas, A., Implications of Theoretical Ideas Regarding Cold Fusion. Cold Fusion, 1996. 15: p. 8.
Abbenseth, R. and H. Wipf, Thermal Expansion and Lattice Anharmonicity of Pd-H and Pd-D Alloys. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1980. 10: p. 353.
CA=Wipf, H.ABC, "Good Morning America". 1994.
Abell, G.C. and A. Attalla, NMR Evidence for Solid-Fluid Transition Near 250 K of 3He Bubbles in Palladium Tritide. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1987. 59(9): p. 995.
CA=Attalla, A.Abell, G.C., et al., Helium release from aged palladium tritide. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(2): p. 1220.
CA=Matson, L. K., CA=Steinmeyer, R. H., CA=Bowman Jr., R. C., CA=Oliver, B. M.Aben, P.C. and W.G. Burgers, Surface Structure and Electrochemical Potential of Palladium while Absorbing Hydrogen in Aqueous Solution. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1989. 56: p. 1989.
CA=Burgers, W. G.Aberdam, D., et al., Limits on neutron emission following deuterium absorption into palladium and titanium. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 65(10): p. 1196.
CA=Avenier, M., CA=Bagieu, G., CA=Bouchez, J., CA=Cavaignac, J. F., CA=Collot, J., CA=Durand, R., CA=Faure, R., CA=Favier, J., CA=Kajfasz, E., CA=Koang, D. H., CA=Lefievre, B., CA=Lesquoy, E., CA=Pessard, H., CA=Rouault, A., CA=Senateur, J. P., CA=Stutz, A., CA=Weiss, F.Abriola, D., et al., Examination of nuclear measurement conditions in cold fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 265: p. 355.
CA=Achterberg, E., CA=Davidson, M., CA=Debray, M., CA=Etchegoyen, M. C., CA=Fazzini, N., CA=Niello, J. F., CA=Ferrero, A. M. J., CA=Filevich, A., CA=Galia, M.C., CA=Garavaglia, R., CA=B., Garcia, CA=Gettar, R. T., CA=Gil, S., CA=Grahmann, H., CA=Huck, H., CA=Jech, A., CA=Kreiner, A. J., CA=Macchiavelli, A. O., CA=Magallanes, J. F., CA=Maqueda, E., CA=Marti, G., CA=Pacheco, A. J., CA=Percz, M. L., CA=Pomar, C., CA=Ramirez, M., CA=Scassera, M.AbuTaha, A.F., Cold fusion - engineering perspectives. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 391.
AbuTaha, A.F., Cold fusion - the heat mechanism. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 345.
Abyaneh, M., et al. Concerning the Modeling of Systems in Terms of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): The Special Case of "Cold Fusion". in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Fleischmann, M., CA=Del Giudice, E., CA=Vitiello, G.Ackermann, E., Indicators of Failed Information Epidemics in the Scientific Journal Literature: A Publication Analysis of Polywater and Cold Nuclear Fusion. Scientametrics, 2005. 66(3).
Adachi, G., H. Sakaguchi, and K. Nagao, (3)He and (4)He from D2 absorbed in LaNi5. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1992. 181: p. 469.
CA=Sakaguchi, H., CA=Nagao, K.Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. Experimental Observation And A Possible Way To The Creation Of Anomalous Isotopes And Stable Superheavy Nuclei Via The Electron-Nucleus Collapse. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Vysotskii, V.The problem of supercompression of a solid target to a collapse state is considered. The basic principles of construction and the parameters of an experimental setup ensuring such a supercompression are described. The model and method of creation and evolution of superheavy nuclear clusters with 250<A<500 and A>3000-5000 in the controlled collapse zone and in the volume of a remote accumulating screen are discussed. The evolution of such clusters results in the synthesis of isotopes with 1<A<500 and with anomalous spatial distribution in the volume of a remote screen. These phenomena were interpreted on the basis of the idea of the formation of a self-organizing and self-supporting collapse of the electron-nucleus plasma under the action of a coherent driver up to a state close to the nuclear substance.
AU=Adamenko, S.Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. The Conditions And Realization Of Self-Similar Coulomb Collapse Of Condensed Target And Low-Energy Laboratory Nucleosynthesis. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Vysotskii, V.Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. Observation And Modeling Of The Ordered Motion Of Hypothetical Magnetically Charged Particles On The Multilayer Surface And The Problem Of Low-Energy Fusion. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Vysotskii, V.Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. The possible mechanism of creation of light magnetic monopoles in strong magnetic field of a laboratory system. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Vysotskii, V.In this work the reasons and mechanism of the creation of unknown magneto-charged particles, which were observed in experiments on supercompression of condensed target in Kiev Electrodynamics Laboratory “Proton-21”, are discussed. It is shown that these particles are most probably the hypothetical light magnetic monopoles that were introduced by George Lochak as magneto-excited neutrinos. The parameters of these particles (including mass of monopole and both size and binding energy of monopole-antimonopole pair) and the method of their creation are discussed and calculated.
AU=Adkisson, W. M.Adkisson, W.M., The Cause of and Happenings During Cold Fusion Events. 1991.
Adler, P.N., R.L. Schulte, and H. Margolin, Deuterium surface segregation in titanium alloys. Metal. Trans., 1990. 21A: p. 2003.
CA=Schulte, R. L., CA=Margolin, H.Adzic, R.R., et al. Tritium Measurements and Deuterium Loading in D2O Electrolysis With a Palladium Cathode. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Gervasio, I., CA=Bae, I., CA=Cahan, B., CA=Yeager, E.
ABSTRACT
Measurements have been performed to check on the Fleischmann-Pons (F-P) phenomena. They involved 1) measurements of tritium in the cell solution and the gas above it; and 2) determination of the D/Pd ratio by coulometry. Enhancement of tritium in the D2O solution was found in these two open glass cells, as well as in another four cells with Ni-anodes. The largest enhancement factor found was ~50. The neutron measurements were inconclusive.
Afanaseyev, V.P., et al. On the Possibility of D-D Fusion Stimulation by High-Current Arc Discharge in Gas-Filled Metal. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Dyuzhev, G. A., CA=Logatchev, A. A., CA=Tsirkel', B. I., CA=Shkolnik, S. M., CA=Kazarinov, N., CA=Solin, L. M.Affatato, S., et al. Measurement of a Very Low Neutron Background Within a Significant Gamma-Ray Environment by Means of a Coincidence Spectrometer with n-g Pulse-Shape Discrimination. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Bertin, A., CA=Bruschi, M., CA=Bulgarelli, D., CA=Bystritsky, V. M., CA=Capponi, M., CA=D'Antone, I., CA=DeCastro, S., CA=Galli, D., CA=Marconi, U., CA=Massa, I., CA=Morganti, M., CA=Moroni, C., CA=Piccinini, M., CA=Poli, M., CA=Semprini-Cesari, N., CA=Villa, M., CA=Vitale, A., CA=Zavattini, G., CA=Zoccoli, A.Afonichev, D. Ascending Diffusion Or Transmutation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
In any field of investigations new ideas in combination with newly developed equipment can provide advance results. In view of arising interest to cold nuclear fusion (CNF) [1] and searches for consequences of its occurrence the study of the interaction of hydrogen with metals has coincided with the wide spread of the micro-probe X-ray spectrum analysis. This analysis is performed during measurements of alloying element concentration [1] with resolution of about 1x1 µm2.
AU=Afonichev, D.Afonichev, D. High-Frequency Radiation And Tritium Channel. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
In the process of deformation at a temperature T=7100 C of titanium alloy samples preliminarily saturated by deuterium a radiation, which is not a neutron flow was detected. Electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies was detected in titanium alloy samples in the process of their saturation by deuterium. The probable mechanism of its occurrence may be a retardation of charged particles in the metallic matrix.
AU=Afonichev, D.Afonichev, D. and M. Murzinova, Indicator of the process of cold fusion. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2003. 28: p. 1005-1010.
CA=Murzinova, M.Afonichev, D. About products of nucleus reactions during diffusion of deuterium through palladium membrane (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
On the basis of the results of our previous experiments on deformation of deuterium saturated titanium alloy samples and saturation of titanium alloys, the mechanism of cold nuclear fusion proceeding via the tritium channel is proposed.
AU=Agelao, G.Agelao, G. and M.C. Romano, Heat and helium production during exothermic reactions between gases through palladium geometrical elements loaded with hydrogen. Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 224.
CA=Romano, M. C.Agnello, M., et al. Search for Neutron Emission in Titanium-Deuterium Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Bressani, T., CA=Calvo, D., CA=Feliciello, A., CA=Iazzi, F., CA=Minetti, B., CA=Cherubini, R., CA=Haque, A. M. I., CA=Ricci, R. A.Agnello, M., et al. Improvement of the TOFUS Apparatus. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Iazzi, F., CA=Minetti, B., CA=Botta, E., CA=Bressani, T., CA=Brunasso, O., CA=Calvo, D., CA=Dattola, D., CA=Gianotti, P., CA=Lamberti, C., CA=Zecchina, A.Agnello, M., et al. Measurement of 2.5 MeV Neutron Emission from Ti/D and Pd/D Systems. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Botta, E., CA=Bressani, T., CA=Calvo, D., CA=Feliciello, A., CA=Gianotti, P., CA=Iazzi, F., CA=Lamberti, C., CA=Minetti, B., CA=Zecchina, A.Agostino, R.G., et al. Electronic Fingerprint of D Site Occupation in Pd Deuteride. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Filosa, R., CA=Formoso, V., CA=Liberti, G., CA=De Ninno, A., CA=D'Acapito, F., CA=Colonna, S.Ahern, B.S., K.H. Johnson, and J. Clark, H. R., Method of Maximizing Anharmonic Oscillations in Deuterated Alloys. 1995: US Patent #5,411,654.
CA=Johnson, K. H., CA=Clark, Jr. , H. R.Aiello, S., et al., Nuclear fusion experiment in palladium charged by deuterium gas. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 115.
CA=De Filippo, E., CA=Lanzano, G., CA=Lo Nigro, S., CA=Pagano, A.Aina, R. and U. Mastromatteo. Investigation of anomalous densities of high-energy alpha-particles tracks in CR-39 detectors during electrolysis of heavy water on palladium cathodes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Mastromatteo, U.No meaningful evidence of specific particle emission with E>2.5 MeV during D2O electrolysis (comparable track count), with or without Pd codeposition.
AU=Akimoto, T.Akimoto, T., et al. Temperature dependency on counting efficiency of NE213 liquid scintillator for low level neutron measurement. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Saito, T., CA=Murai, I., CA=Kumada, T.Akita, H., et al. Electrolytic Hydrogen/Deuterium Absorption into Pd, Pd-Rh, and Pd-Ag Alloys in Fuel Cell Type Closed Cell. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui,: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Tsuchida, Y., CA=Nakata, T., CA=Kubota, A., CA=Kobayashi, M., CA=Yamamoto, Y., CA=Hasegawa, N., CA=Hayakawa, N., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Albagli, D., et al., Measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and power in electrochemical cells having Pd cathodes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 133.
CA=Ballinger, R. G., CA=Cammarata, V., CA=Chen, X., CA=Crooks, R. M., CA=Fiore, C., CA=Gaudreau, M. P. J., CA=Hwang, I., CA=Li, C. K., CA=Linsay, P., CA=Luckhardt, S. C., CA=Parker, R. R., CA=Petrasso, R. D., CA=Schloh, M., CA=Wenzel, K. W., CA=Wrighton, M. S.Alber, D., et al., Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 333: p. 319.
CA=Boebel, O., CA=Schwarz, C., CA=Duwe, H., CA=Hilscher, D., CA=Homeyer, H., CA=Jahnke, U., CA=Spellmeyer, B.Alberg, M.A., et al., Upper limits to fusion rates of isotopic hydrogen molecules in palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 41: p. 2544.
CA=Wilets, L., CA=Rehr, J. J., CA=Mustre de Leon, J.Albers, P., et al., Investigations of palladium catalysts on different carbon supports. J. Catal., 1999. 181: p. 145.
CA=Burmeister, R., CA=Seibold, K., CA=Prescher, G., CA=Parker, S. F., CA=Ross, D. K.Aleksan, R., et al., Limits on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium by neutron flux measurements. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 234: p. 389.
CA=Avenier, M., CA=Bagieu, G., CA=Bouchez, J., CA=Cavaignac, J. F., CA=Collot, J., CA=Cousinou, M. C., CA=Declais, Y., CA=Dufour, Y., CA=Durand, R., CA=Faure, R., CA=Favier, J., CA=Kajfasz, E., CA=De Kerret, H., CA=Koang, D. H., CA=Lefievre, B., CA=Lesquoy, E., CA=Mallet, J., CA=Nagy, E., CA=Obolensky, M., CA=Pessard, H., CA=Pierre, F., CA=Stutz, A., CA=Wuethrick, J. P.Alekseev, V.A., et al., Tritium production in the interaction of dense streams of deuterium plama with metal surfaces. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1995. 21: p. 231.
CA=Vasil'ev, V. I., CA=Romodanov, V. A., CA=Ryshkov, Yu. F., CA=Rylov, S. V., CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Skuratnik, Ya. B., CA=Strunnikov, V. M.Alessandrello, A., et al., Search for cold fusion induced by electrolysis in palladium. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. A103: p. 1617.
CA=Bellotti, E., CA=Cattadori, C., CA=Antonione, C., CA=Bianchi, G., CA=Rondinini, S., CA=Torchio, S., CA=Fiorini, E., CA=Guiliani, A., CA=Ragazzi, S., CA=Zanotti, L., CA=Gatti, C.Alexander, K.F., Cold nuclear fusion. Wissensch. Fortschr., 1989. 39: p. 9 (in German).
Alexandrov, D. Heavy Electrons in Nano-Structure Clusters of Disordered Solids. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
The existence of heavy electrons is found theoretically in nano-structure clusters of disordered solids. The basis of the investigation is the electron band structures of disordered semiconductors previously determined by the author. The existence of electron energy pockets is found for the electrons in the conduction bands of these semiconductors that are nano-confining potential valleys of dimensions in the range of the primitive cell. The electron wave function of the confined electron is determined in when the electron interacts with local electrical field that is external for the energy pocket, and the average velocity of the electron is found. An expression for electron mass of an electron localized in pocket is derived. It is found that this electron mass is greater than the electron mass at rest and the confined electrons are designated heavy electrons. The possibility of interactions of protons with heavy electrons is discussed.
AU=Alguero, M.Alguero, M., et al. On the Subsistence of Anomalous Nuclear Effects After Interrupting the Electrolysis in F-P Type Experiments with Deuterated Ti Cathodes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Fernandez, F., CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Sanchez, C.Alguero, M., et al. An Experimental Method to Measure the Rate of H(D)-Absorption by a Pd Cathode During the Electrolysis of an Aqueous Solution: Advantages and Disadvantages. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Sanchez, C.Alguero, M., et al., An interpretation of some postelectrolysis nuclear effects in deuterated titanium. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 390.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Sanchez, C.Allard, K., et al., Application of the Electron-Donation Model for Hydrogen Absorption to Palladium-Rich Alloys. Hydrogen-Gold-Palladium. J. Phys. Chem., 1968. 72: p. 136.
CA=Maeland, A. J., CA=Simons, J. W., CA=Flanagan, T. B.Altaiskii, M.V., et al., Fluctuational enhancement of quantum mechanical and wave barrier penetrability and some physical consequences. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1990. 52(1): p. 78 (in Russian).
CA=Artekha, S. N., CA=Barts, B. I., CA=Bar'yakhtar, V. G., CA=Moiseev, S. S.Amato, I., Cold Fusion Keeps Its Head Just Above Water. Science News, 1989. 13: p. 278.
Amato, I., Cold Fusion Saga: Trials and Tribulations. Science News, 1990. 137(24): p. 374.
Amato, I., Cold Fusion:Wanted Dead And Alive., in Science News. 1990. p. 14.
Amato, I., If Not Cold Fusion, Try Fracto-Fusion? Science News, 1990. 137: p. 87.
Amato, I., Cluster Fusion: Close But No Cigar. Science, 1992. 256(5054): p. 178.
Ambadkar, A. and J. Dash, Electrolysis Of D2O With A Palladium Cathode Compared With Electrolysis Of H2O With A Platinum Electrode: Procedure And Experimental Details. 2003, Portland State University: Porland, OR.
CA=Dash, J.A description of experimental procedures used by Ambadkar and Dash at the Low Energy Nuclear Laboratory (LENL), Portland State University.
AU=Amini, F.Amini, F. Production Method for Violent TCB Jet Plasma from Cavity. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
1. Introduction
One of our hydropower plants (Masjed - E - Soleyman, Iran) has four Francis turbines. Two units on the right side (looking downstream) share a common penstock and a common long tailrace tunnel, and the other two units on the left also share a penstock and tailrace tunnel.
Upon commissioning of one unit, the hydraulic transient in the draft tube during load rejection above 75% was excessive. It was apparent that the guide vane closing law that had been adopted would result in water column separation during load rejection at full power. Tests with a slower closing rate showed that the risk of column separation was reduced, but a violent surge developed in the draft tube close to maximum over speed.
The energy level and cavity volume that are produced are much more than those of regular TCB (Transient Cavitation Bubbles) experiments, and therefore, we should expect more intense effects than a regular TCB jet produces.
An, H.K., et al., Analysis of deformed palladium cathodes resulting from heavy water electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 408.
CA=Jeong, E. I., CA=Hong, J. H., CA=Lee, Y.An, X.W., et al., Calorimetric investigation of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Thermochim. Acta, 1991. 183: p. 107.
CA=Yan, H. K., CA=Han, B. X., CA=Guo, D., CA=Xie, D. Y., CA=Zhu, Q. H., CA=Hu, R. H.Andermann, G. A Theoretical Model (Nu-Q) for Rationalizing Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Events Observed in Deuterium Loaded Pd Cathodes. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Andermann, G. Theoretical Model for Low Temperature Nuclear Events. in Cold Fusion Symp., 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf.,. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Anderson, D.M. and J. Bockris, Cold Fusion at Texas A&M. Science, 1990. 249: p. 463.
CA=Bockris, J.Anderson, G.C., Clandestine NSF Panel Warms to Cold Fusion. The Scientist, 1989.
Anderson, I.S., D.K. Ross, and C.J. Carlile, The Structure of the g Phase of Palladium Deuteride. Phys. Lett. A, 1978. 68: p. 249.
CA=Ross, D. K., CA=Carlile, C. J.Anderson, J., et al., Letters and Response about Cold Fusion at Texas A&M. Science, 1990. 249: p. 463-465.
CA=Bockris, J., CA=Worledge, D. H., CA=Taubes, G.Anderson, R.E. and S.E. Jones. Comments on an Experiment at Yale on Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Jones, S. E.Anderson, R.E., et al. Neutron Measurements in Search of Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Goulding, C. A., CA=Johnson, M. W., CA=Butterfield, K. B., CA=Gottesfeld, S., CA=Baker, D. A., CA=Springer, T. E., CA=Garzon, F. H., CA=Bolton, R. D., CA=Leonard, E. M., CA=Chancellor, T.Andreani, R., La fusione 'fredda'" ("'Cold' fusion"). Energ. Nucl. (Rome), 1989. 6: p. 8 (in Italian).
Andresen, B.D., et al., Potentially explosive organic reaction mechanisms in Pd/D2O electrochemical cells. Chem. Health Safety, 1994. 1: p. 44.
CA=Whipple, R. E., CA=Alcaraz, A., CA=Haas, J. S., CA=Grant, P. M.Angelone, M. Neutron Detection: Principles, Methods, Issues (and Tips) (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
In this paper a very brief review of the main physical laws and basic detection principles for neutrons are addressed. The main issues to be faced when measuring pulsed "neutron emission", as claimed in most experiments, are addressed too.
It is not in the author's intention to investigate whether or not neutrons are actually emitted in CMNS phenomena, however, an "ideal" experiment that could allow to unambiguous measurement of neutrons from a CMNS type experiment will be outlined.
Anghaie, S., P. Froelich, and H.J. Monkhurst, On fusion/fission chain reactions in the Fleischmann-Pons 'cold fusion' experiment. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 500.
CA=Froelich, P., CA=Monkhurst, H. J.Antanasijevic, R.D., et al., Preliminary observations on possible implications of new Bohr orbits (resulting from electromagnetic spin-spin and spin-orbit coupling) in 'cold' quantum mechanical fusion processes appearing in strong 'plasma focus' and 'capillary fusion' experiments. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 180: p. 25.
CA=Lakicevic, I., CA=Maric, Z., CA=Zevic, D., CA=Zaric, A., CA=Vigier, J. P.Antanasijevic, R.D., et al. "Cold Fusion" in Terms of New Quantum Chemistry: The Role of Magnetic Interactions in Dense Physica Media. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Konjevic, D. J., CA=Maric, Z., CA=Sevic, D. M., CA=Vigier, J. P., CA=Zaric, A. J.Antonov, A.V., et al., An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion during the electrolysis of heavy water. Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(5): p. 52.
CA=Benetskii, B. A., CA=Ginodman, V. B., CA=Zherikhina, L. N., CA=Klyachko, A. V., CA=Konobeevskii, E. S., CA=Mordovskoi, M. V., CA=Popov, V. I., CA=Rozantsev, A. I., CA=Tskhovrebov, A. M.Antonov, V.E., et al., Phasometric T-P Diagram of the Rh-H System up to 400 C and Pressure of 67 kbar. Doky. Akad. Sci. SSSR, 1979. 248: p. 131.
CA=Belash, I. T., CA=Koltighin, V. M., CA=Poniatovskii, E. G.Antonov, V.E., et al., The Solubility of Hydrogen in the Platinum Metals under High Pressure. Platinum Met. Rev., 1984. 28: p. 158.
CA=Belash, I. T., CA=Malyshev, V. Yu., CA=Ponyatovsky, E. G.Antonov, V.E., et al., The Pd-Pt-H System: Phase Transformations at High Pressure and Superconductivity. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1993. 78: p. 137.
CA=Antonova, T. E., CA=Belash, I. T., CA=Ponyatovsky, E. G., CA=Rashupkin, V. I.Anufriev, G.S. and B.S. Boltenkov, Helium isotopes and hydrogen in aluminium and other metals. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1991. 56(2): p. 73 (in Russian).
CA=Boltenkov, B. S.Aoki, T., Y. Kurata, and H. Ebihara. Study of Concentrations of Helium and Tritium in Electrolytic Cells with Excess Heat Generations. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Kurata, Y., CA=Ebihara, H.
ABSTRACT
Concentrations of helium and tritium in gas and liquid phases in calorimetric cells with excess heat generations were measured. Values of factor F (nuclear ash) defined as ratio of amount of heat released by particular nuclear reactions to the excess heat, were calculated to be F(He in gas phase) ≈ (4±16)×10-3 and F(T in liquid phase) ≈ (8±6)×10-10, and upper limit of F(T in gas phase) ≤ 1×10-6. These extremely small values suggested either that (1) the nuclear reactions might occur in deep inside of the Pd cathode, or (2) the major amount of the detected excess heat could not match with the heat expected from the nuclear reactions if the reactions occurred on the surface of Pd cathodes.
Aoki, T., et al. Search for neutrons emitted from sodium tungsten bronzes. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kurata, Y., CA=Ebihara, H., CA=Yoshikawa, N.Aoki, T., et al., Search for nuclear products of the D + D nuclear fusion. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 22.
CA=Kurata, Y., CA=Ebihara, H., CA=Yoshikawa, N.Nuclear products which were caused by the D + D nuclear fusion reaction were searched in electrolytic cells and in gas phase of Pd + D systems. Measurements of nuclear products were made for gamma-ray, neutron, tritium and helium. To detect neutron, liquid scintillation and 3He counters were used. For gamma-ray measurement, a NaI detector was used. For tritium concentration measurement in gas phase, a gas proportional chamber was fabricated and operated in low background level. The signals of those detectors were fed to Pulse Height Analyzer and recorded as energy spectra which were carefully compared with background spectra. A different type of neutron hunting was also tried in the instants of pressurizing and depressurizing the deuterium gas in crystal. A large size crystal of tungsten bronze was prepared for the experiment.
AU=Aoyama, T.Aoyama, T., et al., Highly reliable low-level neutron detection using 3He proportional counters. Radioisot., 1991. 40: p. 188.
CA=Mori, C., CA=Uritani, A., CA=Matsui, T., CA=Naito, K.Apak, R., Conformism in chemistry and the results. Kim. Sanayi, 1989. 31: p. 157-8 (in Turkish, Engl. abstr.).
Apicella, M., et al. Reproducibility of Excess of Power and Evidence of 4He in Palladium Foils Loaded with Deuterium (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
CA=Branover, H., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Dardik, I., CA=El-Boher, A., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Mazzitelli, G., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Sibilia, C., CA=Santoro, E., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Violante, V., CA=Zilov, T.This presentation was given at the March APS meeting in Los Angeles, CA, March 24, 2005. Published by www.newenergytimes.com. Topics covered include: Material Science & Excess of Power Reproducibility, Surface Electronic Excitations with Lasers Trigger, Excess Power Reproducibility, Experimental Results
AU=Apicella, M.Apicella, M., et al. Some recent results at ENEA. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Castagna, E., CA=Capobianco, L., CA=D'Aulerio, L., CA=Mazzitelli, G., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Rosada, A., CA=Santoro, E., CA=Violante, V., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Sibilia, C.Recent research activity at ENEA, in the field of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, has been oriented to material science and Laser triggering in order to increase the reproducibility of excess of power production during loading of palladium with deuterium. Isoperibolic calorimetry in gas phase, isoperibolic and flow calorimetry with electrochemical systems have been carried out. Nuclear ashes detection was done by means of high resolution and high sensitivity mass spectrometer. Material science studies allowed to obtain a palladium showing high solubility for hydrogen isotopes and giving deuterium concentration at equilibrium larger than 0.95 (as D/Pd atomic fraction) with a reproducibility larger than 90%. Excess of power production by using the above-mentioned material achieves a reproducibility up to 30% without triggering. Laser irradiation with a proper polarization seems to have a significant role in further increasing of the excess of power production reproducibility. Heat bursts exhibit an integrated energy at least 10 times greater than the sum of all possible chemical reactions within a closed cell. The energy gain calculated at the end of the experiments is observed with deuterium but not with hydrogen. Preliminary measurements give a 4He signal in reasonable agreement with the expected values by assuming a D + D = 4He + heat (24 MeV for event) reaction.
AU=Apicella, M.Apicella, M., et al. Mass spectrometry: critical aspects related to the particles detection in the Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Castagna, E., CA=Lecci, S., CA=Sansovini, M., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Violante, V.
SUMMARY
* Mass spectrometry
- potentiality of the technique
- details on the measurement
* Critical aspects and experimental requirements for:
- mass spectrometer
- measurment apparatus
* Experimental set up at ENEA and some results
Apostol, M. and I.A. Dorobantu, On a competition between solid state and nuclear scale energies. A possible theoretical approach to cold fusion in palladium and other transitional elements. Rev. Roum. Phys., 1989. 34: p. 233.
CA=Dorobantu, I. A.Appleby, A.J., et al. Evidence for Excess Heat Generation Rates During Electrolysis of D2O in LiOD Using a Palladium Cathode-A Microcalorimetric Study. in Workshop on Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989. Santa Fe, NM.
CA=Srinivasan, S., CA=Kim, Y. J., CA=Murphy, O. J., CA=Martin, C. R.Appleby, A.J., et al. Anomalous Calorimetric Results During Long-Term Evolution of Deuterium on Palladium from Alkaline Deuteroxide Electrolyte. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Kim, Y. J., CA=Murphy, O. J., CA=Srinivasan, S.
ABSTRACT
Convincing evidence of anomalous thermal fluxes from palladium cathodes in LiOD solutions is provided. When combined with other evidence for tritium formation, these argue for the existence of solid state nuclear processes in this system. Compared with previous work, effects are only seen at a relatively low level, and they appear to decrease with decreasing electrode surface/volume ratio. They are also observed in a sealed cell with internal gas recombination, which requires no thermodynamic corrections. The effect of lithium ion is seen to be specific, and the effect seems to involve only the palladium surface layers.
Arachi, Y., et al., Structural analysis of nano-sized-Pd/ZrO2 composit after H(D) absorption. Solid State Ionics, 2006. 177: p. 1861-1864.
CA=Emura, S., CA=Omura, A., CA=Nunogaki, M., CA=Asai, T., CA=Yamaura, S., CA=Inoue, A., CA=Arata, Y.Arapi, A., et al. Experimental observation of the new elements production in the deuterated and/or hydride palladium electrodes, exposed to low energy DC glow discharge. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Ito, R., CA=Sato, N., CA=Itagaki, M., CA=Narita, S., CA=Yamada, H.Elemental and isotopic structures of the palladium cathode before and after experiment under DC glow discharge were investigated by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Production of new elements with various atomic masses and impurities increase were surveyed. By analyzing obtained results, it was found that beryllium and nickel for deuterium-palladium system, and lithium, nickel and barium for hydrogen-palladium system, were generated during glow discharge experiments.
AU=Arata, Y.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of intense 'cold fusion' reaction. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1989. 62: p. 398 (In Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of an intense cold fusion reaction. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 95.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of intense 'cold' fusion reaction. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1990. 66: p. 1.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Corroborating evidence for 'cold' fusion reaction. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1990. 66(B): p. 110.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. "Cold" Fusion in a Complex Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, 'Cold' fusion caused by a weak 'on-off effect'. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1992. 66: p. 33.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, 'Cold' fusion in deuterated complex cathode. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1992. 67((5)): p. 432 (in Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Reproducible "Cold" Fusion Reaction Using A Complex Cathode. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 287.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Excess heat in a double structure deuterated cathode. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1993. 69((8)): p. 963 (in Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, A new energy caused by "Spillover-deuterium". Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1994. 70 ser. B: p. 106.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Abstract: It was verified that a new kind of energy is caused by “Spillover-Deuterium” generated in a double structure (DS)-cathode with “Pd-black”. Using this cathode, the authors confirmed the sustained production of a significantly abnormal amount of energy over a period of several months that could not be ascribed to chemical reaction energy. The chemical reaction energy of 0.1 [mol] Pd-black used is only 4[kJ], but more than 200[MJ] of excess energy was continuously produced for over 3000 [hr] at an average rate of 50-100 [kJ/hr] using a DS-cathode with a same quantity of Pd-black. Intermittent operation over a period of two years using this structure proved the complete reproducibility of these results.
AU=Arata, Y.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, A new energy generated in DS-cathode with 'Pd-black'. Koon Gakkaishi, 1994. 20(4): p. 148 (in Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion"). Koon Gakkaishi, 1995. 21((6)): p. 303 (in Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Cold fusion caused by 'lattice quake'. Koon Gakkaishi, 1995. 21: p. 43 (in Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Cold fusion reactions driven by 'Latticequake'. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1995. 71: p. 98.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Excess Heat and Mechanism in Cold Fusion Reaction. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Peculiar relation between hot plasma fusion and solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion"). Koon Gakkaishi, 1995. 21: p. 130 (in Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Achievement of Solid-State Plasma Fusion ("Cold Fusion"). in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Deuterium nuclear reaction process within solid. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1996. 72 Ser. B: p. 179.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Generation and mechanism of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion"). Koon Gakkaishi, 1996. 22(1): p. 29 (Japanese).
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Helium (4He, 3He) within deuterated Pd-black. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1997. 73: p. 1.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and C. Zhang, Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in deuterated Pd-black by the "vi-effect" in a "closed QMS" environment. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1997. 73: p. 62.
CA=Zhang, C.Arata, Y. and C. Zhang, Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in highly deuterated Pd-black by the new detecting methodology. J. High Temp. Soc., 1997. 23: p. 110 (in Japanese).
CA=Zhang, C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Solid-state plasma fusion ('cold fusion'). J. High Temp. Soc., 1997. 23 (special volume): p. 1-56.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Anomalous 'deuterium-reaction energies' within solid. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1998. 74 B: p. 155.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Anomalous difference between reaction energies generated within D2O-cell and H2O-cell. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1998. 37: p. L1274.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Both D2O-cell and H2O-cell are constructed with the same Double Structure Cathode (DS-cathode), and connected in series as a “Double-cell” to examine the energy generation under the same electrolytic current. D2O-cell generates tremendously excess energy during a long. Such as over several thousand hours, but any energy is never generated in H2O-cell when the chemical energy is subtracted in both cells. . . .
Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Anomalous production of gaseous 4He at the inside of 'DS cathode' during D2O-electrolysis. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1999. 75: p. 281.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Abstract: Observations were made of the abundant production of gaseous 4He inside a double-structure Pd cathode (“DS-cathode”) which continuously had released excess heat of about 5~ 10 W over 2,000 hrs in the electrolysis of D2O. These 4He atoms were found from the inner atmosphere within the DS-cathode included the highly deuterated Pd fine powders.
AU=Arata, Y.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Critical condition to induce 'excess energy' within [DS-H2O] cell. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1999. 75 Ser. B: p. 76.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Definitive difference between [DS-D2O] and [Bulk-D2O] cells in 'deuterium-reaction'. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1999. 75 Ser. B: p. 71.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Observation of Anomalous Heat Release and Helium-4 Production from Highly Deuterated Fine Particles. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1999. 38: p. L774.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Observations were made of the anomalous production of 4He atoms as well as the anomalous heat release when Pd fine particles are highly deuterated inside an enclosed Pd metal vessel used as a cathode in electrolysis of D2O. A mass analysis of the remnant Pd powders after the 2000-hr heat production revealed substantial production of 4He atoms.
Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Definite Difference amoung [DS-D2O], [DS-H2O] and [Bulk-D2O] Cells in the Deuterization and Deuterium-reaction. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y., Developmental challenge in new energy source. 'Solid state plasma fusion'". Kotai Butsuri, 2000. 35(1): p. 67 [in Japanese].
Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Sono Implantation of Hydrogen and Deuterium from Water into Metallic Fine Powders. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Formation of Condensed Metallic Deuterium Lattice and Nuclear Fusion. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 2002. 78(Ser. B): p. 57.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Abstract: It was confirmed that nanometer-sized metal powder (atom clusters or simply clusters) can absorb an extremely large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms more than 300% against the number density of host metal. Within such clusters, the bonding potential widely changes from the center region to peripheral ones, so that the zig-zag atom-chains are always formed dynamically around the average position of atoms and the degree of filling up of the constituent atoms for the fcc type metal reduces to about 0.64 from 0.74 in bulk metal, i.e., vacant space increases to 0.36 from 0.26. As a result, a large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms are instantly dissolved into such host-clusters at room temperature. . . .
AU=Arata, Y.Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Picnonuclear fusion generated in "lattice-reactor" of metallic deuterium lattice within metal atom-clusters. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Zhang, Y. C.Arata, Y. and Y. Zhang. Development of Compact Nuclear Fusion Reactor Using Solid Pycnodeuterium as Nuclear Fuel. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Zhang, Y.
Abstract
Based on the functioning of Pd black inside a DS-Cathode, which has produced irrefutable evidence for the existence of solid nuclear fusion, new materials were developed to absorb abundant D/H atoms, up to levels as high as 300% of Pd number. These absorbed atoms were solidified densely inside each unit cell of the host lattice as solid-state “Pycnodeuterium” or “Pycnohydrogen.” Stimulation energy with Pycnodeuterium easily caused intense solid-state nuclear fusion, whereas with Pycnohydrogen no reaction occurred. As the result, it was clarified that Pycnodeuterium is by far the best nuclear fuel compared to all other nuclear fuels.
Arata, Y., The Formation Of "Solid Deuterium'" Solidified Inside Crystal Lattice And Intense Solid-State Nuclear Fusion ("Cold Fusion'"). Il Nuovo Saggiatore, 2004.
Arata, Y. Development of "DS-Reactor" as the practical reactor of "Cold Fusion" based on the "DS-Cell" with "DS-Cathode". in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Lecture slides describing a gas-loaded version of Arata’s double-structured cathode.
AU=Arata, Y.Arata, Y. and Y. Zhang. Establishment of the "Solid Fusion" Reactor. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Zhang, Y.Arata, Y. and Y. Zhang, The Establishment of Solid Nuclear Fusion Reactor. J. High Temp. Soc., 2008. 34(2): p. 85.
CA=Zhang, Y.Arata, Y., Y. Zhang, and X. Wang. Production of Helium and Energy in the "Solid Fusion" (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Zhang, Y., CA=Wang, X.
Conclusion:
(1)Either excess energy or helium of the ZrNiPd powder is always about ten times higher than that of the ZrPd powder.
(2)By using the weight 16 [g] of the ZrNiPd powder, the excess power 4 [watt] lasted stably for one hour, only less than one gram palladium was consumed. Its cost is lower than the ZrPd powder. We choose the ZrNiPd powder as a good material for the solid fusion.
(3)The concentration of helium was very successful. These results indicate that the reacted gas of "solid nuclear fusion" can serve as a source of helium production.
Arista, N.R., A. Gras-Marti, and R.A. Baragiola, Screening effects in nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes in dense media. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1989. 40: p. 6873.
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CA=Senjuh, T., CA=Kamimura, H., CA=Sumi, M., CA=Kennel, E., CA=Sakai, T., CA=Mori, K., CA=Watanabe, H., CA=Matsui, K.
Abstract
We have presumed that achieving high reproducibility of the anomalous effect may depend upon reproducible high loading ratios of deuterium in the Palladium. By modification of the working process, heat treatment, surface treatment, and the electrolysis conditions, the deuterium loading up to 0.9~0.96 was achieved with relatively high reproducibility. Detail features of the loading and deloading process were observed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and by in-situ optical micrographs during electrolysis. Crystal phase and lattice parameter changes were also measured to find any new phase by the in-situ X-ray diffraction system which was newly developed at the NHE-Lab. The phase transition of α-β during the loading and unloading process was well identified, however no new phase was observed up to a loading ratio of about 0.90.
Asami, N., et al., Material characteristics and behavior of highly deuterated loaded palladium by electrolysis. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 185.
CA=Senjuh, T., CA=Kamimura, H., CA=Sumi, M., CA=Kennel, E., CA=Sakai, T., CA=Mori, K., CA=Watanabe, H., CA=Matsui, K.Asami, N., et al. Material Behavior of Highly Deuterated Palladium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Senjuh, T., CA=Uehara, T., CA=Sumi, M., CA=Kamimura, H., CA=Miyashita, S., CA=Matsui, K.Asami, N., et al. Material Behavior of Highly Deuterated Palladium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
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CA=Rosada, A., CA=Santoro, E., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Violante, V.
AIM OF THE WORK
Series of experiments analyzing the materials and substances with the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) for both choosing the purest materials and discarding the others, and checking the blanks, and investigating elements present in electrodes after the test.
Preliminarily, some candidate materials to be used in the experiments were analyzed by INAA; after, electrode blanks and electrolyte solutions were analyzed, and finally, the electrodes used and the electrolyte solutions exhausted as well.
Electrolysis experiments on mono- and multi-layered thin films of Pd and Ni; possibility of observation of new atomic species; some species could be produced by nuclear transmutation in condensed matter.
Azbel, M.Y., Possibility of cold fusion. Solid State Commun., 1990. 76(2): p. 127.
Azumi, K., et al., Acoustic emission from a palladium electrode during hydrogen charging and its release in a LiOH electrolyte. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 347: p. 111.
CA=Ishiguro, S., CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Seo, M.Azzarone, D., F. Fontana, and D. Garbelli. Hydrogen/Deuterium Loading in Thin Palladium Wires. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Fontana, F., CA=Garbelli, D.Babu, K.S.C., et al., On the formation of palladium deuteride and its relationship to suspected cold fusion. Adv. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 8 Hydrogen Energy Prog. VIII, Vol. 2),: p. 1051.
CA=Lalla, N. P., CA=Pandey, R. N., CA=Tiwari, R. S., CA=Srivastava, O. N.Bacchi, S., Coletanea de artigos sobre o aparelho de fusao a frio Rossi. 2011, LENR-CANR.org.
Some articles and papers about the Rossi device translated into Portuguese.
AU=Badurek, G.Badurek, G., H. Rauch, and E. Seidl, Search for cold fusion in palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium. Kerntechnik, 1989. 54: p. 178.
CA=Rauch, H., CA=Seidl, E.Bae, Y.K., D.D. Lorents, and S.E. Young, Experimental confirmation of cluster-impact fusion. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1991. 44: p. R4091.
CA=Lorents, D. D., CA=Young, S. E.Bagnulo, L.H. Crack-fusion: a Plausible Explanation of Cold Fusion. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Bailan, R., J.P. Blaizot, and P. Bonche, Cold Fusion in a Dense Electron Gas. J. Phys. France, 1989. 50: p. 2307.
CA=Blaizot, J. P., CA=Bonche, P.Bailey, D.C., Gammas from Cold Nuclear Fusion. 1989.
Baird, J.K., Isotope effect in hydrogen atom diffusion in metals. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994. submitted.
Balabanov, N.P., Hypothesis to explain electrochemically induced nuclear fusion. Nauchni Tr., Plovdivski Univ., 1989. 26(4): p. 247 (in Bulgarian).
Balbaa, I.S., et al., The Effect of Lattice Distortions on the X-Ray Measurement of Lattice Parameters for PdHx: I. Empirical Relationships. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1987. 17: p. 2041.
CA=Hardy, P. A., CA=San-Martin, A., CA=Coulter, P. G., CA=Manchester, F. D.Baldo, M., R. Pucci, and P.F. Bortignon, Relaxation toward equilibrium in plasmon-enhanced fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 347.
CA=Pucci, R., CA=Bortignon, P. F.Baldo, M. Enhancement of Fusion Rate Induced by the Collective Electron Excitations. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Balej, J. and J. Divisek, Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode, Part I. Theoretical relations. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 278: p. 85.
CA=Divisek, J.Balescu, R., Some like it cool. Phys. Mag, 1989. 11: p. 3 (French).
Balian, R., J.P. Blaizot, and P. Bonche, Cold fusion in a dense electron gas. J. Phys. France, 1989. 50: p. 2307.
CA=Blaizot, J. P., CA=Bonche, P.Balin, D.V., et al., Experimental Investigation of the Muon Catalyzed d-d Fusion. Phys. Lett. B, 1984. 141(3/4): p. 173.
CA=Maev, E. M., CA=Medvedev, V. I., CA=Semenchuk, G. G., CA=Smirenin, Yu. V., CA=Vorobyov, A. A., CA=Zalite, Y. K.Balke, B., et al., Limits on neutron emission from 'cold fusion' in metal hydrides. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. C42: p. 30.
CA=Cox, L., CA=Fackler, O., CA=Mugge, M., CA=Souers, P. C., CA=Tsugawa, R. T., CA=White, R. M.Ban, M. Tunnel Resonance Of Electron Wave And Force Of Fluctuation. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Banas, J., et al., Geophysical aspects of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nucl. Geophys., 1989. 3: p. 321.
CA=Ciechanowski, M., CA=Dulinski, M., CA=Kreft, A., CA=Molenda, J., CA=Morstin, K., CA=Stoklosa, A., CA=Wozniak, J.Baranov, D., et al. Experimental Testing of the Erzion Model by Reacting of Electron Flux on the Target. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Bazhutov, Y., CA=Khokhov, N., CA=Koretsky, V. P., CA=Kuznetsov, A. B., CA=Skuratnik, Ya. B., CA=Sukovatkin, N.Baranov, D., et al. Investigation of the Erzion-Nuclear Transformation by Ion Beams. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Bazhutov, Y., CA=Koretsky, V. P., CA=Plets, Y., CA=Pohil, G., CA=Sakharov, E.Baranova, R.V., et al., Crystal Structure of Pd Hydride with Primitive Cubic Lattice. Sov. Phys. Crystallogr., 1980. 25: p. 736.
CA=Khodyrev, Yu. P., CA=Imamov, R. M., CA=Semiletov, S. A.Baranowski, B. and R. Wisniewski, The Electrical Resistance of Palladium and Palladium-Gold Alloy (50 wt% Au and Pd) in Gaseous Hydrogen up to 24000 at at 25Ă… C. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1969. 35: p. 593.
CA=Wisniewski, R.Baranowski, B. and R. Wisniewski, The Electrical Resistance of Palladium and Palladium-Gold Alloy (50 wt% Au and Pd) in Gaseous Hydrogen up to 24000 at at 25Â C. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1969. 35: p. 593.
CA=Wisniewski, R.Baranowski, B., High Pressure Research on Palladium-Hydrogen Systems. Pt. Met. Rev., 1972. 16-17: p. 10.
Baranowski, B., S. Majchrzak, and T.B. Flanagan, A High-Pressure Investigation of the Rhodium/Palladium/Hydrogen System. J. Phys. Chem., 1973. 77: p. 35.
CA=Majchrzak, S., CA=Flanagan, T. B.Baranowski, B., T. Skoskiewicz, and A.W. Szafranski, The Metallic Behavior of Hydrogen in Palladium. Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys., 1975. 1: p. 296.
CA=Skoskiewicz, T., CA=Szafranski, A. W.Baranowski, B. and S. Majorowski, Activation Volume for Hydrogen Diffusion in Palladium Hydride. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 98: p. L27.
CA=Majorowski, S.Baranowski, B., S.M. Filipek, and W. Raczynski, Investigation of Some Metal-Hydrogen Systems in the High Pressure Region. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 101: p. 115.
CA=Filipek, S. M., CA=Raczynski, W.Baranowski, B., et al., Search for 'cold fusion' in some Me-D systems at high pressures of gaseous deuterium. J. Less-Common Met., 1990. 158: p. 347.
CA=Filipek, S. M., CA=Szustakowski, M., CA=Farny, J., CA=Woryna, W.Baranowski, B., S.M. Filipek, and W. Raczynski, Electrolytic charging of palladium by deuterium at normal and high pressure conditions. Pol. J. Chem., 1994. 68: p. 845.
CA=Filipek, S. M., CA=Raczynski, W.Barbieri, G., A. Caravella, and E. Drioli. Concentration Polarization in hydrogen permeation through self-supported Pd-based membranes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Caravella, A., CA=Drioli, E.Concentration polarization present in any membrane separation affects the system performance depending on the membrane permeance, i.e., a higher permeance leads to a higher polarization. Hydrogen transport in Pd-based supported membranes was described by means of a model [1] considering several elementary steps of the permeation process, improving what done by Ward and Dao for self-supported membranes. The model includes the external mass transfer in the multicomponent gaseous phases on both membrane sides, described by the Stefan-Maxwell equations. The transport of the multicomponent mixture in the multilayered porous support was also considered and described by means of the Dusty Gas Model, which takes into account Knudsen, Poiseuille and ordinary diffusion. . . .
AU=Bard, A.Bard, A., Comments on SRI RP-3170 Review Meeting. 1991, University of Texas: Austin, TX.
Barker, W.A., Electrostatic voltage excitation process and apparatus. 1990: US 4,961,880.
Barker, W.A., Method for enhancing alpha decay in radioactive materials. 1991: US 5,076,971.
Barnhart, B., et al., Technology Forecast: Worldwide Research on Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Increasing and Gaining Acceptance 2009, Defense Intelligence Agency.
CA=McDaniel, P., CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Forsley, L., CA=DeChiaro, L.Scientists worldwide have been quietly investigating low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) for the past 20 years. Researchers in this controversial field are now claiming paradigm-shifting results, including generation of large amounts of excess heat, nuclear activity and transmutation of elements. Although no current theory exists to explain all the reported phenomena, some scientists now believe quantum-level nuclear reactions may be occurring. DIA assesses with high con fidence that if LENR can produce nuclear-origin energy at room temperatures, this disruptive technology could revolutionize energy production and storage, since nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per unit mass than do any known chemical fuel.
AU=Barrowes, S. C.Barrowes, S.C. and H.E. Bergeson. Linear, High Precision, Redundant Calorimeter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Bergeson, H. E.Bartolomeo, C., et al. Alfred Coehn and After: The Alpha, Beta and Gamma of the Palladium-Hydrogen System. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Fleischmann, M., CA=Larramona, G., CA=Pons, S., CA=Roulett, J., CA=Sugiura, H., CA=Preparata, G.Barton, J.C. and F.A. Lewis, Interface Impedance and the Apparent Electrical Resistance of Palladium Hydrides in Aqueous Solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1962. 58: p. 103.
CA=Lewis, F. A.Barton, J.C., F.A. Lewis, and I. Woodward, Hysteresis of the Relationships Between Electrical Resistance and Hydrogen Content of Palladium. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963. 59: p. 1201.
CA=Lewis, F. A., CA=Woodward, I.Barton, J.C., J.A.S. Green, and F.A. Lewis, Changes of Electrode Potential and Electrical Resistance as a Function of the Hydrogen Content of some Pd+Ni and Pd+Rh alloys. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1965.
CA=Green, J. A. S., CA=Lewis, F. A.Barton, J.C., W.F.N. Leitch, and F.A. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladized Palladium Electrodes Following Immersion in Oxidizing Solutions. Electrochim. Acta, 1966. 11: p. 1171.
CA=Leitch, W. F. N., CA=Lewis, F. A.Barts, B.I., D.B. Barts, and A.A. Grinenko, Theory of nuclear reactions with the participation of slow charged particles in solids. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. Originally Oin: Yad. Fiz. 55 [1992] 79., 1992. 55: p. 45.
CA=Barts, D. B., CA=Grinenko, A. A.Barut, A.O., Prediction of new tightly-bound states of H2+ (D2+) and 'cold fusion' experiments. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 15: p. 907.
Barwick, S.W., et al., Search for 0.8 MeV (3)He nuclei emitted from Pd and Ti exposed to high pressure D2. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 273.
CA=Price, P. B., CA=Williams, W. T., CA=Porter, J. D.Bashkirov, Y.A., et al., Observation of neutron emission from electrolysis of heavy water. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(19): p. 51 (in Russian).
CA=Baranova, R. Kh., CA=Bazanin, B. G., CA=Kazakova, V. M.Bashko, V.A., et al., Study of the nuclear fusion reaction in palladium by the emission of neutrons upon electrolysis". Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1996. 2(56): p. 54.
CA=Vit'ko, V. I., CA=Goncharov, I. G., CA=Zelenskii, V. F., CA=Kovalenko, G. D., CA=Krivoruchko, S. M., CA=Ranyuk, Yu. N., CA=Tarasov, I. K.Bass, R.W. On Empirical System ID, Possible External Electromagnetic/Electronuclear Stimulation/Actuation and Automatic Feedback Control of Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Bass, R.W., QRT: Quantum Resonance Triggering Principle. 1991.
Bass, R.W., QRT: Quantum Resonance Triggering Principle. 1993.
Bass, R.W. A Semi-Classical Quantized Theory of Lattice Induced Nuclear Transformations. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Bass, R.W. Is the Coulomb Fusion "Barrier" a Resonantly Transparent Mirror? Refutationb of the Conventional Cold Fusion 'QM-Impossibility' "Proof". in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Bass, R.W., Experimental Evidence Favoring BrightsenĂŚs Nucleon Cluster Model. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 59.
ABSTRACT
Brightsen’s Nucleon Cluster Model (NCM) predicts that a relatively low-energy photon can stimulate a nuclear transmutation under certain specified conditions. Examination of an experiment by Lin & Bockris demonstrates that the transmutation of mercury-201 to gold-197 induced by a mere exothermic chemical reaction (burning gunpowder) is an actual concrete example of a novel process predicted by the NCM.
Bass, R.W., Experimental Evidence Favoring BrightsenĂs Nucleon Cluster Model. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 59.
Bass, R.W., A High School Level ExposĂ of the Mistake Upon Which the ERAB Report is Based. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 22.
Bass, R.W., A High School Level Expos» of the Mistake Upon Which the ERAB Report is Based. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 22.
Bass, R.W., Parmenter's Fundamental Breakthrough Contributions. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 45.
Noting Dr. Parmenter's acknowledgment to me at the end of his seminal paper, Dr. Mallove has asked me for a prefatory critique. Frankly I feel like a kindergarten finger-painting dauber asked to appraise a Rembrandt! In fact, in 1994 I applied seriously for a humble programmer's job at the Univ. of Arizona in hopes that by moving to Tucson I might be able to audit some of Parmenter's courses: I am awed by his mastery of the three-dimensional details, not only of Quantum Mechanics (QM) [which I know only as a 1-D point-particle theory] but of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), Nuclear Physics, and Solid-State Physics. I accepted this assignment only in hopes of nudging people like Dr. Barry Merriman of UCLA and Dr. Jim Peebles of Princeton to consider Parmenter's contributions with the serious care which they manifestly deserve. I'd also hope that in the next issue of IE we receive comments on this milestone theoretical tour de force by all of the dozen other expert theoreticians mentioned below.
AU=Bass, R. W.Bass, R.W. and S.W. Gleeson. Recent Advances in LENT and Proposed CF via Deuterium Crystals. in INE/EEMF Conference on New Energy Conversion. 2000. INE/EEMF Conference on New Energy Conversion.
CA=Gleeson, S. W.Bass, R.W., Five Frozen Needles CF Protocol. J. New Energy, 2002. 6(2): p. 30.
ABSTRACT
The following protocol is designed to be intuitively convincing to a layman who, if told that needles 2, 3 and 4 have been pulsed with constant-voltage DC-electricity for twice, thrice and quadruple the amount of time as needle 1, and then measured to contain twice, thrice and quadruple the amount of He4 as the first needle, will instantly reject any doubt that the electrical pulse was creating He4 from some form of nuclear-chemistry process whose action was directly proportional to the amount of DC electrical energy used. At the same time, the protocol is sufficiently statistically sophisticated in its rigorous application of Experiment Design theory as to satisfy the most skeptical and informed critic.
Bass, R.W. and M.R. Swartz. Empirical System Identification (ESID) and Optimal Control of Lattice-Assisted Nuclear Reactors. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Swartz, M. R.Basteev, A.V. and L.A. Nechiporenko, Activation of solid-phase deflagration of hydrogen-containing energy-storing substances. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1994. 19: p. 739.
CA=Nechiporenko, L. A.Batalla, E., E.G. Zwartz, and B.A. Judd, In-situ X-ray diffraction of palladium cathodes in electrolytic cells. Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 805.
CA=Zwartz, E. G., CA=Judd, B. A.Battaglia, A., et al., Neutron emission in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112 A: p. 921.
CA=Daddi, L., CA=Focardi, S., CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F., CA=Sona, P. G., CA=Veronesi, S.Bauer, H., Science in the 21st Century: Knowledge Monopolies and Research Cartels. J. Sci. Expl., 2004. 18(4): p. 643–660.
Baurichter, A., et al., Search for cold fusion in palladium. Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 1989. 76: p. 1.
CA=Eyrich, W., CA=Frank, M., CA=Goehr, H., CA=Kreische, W., CA=Ortner, H., CA=Roeseler, B., CA=Schiller, C. A., CA=Weeske, G., CA=Witthun, W.Bazhutov, Y., B.A. Khrenov, and G.B. Khristiansen, About one opportunity of second shower spectrum interpretation observed at small depth underground. Isv. Akad. Nauk USSR, ser. phys., 1982. 46(9): p. 2425.
CA=Khrenov, B. A., CA=Khristiansen, G. B.Bazhutov, Y., et al. Interpretation of cold nuclear fusion by means of erzion catalysis. in Fiz. Plazmy Nekotor. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz. M. 1990.
CA=Vereshkov, G. M., CA=Kuz'min, R. N., CA=Frolov, A. M.Bazhutov, Y., et al. Study of the possibility of a cold nuclear fusion reaction by electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium electrode. in Teo. Eksp. Issled. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz., Min. Obshch. Mashin. SSSR. 1991.
CA=Kuznetsov, A. B., CA=Surova, T. D., CA=Chertov, Yu. P.Bazhutov, Y., et al. Excess Heat Observation During Electrolysis of Cs2CO3 Solution in Light Water. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Chertov, Yu. P., CA=Krivoshein, A. A., CA=Skuratnik, Ya. B., CA=Khokhlov, N. I.Bazhutov, Y. Erzion Model of Catalytic Nuclear Transmutation and Its Interpretation of Ball-Lightning and Other Anomalous Geophysical Phenomena. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Bazhutov, Y. and V.P. Koretsky. Possibility of Radioactive Waste Utilization in Terms of the Erzion Model. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Koretsky, V. P.Bazhutov, Y., et al. Tritium, Neutron, and Radicarbon Registration with the Yusmar Hydrofacility Running. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Koretsky, V. P., CA=Kuznetsov, A. B., CA=Potapov, Yu. S., CA=Nikitsky, V. P., CA=Nevezhin, N. Ya., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Kordukevich, V. O., CA=Titenkov, A. F.Bazhutov, Y. Influence of Spin and Parity Preservation Lows on Erzion Model Predictions in Cold Fusion Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Bazhutov, Y. and V.P. Koretsky. Neutron Generation at Ultrasonic Cavitation of Some Liquids. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Koretsky, V. P.Bazhutov, Y. Erzion Discovery in Cosmic Rays and its Possible Great Role in Nature in Framework of Erzion Model of Cold Nuclear Transmutation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Bazhutov, Y., et al. Calorimetric And Neutron Diagnostics Of Liquids During Laser Irradiation. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Bazhutova, S., CA=Dyadkin, A., CA=Nekrasov, V., CA=Sharkov, V.Bazhutov, Y. and E. Pletnikov. Search For Erzion Nuclear Catalysis Chains From Cosmic Ray Erzions Stopping In Organic Scintillator. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Pletnikov, E.Bazhutov, Y. Erzion Model Features In Cold Nuclear Transmutation Experiments. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Bazhutov, Y. Role of Russian Scientists in CMNS - Conference Proceedings 1991-2007. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Bearden, T.E., Use of Asymmetrical Regauging and Multivalued Potentials to Achieve Over-Unity Electromagnetic Engines. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 60.
Bearden, T.E., EM Corrections Enabling a Practical Unified Field Theory with Emphasis on Time-Charging Interactions of Longitudinal EM Waves. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(2/3): p. 12.
Bearden, T.E., Purported Over-Unity Results by Hewlett Packard. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 98.
Beaudette, C.G., Excess Heat: Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed. 2002, Concord, NH: Oak Grove Press.
This document contains extracts from the book, and the author's description of the book:
This book tells the history of the strangest event in modern science. In 1989 the University of Utah announced a new experiment by electrochemists Professors Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons that demonstrates table top nuclear fusion at extremely low levels, and substantial anomalous (unexplained, excess) heat energy (power) with no dangerous radiation. This story, written for the college reader without scientific training, presents the abundant replication of excess heat results by many laboratories in several countries. Excess heat research, referred to as cold fusion research, is presently an empirical science known as low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). While the book illustrates much progress, the specific reactions that produce the heat energy still await discovery. . .
This book will soon be available as an e-book.
Beaudette, C.G., Response to the DOE/2004 Review of Cold-Fusion Research. 2005, Oak Grove Press: South Bristol, ME.
During 2004, the Office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE/OS) initiated and completed a peer-review of the field in science known as cold-fusion research (CFR). The DOE/OS selected eighteen Reviewers for their expertise in the relevant scientific specialties. Remaining largely anonymous, they studied a collection of papers about the field selected and prepared by several of the scientists who have been active in CFR for the past sixteen y ears. Those scientists also presented selected accomplishments to some of the Reviewers during a one day meeting. The following three questions (paraphrased) were asked of the Reviewers: (1) Is there evidence of low-energy-nuclear-reactions (LENR), (2) do such reactions really occur, and (3) should research efforts be continued?
AU=Becker, E. W.Becker, E.W., Triple collision reaction of deuterons as a possible explanation of cold nuclear fusion. Naturwiss., 1989. 76: p. 214.
Beddingfield, D.H., et al. Characterization of Charged Particle Bursts from Deuterium Loaded Thin Titanium Foils. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Cecil, F. E., CA=Galovich, C. S., CA=Liu, H., CA=Asher, S.Begley, S., E. Jones, and T. Waldorf, A Sun in a Test Tube?, in Newsweek. 1989. p. 58.
CA=Jones, E., CA=Waldorf, T.Begley, S., et al., The Race for Fusion, and The Follies of Science, in Newsweek. 1989. p. 49.
CA=Hurt, H., CA=Murr, A., CA=Rogers, M.Begley, S., Cold Fusion Isn't Dead, It's Just Withering From Scientific Neglect, in Wall Street Journal. 2003. p. B1.
Behrisch, R., et al., Search for fusion reactions between deuterium atoms implanted into titanium. Nucl. Fusion, 1989. 29(7): p. 1187.
CA=Moeller, W., CA=Roth, J., CA=Scherzer, B. M. U.Behrisch, R., Comment on: H. Gentsch, DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor, Ber. Bunsenges, Phys. Chem. 95, 1283 [1991]. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1992. 96: p. 733 (in German).
Bellanger, G., Embrittlement of Palladium and Palladium-Silver Alloy Cathode Membranes by Tritium. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 36.
Bellanger, G. and J.J. Rameau, Determination of tritium adsorption and diffusion parameters in a palladium-silver alloy by electrochemical impedance analysis. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 94.
CA=Rameau, J. J.Bellini, M., L. Casetti, and M. Rosa-Clot, Nuclear Fusion in Excited Hydrogen Molecules. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1990. 337: p. 207.
CA=Casetti, L., CA=Rosa-Clot, M.Belov, A.S., V.E. Kusik, and Y.V. Ryabov, The nuclear fusion for the reactions (2)H(d,n)(3)He,(2)H(d,gamma)(4)He at low deuterons energy and 'cold' nuclear fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. A103: p. 1647.
CA=Kusik, V. E., CA=Ryabov, Yu. V.Beltyukov, I.L., et al., Laser-induced cold nuclear fusion in Ti-H2-D2-T2 compositions. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 234.
CA=Bondarenko, N. B., CA=Janelidze, A. A., CA=Gapanov, M. Yu, CA=Gribanov, K. G., CA=Kondratov, S. V., CA=Maltsev, A. G., CA=Novikov, P. I., CA=Tsvetkov, S. A., CA=Zakharov, V. I.Belzner, A., et al., Recent results on mixed conductors containing hydrogen or deuterium. Solid State Ionics, 1990. 40/41: p. 519.
CA=Bischler, U., CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Gur, T. M., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Schreiber, M., CA=Huggins, R. A.Belzner, A., et al., Two fast mixed-conductor systems: deuterium and hydrogen in palladium - thermal measurements and experimental considerations. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 219.
CA=Bischler, U., CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Gur, T. M., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Schreiber, M., CA=Huggins, R. A.Bemporad, E., et al. Integrated Approach for High Resolution Surface Characterisation: Coupling Focused Ion Beam with Micro and Nano Mechanical Tests (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Sebastiani, M., CA=Palmieri, V., CA=Deambrosis, S.
At present, mechanical characterisation of engineered surfaces is gaining more and more interest for the growing industrial application of surface modification and coating techniques, which are usually applied to improve either surface mechanical or functional performances (i.e hardness, load bearing capacity, wear resistance, surface free energy and chemical reactivity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, . . .).
Furthermore, it has to be considered that the development of nanostructured materials and the growing use and application of nano-systems and nano-structures make the use of advanced procedures for nano-scale mechanical characterisation strictly necessary; in other cases, mechanical behaviour can be strongly influenced by microstructural and size effects (grain size, defects, interfaces, porosity,…), so multi-scale characterisation procedures are strongly needed for a determination of the correct correlation function among process parameters, surface properties and in-service performances.
Benedek, G. and P.F. Bortignon, Cold nuclear fusion: viewpoints of solid-state physics. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(8): p. 1227.
CA=Bortignon, P. F.Benesh, C.J. and J.P. Vary, Fusion rates of squeezed and screened hydrogenic nuclei. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(2): p. R495.
CA=Vary, J. P.Benetskii, B.A., A.V. Klyachko, and A.I. Rozantsev, An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion in a condensed medium. Ratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1989(6): p. 58 (In Russian).
CA=Klyachko, A. V., CA=Rozantsev, A. I.Benford, M.S., Biological Nuclear Reactions: Empirical Data Describes Unexplained SHC Phenomenon. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 19.
Bennington, S.M., et al., A search for the emission of x-rays from electrolytically charged palladium-deuterium. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1323.
CA=Sokhi, R. S., CA=Stonadge, P. R., CA=Ross, D. K., CA=Benham, M. J., CA=Beynon, T. D., CA=Whithey, P., CA=Harris, I. R., CA=Farr, J. P. G.Bennington, S.M., et al., In-situ measurements of deuterium uptake into a palladium electrode using time-of-flight neutron diffractometry. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 281: p. 323.
CA=Benham, M. J., CA=Stonadge, P. R., CA=Fairclough, J. P. A., CA=Ross, D. K.Benson, T., A "Micro-fusion" reactor: Nuclear reactions in "the cold" by ultrasonic cavitation. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 33.
Benson, T. and T.O. Passell. Calorimetry of Energy-Efficient Glow Discharge - Apparatus Design and Calibration. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Passell, T. O.
Introduction
This work aims to develop a “family” of low-powered calorimetrically-accurate glow discharge units, similar to that reported by Dardik, et al. at ICCF-10, and to use these to test a wide range of cathode materials, electrode coatings, gas types, gas pressures, and power input levels. We will describe the design and calibration of these units.
The strategy is to use a large number of very similar units so that the calorimetric response does not vary significantly for a given power level. The design is metal or sealed glass cylindrical tubes, charged with 0.4 to 50 torr mixtures of deuterium, hydrogen, argon, or helium gases. Units operate from 0.2 watt to >2 watt power input. The units have low mass (<400 grams) to enhance their sensitivity to excess heat, and they are designed to allow visual observation of the discharge, on-line spectroscopic analysis of the gas to follow any changes in composition, and replication of the geometry and thermal mass during numerous changes in electrode composition. . . .
Berkem, A.R., Nuclear fusion. Hot fusion - cold fusion. Kim. Sanayi, 1989. 31: p. 7 (in Turkish).
Berkheimer, G.D. and R.E. Buxbaum., Hydrogen Pumping with Palladium Membranes. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1985. 3: p. 413.
CA=Buxbaum., R. E.Berlouis, L.E.A., et al., The decomposition of electrochemically loaded palladium hydride: a thermal analysis study. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 207.
CA=Hall, P. J., CA=MacKinnon, A. J., CA=Wark, A. W., CA=Manuelli, D., CA=Gervais, V., CA=Robertson, J. E.Bernabei, R., et al., Neutron monitoring during evolution of deuteride precipitation in Nb, Ta and Ti. Solid State Commun., 1990. 76: p. 815.
CA=Gannelli, G., CA=Cantelli, R., CA=Cordero, CA=d'Angelo, S., CA=Iucci, N., CA=Picozza, P. G., CA=Villoresi, G.Bernardini, M., et al. Anomalous Effects Induced by D2O Electrolysis of Titanium. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Mengoli, G., CA=Zannoni, G.This investigation emphasizes the heat output (~1 W) measured at open circuit after the electrolysis of 0.6 M K2CO3 in D2O on titanium. This thermal phenomenon decayed slowly over the course of several days. “Post-mortem” γ-spectroscopy analysis of the Ti samples cathodized in D2O evidenced transient γ-emissions which cannot be attributed to impurities of the electrolytic system.
AU=Berrondo, M.Berrondo, M. Computer Simulation of D Atoms in a Pd Lattice. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Bertalot, L., et al. Analysis of Tritium and Heat Excess in Electrochemical Cells With Pd Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Bettinali, L., CA=De Marco, F., CA=Violante, V., CA=De Logu, P., CA=Dikonimos, T., CA=La Barbera, A.
INTRODUCTION
The origin of the excess heat [1,2] developed during the electrolysis of heavy water in “Cold Fusion” cells is up to now open to question. The necessary presence of deuterium suggests that fusion reactions can be partially or totally responsible for the generation of excess heat.
Experience has shown neutron emission to be sporadic and very weak; on the other hand tritium was found in small but detectable amounts [3,4]. Moreover if tritium accumulates in the solution it can be comfortably measured postmortem.
Bertalot, L., et al. Study of Deuterium Charging in Palladium by the Electrolysis of Heavy Water: Search for Heat Excess and Nuclear Ashes. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=De Marco, F., CA=De Ninno, A., CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Violante, V., CA=Zeppa, P.Bertalot, L., et al. Deuterium Charging in Palladium by Electrolysis of Heavy Water: Measurement of Lattice Parameter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=De Marco, F., CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Felici, R., CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Violante, V.Bertalot, L., et al., Study of deuterium charging in palladium by the electrolysis of heavy water: heat excess production. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1993. 15 D: p. 1435.
CA=De Marco, F., CA=De Ninno, A., CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Violante, V., CA=Zeppa, P.Bertalot, L., et al. Power Excess Production in Electrolysis Experiments at ENEA Frascati. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=De Marco, F., CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Violante, V.Bertin, A., et al., Experimental evidence of cold nuclear fusion in a measurement under the Gran Sasso Massif. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101A: p. 997.
CA=Bruschi, M., CA=Capponi, M., CA=De Castro, S., CA=Marconi, U., CA=Moroni, C., CA=Piccinini, M., CA=Semprini-Cesari, N., CA=Trombini, A., CA=Vitale, A., CA=Zoccoli, A., CA=Jones, S. E., CA=Czirr, J. B., CA=Jensen, G. L., CA=Palmer, E. P.Bertin, A., et al., First experimental results at the Gran Sasso Laboratory on cold nuclear fusion in titanium electrodes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 209.
CA=Bruschi, M., CA=Capponi, M., CA=De Castro, S., CA=Marconi, U., CA=Moroni, C., CA=Piccinini, M., CA=Semprini-Cesari, N., CA=Trombini, A., CA=Vitale, A., CA=Zoccoli, A., CA=Czirr, J. B., CA=Jensen, G. L., CA=Jones, S. E., CA=Palmer, E. P.Bertin, A., et al., Absence of tritium yield in metal-deuterium systems". Phys. At. Nucl., 1996. 59: p. 934 (orig. Yad. Fiz. 59 [1996] 976).
CA=Bruschi, M., CA=Bystritsky, V. M., CA=Capponi, M., CA=De Castro, S., CA=Cereda, B., CA=Ferretti, A., CA=Florkowski, T., CA=Galli, D., CA=Giacobbe, B., CA=Gushchin, V. V., CA=Marconi, U., CA=Massa, I., CA=Moroni, C., CA=Piccinini, M., CA=Poly, M., CA=Rivkis, L. A., CA=Sakharov, V. I., CA=Semprini-Cesari, N., CA=Spighi, R., CA=Stolupin, V. A., CA=Tebus, V. N., CA=Vecchi, S., CA=Vezzani, A., CA=Villa, M., CA=Vitale, A., CA=Wozniak, J., CA=Zavattini, G., CA=Zoccoli, A.Bertin, A., et al., Negative result of an experiment aimed at verifying the hypothesis that cold and hot nuclear fusion occurs in Ti/(D-T) and ZrNbV/(D-T) systems. Phys. At. Nucl., 1996. 59: p. 744.
CA=Bruschi, M., CA=Bystritsky, V. M., CA=Capponi, M., CA=De Castro, S., CA=Cereda, B., CA=Dugar-Zhabon, V. D., CA=Ferretti, A., CA=Galli, D., CA=Giacobbe, B., CA=Kirpal, V. I., CA=Knyazev, A. I., CA=Kravchenko, I. M., CA=Marconi, U., CA=Massa, I., CA=Merzlyakov, S. I., CA=Moroni, C., CA=Piccinini, M., CA=Poly, M., CA=Rivkis, L. A., CA=Samsonenko, N. V., CA=Semprini-Cesari, N., CA=Shvetsov, V. N., CA=Sidorov, V. T., CA=Smirnov, V. N., CA=Sorokin, S. I., CA=Spighi, R., CA=Starshin, E. P., CA=Stolupin, V. A., CA=Strelkov, A. V., CA=Vecchi, S., CA=Vezzani, A., CA=Villa, M., CA=Vitale, A., CA=Wozniak, J., CA=Zavattini, G., CA=Zhuravlev, N. I., CA=Zoccoli, A.Bertolotti, M., et al. Nondestructive Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of Palladium-Hydrogen Compounds by Photothermal Techniques. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Liakhou, G. L., CA=Li Voti, R., CA=Paoloni, S., CA=Sibilia, C., CA=Violante, V.Bertulani, C.A. and L.F. Canto, Semiclassical calculation of Coulomb break-up of weakly bound nuclei. Nucl. Phys. A, 1992. 539: p. 163.
CA=Canto, L. F.Besenbacher, F., et al., Interaction of hydrogen isotopes with metals: deuterium trapped at lattice defects in palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 257.
CA=Bech, N. B., CA=Noerskov, J. K., CA=Myers, S. M., CA=Nordlander, P.Besenbacher, F., et al., Search for cold fusion in plasma-charged Pd-D and Ti-D systems. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 315.
CA=Bech, N. B., CA=Hornshoej, P., CA=Laesgaard, E., CA=Rud, N.Betteridge, W. and J. Hope, The separation of hydrogen from gas mixtures:a process of absorption and desorption by palladium. Pt. Met. Rev., 1974. 18-19: p. 50.
CA=Hope, J.Beuhler, R.J., G. Friedlander, and L. Friedman, Cluster-Impact Fusion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 63: p. 1292.
CA=Friedlander, G., CA=Friedman, L.Beuhler, R.J., et al., Deuteron-Deuteron Fusion by Impact of Heavy-Water Clusters on Deuterated Surfaces. J. Phys. Chem., 1991. 94: p. 7665.
CA=Chu, Y. Y., CA=Friedlander, G., CA=Friedman, L., CA=Kunnmann, W.Beuhler, R.J., G. Friedlander, and L. Friedman, Cluster-impact Fusion [Erratum]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992. 88: p. 2108.
CA=Friedlander, G., CA=Friedman, L.Bhadkamkar, A. and H. Fox, Electron Charge Cluster Sparking in Aqueous Solutions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 62.
CA=Fox, H.Bharadwaj, S.R., et al., The Palladium-Platinum Phase Diagram. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 169: p. 167.
CA=Kerkar, A. S., CA=Tripathi, S. N., CA=Dharwadkar, S. R.Bhattacharjee, J.K., L. Satpathy, and Y.R. Waghmare, A possible mechanism of cold fusion. Pramana, 1989. 32: p. L841.
CA=Satpathy, L., CA=Waghmare, Y. R.Biberian, J.P. Excess Heat Measurements in AlLaO3 Doped with Deuterium. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Biberian, J.P., et al. Electrolysis of LaAlO3 Single Crystals and Ceramics in a Deuteriated Atmosphere. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Lonchampt, G., CA=Bonnetain, L., CA=Delepine, J.
Abstract
We have measured excess heat in solid state electrolytes, namely La0.95AlO3, in deuterium gas atmospheres. We have shown that an excess heat of 50 mW is observed at 550 °C, with an input power of 2 mW. However, at 620 °C, a temperature decrease has been observed. Those results have been obtained with ceramics, and attempts to do the same with single crystals have failed so far. We believe that both positive and negative temperature changes cannot be explained by a chemical reaction within the crystal.
Biberian, J.P. and G. Lonchampt. Deuterium Gas Loading of Palladium Using a Solid State Electrolyte. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Lonchampt, G.
ABSTRACT
A palladium foil cathode, 50 mm in diameter, 100 µm thick is placed between two anodic palladium foils of same dimensions. A proton conductor layer (poly-ethyleneoxide) (PEO) and phosphoric acid) is deposited between the cathode and the two anodes. The system is placed in a chamber filled with deuterium gas, at a temperature of 75°C. At first, deuterium fills the two anodes up to D/Pd = 0.48 measured by pressure decrease. Then a voltage is applied between cathode and anodes, and the cathode gets loaded by D+ electrochemical migration through the solid state electrolyte. Correspondingly, the pressure decreases. Loadings of up to 0.73 have been obtained. When voltages are reversed, the cathode deloads, and the pressure in the chamber increases. This method is well suited to measure over-potentials and absolute loadings. The input power is very low, since the production of D+ ions entering the cathode is close to 100% whereas in liquid electrolyte cells, a small fraction of the ions produced is absorbed by the cathode. Therefore excess heat measurement is easily detected.
Biberian, J.P., Rapport sur L'International Conference on Cold Fusion ICCF9 Pekin, Chine, 20-24 mai 2002. 2002, CRMC2-CNRS.
1 - Introduction
La neuvičme conférence internationale sur la fusion froide ICCF9 s.est tenue ŕ Pékin en Chine, du 20 au 24 mai. Une centaine de personnes de 15 nationalités différentes y ont participé. Elle était organisée par le Professeur Xing Z. Li, de l.Université de Tsinghua. Ce fut l.occasion de prendre connaissance des derniers développements sur le sujet. Une analyse globale fait apparaître quelques point intéressants : Cinq pays sont particuličrement dynamiques dans ce secteur de la recherché . . .
Biberian, J.P., Condensed Matter Nuclear Science: Cold Fusion. Ann. Fond. Louis de Broglie, 2004. 29(3): p. 1095.
The discovery of "Cold Fusion" has been announced officially by a press conference on March 23rd 1989 at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The shock wave produced by the Pons and Fleischmann announcement is probably unique in history, due to the fact that emails and fax machines helped propagate the good and the bad news altogether at light speed. Hundreds laboratories around the world immediately tried to replicate the experiment. However, details of it were not well known and doing electrochemistry and calorimetry altogether is a difficult art and takes time to master. Therefore most nuclear scientists tried to detect the assumed accompanying radiations produced by the well known reaction D+D producing either He-3 and a neutron or tritium and a proton with equal probability.
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P. and G. Lonchampt. Excess heat observed during electrolysis of deuterated phosphoric acid with palladium electrodes and a solid state electrolyte in deuterium gas (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Lonchampt, G.Biberian, J.P. and G. Lonchampt. Excess heat observed during electrolysis of deuterated phosphoric acid with palladium electrodes and a solid state electrolyte in deuterium gas. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Lonchampt, G.Biberian, J.P., Condensed matter nuclear science (cold fusion): an update. Int. J. Nucl. Energy Sci. Technol., 2007. 3(1): p. 31.
Seventeen years after the announcement by Professors Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann of the discovery of cold fusion in March 1989, the scientific community does not acknowledge this field as a genuine scientific research theme. However, the scientific demonstration of cold fusion was made long ago by showing the evidence of excess heat production in electrolytic cells and other devices. Also, nuclear ashes have been observed, mainly the formation of helium-4 along with the production of excess heat. What makes this field difficult to accept is the lack of the usual particle emission observed in nuclear science or high-energy physics. In some instances low-level neutron production, X-ray emission and transmutation of elements have been measured. At this point there is no satisfactory theory explaining the unique characteristics of condensed matter nuclear science. Many models have been proposed, several of them using textbook physics.
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P. and N. Armanet. Excess Heat During Diffusion of Deuterium Through Palladium. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.
CA=Armanet, N.Following the work by several researchers we have undertaken experiments with deuterium gas flowing through the walls of a palladium tube. Tubes were heated at various temperatures and either filled with palladium powder or palladium compounds or empty. Our mass flow calorimeter enables us to accurately measure excess heat production. We usually used palladium tubes 10 cm long, 2 mm outer diameter with 200 µm thick walls, and closed at one end. Deuterium gas is introduced in the tube at various pressures, and temperatures and diffuses out through the walls of the tube. Thermal energy is determined by measuring inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water and its mass flow. The energy yield of this calorimeter is 95-98% depending on input power. Our best result so far is an excess heat of 3 W with an input power of 47 W using an oxidized palladium tube filled with palladium powder. In addition to these results we describe an experiment where temperature oscillations have been measured, indicating the importance of temperature in excess heat production.
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P. and N. Armanet. Excess Heat Production During Diffusion Of Deuterium Through Palladium Tubes. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Armanet, N.
Abstract:
We have developed a mass flow calorimeter enabling us to measure accurately excess heat production during deuterium diffusion through the walls of palladium tubes. The experiment consists usually of a palladium tube 10 cm long, 2mm outer diameter with 200 μm thick walls, and closed at one end. Deuterium gas is introduced in the tube at various pressures, and temperatures and diffuses out through the walls of the tube. The tube, heated by a resistor, is positioned inside a reactor cell which is a small vacuum chamber. The reactor cell is positioned inside a second vacuum chamber. The outer walls of the vacuum chamber are water cooled. Thermal energy is determined by measuring inlet and outlet temperatures and water mass flow. The energy yield of this calorimeter is 95-98 % depending on input power.
Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 1. 2007.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P. and N. Armamet, An update on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (cold fusion). Ann. Fond. Louis de Broglie, 2008. 33(1).
CA=Armamet, N.ABSTRACT. The discovery of Cold Fusion was announced on March 23, 1989 at a press conference at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The two discoverers: Stan Pons and Martin Fleischmann described their electrochemical device that produces more heat than the electric energy used to run it. Since then lot of progress has been made, and it is more and more obvious that this phenomenon now named Condensed Matter Nuclear Science is a genuine scientific research field with many important potential applications. It is the purpose of this paper to present an update of the worldwide research.
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P. Cold Fusion by Gas Loading: A Review. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 2. 2009.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P., Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in Gas Phase: A Comprehensive Review, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 9-34.
Biberian, J.P., Unexplained Explosion During an Electrolysis Experiment in an Open Cell Mass Flow Calorimeter. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.
While running an electrochemical cell designed to measure excess heat with a hollow palladium cathode and a platinum wire anode in heavy water, an explosion occurred. The Dewar that contained the experiment shattered. It is unlikely that the explosion was due to a deuterium oxygen recombination explosive reaction, since the cell was open, the amount of deuterium and oxygen gas was very limited in the cell and any pressure created by recombination should have escaped through the unsealed open end of the cell. It is very likely that under some not yet understood conditions, chain reactions occur in highly loaded palladium samples giving rise to an explosion. Several experimentalists before have already observed this same phenomenon.
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 3. 2010.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
AU=Biberian, J. P.Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 4. 2011.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
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CA=Kerr, E. C.Birgul, O., et al., Electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium using surface modified palladium electrodes. J. Eng. Env. Sci., 1990. 14(3): p. 373.
CA=Celebi, S., CA=Ozdural, A., CA=Pekmez, K., CA=Yildiz, A., CA=Yurum, Y., CA=Doga-TurkBiris, A., et al., Solubility of Deuterium in LaNi5. J. Less-Common Met., 1997. 49: p. 477.
CA=Bucur, R. V., CA=Ghete, P., CA=Indrea, E., CA=Lupu, D.Birnbaum, H.K., et al., Hydrogen in aluminum. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 260.
CA=Buckley, C., CA=Zeides, F., CA=Sirois, E., CA=Rozenak, P., CA=Spooner, S., CA=Lin, J. S.Bishop, J.E., Cold Comfort on Cold Fusion Front, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor. p. 1.
Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Generating Lots of Heat, Little Light, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: New YorkEditor.
Bishop, J.E., Heat Source in Fusion Find May Be Mystery Reaction and Brigham Young Physicists Reveal Details of Second H-Fusion Discovery and Will New Energy Sources Soon Power U.S.?, in Wall Street Journal. 1989.
Bishop, J.E. and J.M. Schlesinger, Japan's Cold Fusion Effort Produces Startling Claims of Bursts of Neutrons, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor. p. 3.
CA=Schlesinger, J. M.Bishop, J.E. and K. Wells, Taming H-Bombs? : Utah Scientists Claim Breakthrough in Quest for Fusion Energy, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor.
CA=Wells, K.Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion' Chemists Reiterate Claim; Other Scientists Report Similar Results, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B4.
Bishop, J.E., 'Cold Fusion' Gets Cold Shoulder From Many a Year After Findings, in The Wall Street Journal. 1990: NYEditor.
Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion' May Keep Earth's Core Molten, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B1.
Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Research Dispels Some Doubts, in The Wall Street Journal. 1990.
Bishop, J.E., Future of Hot Fusion is Boiling Down to the Behavior of a Few Helium Atoms, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B1.
Bishop, J.E., Scientist Says `Cold Fusion' Tests May Have Had Some Impure Rods, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor.
Bishop, J.E., 'Cold Fusion' Researcher Asserts Dozens of Tests Can't be 'Ignored", in The Wall Street Journal. 1991: NYEditor. p. 6.
Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Verdict May Be Delivered Soon, in Wall Street Journal. 1991: NYEditor.
Bishop, J.E., Utah Funds for Cold Fusion Run Low Just as Concept Gets Boost From Navy, in Wall Street Journal. 1991: New YorkEditor. p. B4.
Bishop, J.E., Predictable Heat Source Reported from `Heavy' Water Electrolysis, in Wall Street Journal. 1992: New YorkEditor. p. B12.
Bishop, J.E. and J.M. Schlesinger, Researcher Claims to Replicate Japanese Experiments in `Cold Fusion', in Wall Street Journal. 1992: New YorkEditor. p. B3.
CA=Schlesinger, J. M.Bishop, J.E., A Bottle Rekindles Scientific Debate About the Possibility of Cold Fusion, in Wall Street Journal. 1996: New YorkEditor.
Bittner, M., et al., Method for investigation of fusion reactions in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 120.
CA=Meister, A., CA=Ohms, D., CA=Paffrath, E., CA=Rahner, D., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Seeliger, D., CA=Wiesener, K., CA=Wuestner, P.Bittner, M., et al., Emission of DD-fusion neutrons from a massive palladium cyclinder during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into the metal". Isotopenpraxis, 1991. 27: p. 274.
CA=Meister, A., CA=Ohms, D., CA=Paffrath, E., CA=Rahner, D., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Seeliger, D., CA=Wiesener, K., CA=Wuestner, P.Bittner, M., et al., Evidence for the production of d-d fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a palladium cylinder. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2119.
CA=Ludwig, G., CA=Meister, A., CA=Muller, J., CA=Ohms, D., CA=Paffrath, E., CA=Rahner, D., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Seeliger, D., CA=Stiehl, P., CA=Wiesener, K., CA=Wustner, P.Bittner, M., et al., Indication for the temporary production of deuteron-deuteron fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a massive palladium slab. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 334.
CA=Meister, A., CA=Ohms, D., CA=Paffrath, E., CA=Rahner, D., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Seeliger, D., CA=Wiesener, K., CA=Wuestner, P.Bittner, M., et al. Observation of D-D Fusion Neutrons During Degassing of Deuterium Loaded Palladium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Meister, A., CA=Seeliger, D., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Westner, P.Bittner, M., et al., Observation of d-d fusion neutrons during degassing of deuterium-loaded palladium. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 346.
CA=Meister, A., CA=Seeliger, D., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Wuestner, P.Bjerklie, D., J.M. Nash, and D.T. Thompson, Fusion Illusion?, in Time. 1989. p. 72.
CA=Nash, J. M., CA=Thompson, D. T.Blagus, S., et al., Search for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrodes. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 333: p. 321.
CA=Bogovac, M., CA=Hodko, D., CA=Krcmar, M., CA=Miljanic, D., CA=Tomas, P., CA=Vajic, M., CA=Vukovic, M.Blagus, S., et al., Evidence for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrode. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 105.
CA=Bogovac, M., CA=Drasner, A., CA=Vukovic, M.Blanchard, R., Fizzion a new process for low energy nuclear transformation and energy production. 1998.
Blaschko, O., P. Fratzl, and R. Klemencic, Model for the Structural Changes at Low Temperatures in PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1981. 24: p. 277.
CA=Fratzl, P., CA=Klemencic, R.Blaser, J.P., et al., Experimental investigation of cold fusion phenomena in palladium. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 262.
CA=Haas, O., CA=Ptitjean, C., CA=Barbero, C., CA=Bertl, W., CA=Lou, K., CA=Mathias, M., CA=Baumann, P., CA=Daniel, H., CA=Hartmann, J., CA=Hechtl, E., CA=Ackerbauer, P., CA=Kammel, P., CA=Scrinzi, A., CA=Zmeskal, H., CA=Kozlowski, T., CA=Kipfer, R., CA=Baur, H., CA=Signr, P., CA=Wieler, R.Blencoe, J.G., et al., Tests for 'cold fusion' in the Pd-D2 and Ti-D2 systems at 40-380 MPa and -196-27 degC. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 149.
CA=Naney, M. T., CA=Wesolowski, D. J., CA=Perey, F. G.Bochler, S., et al., 3d Photoemission from Mixed Valent YbH2.6. J. de Physique, Colloque C9, Supp., 1987. 48(12): p. 947.
CA=Schlapbach, L., CA=Monnier, R., CA=Degiorgi, L.Bockris, J., J. McBreen, and L. Lewis, The Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics and Hydrogen Entry into a-Iron. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1965. 112: p. 1025.
CA=McBreen, J., CA=Lewis, L.Bockris, J. and A.K.N. Reddy, Modern electrochemistry; an introduction to an interdisciplinary area. 1970, New York: Plenum Press.
CA=Reddy, A. K. N.Bockris, J. and P.K. Subramanyan, The equivalent pressure of molecular hydrogen in cavities within metals in terms of the overpotential developed during the evolution of hydrogen. Electrochim. Acta, 1971. 16: p. 2169.
CA=Subramanyan, P. K.Bockris, J., G.H. Lin, and N.J.C. Packham, A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 11.
CA=Lin, G. H., CA=Packham, N. J. C.Bockris, J., About the alleged presence of tritium in some palladium electrodes and journalist Gary Taubes article in Science. 1990.
Bockris, J., Addition to 'A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena'. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 523.
Bockris, J., et al. Does Tritium Form at Electrodes by Nuclear Reactions? in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Lin, G. H., CA=Kainthla, R. C., CA=Packham, N. J. C., CA=Velev, O. A.
This paper reports tritium formed in LiOD D2O solutions in which Pd cathodes are used to evolve D2. Electrolysis was carried out for up to 4˝ months. Excess heat has been observed from 5 electrodes out of 28, tritium in 15 out of 53 but 9 out of 13 if the electrodes are limited to 1 mm diameter. Steady state tritium concentrations were 104-107 disintegrations min-1 ml-1. A weak correlation may exist between heat observed and tritium produced. The rate of production of tritium was c. 1010 atoms cm-2 sec-1. The branching ratio of tritium to neutrons was ~ 108.
A theoretical dendrite enhanced fusion model is suggested. Growing gas layer breakdown occurs at sufficiently high surface potential dendrite tips and correspondingly fusion reactions occur. The model gives quantitative consistence with experiment, especially the sporadic nature and the observed branching ratio.
Bockris, J. and D. Hodko, Is there evidence for cold fusion? Chem. & Ind., 1990. 22: p. 688.
CA=Hodko, D.Bockris, J. and D. Hodko. Is There Evidence for Fusion Under Solid State Confinement. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Hodko, D.Bockris, J., The Answer to the Conundrum at Texas A & M: Accusations of Fraud in an Article Published by "Science. 1990.
Bockris, J., Cold fusion II: The Story Continues. New Scientist, 1991. 19: p. 50.
Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. Fugacity of hydrogen isotopes in metals: degradation, cracking and cold fusion. in Symp. Hydrogen Storage Materials, Batteries, Electrochemistry 1991. 1991.
CA=Hodko, D., CA=Minevski, Z.Bockris, J., How Physicists and Chemists Differ. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 1991. 4(4): p. 65-66.
Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. The Mechanism of Deuterium Evolution on Palladium: Relation to Heat Bursts Provoked By Fluxing Deuterium Across the Interface. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Hodko, D., CA=Minevski, Z.Bockris, J., et al., Cold fusion as a consequence of high fugacity among hydrogen isotopes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1992. 17: p. 445.
CA=Chien, C. C., CA=Hodko, D., CA=Minevski, Z.Bockris, J., et al. Tritium and Helium Production in Palladium Electrodes and the Fugacity of Deuterium Therein. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Chien, C. C., CA=Hodko, D., CA=Minevski, Z.Bockris, J. and R. Sundaresan. Electrochemistry, Tritium and Transmutation. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Sundaresan, R.Bockris, J. and R. Sundaresan, Electrochemistry, Tritium, and Transmutation. 1994.
CA=Sundaresan, R.Bockris, J., et al. Triggering of Heat and Sub-Surface Changes in Pd-D Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Sundaresan, R., CA=Letts, D., CA=Minevski, Z.
I. INTRODUCTION
More than four years after the first reports of chemically stimulated nuclear reactions, the triggering of heat evolution and the production of associated nuclear debris remains a highly uncertain matter. Both the duration of the switch-on time and, indeed, whether a given electrode will commence to show nuclear activity within 500 hours of the beginning of electrolysis, remain unclear.
In the present study, three methods of triggering anomalous heat are described. The changes in the sub-surface of palladium during the evolution of D2 or H2 are described as a function of potential, temperature and time.
Finally, these results are evaluated against the present theories of heat production in metals.
Bockris, J., Were the Seeds of the Decay of the West Sown in 1650? 1994.
Bockris, J., et al., Lattice assisted nuclear transformation (LANT). 1995.
CA=Bush, R. T., CA=Lin, G. H., CA=Monti, R. A.Bockris, J., G.H. Lin, and R.T. Bush, Do nuclear reactions take place under chemical stimulation? J. Sci. Expl., 1996. 10: p. 245.
CA=Lin, G. H., CA=Bush, R. T.Bockris, J., The complex conditions needed to obtain nuclear heat from D-Pd systems. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 210.
Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, Two zones of "Impurities" observed after prolonged electrolysis of deuterium on palladium. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5/6): p. 67.
CA=Minevski, Z.In experiments carried out recently in which hydrogen was electrolyzed from water in contact with a palladium electrode, the concentration and depth of impurities were measured as a function of electrolysis time. It was found that after 3 weeks, two different sets of impurities could be observed, one set within 50Ĺ of the surface and another set different chemical spaces, about 1μ inside the metal.
AU=Bockris, J.Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, First experimental establishment of high internal pressure of molecular hydrogen developed in palladium during water electrolysis. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998. 23(12): p. 1079.
CA=Minevski, Z.Bockris, J., Speculative interpretation of overunity experiments involving water electrolysis. 1998.
Bockris, J., Early Contributions from Workers at Texas A&M University to (So-called) Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. New Energy, 1999. 4(2).
INTRODUCTION: THE SITUATION IN MARCH, 1989
The firm opinion in respect to basic knowledge of the nucleus common among chemists and physicists in March, 1989, was that chemical effects (involving frequencies of - 1014), could not affect the nucleus of atoms with frequencies - 106 times higher. It was also believed in March, 1989, that high energy neutrons were the path towards atomic fission, as in nuclear reactors; and that collisions of H isotopes at extremely high temperatures similar to those in the sun, constituted the main path towards the fusion of nuclei.
Bockris, J. and E. Mallove, Is the Occurrence of Cold Nuclear Reactions Widespread Throughout Nature? Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(27): p. 29.
CA=Mallove, E.The generally accepted idea is that the paper of Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins of 1989 gave the first evidence that nuclear reactions occur in the cold in a palladium-deuterium (Pd-D) electrolysis system. However, published accounts on elemental change in solids have been around since before the discovery of the nucleus. Thus, the earliest evidence for creation of new elements was that reported for reactions in biological systems. In view of the wave of negative opinion against the 1989 and thereafter work, it is interesting to note a U.S. Army report of 1978 which concluded that the evidence for nuclear reactions in biology was strongly positive. Even less well-known is that U.S. government labs in the 1970s experimented with neutron emission arising from the passage of very high currents through wires, conditions under which thermonuclear reactions should not have been occurring.
AU=Bockris, J.Bockris, J., Nuclear Transmutation: The reality of cold fusion (Book Review). Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 1999. 19(5): p. 439.
Bockris, J., Some happenings at Texas A&M University when unexpected new results in research are obtained. 1999.
Bockris, J., Accountability and academic freedom: The battle concerning research on cold fusion at Texas A&M University. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 103.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD OF LOW TEMPERATURE NUCLEAR REACTIONS FROM GROUPS AT TEXAS A&M
Directly after the March 1989 TV announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that they had achieved a nuclear reaction at electrodes in the cold, research began on the phenomenon at Texas A&M. The University was picked by EPRI as a recipient of funds to investigate the field. Thus, it possessed a Thermodynamic Research Center, a Cyclotron group, and three groups in Electrochemistry (Chemistry Department). In addition, there was the Center for Electrochemical Systems and Hydrogen Research in the Texas Engineering Experiment Center, housed in the university. All these groups received funds to explore “cold fusion.”
Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, The mechansim of the evolution of hydrogen on palladium and associated internal damage phenomena. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2000. 25: p. 747.
CA=Minevski, Z.Bockris, J. The History Of The Discovery Of Transmutation At Texas A&M University. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Until 1989 I had been a publisher of high temperature physical chemistry, electrochemical and environmental research papers. I was a physical chemist and my contact with nuclear chemistry was only in using it in some tracer techniques.
The Fleischmann and Pons announcement of March 1989 was of interest partly because of its radical nature, but also because I had known Martin Fleischmann since his days as a student at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London.
I had easy access to Fleischmann and I therefore could instruct my co-workers (about 20 at the time) about the technique used in the Fleischmann and Pons work.
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CA=Prabhu, L. H., CA=Sankaranarayanan, M., CA=Shetiya, R. S., CA=Veeraraghavan, N., CA=Joshi, P. V., CA=Murthy, T. S., CA=Sen, B. K., CA=Sharma, K. G. B.Botta, E., et al., Measurement of 2.5 MeV neutron emission from Ti/D and Pd/D systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 105A: p. 1663.
CA=Bressani, T., CA=Calvo, D., CA=Feliciello, A., CA=Gianotti, P., CA=Lamberti, C., CA=Agnello, M., CA=Iazzi, F., CA=Minetti, B., CA=Zecchina, A.Botta, E., et al. Search for 4He Production from Pd/D2 Systems in Gas Phase. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Bracco, R., CA=Bressani, T., CA=Calvo, D., CA=Cela, V., CA=Fanara, C., CA=Ferracin, U., CA=Iazzi, F.
Abstract
We describe the performance of an apparatus consisting of a cell containing a Pd sheet loaded with D2 in gas phase coupled to a high resolution Q-mass spectrometer. The loading ratio α = D/Pd is increased by applying a constant electric field along the Pd sheet, α is carefully measured by means of the electric resistance variation and of the thermodynamic parameters. In one experiment a signal corresponding to 4He production was observed.
Botta, E., et al. Measurement of 4He Production from D2 Gas-Loaded Pd Samples. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Bressani, T., CA=Calvo, D., CA=Fanara, C., CA=Iazzi, F.
Abstract
A Pd sheet gold plated at both ends was loaded with D2 in a Cold Fusion cell operating on the basis of the Coehn effect. The procedure was the same followed in a previous experiment. The gas has been analyzed by means of a high resolution mass spectrometer before the absorption into Pd and after desorption: a significant presence of 4He after desorption has been measured, in agreement with the previous results.
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Breed, B. Can Established Physical Principles Explain Solid-State Fusion? in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
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CA=Calvo, D., CA=Feliciello, A., CA=Lamberti, C., CA=Iazzi, F., CA=Minetti, B., CA=Cherubini, R., CA=Haque, A. M. I., CA=Ricci, R. A.Bressani, T., et al., Observation of 2.5 MeV neutrons emitted from a titanium-deuterium system. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1991. 104(9): p. 1413.
CA=Calvo, D., CA=Feliciello, A., CA=Lamberti, C., CA=Iazzi, F., CA=Minetti, B., CA=Cherubini, R., CA=Haque, A. M. I., CA=Ricci, R. A.Bressani, T. and G. Preparata, What Makes a Crystal Stiff Enough for the Mossbauer Effect? Il Nuovo Cimento, Note Brevi, 1992. 14D(3): p. 345-349.
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1 Introduction
The circumstance that I made the scientific summary on Nuclear Products in Cold Fusion Experiments also after ICCF-6 gives to me the opportunity of combining the comparison of the results from two subsequent conferences and of discussing globally the impressive achievements gained in these last three years. The major achievement at ICCF-6 was, to my opinion, the evidence of the correlation between Excess Heat, when measured, and the production of 4He, observed in quantities of the same order of magnitude of what expected form the hypothesis that the reaction d + d → 4He + (energy) is the main source of energy in Cold Fusion experiments. This conclusion was reached by several experiments.
Bressani, T. Exotic Nuclear Physics: from Cold Fusion to Antikaonic Nuclear Clusters (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
One of the more controversial recent issues in Hadronic and Nuclear Physics is the possible existence of the so-called AntiKaonic Nuclear Clusters (AKNC). They are strange (S=-1, -2) nuclear systems composed by nucleons strongly bound to one or two AntiKaons: This topic is connected with the possible existence of exotic nucleon bound states like pp or ppp, with the possibility that a high-density nuclear medium will be created around the AntiKaon, that could be seed for the understanding of the dense nuclear matter in the neutron stars.
In 2002 Akaishi and Yamazaki (1) predicted the appearance of discrete, narrow bound states of Kbar in few-body nuclear systems. The search for such systems started quite soon with nondedicated experiments at Laboratories of KEK (Japan), Frascati (Italy) , CERN (Switzerland), Saclay (France)
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It is observed that interstitial hydrogen nucleii on a metallic lattice are strongly coupled to their near neighbours by the unscreened electromagnetic field mediating transitions between low-lying states. It is shown that the dominant interaction is of dipole-dipole character. By means of numerical calculations based upon published data, it is then shown that in stoichiometric PdD, in which essentially all interstitial sites are occupied by a deuteron, certain specific superpositions of many-site product states exist that are lower in energy than the single-site ground state, suggesting the existence of a new low temperature phase. Finally, the modified behaviour of the two-particle wavefunction at small separations is investigated and prelimary results suggesting a radical narrowing of the effective Coulomb barrier are presented.
AU=Brown, J.Brown, J., Enhanced Low Energy Fusion Rate in Metal Deuterides Due to Vibrational Deuteron Dipole-Dipole Interactions and Associated Resonant Tunneling Between Neighbouring Sites. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.
Brown, N.E. and N. Jarmie, Differential Cross Sections at Low Energies for 2H(d,p)3H and 2H(d,n)3He. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 41(4): p. 1391.
CA=Jarmie, N.Brown, T., A Selective, Annotated Bibliography No. 7. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Lett., 1990. 145: p. 385-388.
Browne, M.W., New Shot at Cold Fusion by Pumping Sound Waves into Tiny Bubbles, in New York Times. 1994: NYEditor. p. 5.
Brudanin, V.B., et al., Does cold nuclear fusion exist? Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 347.
CA=Bystritskii, V. M., CA=Egorov, V. G., CA=Shamsutdinov, S. G., CA=Shyshkin, A. L., CA=Stolupin, V. A., CA=Yutlandov, I. A.Brudanin, V.B., et al., Once more about cold nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 351.
CA=Bystritskii, V. M., CA=Egorov, V. G., CA=Shamsutdinov, S. G., CA=Shyshkin, A. L., CA=Stolupin, V. A., CA=Yutlandov, I. A.Brudanin, V.B., et al., Search for the cold fusion d(d,(4)He) in electrolysis of D2O. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 151(9): p. 543.
CA=Bystritsky, V. M., CA=Egorov, V. G., CA=Stetsenko, S. G., CA=Yutlandov, I. A.Bruggeman, A., et al., Studiecentrum Voor Kernenenergie. 1989.
CA=Loos, M., CA=Van der Poorten, C., CA=Craps, R., CA=Leysen, R., CA=Poortmans, F., CA=Verstappen, G., CA=Snykers, M.Bruschi, L., et al., Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system". Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10(4): p. 303.
CA=Santini, M., CA=Torzo, G., CA=Nardelli, G.Bruschi, M., U. Marconi, and A. Zoccoli. The neutron spectrometer of the cold fusion experiment under the Gran Sasso Laboratory. in Hadronic Phys., Winter Course 8th 1993. 1994: World Sci., Singapore.
CA=Marconi, U., CA=Zoccoli, A.Bryan, S.R. and J.H. Gibson, Comments on 'Nuclear energy release in metals'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 95.
CA=Gibson, J. H.Bu, F.S., et al. Loading ratio study in a gas-loading system. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Gao, L., CA=Shgi, H., CA=Huang, G. S.Buchachenko, A.L., Chemistry on the border of two centuries - achievements and prospects. Russ. Chem. Rev., 1999. 68((2)): p. 85.
Buchachenko, A.L. and V.V. Chaikovskii, Contraction of electronic shells and a new strategy for cold fusion. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1999. 73: p. 1614.
CA=Chaikovskii, V. VBucur, R. and F.A. Lewis, The Establishment of Equilibria in the Isotopic Distribution of Hydrogen and Deuterium Between Palladium and Aqueous Solutions. Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge, 1971. 75: p. 207.
CA=Lewis, F. A.Budnikov, A.T., et al., Study of gases evolving from palladium, nickel and copper, bombarded with D+ ions, from palladium saturated with gases by heavy water electrolysis and by heating in deuterium. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1990(1): p. 81 (in Russian).
CA=Danilov, P. A., CA=Kartamyshev, G. A., CA=Katrich, N. P., CA=Seminozhenko, V. P.Buehler, D.B., et al. Is Reported "Excess Heat" Due to Nuclear Reactions? in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Hansen, L. D., CA=Jones, S. E., CA=Rees, L. B.Buehler, D.B., Possible Gamma Bursts From Gas Loaded Ti Chips. 1992.
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CA=Powell, G. L., CA=Hutchinson, D. P.Bunch, K.J. and R.W. Grow. Electric Field Distribution of the Palladium Crystal Lattice. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Grow, R. W.Bunch, K.J. and R.W. Grow, Self-consistent field calculations on diatomic hydrogen in a potential well. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2131.
CA=Grow, R. W.Burch, R., On the role of silver atoms in the absorption of hydrogen by palladium-silver alloys. Solid State Commun., 1969. 7: p. 1313.
Burger, J.P., et al., Electrical Resistivity of Pd-Hx: Residual Resistivity. Solid State Commun., 1975. 17: p. 227.
CA=MacLachlan, D. S., CA=Mailfert, R., CA=Souffache, B.Burke, L.D. and J.K. Casey, An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium electrodes in acid. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1993. 140(5): p. 1284.
CA=Casey, J. K.Burke, L.D. and J.K. Casey, An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium in base. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1993. 140(5): p. 1292.
CA=Casey, J. K.Burrows, A., Enhancement of cold fusion in metal 'hydrides' by screening of proton and deuteron charges. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. 3405.
Busch, M.P., Nucear Fusion Reactor and Method, Patent Disclosure. 1990: US.
Bush, B.F., et al., Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 304: p. 271.
CA=Lagowski, J. J., CA=Miles, M., CA=Ostrom, G. S.
INTRODUCTION
Our interest in the “cold fusion” process [1,2] was piqued by the apparent lack of systematic investigation into the composition of the gaseous products produced during the electrolysis of D2O. A critical issue in determining whether or not the cold fusion process exists is the quality of the evidence concerning the composition of the gaseous products. The low intensity of neutrons has prompted proposals of other fusion processes such as d + d → 4He + γ [3] and p + d → 3He [4,5]. Accordingly, we report the results of experiments designed to detect helium in the effluent gases from electrolysis reactions at palladium cathodes while rigorously excluding possible helium contamination from other sources. The calorimetric electrolysis experiments reported here were performed at China Lake, and the analyses designed to establish the composition of the effluent gases were performed in Austin.
Bush, B.F. and M. Miles. Practical Aspects of Heat and Helium Measurements in Deuterated Palladium. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Miles, M.Bush, B.F., Data for 4He measurement. 1998.
Bush, B.F. and J.J. Lagowski. Methods of Generating Excess Heat with the Pons and Fleischmann Effect: Rigorous and Cost Effective Calorimetry, Nuclear Products Analysis of the Cathode and Helium Analysis. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Lagowski, J. J.
Abstract:
The results from a growing number of laboratories suggest that the Pons and Fleischmann effect (the production of “excess heat” during the electrolysis of D2O at palladium electrodes) is real. More over data from these laboratories indicate that excess heat events are accompanied by 4He production. Excess heat generation appears to depend on a number of factors: the quality — nature — of the cathode, chemical species present in the D2O / LiOD electrolyte, the conditions surrounding the electrolysis process — current density, potential, time, and the previous history of the cathode. Methods for obtaining useful cathodes will be described.
Bush, B.F. and J.J. Lagowski, Trace Elements Added to Palladium by Electrolysis in Heavy Water. 1999, EPRI: Palo Alto, CA.
CA=Lagowski, J. J.Palladium samples taken from the center section of a 2-mm diameter cylindrical heat-producing cathode and similar material from the original stock palladium rod adjacent to that used for the cathode have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis for trace element impurity differences. The focus was on all elements for which NAA is appropriate and sensitive. Although it is known that electrolysis deposits impurity metals on cathodic surfaces from the electrolyte (lithium deuteroxide in this case), this occurs only at the external surface of the rod. The samples were cut diametrally to minimize the surface relative to the bulk or interior portion of the cathode. Large increases in iron and zinc of a factor of 56 and 12 respectively were observed in the active cathode relative to the virgin material. Smaller but significant increases were observed for chromium, cobalt, and cesium. In addition, the Pd-110/Pd-108 ratios were determined. Preliminarily, it appears that Pd-108 was depleted in the active cathode relative to Pd-110 as compared with that ratio in the virgin material. Possible sources of these changes in addition to the conventional explanations are discussed.
AU=Bush, R. T.Bush, R.T. A Transmission resonance Model for Cold Fusion. in Winter Annual Meeting of Am. Soc. Mechan. Eng. 1989. San Francisco.
Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, A Cold Fusion Model that Matches Experimental Data. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 1990. 3(3): p. 21, 62.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, 'Cold nuclear fusion': A hypothetical model to probe an elusive phenomenon. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 397.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T. Isotopic Mass Shifts in Cathodically-Driven Palladium Via Neutron Transfer Suggested by the Transmission Resonance Model to Explicate Enhanced Fusion Phenomena (Hot and Cold) Within a Deuterared Metrix. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Bush, R.T. Production of Tritium, Neutrons, and Heat Based Upon the Transmission Resonance Model (TRM) for Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Bush, R.T. The TRM (Transmission Resonance Model) for Cold Fusion Fits Calorimetric Data on the Pons-Fleischmann Effect and Suggests Solutions to Nuclear "Anomalies". in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. A Calorimetric Study of the Excess Heat Effect in Thin Films of Palladium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T., Cold 'fusion'. The transmission resonance model fits data on excess heat, predicts optimal trigger points, and suggests nuclear reaction scenarios. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 313.
Bush, R.T., A light water excess heat reaction suggests that 'cold fusion' may be 'alkali-hydrogen fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 301.
Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Experimental Studies Supporting the Transmission Resonance Model for Cold Fusion in Light Water: I. Correlation of Isotopic and Elemental Evidence with Excess Heat. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Experimental Studies Supporting the Transmission Resonance Model for Cold Fusion in Light Water: II. Correlation of X-Ray Emission With Excess Power. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Calorimetric Studies for Several Light Water Electrolytic Cells With Nickel Fibrex Cathodes and Electrolytes with Alkali Salts of Potassium, Rubidium, and Cesium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells With Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T., Is It Possible That Anomalies Associated with the Excess Heat Effect Were Observed in the 1950's?: The Transmission Resonance Model (TRM) Answers Affirmatively. 1993.
Bush, R.T., A Unifying Model for Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 431.
Bush, R.T. An Interpretation of the Piantelli Effect Based Upon the LANT Hypothesis and ECFM Model for Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Bush, R.T. Evidence for an electrolytically induced shift in the abundance ratio of Sr-88 and Sr-86. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells with Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 334.
CA=Eagleton, R. D.Bush, R.T. A Model for the Impurity Promotion and Inhibition of the Excess Heat Effects of Cold Fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: Monte-Carlo, Monaco.
Bush, R.T. The Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model (ECFM) Reconsidered with Special Emphasis Upon the Production of Tritium and Neutrons. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Bush, R.T., Can the Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model (ECFM) Account for Light Water Fusion? J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 63.
Bush, R.T., Electrolytically Simulated Cold Nuclear Synthesis of Strontium from Rubidium. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 28.
Bush, R.T., Consequences of lattice occupational symmetry. Infinite Energy, 1997. 2(12): p. 34.
Bushuev, V.S., et al., Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis. Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(5): p. 57.
CA=Ginodman, V. B., CA=Zherikhina, L. N., CA=Kuznetsov, S. P., CA=Lapushkin, Yu. A., CA=Matviyenko, I. P., CA=Nikitenko, A. I., CA=Perekrestenko, A. D., CA=Saposhnikov, N. P., CA=Tolokonnikov, S. M., CA=Tskhovrebov, A. M.Bushuev, V.S., et al., Experiments in the recording of nuclear emissions by electrolysis of heavy water. Trud. Ord. Lenin. Ord. Oktyab. Revol. Fiz. Inst. im. P.N. Lebedeva, Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1992. 220: p. 89 (in Russian).
CA=Ginodman, V. B., CA=Zherikhina, L. N., CA=Kuznetsov, S. P., CA=Lapushkin, Yu. A., CA=Matviyenko, I. P., CA=Nikitenko, A. I., CA=Perekrestenko, A. D., CA=Saposhnikov, N. P., CA=Tolokonnikov, S. M., CA=Tskhovrebov, A. M.Bushuev, V.S., et al., Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis. J. Opt. Res., 1996. 4(5): p. 171.
CA=Genodman, V. B., CA=Jerikhina, L. N., CA=Kuznetsov, S. P., CA=Lapushkin, Yu. A., CA=Matviyenko, I. P., CA=Nikitenko, A. I., CA=Perekrestenko, A. D., CA=Saposhnikov, N. P., CA=Tolokonnikov, S. M., CA=Tzkhovrebov, A. M.Bussard, R.W., Virtual-state internal nuclear fusion in metal lattices. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 231.
Butler, M.A., et al., High-sensitivity search for neutrons during electrochemical reactions. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 388.
CA=Ginley, D. S., CA=Schirber, J. E., CA=Ewing, R. I.Bylinsky, G., Cold Fusion Heats up Again. Fortune Magazine, 1991. 124(1): p. 18.
Byung, J.H., Cold nuclear fusion. Hwahak Kwa Kongop Ui Chinbo, 1990. 30: p. 86 (in Korean).
Cage, K., Memorandum: Cold Fusion Applications. 1989, U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark office: Washington, DC.
Although the media attention relating to cold fusion has dimishecl, we are Just now beginning to see a large number of applications relating to this subjects Although we are attempting to identify an of these applications in the pre-examination screening process, there is a possibility that a few applications may slip through without being identified. . . .
AU=Cain, B. L.Cain, B.L., et al. Thermal Power Produced Using Thin-Film Palladium Cathodes in Concentrated Lithium Salt Electrolyte. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Cheney, A. B., CA=Rigsbee, J. M., CA=Cain, R. W., CA=McMillian, L. S.Cali, G.J., et al., Electrochemical Regeneration of Clean and Well-Ordered Pd(111) Surface. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 297: p. 523.
CA=Berry, G. M., CA=Bothwell, M. E., CA=Soriaga, M. P.Cammarota, G., et al. A flow calorimeter study of the Ni/H system. in Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 1997.
CA=Collis, W. J. M. F., CA=Rizzo, A., CA=Stremmenos, C.This paper documents the continuing calorimetric study of the nickel natural hydrogen system at Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Bologna, Italy. Our previous unpublished work had already verified anomalous increase in temperature of a nickel sample loaded with sub-atmospheric hydrogen first noted by Piantelli and co-workers. To ensure that such temperature anomalies were not the result of changes in heat transmission, it was decided to investigate the system using a flow calorimeter.
AU=Camp, W. J.Camp, W.J., Helium Detrapping and Release from Metal Tritides. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1977. 14: p. 514.
Campari, E.G., et al. Ni-H Systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Focardi, S., CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F., CA=Porcu, E., CA=Tosti, E., CA=Veronesi, S.Campari, E.G., et al. Overview Of H-Ni Systems: Old Experiments And New Setup. in 5th Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2004. Asti, Italy.
CA=Focardi, S., CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F., CA=Veronesi, S.
This is an overview of our experimental activity during the last twelve years. We have been studying the Ni-H system at temperatures of about 700 K. Our investigations have revealed several interesting effects:
a) energy production for long time
b) neutron emission
c) γ-ray emission
d) charged particles emission
e) appearance of elements other than Ni on the surfaces of Ni samples.
These experiments were performed in several laboratories: the greatest part in Siena but also in Bologna, Colleferro and Pavia. A new laboratory in Colle Val d’Elsa (Siena) will become operative in the summer 2004.
Campari, E.G., et al. Photon and particle emission, heat production and surface transformation in Ni-H system. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Fasano, G., CA=Focardi, S., CA=Lorusso, G., CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F.The results obtained in several experiments on Ni-H system are presented here. Photon emission during the preliminary phases of activation and 1H isotope absorption are shown; their correlation with the kind of surfaces (Ni and its alloys) and with neutron and other particle emission in the excitation progress and in large heat production is also presented. Finally the SEM-EDAX analysis of the sample surfaces after same months of heat production is shown; new elements (not present in the initial analysis) appeared. The concentrations of these elements with atomic number between C and Zn, is compared to the unmodified parts of same samples that remained inside the cell, outside of the activated region.
AU=Campari, E. G.Campari, E.G., et al. Surface Analysis of hydrogen loaded nickel alloys. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Focardi, S., CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F., CA=Veronesi, F.We present a surface analysis of nickel alloy rods loaded with hydrogen. By comparing these with a blank (unused) metal rod, morphological differences and a different composition of the surface are observed. These surface modifications follow a spatial distribution along the rod. These results are compared with a previous analysis of similar samples.
AU=Campbell, C.Campbell, C. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon: A Hypothesis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Campbell, R.B. and L.J. Perkins, A study of 'cold fusion' in deuterated titanium subjected to high-current densities. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 383.
CA=Perkins, L. J.Caneve, L. Characterization of Materials by Means of Laser-Based Techniques (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
Laser-based techniques are more and more used in the field of materials processing and analysis.
In particular, laser spectroscopic techniques as the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) have been applied to investigate the chemical-physical properties and the morphological structure of several kinds of materials.
Some results in different fields of application are reported.
Cannizzaro, F., et al., Search for neutrons as evidence of cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 86.
CA=Greco, G., CA=Raneli, M., CA=Spitale, M. C., CA=Tomarchio, E.Cantwell, R. Update on results as Coolescence, LLC (PowerPoint slides). in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Update on results at Coolescence, Inc., in calorimetry, glow discharge and gas flow initiated LENR.
AU=Cantwell, R.Cantwell, R. and M. McConnell. Partial Replication of Storms/Scanlan Glow Discharge Radiation. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=McConnell, M.
The Storms/Scanlan paper1 presented at the 8th international workshop in Catania described two types of radiation produced in a deuterium glow discharge. One type was thought to be mono energetic electrons in the 0.8 MeV range. A second type of emission, obtained when oxygen was added to the D2, was also described by Storms/Scanlan.
We have produced radiation with similar characteristics to this second type of emission. This radiation has been characterized with GM tubes, absorbers, silicon diode detector, and magnetic deflection. We propose that conventional low energy x-rays would produce behavior consistent with our observations.
Cantwell, R. and M. McConnell. Search for charged particle emissions resulting from Pd-D Co-Deposition (PowerPoint slides). in ACS National Meeting. 2011. Anaheim, CA.
CA=McConnell, M.We have attempted to replicate Pd-D Co-Deposition charged particle results reported by Mosier-Boss et al. CR-39 pits similar to those reported by Mosier-Boss et al. were found using both in-situ CR-39 and Mylar-protected CR-39. However, CR-39 protected by a combination of Mylar and a small air gap did not show any pits. The electrolyte, as its chemistry changes during the electrolysis, is shown to damage the acrylic cell containing the experiment and to damage an aluminum foil separated from the electrolyte by a Mylar film. This damage together with the absence of pits when a small air gap is added to the Mylar protection suggests chemical reactions may be the source of the observed CR-39 pits.
AU=Capek, V.Capek, V. and J. Czech, Tunnelling efficiency and the problem of cold fusion. Phys., 1989. B39: p. 793.
CA=Czech, J.Carey, J., et al., Fusion in a Bottle: Miracle or Mistake?, in Business Week. 1989. p. 100.
CA=Marbach, W. D., CA=Gross, N., CA=Symonds, W.Carpenter, J.M., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.
Carpinteri, A. and G. Lacidogna. Piezonuclear Reactions in Inert Solids: Neutron Emissions from Brittle Fracture (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Lacidogna, G.
Neutron emission measurements by means of helium-3 neutron detectors were performed on solid test specimens during crushing failure.
The materials used were marble and granite, selected in that they present a different behaviour in compression failure (i.e., a different brittleness index) and a different iron content. All the test specimens were of the same size and shape.
Neutron emissions from the granite test specimens were found to be about one order of magnitude larger than the natural background level at the time of failure.
These neutron emissions were caused by piezonuclear reactions that occurred in the granite, but did not occur in the marble.
Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Electrode Potentials and Compound Formation in the Palladium-Platinum-Hydrogen System. Nature (London), 1959. 183: p. 39.
CA=Flanagan, T. B., CA=Lewis, F. A.Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladium/Platinum Alloys. Faraday Soc., 1960. 56: p. 363.
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CA=Flanagan, T. B., CA=Lewis, F. A.Carstens, D.H.W. and W.R. David, Equilibrium Measurements in the Beta Region of Palladium Protide and Palladium Deuteride. 1989: Los Alamos.
CA=David, W. R.Carstens, D.H.W., An Apparatus for Studies of Hydrogen Isotope Exchange over Metals Using Laser-Raman Spectroscopy. 1990: Los Alamos.
Case, L.C., The reality of 'cold fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 478.
Case, L.C. Catalytic Fusion of Deuterium into Helium-4. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Long empirical study has defined one specific set of experimental conditions under which D2 reproducibly undergoes nuclear fusion under mild laboratory conditions.
Gaseous D2 is contacted with a supported metallic catalyst at superatmospheric pressure, and about 130-300° C. The catalyst is a platinum-group metal, at about 1/2% to 1% by weight, on activated carbon. Pd, Pt, Ir and Rh all work, and Ru has not been carefully studied yet. (Pd is preferred). This type of PGM on activated carbon is one of the standard heterogeneous catalysts employed in the chemical industry, but the useful range of PGM content is much narrower than is known to be generally useful. . . .
Case, L.C. There is a Fleischmann-Pons effect. The process is electrolytic, but the effect is catalytic. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Case, M. and R. Boehm. Assessment of thermal energy output from electrochemical cells - a critical review. in HDT (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.) 151 (Heat Transfer Adv. Energy Syst.). 1990.
CA=Boehm, R.Castagna, E., et al. Surface plasmons and low-energy nuclear reactions triggering. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Sibilia, C., CA=Paoloni, S., CA=Violante, V., CA=Sarto, F.Castagna, E., et al. Metallurgical characterization of Pd electrodes employed in calorimetric experiments under electrochemical deuterium loading. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Sansovini, M., CA=Lecci, S., CA=Rufoloni, A., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Violante, V., CA=Knies, D., CA=Grabowski, K. S., CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L.A systematic approach has been followed in the production and characterization of Pd foils to be used in excess heat production experiments. Starting with a metal foil as supplied, palladium samples have been fabricated and characterized in a step by step process, and then subjected to electrolysis deuterium loading. The characterized metallurgical properties include the main grain size, the grain boundary, the material Vickers hardness, and the crystal grain orientation. Electrochemical properties that are recorded include the D/Pd loading ratio and the D/Pd low current loading ratio. A suitable correlation parameter has been defined and correlations have been found between excess heat production and individual properties; i.e. the mean grain size, grain boundary, material hardness, crystal grain orientation, deuterium loading and low-current deuterium loading level.
AU=Castagna, E.Castagna, E., et al. Interaction Of The Electromagnetic Radiation With The Surface Of Palladium Hydride Cathodes (PowerPoint slides)
CA=Lecci, S., CA=Sansovini, M., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Violante, V.The change of the electronic density of metallic Pd due to the hydride formation and to the build-up of the double layer, rising at the metal-dielectric interface when an electric field is applied, is involved in the variation of the metal dielectric function. A model including also metal surface roughness has been developed to take into account such modifications.
AU=Castano, C. H.Castano, C.H., et al. Calorimetric Measurements During Pd-Ni Thin Film-cathodes Electrolysis in Li2SO4/H2O Solution. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Kim, S-O., CA=Miley, G. H.A sensitive open-type calorimeter was used to measure excess heat production during electrolysis in Li2SO4/H2O solution with Pt-anode and Pd-Ni thin film cathodes 9000 Ĺ thick, sputtered on Al2O3 substrate. In order to estimate the actual performance and possible measurement errors during electrolysis in the calorimeter used, including heat convection, bubbling and possible H2+O2 recombination, smooth Pt sheets were used as cathodes in special reference runs. It is shown that the Alumina/ Pd-Ni sample that survived during electrolysis achieved excess heat production of 20-25 % of the input power (equivalent to 300 ± 30 mW).
AU=Castano, C. H.Castano, C.H., et al. In-Situ Charactorization of Sputtered Pd Thin-Films Undergoing Electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Kim, S-O., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Woo, T., CA=Miley, G. H.Castellan, G.W., J.P. Hoare, and S. Schuldiner, Electrochemical behavior of the palladium-hydrogen system.(II). Thermodynamic considerations. J. Chem. Phys., 1958. 28: p. 20.
CA=Hoare, J. P., CA=Schuldiner, S.Castellano, et al. Nuclear Transmutation in Deutered Pd Films Irradiated by an UV Laser. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Di Giulio, M., CA=Dinescu, M., CA=Nassisi, V., CA=Conte, A., CA=Pompa, P. P.
ABSTRACT
Nuclear transmutation results in palladium films loaded with deuterium gas and processed by an excimer laser are reported. Vacuum evaporation was utilised to obtain palladium films on Si wafers. The films were inserted in chambers with deuterium gas at a variable pressure up to 5 bar. During the UV laser processing the maximum irradiating energy density was lower than 50 mJ/cm in order to avoid the ablation of the palladium films. The samples were analysed by a scanning electron microscope and an electron probe microanalyzer. After the experiments, we found that the Pd films was modified. They presented many cracks and bubbles with very sharp edges. In the bubbles the transmutation of elements was observed.
Catlett, D.S., J.N. Spencer, and G.J. Vogt, Hydrogen Transport in Lithium Hydride as a Function of Pressure. J. Chem. Phys., 1973. 58: p. 3432.
CA=Spencer, J. N., CA=Vogt, G. J.Cau, A., Natural nuclear synthesis of superheavy elements (SHE). J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 155.
CBS, 60 Minutes, Cold Fusion is Hot Again. 2009.
Cecil, F.E., D.M. Cole, and F.J. Wilkinson, Measurement and Application of DDg, DTg and D3Heg Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 1985. 10/11: p. 411.
CA=Cole, D. M., CA=Wilkinson, F. J.Cecil, F.E., et al., Measurement and Application of DD-gamma, DT-gamma and D He -gamma Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1985. 10-11: p. 411.
CA=Cole, D. M., CA=Wilkinson, F. J., CA=Medley, S. S.Cecil, F.E., et al. Observation of Charged-Particle Bursts from Deuterium-Loaded Thin-Titanium Foils. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Liu, H., CA=Beddingfield, D. H., CA=Galovich, C. S.Cecil, F.E., et al., Study of energetic charged particles emitted from thin deuterated palladium foils subject to high current densities. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 195.
CA=Ferg, D., CA=Furtak, T. E., CA=Mader, C., CA=McNeil, J. A., CA=Williamson, D. L.Cecil, F.E. and G.M. Hale. Measurement of D-D and D-Li6 Nuclear Reactions at Very Low Energies. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Hale, G. M.
ABSTRACT
The nuclear reactions of very low energy deuterons (down to center-of-mass energies of 2 keV) with deuterons and 6Li have been measured. The measured D-D reactions are in good with agreement recent R-matrix calculations. The reaction ratios D(d,p)T/D(d,n)3He and 6Li(d,p)7Li/6Li(d,α)4He in particular were examined for possible evidence of an Oppenheimer-Phillips type enhancement. No significant enhancement was found in either ratio or in the absolute yields of the reactions. The radiative capture reactions D(d,γ)4He and 6Li(d,γ)8Be were likewise measured. The branching ratios of these radiative capture reactions to the nucleonic branches of the reactions appear roughly independent of energy. The role of these reactions in the production of heat in cold-fusion experiments is evaluated.
Cecil, F.E., H. Liu, and J.S. Yan, Measurements of branching ratios of low energy deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on 2H, 6Li, and 10B. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1993. 47: p. 1178.
CA=Liu, H., CA=Yan, J. S.Cecil, F.E., H. Liu, and C.S. Galovich. Energetic Charged Particles from Deuterium Metal Systems. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Liu, H., CA=Galovich, C. S.We report on measurements made a number of years ago of energetic charged particles which were emitted from deuterium metal systems subject to non-equilibrium conditions of temperatures and electric currents. These measurements include (i) thin Titanium foils deuterated at moderately high temperatures in a deuterium atmosphere and then monitored as they were cycled from LN2 to room temperatures; (ii) charged particle detection of Ti foils exposed to a deuterium glow discharge; and (iii) observation of charged particles from Ti foils following bombardment with energetic deuterium ions.
AU=Cedzynska, K.Cedzynska, K., et al. Tritium Analysis in Palladium With an Open System Analytical Procedure. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Barrowes, S. C., CA=Bergeson, H. E., CA=Knight, L. C., CA=Will, F. G.Cedzynska, K., et al., Tritium analysis in palladium with an open system analytical procedure. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 108.
CA=Barrowes, S. C., CA=Bergeson, H. E., CA=Knight, L. C., CA=Will, F. G.Cedzynska, K. and F.G. Will, Closed-system analysis of tritium in palladium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 156.
CA=Will, F. G.Celani, F., et al., Preliminary Measurements on Electrolytic Cold Fusion at Underground Gran Sasso Laboratory. 1989.
CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Pace, S., CA=Bianco, S.Celani, F., et al., Further measurements on electrolytic cold fusion with D2O and palladium at Gran Sasso Laboratory. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 718.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Pace, S., CA=Polichetti, B., CA=Saggese, A., CA=Di Liberatori, L., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Marini, P.Celani, F., et al. Measurements in the Grans Sasso Laboratory: Evidence for Nuclear Effects in Electrolysis With Pd/Ti and Different Tests with Deuterium Hight-Temperature Superconductors. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Liberatori, L., CA=Stella, B., CA=Ferrarotto, F., CA=Corradi, M., CA=Marini, P., CA=Fortunati, S., CA=Tului, M.Celani, F., et al. Search for Neutron Emission from Deuterided High Temperature Superconductors in a Very Low Background Environment. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Liberatori, L., CA=Croce, F., CA=Storelli, L., CA=Fortunati, S., CA=Tului, M., CA=Sparvieri, N.Celani, F., et al. Measurement of Excess Heat and Tritium During Self-Biased Pulsed Electrolysis of Pd-D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Nuvoli, A.
ABSTRACT
After Takahashi reported large excess heat with pulsed electrolysis, we built a gas-closed flow calorimeter to perform pulsed current electrolysis. Blank tests using Au plate cathodes were carried out to characterize the system. Four cold-worked Pd sheets were tested, and two of them produced 7.5% and 6% mean excess heat for many weeks. The others Pd sheets did not produce excess heat in most tests, although one of them, after deuterium reloading, produced up to 25% excess heat, but only for few hours. Tritium analysis was carried out and some coincidence between tritium production and excess heat was found.
Celani, F., et al., Search for enhancement of neutron emission from neutron-irradiated, deuterated, high-temperature superconductors in a very low background environment. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 181.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Liberatori, L., CA=Croce, F., CA=Storelli, L., CA=Fortunati, S., CA=Tului, M., CA=Sparvieri, N.Celani, F., et al. High Power µs Pulsed Electrolysis for Large Deuterium Loading on Pd Plates. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Nuvoli, A., CA=Petrocchi, A., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Boutet, M., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V.Celani, F., et al. D/Pd Loading Ratio up to 1.2:1 by High Power µS Pulsed Electrolysis in Pd Plates. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Petrocchi, A., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Boutet, M., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V.Celani, F., et al. High Power µs Pulsed Electrolysis Using Palladium Wires: Evidence for a Possible "Phase" Transition Under Deuterium Overloaded Conditions and Related Excess Heat. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Petrocchi, A., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Pace, S., CA=Mancini, A.Celani, F., et al. Numerical Simulation of Deuterium Loading Profile in Palladium and Palladium Alloy Plates From Experimental Data Obtained Using µs Pulsed Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Petrocchi, A., CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Preparata, G., CA=Verpelli, M.Celani, F., et al. Study of Deuterium Charging Behavior in Palladium and Palladium Alloy Plates, Charging Surface Treatments, by µs Pulsed Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Petrocchi, A., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Diociaiuti, M., CA=Mancini, A.
Abstract
A systematic study about deuterium loading in palladium has been performed. Palladium cold worked plates and palladium alloy plates have been used as comparison. A proper plate surface oxidation has been performed and anomalous absorption rates have been measured. A high peak current (15 A), short width pulse (duration 1 μs) electrolysis technique has been used to test all cathode plates and it is visible that this technique permits to reach very high D/Pd loading values (around 1/1 or even more for palladium). At the beginning of the loading, in close relation with the anomalous absorption rate, a bump of excess heat has been measured in two similar oxidized surface palladium plates.
All these tests show that the loading is completely reproducible.
Celani, F., et al., Deuterium overloading of palladium wires by means of high power microsecond pulsed electrolysis and electromigration: suggestions of a "phase transition" and related excess heat. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 214: p. 1.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Petrocchi, A., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Pace, S., CA=Mancini, A.
Abstract
We describe room-temperature hydrogen and deuterium loading of palladium wires by means of pulsed electrolysis and the electromigration effect. The D/Pd atomic ratio has been measured by means of the dependence of the resistivity upon the D/Pd ratio. Values of the D/Pd ratio up to 0.95 or even higher have been reached in short times. A correlation between an anomalous temperature rise and a resistivity “transition” of the overloaded palladium clearly appears.
Celani, F., et al. New Kinds of Electrolytic Regimes and Geometrical Configurations to Obtain Anomalous Results in Pd(M)-D Systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Mancini, A., CA=Pace, S.Celani, F., et al. Observations of strong resistivity reduction in a palladium thin long wire using ultra-high frequency pulse electrolysis at D/Pd>1. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Marini, P., CA=Mancini, A.
Abstract
We performed an ultra-short width high voltage pulse electrolysis using a Pd thin wire cathode; a diluted electrolytic solution of D2P+LiOD was used in a peculiar wire-turned electrodes geometry.
The deuterated Pd loading was evaluated by the D/Pd normalized electric resistance curve (R/Ro). After a long time of electrolysis a very high D/Pd loading (1:1 or more) was reached.
Very low R/Ro (<0.1) Pd wire was measured after switching of electrolysis and this effect lasted for several minutes. The deuterium deloading occurred in several typologies (fast and slow terms) showed as a resistance transition on the Pd wire.
This effect can be related to a peculiar surface structural condition.
Celani, F., et al., Reproducible D/Pd ratio > 1 and excess heat correlation by 1-microsec-pulse, high-current electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 398.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Petrocchi, A., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Boutet, A.A high-current (up to 100 A), short-pulse (1-μs duration) electrolysis technique is presented that permits high loading (D/Pd up to 1.2) of deuterium in palladium cathodes. Several different cold-worked palladium plates were used as cathodes, and some underwent surface treatments (oxidation or addition of intermetallic compounds). The surface-treated plates showed atypical deuterium absorption dynamics, and the D/Pd loading ratio exceeded 1. Moreover, during initial loading, these cathodes showed anomalous excess heat (up to 80%) far greater than the absorption enthalpy. The pure palladium surface plates did not show this effect.
AU=Celani, F.Celani, F., et al. Preliminary Results with "Cincinnati Group Cell" on Thorium "Transmutation" under 50 Hz AC Excitation. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Achilli, M., CA=Battaglia, A., CA=Cattaneo, C., CA=Buzzanca, C., CA=Sona, P. G., CA=Mancini, A.Celani, F., et al. The Effect of Gamma-Bet Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in ICCF7, Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Pace, S., CA=Selvaggi, G., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A.Celani, F., et al. The Effect of Gamma-Beta Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in ICCF7, Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Pace, S., CA=Selvaggi, G., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A.Celani, F., et al. The Effect of g-b Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Pace, S., CA=Selvaggi, G., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A.
Abstract
It will be shown, using long and thin wires of Pd, that the Electromigration is a powerful tool to increase the H(D) loading in Pd only, and only if, some proper experimental set-up and conditions are fulfilled. Some of key interrelated parameters are: wire diameter, effective wire temperature, strong barriers at most and less cathodic side, anode-cathode and intercathodic voltages, current densities, proper impurities on the Pd surface, ageing effects.
Celani, F. Ultra high (over 1:1) H/Pd loading ratio using thin wires in acidic solution with addition of very low concentration impurities. in Italian Physical Soc. 1998. Salerno, Italy.
Celani, F., A study on the electrochemistry parameters to achieve reproducible high H/Pd and D/Pd vlues in relation to anomalous excess heat: proteobacteria contamination problematics. 1999.
Celani, F., et al. High Hydrogen Loading into Thin Palladium Wires through Precipitate of Alkaline-Earth Carbonate on the Surface of Cathode: Evidence of New Phases in the Pd-H System and Unexpected Problems Due to Bacteria Contamination in the Heavy-Water. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A., CA=Pace, S., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Catena, C., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Petraroli, R., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G.
Abstract
A new procedure has been developed at INFN Frascati Laboratory in order to achieve a very high Hydrogen or Deuterium electrolytic loading into a long and thin Palladium wire. This technique consists in the addition of a very small amount of alkaline–earth elements into a very diluted acidic solution.
Because of enhancing pH values around the cathode, during the electrolysis, carbonates are able to precipitate onto the cathode’s surface forming a thin layer which strongly increases the Pd loading; a computer simulation has been developed to find out the proper working conditions for the carbonates precipitation.
Loading results of Hydrogen were excellent (H/Pd 1). The evidence of a new phase in the Pd–H system was inferred from the basis of the variation of the thermal resistivity coefficient of the Pd wire as a function of the H/Pd ratio. . . .
Celani, F., et al. Electrochemical D loading of palladium wires by heavy ethyl-alcohol and water electrolyte, related to Ralstonia bacteria problematics. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Catena, C.Celani, F., et al. Electrochemical D loading of palladium wires by heavy ethyl-alcohol and water electrolyte, related to Ralstonia bacteria problematics. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Catena, C.
Taking in considerations the several effects of new kinds of bacteria living in heavy water (discovered by us in 1999), from the point of view of Deuterium (D) overloading inside Palladium (Pd), it was developed (since June 2001) a new kind of electrolyte based on mixture of alcohol and water (both heavy) with proper addition of Strontium (Sr) and Mercury (Hg) salts in an acidic environment (DCl, D2SO4): all these procedure according to what developed from our group since 1996 for H2O solutions (without H2SO4) and, since 2000, for light water-alcohol (with H2SO4). It was found excess heat (by high accuracy flow calorimeter) and excess Tritium (T) production (by low background T measurement instrumentation) only when the loading ratio was quite high and some movements to D inside Pd was performed.
Efforts will be done to increase the absolute values of such experimental results, in the near future.
Celani, F., et al. Evidence of anomalous tritium excess in D/Pd overloading experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Mancini, A., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Catena, C., CA=Sandri, S., CA=Nobili, C., CA=Andressi, V.
Measurements of Tritium have been performed, using a very low background and accurate instrumentation, on electrolytes before and after Deuterium absorption in Palladium wires.
Tritium was always present in the electrolytic cells, having long and thin Palladium wires (carefully degassed) as cathode and Platinum wire as anode, because “normal contamination” of deuterated liquids.
Two different kinds of electrolytes were used (unusual, for several aspects, to conventional ones adopted in Cold Fusion experiments): the first one was composed by heavy water in DCl acidic environment (pH=4.5) with the addition of Strontium (and Mercury) salts at micro-molar concentration, the second one was composed by heavy ethyl alcohol--heavy water solution (concentration ratio about 11:1), acidic environment (DCl+D2SO4), with the addition of Strontium and Mercury concentrated as before.
We have found anomalous Tritium production (at large statistical significance) only when the achieved loading ratio (D/Pd) was quite large (about 0.95) and several loading/deloading cycles had been performed.
Celani, F., et al., Evidence of anomalous tritium excess in D/Pd overloading experiments. 2002, Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Mancini, A., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Catena, C., CA=Sandri, S., CA=Nobili, C., CA=Andressi, V.
Abstract
Measurements of Tritium have been performed, using a very low background and accurate instrumentation, on electrolytes before and after Deuterium absorption in Palladium wires. Tritium was always present in the electrolytic cells, having long and thin Palladium wires (carefully degassed) as cathode and Platinum wire as anode, because “normal contamination” of deuterated liquids.
Two different kinds of electrolytes were used (unusual, for several aspects, to conventional ones adopted in Cold Fusion experiments): the first one was composed by heavy water in DCl acidic environment (pH=4.5) with the addition of Strontium (and Mercury) salts at micro-molar concentration, the second one was composed by heavy ethyl alcohol--heavy water solution (concentration ratio about 11:1), acidic environment (DCl+D2SO4), with the addition of Strontium and Mercury concentrated as before.
We have found anomalous Tritium production (at large statistical significance) only when the achieved loading ratio (D/Pd) was quite large (about 0.95) and several loading/deloading cycles had been performed.
Celani, F., et al. Unexpected Detection Of New Elements In Electrolytic Experiments With Deuterated Ethyl-Alcohol, Pd Wire, Sr And Hg Salts. in JCF-4. 2002. Morioka, Japan.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Catena, C., CA=Andreassi, V., CA=Fontana, F., CA=Garbelli, D., CA=Gamberale, L., CA=Azzarone, D., CA=Celia, E., CA=Falcioni, F., CA=Marchesini, M., CA=Novaro, E.
Abstract
The insoluble powder recovered at the bottom of our electrolytic cell, after several electrolytic deuterium loading/deloading cycles, was analysed by an ICP-MS analyser. The electrolyte was constituted of a deuterated hydro-alcoholic solution; Sr and Hg salts were added to such a solution at micromolar concentration; the cathode was a long and thin Pd wire. The ICP-MS analyses of the insoluble powder were motivated from the recent results of Y. Iwamura and collaborators at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-Research Center (Yokohama,
Japan) showing reproducible “transmutation” of Sr into Mo (isotopic composition different from natural one) and Cs into Pr, when a special multilayer Pd sheet was subjected to a prolonged Deuterium gas flowing. Some of our results look partially in agreement with Y. Iwamura report. Other unexpected elements were also detected with an isotopic distribution close to the natural one. The production of stable isotopes by Selective Channel Photofission, according to the model of A.Takahashi (Osaka University, Japan), can help for nderstanding. Further works, hopefully also from other Laboratories, are needed to clarify these kinds of results.
Celani, F., et al. Thermal and Isotopic Anomalies when Pd Cathodes are Electrolysed in Electrolytes Containing Th-Hg Salts Dissolved at Micromolar Concentration in C2H5OD/D2O Mixtures. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Catena, C., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Andreassi, V., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A., CA=Sona, P. G., CA=Fontana, F., CA=Gamberale, L., CA=Garbelli, D., CA=Falcioni, F., CA=Marchesini, M., CA=Novaro, E., CA=Mastromatteo, U.Discussed in this paper is the evolution of work that started by using the M. Fleischmann and S. Pons method and ended by using thin palladium wires electrolyzed in an electrolyte consisting of slightly acidic heavy alcohol-water solution containing thorium (Th) and mercury (Hg) salts at micromolar concentrations. The resulting large and dynamic loading of the Pd wires was studied. The recent use of thorium instead of strontium resulted in thermal anomalies and detection of new elements in larger amounts. The results with Sr are qualitatively in agreement with what was found by Y. Iwamura (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) using multilayers of Pd-CaO-Pd-Sr in flowing deuterium gas. Most results seem to be in agreement with a “multi-body resonance fusion of deuterons” model recently developed by A.Takahashi (Osaka University).
AU=Celani, F.Celani, F., et al. New Procedures to Make Active, Fractal-like Surfaces on Thin Pd Wires. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=D'Agostaro, G., CA=Quercia, P., CA=Andreassi, V., CA=Giacinti, O., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Todarello, E., CA=Purchi, E., CA=Mancini, A., CA=Sona, P. G., CA=Fontana, F., CA=Gamberale, L., CA=Garbelli, D., CA=Celia, E., CA=Falcioni, F., CA=Marchesini, M., CA=Novaro, E., CA=Mastromatteo, U.Celani, F., et al. The Effect of -Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Pace, S., CA=Selvaggi, G., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Mancini, A.Celani, F. Toward the use of nanoparticles for stable excess heat in Pd-D system: progress report at INFN-LNF. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.
Since 2003, we suspected and later get evidence that nanostructures (or fractals) at the surface of Pd make a key role in obtaining anomalous effects in Pd-D system, both of nuclear (like transmutations) and/or thermal origin.
We presented several papers, at JCF, Asti and ICCF Conferences which aim was to explore the role of nanometric Palladium. We developed a (complex) procedure to oxidise-produce fractals/holes at Pd wire surface, during electrolysis. . . .
Celani, F., et al. Deuteron Electromigration in Thin Pd Wires Coated With Nano-Particles: Evidence for Ultra-Fast Deuterium Loading and Anomalous, Large Thermal Effects. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Spallone, A., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Andreassi, V., CA=Marmigi, A., CA=Cappuccio, G., CA=Hampai, D., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Todarello, F., CA=Purchi, E., CA=Mastromatteo, U., CA=Mancini, A., CA=Falcioni, F., CA=Marchesini, M., CA=Di Biagio, P., CA=Martini, U., CA=Sona, P. G., CA=Fontana, F., CA=Gamberale, L., CA=Garbelli, D., CA=Calamai, O. M.Large excess heat is measured in a Pd wire coated with nano-particles. A long (65 cm) and thin (50 μm) Pd wire is coated with thin layers of Pd nano-particles, stabilized against self-sintering by the addition of selected chemical elements: the coating is adhered to the wire surface by heating it in air up to about 800°C. The wire is then heated with up to 1 A of direct current in a pressurized D2 gas atmosphere. The D+ deuterons in the Pd lattice are forced to move toward the cathodic end of the wire because of the voltage drop along the wire (the Cöhn effect). Large excess power density (about 400 W/g of Pd), at high temperatures (up to 400-500°C), is then measured using isoperibolic calorimetry. The reference experiment is made, in situ and without opening the cell, using a Pt wire of same dimensions as the Pd wire, to which was applied the same electrical power. . . .
AU=Celani, F.Celani, F., et al. Towards a high temperature CMNS reactor: nano-coated Pd wires with D2 at high pressures (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V., CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Calamai, O. M., CA=Spallone, A., CA=Purchi, E., CA=Andreassi, V., CA=Ortenzi, B., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Cappuccio, G., CA=Hampai, D., CA=Piastra, F., CA=Nuvoli, A.
1) Improved measurements on “Washington type” reactor (P<10bar; max wires temp. 500°C; reactor SS wall temperature <40°C): main results of ICCF14 confirmed (i.e. anomalous excess power, stable over time, up to 400W/g Pd).
2) Experiments on HP (60bar)-HT (600°C) reactor wall are still in progress: experienced heavy problems coming out because degassing impurities (specially S, P) from SS (304, 316) used in the reactor wall. The scavenger effect of H2 (and D2) on SS makes the impurities problem quite difficult to be overcome. For such reasons we designed and build a new, multilayer (SS/Cu 3N), reactor that is now under the stage of final test.
Celani, F., et al. Sviluppo di catalizzatore ternario, skeleton type, per studi su anomalie termiche nei sistemi Metallo-Idrogeno ad alta temperatura (PowerPoint slides). in Coherence 2011. 2011. Ministero dell'Aereonautica, Italy.
CA=Nakamura, M., CA=Zangari, G., CA=Spallone, A., CA=Nuvoli, A., CA=Purchi, E, CA=Marano, E., CA=Ortenzi, B., CA=Righi, E., CA=Trenta, G., CA=Micciulla, F., CA=Bellucci, S.Nell’ambito degli studi volti ad evidenziare eventuali anomalie di tipo termico (e/o nucleare) nei sistemi Metallo-Idrogeno (e/o Deuterio), studi che rientrano nella fenomenologia nota (dal 2002) con la sigla CMNS (Condensed Matter Nuclear Science), č divenuta sempre piů palese l’importanza che ricoprono sistemi nanostrutturati per poter ottenere, in opportune condizioni di temperatura e pressione, fenomeni anomali riconducibili a processi NON di origine chimica e fisica convenzionale.
AU=Cellucci, F.Cellucci, F., et al. X-Ray, Heat Excess and 4He in the Electrochemical Confinement of Deuterium in Palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Gozzi, D., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.
Abstract
The energy balance between heat excess and 4He in the gas phase has been found reasonably satisfied even if the low levels of 4He found do not give the necessary confidence to state definitely that we are dealing with the fusion of deuterons to give 4He. In the melted cathode, whose data are reported here, 4He was not found at the achieved sensitivity. X-ray film, positioned at 50 mm from the cell, roughly gave the image of the cathode through spots. The energy of the radiation and the total energy associated to it have been, respectively, evaluated as (89±1) keV and (12.0 ± 0.4) kJ. This value is ≈ 0.5% of the energy measured by calorimetry in the same interval of time.
Cerofolini, C.F. and A.F. Para, Alternatives in low energy fusion?". Springer Proc. Phys., 1992. 59 (Exot. At. Condens. Matter): p. 129.
CA=Para, A. F.Cerofolini, C.F. and A.F. Para, Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter Alternatives in Low Energy Fusion? 59 ed, ed. G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly. 1992: Springer Proc. in Phys.Cerofolini, C.F. 129.
CA=Para, A. F.Cerofolini, F., et al. Binuclear Atoms as Fusion Precursors in a Hot Cloud. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Dierckx, R., CA=Para, A. F., CA=Ottaviani, G.Cerofolini, G.F., N. Re, and A.F. Para. (D+D+)2e- Binuclear Atoms as Activated Precursors in Cold Fusion and Warm Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Re, N., CA=Para, A. F.Cerofolini, G.F. and A.F. Para, Can binuclear atoms solve the cold fusion puzzle? Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 98.
CA=Para, A. F.Cerofolini, G.F., et al., Giant Neutron Trapping by a Molecular Species Produced During the Reaction of D+ With H- in a Condensed Phase. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 465.
CA=Boara, G., CA=Agosteo, S., CA=Para, A. F.Cerron-Zeballos, E., et al., Investigation of anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1996. 109A: p. 1645.
CA=Crotty, I., CA=Hatzifotiadou, D., CA=Lamas Valverde, J., CA=Williams, M. C. S., CA=Zibichi, A.Summary. -- Anomalous heat production in a nickel rod loaded with hydrogen has been reported by Focardi et al. (Nuovo Cimento A, 107 (1994) 163). We have investigated this phenomenon by repeating the experiment. We found the results previously published to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel
AU=ChĂŞne, J.ChĂŞne, J. and A.M. Brass, Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 280: p. 199.
CA=Brass, A. M.Chambaud, G., B. Levy, and J.G. Esteve, Estimate of Ti effects on D-D fusion. Phys. Lett., 1991. A156: p. 395.
CA=Levy, B., CA=Esteve, J. G.Chambers, G.P., et al., Charged particle spectra of palladium thin films during low energy deuterium ion implantation. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 281.
CA=Eridon, J. E., CA=Grabowski, K. S., CA=Sartwell, B. D., CA=Chrisey, D. B.Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and K.S. Grabowski. Search for Energetic Charged-Particle-Reaction Products During Deuterium-Charging of Metal Lattices. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Grabowski, K. S.Chambers, G.P., J.M. Eridon, and K.S. Grabowski, Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(8): p. 5388.
CA=Eridon, J. M., CA=Grabowski, K. S.Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and Y. Kucherov, Glow Discharge in Deuterium. 1995.
CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Kucherov, Y.Champion, J., Explanation of Observed Nuclear Events Associated with Cold Fusion and Similar Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 1994.
Champion, J., History of Transmutation Research. 1994.
Chandler, D.L., et al., Fusion : Test Tube Yields More Questions Than Answers, in Boston Globe. 1989: BostonEditor. p. 29.
CA=Saltus, R., CA=Miller, W. G., CA=Black, C.Chang, C.P., et al., Hydrogen and deuterium in palladium. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1991. 16: p. 491.
CA=Wu, J. K., CA=Yao, Y. D., CA=Wang, C. W., CA=Lin, E. K.Chang, K., U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look, After 15 Years, in New York Times. 2004.
Chang, Y.F. and C.Z. Yu. The Physical-Chemical and Nuclear Multistage Reaction Mechanism and the Multistage Ignition Condition on Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Yu, C. Z.Chao, J., et al. Three Dimensional Computer Simulation of an Isoperibolic Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Layman, W., CA=Kang, C. M., CA=Gur, T., CA=Schreiber, M., CA=Higgins, R., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Ferrante, J.Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of induced beta radioactivity in PdD. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1990. 146: p. 273.
Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of electrochemically induced transmutation in PdD. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 161: p. 111.
Chatterjee, L., Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion? Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 683.
Chatterjee, L., A. Chakrabarty, and G. Das, Non-radiative exit channels in low energy d-d fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1991. 29: p. 781.
CA=Chakrabarty, A., CA=Das, G.Chatterjee, L., On a weak flavor for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 358.
Chatterjee, L. and G. Das, Sub-barrier nuclear fusion of amuonic and muonic flavour. Phys. Lett., 1991. A154: p. 5.
CA=Das, G.Chatterjee, L., The two faces of the Coulomb barrier. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 365.
Chatterjee, L., S. Mandal, and A. Chakrabarty, Electron accumulation and reproducibility of cold fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1993. 31: p. 131.
CA=Mandal, S., CA=Chakrabarty, A.Chatterjee, L., Electrolysis in thin-film nickel coatings: mimicking supernova physics? Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 147.
Chaudhary, I. and P.L. Hagelstein. Four-body RST General Nuclear Wavefunctions and Matrix Elements. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Hagelstein, P. L.The inclusion of phonon exchange in a nuclear reaction is accomplished most easily when the associated matrix elements are written explicitly as a function of the spatial coordinates. We report on the wavefunctions and matrix elements for the special case of a T = 0 4-body deuteron-deuteron fusion reaction.
AU=Chechin, V. A.Chechin, V.A., et al. Fracto-Acceleration Model of Cold Nuclear Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Golubnichyi, P. I., CA=Philonenko, A. D., CA=Tsarik, A. A.Chechin, V.A., et al., Critical review of theoretical models for anomalous effects in deuterated metals. Int. J. Theo. Phys., 1994. 33: p. 617.
CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Rabinowitz, M., CA=Kim, Y. E.
Abstract
We briefly summarize the reported anomalous effects in deuterated metals at ambient temperature, commonly known as "Cold Fusion" (CF), with an emphasis on important experiments as well as the theoretical basis for the opposition to interpreting them as cold fusion. Then we critically examine more than 25 theoretical models for CF, including unusual nuclear and exotic chemical hypotheses. We conclude that they do not explain the data.
From: http://arxiv1.library.cornell.edu/vc/nucl-th/papers/0303/0303057v1.pdf
Chechin, V.A. and V.A. Tsarev, On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical origin of nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 469.
CA=Tsarev, V. A.Cheek, G.T. and W.E. O'Grady, Measurement of hydrogen uptake by palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 277: p. 341.
CA=O'Grady, W. E.Cheek, G.T. and W.E. O'Grady, Measurement of H/D uptake characteristics at palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 368: p. 133.
CA=O'Grady, W. E.Chemla, M., J. Chevalet, and R. Bury, Heat evolution involved with the electrochemical discharge of hydrogen and deuterium on palladium. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 1989. 309: p. 987 (in French).
CA=Chevalet, J., CA=Bury, R.Chemla, M., et al., Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at the palladium electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 277: p. 93.
CA=Chevalet, J., CA=Bury, R., CA=Perie, M.Chen, B.R., et al., Theoretical studies of the effect of hydrogen-hydrogen interactions on the structural and dynamical properties of metal/hydrogen clusters. J. Chem. Phys., 1996. 105(21): p. 9686.
CA=Gomez, M. A., CA=Doll, J. D., CA=Freeman, D. L.Chen, C.L. and J.K. Wu, Electrolytic hydrogen transport in palladium. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1994. 13: p. 84.
CA=Wu, J. K.Chen, L., X. Qiu, and S. Song, Experimental research of excess heat under high pulse current. High Power Laser Part. Beams, 1998. 10(2): p. 312 (in Chinese).
CA=Qiu, X., CA=Song, S.Chen, M., et al., Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 155.
CA=Steadman, S. G., CA=Gaudreau, M. P. J., CA=Luckhardt, S. C., CA=Parker, R. R., CA=Albagli, D., CA=Cammarata, V., CA=Schloh, M., CA=Wrighton, M. S., CA=Kwok, K., CA=Thiee, C., CA=Lowenstein, D. I., CA=Debbe, R., CA=Reilly, J. J.Chen, S.H., et al. The Sensitizing Phenomenon of X-ray Film in the Experiment of Metals Loaded with Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Wang, D. L., CA=Chen, W. J., CA=Li, Y. J., CA=Fu, Y. B., CA=Zhang, X.-W.Chen, S.K., et al., The microstructure of electrocatalytically deuterium-loaded palladium rods". Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 302.
CA=Wan, C. M., CA=Liu, E. H., CA=Chu, S. B., CA=Liang, C. Y.Chen, S.K. and C.Y. Liaug. Observations of Cell Temperature Drops and High Vapor Temperatures in H2O Electrolysis of Ni and in D2O Electrolysis of Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Liaug, C. Y.Chen, S., et al., X-ray diagnostics in gas discharge. Trends Nucl. Phys., 1995. 12((3)): p. 58 (in Chinese).
CA=Wang, D., CA=Cui, G., CA=Wang, M., CA=Fu, Y., CA=Zhang, X., CA=Zhang, W.-S.Chen, S. and X.Z. Li. Tritium production and selective resonant tunneling model. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Li, X. Z.
ABSTRACT
Two principles of the selective resonant tunneling model are recapitulated, and applied to the case of tritium production. The model can explain the tritium production in condensed matter nuclear reaction with no neutron and gamma radiation semi-quantitatively. A similar model may excess heat with no commensurate neutron and gamma radiation. Some experiments are suggested to test our explanation.
Chen, S. and X.Z. Li. The Application Of Multiple Scattering Theory (Mst) In Calculating The Deuterium Flux Permeating The Pd Thin Film. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Li, X. Z.The multiple-scattering theory is applied to the de Broglie wave of deuterons inside the palladium film. The formalism for band structure calculation and the reflection and transmission calculations for finite slices is presented. The latter is based on a double-layer scheme which obtains the reflection and transmission matrix elements for the multiplayer slice from those of a single layer. With a relative simple model for the potential of palladium crystal lattice, we calculate the band structures of probability wave of deuterons propagating in the palladium, as well as the transmission coefficients through finite periodic slices. Selective resonant tunneling theory is adopted when obtaining the scattering matrix T. Our calculations consist with experimental results which can not be explained by diffusion theory.
AU=Chen, X.Chen, X. and J. Yang, Studies on dineutron model of cold fusion (I). Hunan Shifan Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao, 1993. 16((1)): p. 42 (in Chinese, Eng. abstr).
CA=Yang, J.Chen, Y.P. and S.D. Cai, Dynamic screening effect from acoustic plasmons. Science in China A, 1994. 37((1)): p. 62.
CA=Cai, S. D.Chene, J. and A.M. Brass, Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 280: p. 199.
CA=Brass, A. M.Cheng, Y.C., W.Y.P. Hwang, and S.N. Yang. Thoughts on Warm Fusion Versus Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Hwang, W. Y. P., CA=Yang, S. N.Chernov, I.P., et al. Charge Isotopic Composition of Metals at Deuterium Charge. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Nikitenkov, N. N., CA=Puchkareva, L. N., CA=Kolobov, Yu. R.Chernov, I.P., et al., Yield of nuclear reaction products from deuterium-saturated composite materials and layered structures. Russ. Phys. J., 1998. 41: p. 642.
CA=Mel'nikova, T. N., CA=Cherdantsev, Yu. P., CA=Kreining, M., CA=Baumbakh, Kh.Chernov, I.P., et al. Excitation of Hydrogen Subsystem in Metals by External Influence. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Koroteev, V., CA=Silkin, V., CA=Tyurin, Y.Chiba, M., et al., Measurement of neutron emission from LiNbO3 fracture process in D2 and H2 atmosphere. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1995. 108: p. 1277.
CA=Shirakawa, T., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Ikebe, T., CA=Yamaoka, S., CA=Sueki, K., CA=Nakahara, H., CA=Hirose, T.Chicea, D. About nuclear coulomb barrier and electron over-concentration. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Chicea, D., Electron Clusters- Possible Deuterium Fusion Catalyzers. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(1): p. 37.
Abstract
Simple calculations concerning the behaviour of the deuterons trapped in an electron cluster are presented. The kinetic energy achieved by a deuteron accelerated from the edge to the center of an electron cluster is sufficient for the coulomb barrier to be penetrated in the traditionally known manner. The results are discussed in connection with the published experimental data concerning the impact of the electron clusters on a metal target.
Chicea, D., A Note on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 30.
Chicea, D. About Deuterium Nuclear Reaction Rate in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Abstract
The Coulomb barrier penetrability of two approaching nuclei is computed in the frame of the W.K.B approximation. A simple model for describing the screening effect of the Coulomb nuclear barrier by the high electron concentration in condensed matter is presented. The nuclear reaction rate of the hydrogen isotope nuclei, trapped in a metallic lattice is assessed, both for the unscreened and for the screened Coulomb barrier, averaged by the Maxwell distribution. The model predicts that, in certain circumstances, for porous or grainy samples, which are subject to a negative electric potential and are heavily loaded with deuterium, very low nuclear radiation level might be detected. The results are discussed in connection with some of the very successful experiments like Miley’s metal-coated spheres.
Chicea, D., D. Lupu, and I. Cheregi, Experimental evidence of neutron emission from TiDx samples. Hadronic J., 1998. 21: p. 567.
CA=Lupu, D., CA=Cheregi, I.Chicea, D. The Role of the Energy Fluctuations in the Possibility of Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Abstract
In many experimental papers concerning experiments of loading certain metals like nickel, palladium with hydrogen isotopes low radiation levels have been reported. A simple model to describe the energy fluctuation of a deuteron trapped in a lattice, considering elastic collisions in one dimension with the ions is presented. The energy fluctuations, combined with the increase of the Coulomb barrier penetration probability produced by the electron screening effect, might lead to a very small and unsteady rate of low energy nuclear reactions produced by the hydrogen isotopes in condensed matter.
Chicea, D. and D. Stoicescu. Experimental Evidence of Nuclear Reactions in Deuterated Titanium Samples Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions Induced by Temperature Variation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Stoicescu, D.
ABSTRACT
Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.
Chicea, D. and D. Lupu, Low-intensity neutron emission from TiDx samples under nonequilibrium conditions. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 108.
CA=Lupu, D.
ABSTRACT
Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.
Chicea, D. On Current Density and Excess Power Density in Electrolysis Experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Abstract
Results of a study of an electrolytic device that can produce excess power are presented. The power calibration procedure used for the experiments and the data analysis procedure is briefly described in this paper. Different combinations of cathode and electrolyte were investigated. Thin foils of different pure metals were and thin spattered layers of different pure metals on different substrates were used as cathodes. Excess power results, the power density and details on the combinations of cathode and electrolyte are also presented. The results reveal that a higher excess power density was obtained using thin film metal cathodes than thin foils. Another interesting result is that the excess power density appears to be correlated with the current density along the cathode. Although the data points are in ranges that are different of each other with orders of magnitude, the slopes of the lines that are fitted on the data points comparable, within the experimental errors.
Chicea, D. On New Elements on Cathode Surface after Hydrogen Isotopes Absorption. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
ABSTRACT
Several experiments of loading Hydrogen and Deuterium into different metals foils and thin film metal layers by using them as cathodes in prolonged electrolysis experiments were performed. Before and after experiments the cathode surface was analyzed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy technique. Results reveal that different elements that were not present in the surface layer before the experiment could be identified in the system after the experiment, with an accuracy considerable above the experimental errors.
Chicea, D. Comment On Carbon Production In Deuterium-Metal Systems. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Several electrolysis experiments of loading deuterium into different metals foils and thin film films are described. Before and after loading the cathode surface was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. High magnification images of the surface of several metals were taken. A control experiment was conducted to make sure that the experimental setup is not accidentally contaminating the samples. A surprising amount of carbon was found on the cathode surface after each D loading experiment. The result is discussed in connection with other experimental results on low energy nuclear transmutations.
AU=Chidambaram, R.Chidambaram, R. and V.C. Sahni, Materials issues in the so-called 'cold fusion' experiments. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 597.
CA=Sahni, V. C.Chidambaram, R. and V.C. Sahni, Materials Issues in the So-Called 'Cold Fusion' Experiments, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 1.
CA=Sahni, V. C.Chien, C.C., et al., On an electrode producing massive quantities of tritium and helium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 338: p. 189.
CA=Hodko, D., CA=Minevski, Z., CA=Bockris, J.
Abstract
A Pd electrode has been examined which produced a concentration of tritium in a 0.1 M LiOD solution around 103 times above background. Tritium production at a given potential ceased after a few days, but could be restarted by a small increase of the deuterium overpotential. Correspondingly, He4 was found in 9-10 pieces of the Pd electrode at 2-100 times background. Addition of fresh amounts of D2O quenched the T production which began again spontaneously after 1-2 days. If the T had come from contamination, 3He would have been found in the electrode: it was absent. Loss of charge by the nucleus lakes place when the fugacity of D in voids exceeds 1017 atm (Lifshitz and Pitaevskii, 1963). Sporadicity of function arises from the state of the surface, which is difficult to reproduce. The surface state controls the mechanism of D- evolution: only some mechanisms give a fugacity high enough to cause fusion. Only one electrode out of four examined produced T and 4He. The surface of this electrode contained a Cu-mosaic structure, not seen on the inactive electrodes.
Chien, C.C. and T.C. Huang, Tritium production by electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 391.
CA=Huang, T. C.Chindarkar, A.R., et al., Observation of Anomalous Emissions of High Energy (=1 MeV) Charged Particles When 5 keV Protons Impinge on Palladium and Titanium Foils. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 197.
CA=Paithankar, A. S., CA=Bhagwat, A. M., CA=Naik, G. R., CA=Iyyengar, S. K., CA=Srinivasan, M.Cho, Y. and R.G. Leisure, Novel ultrasonic attenuation peak in a'-PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1988. 38: p. 5748.
CA=Leisure, R. G.Choi, C., News Scan: Back to Square One, in Scientific American. 2005. p. 21.
Choi, E., H. Ejiri, and H. Ohsumi. Limit on Fast Neutrons from DD Fusion in Deuterized Pd by Means of Ge Detector. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Ejiri, H., CA=Ohsumi, H.Choi, E., H. Ejiri, and H. Ohsumi, Application of a Ge detector to search for fast neutrons from DD fusion in deuterized Pd. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1993. 32A: p. 3964.
CA=Ejiri, H., CA=Ohsumi, H.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
A low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers was applied to investigate fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system. The neutron flux was obtained by measuring the yields of the γ-rays following inelastic scattering of the fast neutrons from nuclei in the scatterers. The detector was shown to be very sensitive in the search for rare neutron events such as d-d fusion at room temperature. The observed spectrum shows no statistically significant excess of the γ-rays above the background. The upper limit on the fusion rate was obtained as λf<1.6·10-24(ddn)fusions/(dd)pair/s.
Choi, E., et al., Search for time-correlated fast neutrons from DD fusion at room temperature. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1996. 35: p. 2793.
CA=Ejiri, H., CA=Ohsumi, H., CA=Kishimoto, T.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
A time-correlated spectrum of fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system was measured by a low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers. Time correlation of fast neutrons was obtained by measuring the time correlation of γ-rays following inelastic scattering of fast neutrons. The measurement shows no evidence for neutron burst during the electrolysis of the Pd-D system at room temperature.
Chon, A. and M. Rabinowitz, Classical Tunneling. International J. Theoret. Phys., 1990. 29(3): p. 215.
CA=Rabinowitz, M.Chou, I., Permeability of Precious Metals to Hydrogen at 2 KB Total Pressure and Elevated Temperatures. Am. J. Sci., 1986. 286: p. 638.
Chou, P. and M.A. Vannice, Calorimetric Heat of Adsorption Measurements on Palladium. I. Influence of Crystallite Size and Support on Hydrogen Adsorption. J. Catal., 1987. 104: p. 1.
CA=Vannice, M. A.Christensen, O.B., et al., H-H Interactions in Pd. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(3): p. 1993.
CA=Ditlevsen, P. D., CA=Jacobsen, K. W., CA=Stoltz, P., CA=Nielsen, O. H., CA=Norskov, J. K.Christensen, O.B., et al., Effective-Medium Calculations for Hydrogen in Ni, Pd, and Pt. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41.
CA=Stoltze, P., CA=Jacobsen, K. W., CA=Norskov, J. K.Christman, D.R., Cold fusion. Chem. Eng. News, 1990: p. 78.
Chrzan, D.C. and W.G. Wolfer, Helium Bubble Growth by the Dislocation Pipe Diffusion Mechanism. 1991.
CA=Wolfer, W. G.Chu, C.W., et al., Search for the proposed cold fusion of D in Pd. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 753.
CA=Xue, Y. Y., CA=Meng, R. L., CA=Hor, P. H., CA=Huang, Z. J., CA=Gao, L.Chu, L.Y. and D.-H. Lu, The estimation of nuclear fusion rate in crystal. Commun. Theor. Phys. (China), 1990. 13: p. 33.
CA=Lu, D-H.Chu, L. and S. Wang, Coulomb screening of deuterium in metal crystal. Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology), 1992. 26(6): p. 80 (in Chinese).
CA=Wang, S.Chu, S.Y. and B. Shen, Can the color force be used to achieve fusion? Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. A6: p. 237.
CA=Shen, B.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Distributed bosonic states and condensed matter fusion. 1990, NRL: Washington.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Lattice Induced Nuclear Chemistry. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Nuclear Fusion in a Solid via a Bose Bloch Concentrate. 1990, NRL: Washington.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Quantum Mechanics of "Cold and "Not-So-Cold" Fusion". in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. An Explanation of Cold Fusion and Cold Fusion By-products, based on Lattice Induced Nuclear Chemistry. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Ion Band State Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Ion band state fusion: reactions, power density, and the quantum reality question. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 403.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, The Role of Hydrogen Ion Band States in Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 414.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Hidden results of the ion band state theory. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Periodic Order, Symmetry, and Coherence in Cold Fusion. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Really Cold, Cold Fusion. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, S.R., Introduction to the Special Issue of Accountability in Research Dealing With "Cold Fusion". Accountability Res., 2000. 8.
Background
During the 14th century, the noted theologian and philosopher William of Ockham identified and applied the “law of economy,” as a fundamental postulate of logical thought. Subsequently, Galileo and others used this “law” as justification for the notion of “scientific parsimony.” This idea, which is also often called “Ockham’s Razor,” states that simplicity should be the cornerstone of scientific logic: given a choice between competing theories of a particular phenomenon, the simpler explanation should be selected in preference to the more complicated ones.
Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Theoretical Framework for Anomalous Heat and 4He in Transition Metal Systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Chubb, T. A.
Introduction
Cold Fusion has been plagued with misconceptions about what is and is not possible, based on the “Laws” of Quantum Mechanics. An important reason for this is the seemingly impossibly large difference in length-scale between nuclear- and atomic- processes. In conventional fusion, these scales remain “so far apart” that they “effectively” don’t “talk” to each other, usually. However, electromagnetic interactions (EMI’s) have infinite range. For this reason, it is possible that EMI’s “can” “explain” how this “apparent” problem can be eliminated.
Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Relationship between microscopic and macroscopic interactions in low energy nuclear reactions: Lessons learned from D + D = 4He. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Chubb, T. A.For a long time, Cold Fusion (CF) seemed to be at odds with conventional Physics both experimentally and theoretically. A key reason for this involved confusion about the possibility that processes involving characteristic length scales of nuclear- and atomic- size dimensions could couple to each other without releasing high momentum particles. As experiments have improved, this situation has changed. In the paper, we identify and contrast a number of common themes associated with the manner in which five of the more refined theories have addressed this problem.
AU=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, S.R. Impact of Boundary Effects Involving Broken Gauge Symmetry on LENR's. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Surfaces have a huge impact on the physics and chemistry of solids. Changes in surfaces (or other boundaries of a solid), in particular, can be related to changes in the local (“chemical”) environment. In the idealized limit, in which surfaces are defined as “boundaries” associated with a lack of, or accumulation of charge, dynamical effects at surfaces can be used and are required (by the associated coupling to external electromagnetic fields) to relate seemingly unrelated local and non-local effects. Thus, counter-intuitive ideas about local and non-local effects can become dominant. In particular, in PdH or PdD, provided external forces are applied uniformly, it is entirely possible for hydrogen (p) or deuterium (d) nuclei to acquire a common phase (a broken gauge symmetry1) and to "become wave-like" and interact coherently, through the electromagnetic field, simultaneously, but an-isotropically at the boundaries of a PdD or PdH substrate, or at isolated locations within either substrate. Also, these effects can create coupling between localized and delocalized forms of interaction. We use these and related effects as the basis for suggesting new experiments that have bearing on the findings of Iwamura et al, concerning the "apparent" transmutation of Cs to Pr.
AU=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, S.R. Nuts and Bolts of the Ion Band State Theory. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
The Nuts and Bolts of our Ion Band State theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR’s) in palladium-deuteride (PdD) and palladium-hydride (PdH) are the electrons that hold together or tear apart the bonds (or lack of bonds) between deuterons (d's) or protons (p’s) and the host material. In PdDx and PdHx, this bonding is strongly correlated with loading. In ambient loading conditions (x<~0.6), bonding inhibits Ion Band State occupation. . . .
AU=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, S.R. Framework for Understanding LENR Processes, Using Conventional Condensed Matter Physics. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Conventional Condensed Matter physics provides a unifying framework for understanding Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR’s) in solids. In the paper, standard many-body physics techniques are used to illustrate this fact. Specifically, the paper shows that formally the theories by Schwinger, Hagelstein, and Chubb and Chubb (C&C), all can be related to a common set of equations, associated with reaction rate and energy transfer, through a standard many-body physics procedure (R-Matrix theory). In each case, particular forms of coherence are used that implicitly provide a mechanism for understanding how LENR’s can proceed without the emission of high energy particles. In addition, additional ideas, associated with Conventional Condensed Matter physics, are used to extend the earlier Ion Band State (IBS) model by C&C. The general model clarifies the origin of coherent processes that initiate LENR’s, through the onset of ion conduction that can occur through ionic fluctuations in nanoscale crystals. In the case of PdDx , these fluctuations begin to occur as x -> 1 in sub-lattice structures with characteristic dimensions of 60 nm. The resulting LENR’s are triggered by the polarization between injected d’s and electrons (immediately above the Fermi energy) that takes place in finite-size PdD crystals. During the prolonged charging of PdDx , the applied, external electric field induces these fluctuations through a form of Zener tunneling that mimics the kind of tunneling, predicted by Zener, that is responsible for possible conduction (referred to as Zener-electric breakdown) in insulators. But because the fluctuations are ionic, and they occur in PdD, nano-scale structures , a more appropriate characterization is Zener-ionic breakdown in nano-crystalline PdD. Using the underlying dynamics, it is possible to relate triggering times that are required for the initiation of the effect, to crystal size and externally applied fields.
AU=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, S.R. Context for understanding why particular nano-scale crystals turn-on faster and other LENR effects. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Two persistent questions have been: 1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdDx, 0.85 ~< x®1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon? Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions. The new theory can explain these experimental results but will be ignored by most scientists. I suggest that this is expected: The context of energy band and Ion Band State (IBS) theory is very different from the context of hot fusion theory. . . .
AU=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, S.R. Framework for Understanding LENR Processes, Using Conventional Condensed Matter Physics (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
Chubb, S.R. Why Particular Nano-Scale PdD Crystals Turn-on Faster. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Two persistent questions have been: 1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdDx, 0.85 ~< x→1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon? Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions. The new theory can explain these experimental results . . .
AU=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, S.R. Roles of Approximate Symmetry and Finite Size in the Quantum Electrodynamics of d+d -> 4He in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Chubb, S.R. Resonant Electromagnetic Interaction in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
I Background about the importance of EMI in d+d -> 4He+gamma
II What are EMI Resonant Interactions?
III EMI Resonant Interactions in Finite Crystals
IV Ground State-Excited (Ion Band) State EMI Resonant and Non-
Resonant LENR
V EMI Resonant Interactions, Trapped Photons in SPAWAR
Experiments: Some Predictions
Chubb, S.R., Resonant Electromagnetic Interaction in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 99-123.
Chubb, S.R. Resonant Electromagnetic-Dynamics Explains the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Chubb, S.R., Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier and Related Effects Through Resonant Electrodynamics and Quantum Mechanics in the Fleischmann-Pons Excess Heat Effect, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 177-192.
Chubb, S.R., O Reator Rossi de 10kW. Infinite Energy, 2011(96): p. 31.
Andrea Rossi e Sergio Focardi realizaram uma demonstraçăo pública em 14 de Janeiro de 2011 do ECat (catalisador de energia) aquecedor de água Rossi, um reator níquel-hidrogęnio a fusăo, na Universidade de Bolonha (Itália). Um groupo de cerca de 50 scientistas da universidade e do Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, o Instituto de Física Nuclear Italiano) onde se examinou o dispositivo. O experimento foi organizado pelo Dr. Giuseppe Levi e outros docentes da Universidaede de Bolonha/INFN.
AU=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, S.R., The Rossi 10 kW Reactor. Infinite Energy, 2011(96): p. 31.
Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi held a public demonstration on January 14, 2011 of Rossi’s ECat (energy catalyzer) boiler, a nickel-hydrogen fusion reactor, at the University of Bologna (Italy). A group of about 50 scientists from the university and the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, the Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics) were on hand to examine the device. The experiment was organized by Dr. Giuseppe Levi and other faculty at the University of Bologna/INFN.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Bloch-symmmetric fusion in PdD(x). Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 710.
CA=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Cold fusion as an interaction between ion band states. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 93.
CA=Chubb, S. R.A theory of solid-state fusion based on the interaction between D+ and 4He++ ion band states within a host lattice is presented. Formation of ion band-state deuterium is thermo-dynamically favored when lattice strain energy is greater than the incremental chemical potential of the band state. The key fusion step is a coalescence fluctuation that converts a twofold occupation state of electrostatic zero-point-motion size into a state of nuclear dimensions. Rates are calculated using the Fermi Golden Rule. Fusion energy is shared between band-state members and subsequently transferred to the lattice.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Ion Band States: What They Are, and How They Affect Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. The Ion Band State Theory. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Chubb, S. R.
Abstract
We have previously explained1-3 how the occupation of ion band states by hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) in palladium deuteride PdD and possibly Ni can result in radiationless fusion. The explanation includes a number of assumptions about the governing conditions associated with the process. As a consequence of these assumptions we predicted1-3 important excess heat phenomena (loading requirements, by-products, etc.) of Cold Fusion (CF) that were subsequently observed4,5. Although the governing ideas are based on mainstream solid state physics ideas, the underlying theory "seems" to have "evaded" a number of potential problems that have bothered many people concerning CF. As we have explained recently6,7, as a result of these solid state physics effects, discontinuous changes in momentum and singularities in the effective kinetic energies associated with H or D that may occur through the occupation of ion band states provide a means for eliminating the phenomena that seemingly are omitted by the theory. In this paper we clarify the origin of these effects and their relationship to questions that have been raised associated with our treatment of the Coulomb barrier.
Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Wave function overlap and nuclear reactions in D+ ion band state matter. 1995.
CA=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Fusion Reactions in Deuterided Palladium. The Why of Cold Fusion Heat. 1996.
CA=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Radiationless Cold Fusion: Why Small "Crystals" Are Better, N(cell) Requirement, and Energy Transfer to Lattice. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Chubb, S. R.
Abstract
The Ion Band State Theory describes Fleischmann and Pons cold fusion phenomena. It is based on application of solid state band theory physics, many-body physics, and the known quantum behavior of hydrogen in metals. Important assumptions are that charge neutrality exists in each unit cell and that the reactive quantum states, which are stationary Bloch states, are describable as symmetric sums over complete sets of non-stationary, particle-like Wannier states. Consequences are that D+-D+ wave function overlap occurs for crystals possessing a sufficiently large number Ncell>~104 of unit cells. Once this condition is met, small crystals provide more power per cc than larger crystals. Energy-transfer from the product state to the lattice electrons results from a change in the quantum of mass and resulting inelastic scattering due to charge distribution changes in the boundary region. The theory also predicts that the primary product is 4He, as observed.
Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Deuteride-Induced Strong Force Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Chubb, S. R.ND band state D+ ions are treated as a sum over pairs. The wave functions of a D+ pair is assumed to be a product of a Bloch function in lattice space times a Bloch function in separation space. Overlap allows a strong force fusion reaction to 4He++. A coupling between the nuclear change and the ion charge distribution in the lattice is described. The change in ion charge distribution scatters Bloch electrons in a multistep nuclear de-excitation process.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Deuteron Fluxing and the Ion Band State Theory. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Chubb, S. R.
Abstract
In Cold Fusion, confusion exists as a result of conflicting intuitive pictures, one based on local physics, the other on non-local physics. The local picture, based on particle-particle interaction, has played a dominant role. The non-local “less-intuitive” picture, based on the known behavior of solids, places greater emphasis on the behavior of matter distributions and their interaction with the associated environment. The resulting description is consistent with the known laws of physics and the behavior of hydrogen, deuterium (D+) and tritons in transition metals. In the non-local picture, we examine consequences of fluxes of deuterons passing through the surfaces of transition metals as associated with the occupation of D+ ion band states and possible nuclear energy release.
Chubb, T.A., Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result' and 'Seaerch for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production' (Lett. to Ed.). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 151.
Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Deuteron Fluxing and the Ion Band State Theory. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Chubb, S. R.Chubb, T.A., Laboratory Evidence Demonstrating d-d Cold Fusion in Metals. 2002.
Since the initial announcement of the Fleischmann-Pons effect[1] there has been substantial laboratory progress in establishing the reality of excess heat produced by radiationless d-d nuclear reaction in the deuterium-palladium system. Selected experimental achievements are listed below.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. Modeling the 3He concentration in a Clarke et al. gas sample from an Arata-style cathode. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
The time history of 3He concentrations in gas samples collected and analyzed by Clarke et al. is modeled. A deficiency relative to expected helium suggests loss through microfractures identified by Farkas.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. Production of excited surface states by reactant starved electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Starved reactant electrolysis can result in co-deposition of hydrogen and a higher voltage reactant. The hydrogen has the potential to be deposited in an excited state that is delocalized and wavelike. It is suggested that this occurred in the Liaw et al. study. Evidence for cathodic overpotential electrolysis in molten hydroxide electrolyte is presented.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. LENR: Superfluids, Self-Trapping and Non-Self-Trapping States. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Abstract
LENR ion band state models involve deuteron many-body systems resembling superfluids. The physics of atom Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices teaches that superfluid behavior occurs when the potential barriers between adjacent potential wells permit high tunneling rates and the well potentials are shallow. These superfluids have fractional occupation of individual wells. Well periodic symmetry is not affected by the presence of the atoms. This behavior suggests that deuterons in a lattice should be in non-self-trapping sites, which may indicate that D+Bloch occupies the Pd tetrahedral sites.
Chubb, T.A. The dd Cold Fusion-Transmutation Connection. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Abstract
LENR theory must explain dd fusion, alpha-addition transmutations, radiationless nuclear reactions, and 3-body nuclear particle reactions. Reaction without radiation requires many-body D+Bloch periodicity in both location and internal structure dependencies. Electron scattering leads to mixed quantum states. . . .
Chubb, T.A. I. Bloch Ions. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
ABSTRACT
A Bloch ion has periodic symmetry and is distributed in space in a lattice array form. Its spatial density distribution is neutralized within each unit cell by a metal's electrons. The wave function repeats coherently modulo a Bravais lattice vector. Paired Bloch deuterons partitioned over a sufficiently large number of unit cells become superposed and coherently mixed by coordinate exchange. A Hamiltonian describing paired deuterons 2-D+Bloch is presented, and its nuclear self-interaction and coupling with the lattice are described.
Chubb, T.A. II. Inhibited Diffusion Driven Surface Transmutations. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
ABSTRACT
This paper is the second of a set of 3 papers dealing with the role of coherent partitioning as a common element in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), by which is meant cold-fusion related processes. This paper discusses the first step in a sequence of 4 steps that seem to be necessary to explain Iwamura 2-alpha-addition surface transmutations. Three concepts are examined: salt-metal interface states, sequential tunneling that transitions D+ ions from localized interstitial to Bloch form, and the general applicability of 2-dimensional vs. 3-dimensional symmetry hosting networks.
Chubb, T.A. III. Bloch Nuclides, Iwamura Transmutations, and Oriani Showers. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
ABSTRACT
The Iwamura et al. 2-alpha addition transmutations1 and the Oriani-Fisher energetic particle showers2 demand an explanation. They both depend on the same physics as responsible for cold fusion, namely the coherent partitioning of deuteron charge when the deuteron assumes a Bloch-like form and becomes distributed among a large number Nwell of potential wells. As a result the work required to bring the 2 "nuclei" into contact is reduced by 1/Nwell. In cold fusion 2 spin-zero paired deuterons fuse as per 2 D+Bloch --> 4He++Bloch + 23.8 MeV. In the Iwamura process 2 4He++Bloch fuse as per 2 4He++Bloch --> 8Be4+Bloch + Enuc, in a Bloch-sensitive reaction where reaction energy Enuc is a function of Nwell. . . .
Chubb, T.A. Bloch-Sensitive Nuclides (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
Chubb, T.A. Catalytic fusion and the Interface between Insulators and Transition Metals. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Chubb, T.A., Three Types of dd Fusion. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 2005. 93: p. 895.
There seem to be 3 different processes by which deuterons can be made to fuse so as to release nuclear energy. The conventional approach is thermonuclear fusion, which uses collisions between energized deuterons to create a transient 4He nucleus that decays by energetic particle emission. Deuteron-deuteron (dd) fusion is modeled by scattering theory. Quantum wave mechanics uses wave functions to describe the colliding particles as plane waves. The waves are treated as if arriving from infinity, and as going away to infinity after scattering or reaction. Gamow factors calculating the probability of transmission through the dd Coulomb barrier are used in calculating fusion rates.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. D2 Fusion in Ionic Solid + Nanometal Composite (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
Interfaces between Ionic Solids and Nanometals
• Provides 2-dimension lattice symmetry
• Promotes Bloch deuterium
• Deuterium quasiparticles undergo fusion . . .
Chubb, T.A. In Honor of Yoshiaki Arata. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
This paper seeks to make readers aware that Arata and Zhang (A&Z) in 2007/8 demonstrated operation of an autonomous fusion “heater”. The heater generated a steady outflow flow of heat at slightly above room temperature throughout a run lasting hundreds of hours. The steady nuclear heat occurred after a brief burst of chemical heat during D2 absorption. No other energy input was present.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. Interface Model of Cold Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
The interface theory of cold fusion is a variant of Ion Band State (IBS) Theory. It models Bloch symmetry deuterons in a 2-dimensional metal lattice instead of the 3-dimensional metal lattice first used. Both IBS variants recognize that the required lattice symmetry has limited extent, with the reactive deuterons being bound inside a closed volume like a box. The reactive deuterons are confined within classical turning point boundaries, while within the box their density distributions are modulated by a lattice array potential. Strictly speaking, the IBS fusion theory is a many-body theory. Nuclear dd fusion is one of several LENR processes. Some LENR processes do not require many-body ions and support room temperature nuclear reactions using light ions in single-particle Bloch geometry. For example, the decay of metastable single-body Bloch-function 8Be seems to be the source of MeV alphas in Oriani's light/heavy water electrolysis, and in several co-deposition electrolysis CR39 studies, as described in ICCF14 Abstracts. The Oriani MeV alphas are side products of both light water and heavy water electrolysis, using either Pd or Ni cathodes, as shown in highly repeatable tests. Bloch 8Be is likely the nuclearly reactive component in the final step of the Iwamura et al. transmutation studies. Despite differences, all LENR systems seem to share some essential physics.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier in Cold Fusion. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.
CA=Chubb, S. R.Schwinger pointed out that under some circumstances the Coulomb barrier between paired charged particles is replaced by a correlation factor in a two-body wave function. This paper shows how having two deuterons bound within a common volume having a multiplicity of potential wells can lead to an energy-minimized Schwinger form of wave equation with wave function overlap. Relevance to a situation in which a small number of deuterium atoms is forced into a fully loaded palladium deuteride (PdD) host is discussed.
AU=Chubb, T. A.Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Usefulness of Quasiparticle Ion Band States in Modeling LENR Processes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Chubb, S. R.Considerable confusion occurred from a speculative conjecture that we suggested in 1989, concerning the potential role of conventional energy band theory in the "cold fusion" claims suggested by Fleischmann and Pons. Two important reasons for this are related to: 1. Misconceptions about what was taking place in the experiments, and 2. Limitations of conventional energy band theory. In particular, we proposed the idea that deuterium nuclei (deuterons) could occupy energy band states (ion band states)--analogous to the kinds of energy band states that electrons occupy in ordered solids--with the possibility of nuclear fusion. But conventional energy band theory has limitations, associated with the underlying quantum mechanics. In particular, band theory involves single-particle quasi-particle wave functions.
AU=Chukanov, K. B.Chukanov, K.B. New Pulsed Gas Loading Cold Fusion Technology. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Chulick, G.S., Y.E. Kim, and R.A. Rice, Low Energy D-D Fusion Experimental Cross-Sections. 1989.
CA=Kim, Y. E., CA=Rice, R. A.Chulick, G.S., et al., Comment on "Cluster-Impact Fusion by P. M. Echenique et al. 1990.
CA=Rice, R. A., CA=Kim, Y. E., CA=Rabinowitz, M.Chulick, G.S., R.A. Rice, and Y.E. Kim. The Effect of Electron Screening and Velocity Distribution on Proton-Deuterium Fusion Rates in Jupiter. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Rice, R. A., CA=Kim, Y. E.Cirillo, D. and V. Iorio. Transmutation of metal at low energy in a confined plasma in water. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Iorio, V.Cirillo, D. and V. Iorio, Transmutation of metal to low energy in confined plasma in the water electrochemical plasma cell. 2004.
CA=Iorio, V.
Abstract:
Energetic emissions have been observed from an electrolytic cell when tungsten electrodes are used to generate a confined plasma close to the cathode immersed an alkaline solution. In addition, energy generation has been observed, always close to the cathode, along with the appearance of new chemical elements in the experimental apparatus. These elements were not present in the cell before the experiment. This observation is proof of nuclear transmutations occurring within the cell. The results of this research and a theoretical model of the phenomenon were shown for the first time on April 18, 2004 during the second Grottammare (Ap) ONNE meeting in Italy.
Cisbani, E., et al., Neutron Detector for CF Experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 2001. 459: p. 247.
CA=Urciuoli, G. M., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Guiliani, F., CA=Gozzi, D., CA=Gricia, M, CA=Iodice, M., CA=Lucentini, M., CA=Santavenere, F.
Abstract
This paper describes a neutron detector designed by INFN-Sanita` group of Rome. The detector fulfills all the requirements of cold fusion experiments and, on the other hand, can operate in several kind of experiments involving neutron detection, even when significant, variable and not taggable background is present. As a matter of fact, it is suitable to detect every source emitting multi-MeV neutrons, correlated or not correlated, in burst or constant rate, isotropic or directional. It is a low-noise detector. The detector was used in cold fusion experiments demonstrating, with high sensibility, the absence of neutron emission in these phenomena.
Clark, R.W., What ever happened to cold fusion? J. Chem. Ed., 1991. 68: p. 277.
Clarke, A.C., 2001: The Coming Age of Hydrogen Power. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(22): p. 15.
[F]our years ago, two scientists named Pons and Fleischmann claimed to have achieved “cold fusion” at room temperature in certain metals saturated with deuterium, the heavy isotope of hydrogen. Under these conditions, they reported that they were getting out more energy than they put into the system. This, of course, created a worldwide sensation, and many laboratories tried to repeat the experiments. They all failed, and Pons and Fleischmann were laughed out of court.
That was the last anyone heard of them for a couple of years. But meanwhile, there had been an underground movement of scientists who believed that there might be something in all this business, and started experiments of their own—often in defiance of their employers . . .
Clarke, B.W. and R.M. Clarke, Search for (3)H, (3)He, and (4)He in D2-loaded titanium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 170.
CA=Clarke, R. M.Clarke, B.W., et al., Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 152.
CA=Oliver, B. M., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Tripodi, P.Clarke, W.B., W.J. Jenkins, and Z. Top, Determination of Tritium by Mass Spectrometric Measurement of 3He. Int. J. Appl. Radia. Isot., 1976. 27: p. 515.
CA=Jenkins, W. J., CA=Top, Z.Clarke, W.B., Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40.
Clarke, W.B., Response to "Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result'' (lett. to Ed.). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 152.
Clarke, W.B. and B.M. Oliver, Response to comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production'' (Lett. to Ed;). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 153.
CA=Oliver, B. M.Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium and neutron measurements of a solid state cell. in NSF/EPRI Workshop on Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Materials. 1989. Washington, DC.
CA=Seeger, P., CA=Rohwer, R. K., CA=Tuggle, D. G., CA=Doty, W. R.Claytor, T.N., et al., Solid State Fusion Update. 1990.
CA=Tuggle, D. G., CA=Seeger, P., CA=Menlove, H. O., CA=Rohwer, R. K., CA=Doty, W. R.Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium and Neutron Measurements From Deuterated Pd-Si. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Tuggle, D. G., CA=Menlove, H. O., CA=Seeger, P., CA=Doty, W. R., CA=Rohwer, R. K.Claytor, T.N., D.G. Tuggle, and H.O. Menlove. Tritium Generation and Neutron Measurements in Pd-Si Under High Deuterium Gas Pressure. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Ita: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Tuggle, D. G., CA=Menlove, H. O.
INTRODUCTION
This paper summarizes some of the methods applicable for low level tritium detection needed in the search for anomalous fusion in metal hydrides. It is also intended to further detail our tritium and neutron results that have been obtained with the Pd-Si-D system, originally presented at earlier workshops 1,2. A measure of reproducibility that was not evident in our previous work has been achieved partially due to the better detection sensitivity afforded by the use of low tritium deuterium and partially from the fact that the foil-wafer cells can be made with nearly identical electrical characteristics. This reproducibility has allowed us to narrow the optimum conditions for the experiment. While this experiment is rather different from the “standard” electrolytic cell3,4,5 or the Ti gas hydride experiment6, similarities exist in that non equilibrium conditions are sought and the tritium generation levels are low and neutron emission is extremely weak. In contrast to many electrochemical cell experiments, the system used in these experiments is completely sealed during operation and uses no electrolyte.
Claytor, T.N., D.G. Tuggle, and S.F. Taylor. Evolution of Tritium from Deuterided Palladium Subject to High Electrical Currents. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Tuggle, D. G., CA=Taylor, S. F.Claytor, T.N., Tritium Production from a Low Voltage Deuterium Discharge of Palladium and Other Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 118.
Claytor, T.N., D.D. Jackson, and D.G. Tuggle, Tritium production from low voltage deuterium discharge on palladium and other metals. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(7): p. 19.
CA=Jackson, D. D., CA=Tuggle, D. G.
ABSTRACT
Over the past year we have been able to demonstrate that a plasma loading method produces an exciting and unexpected amount of tritium from small palladium wires.
In contrast to electrochemical hydrogen or deuterium loading of palladium, this method yields a reproducible tritium generation rate when various electrical and physical conditions are met. Small diameter wires (100 - 250 microns) have been used with gas pressures above 200 torr at voltages and currents of about 2000 V at 3-5 A. By carefully controlling the sputtering rate of the wire, runs have been extended to hundreds of hours allowing a significant amount (> 10’s nCi) of tritium to accumulate. We will show tritium generation rates for deuterium-palladium foreground runs that are up to 25 times larger than hydrogen-palladium control experiments using materials from the same batch. We will illustrate the difference between batches of annealed palladium and as received palladium from several batches as well as the effect of other metals (Pt, Ni, Nb, Zr, V, W, Hf) to demonstrate that the tritium generation rate can vary greatly from batch to batch.
Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium Production from Palladium Alloys. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Schwab, M. J., CA=Thoma, D. J., CA=Teter, D. F., CA=Tuggle, D. G.
ABSTRACT
A number of palladium alloys have been loaded with deuterium or hydrogen under low energy plasma bombardment in a system that allows the continuous measurement of tritium. Long run times (up to 200 h) result in an integration of the tritium and this, coupled with the high intrinsic sensitivity of the system (~ 0.1nCi/l), enables the significance of the tritium measurement to be many sigma (>10). We will show the difference in tritium generation rates between batches of palladium alloys (Rh, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Be, B, Li, Hf, Hg and Fe) of various concentrations to illustrate that tritium generation rate is dependent on alloy type as well as within a specific alloy, dependent on concentration.
Close, F., Cold Fusion I: The Discovery That Never Was. New Scientist, 1991. 1752: p. 46.
Close, F., Too Hot to Handle. The Race for Cold Fusion. 1992, New York: Penguin, paperback.
Cohen, J.S. and J.D. Davies, Is cold fusion hot? Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 487.
CA=Davies, J. D.Cohen, J.S. and J.D. Davies, The cold fusion family. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 705.
CA=Davies, J. D.Cola, M., et al. A Simple Model of the "Coehn-Aharonov" Effect in a Peculiar Electrolytic Configuration. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Del Gindice, E., CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Preparata, G.Collins, G.S., J.S. Walker, and J.W. Norbury, Deuteron tunnelling at electron-volt energies. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 409.
CA=Walker, J. S., CA=Norbury, J. W.Collins, G.S., et al., Electrolytic loading of hydrogen in metals studied by PAC. Hyperfine Interactions, 1990. 60: p. 663.
CA=McGhee, G., CA=Shropshire, S. L., CA=Jang, H. J., CA=Fan, J., CA=Schuhmann, R. B.Collis, W.J.M.F., Oklo Isotope Anomalies and Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 525.
Collis, W.J.M.F. Nuclear Reactions of Cold Fusion-A Systematic Study. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Collis, W.J.M.F. ENSAP Software Tool to Analyse Nuclear Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Conte, E., A generalization of Schroedinger's equation using biquaternions: the possibility of fusion for particles. Phys. Essays, 1995. 8: p. 52.
Conte, E., Theoretical indications of the possibility of nuclear reactions at low energy. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 49.
Conway, B.E. and J.C. Currie, Significance of effects of pressure on electrode reactions.Part III.Equilibrium processes at reference electrodes and the volume of H in Pd. Canadian J. Chem., 1978. 56: p. 915.
CA=Currie, J. C.Conway, B.E. and J. Wojtowicz, Time-scales of electrochemical desorption and sorption of H in relation to dimensions and geometeies of host metal hydride electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 326: p. 277.
CA=Wojtowicz, J.Cook, N. Toward an Explanation of Transmutation Products on Palladium Cathodes. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Cook, N. and V. Dallacasa. The FCC Structure of the Nucleus and the Magnetic Interaction among Nucleons (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Dallacasa, V.The strongest objection to "cold fusion" research since 1989 has been the assertion by nuclear theorists that low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) "violate everything known about nuclear physics." We argue to the contrary that LENR are consistent with quantum mechanics (QM), and "violate" only various questionable assumptions of the 30+ established models of nuclear structure theory. In fact, these "models" are known to be mutually-contradictory (a liquid nuclear interior in the liquid-drop model [LDM], a gaseous-phase in the shell model; local cluster formations in the alpha-particle model, no local interactions in the Fermi-gas model; a short-range nuclear force in the LDM, a long-range "effective" force in the shell model; etc.) and clearly indicate that nuclear theory itself is unfinished business.
AU=Corey, J.Corey, J., Trip Report: ICCF11. 2005, Sandia National Laboratories.
Introduction
On March 23, 1989, at the University of Utah, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had caused fusion reactions between deuterium nuclei to occur at room temperature, creating a potentially endless and benign source of energy for the world. Of course, this flew in the face of conventional physics, and scientists all over the world hurried to reproduce the effect. The major institutes in the US were unable to do so, and a US Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Research Advisory Panel (ERAB) declared that the effect was not real and that government funding for further research would essentially constitute waste, fraud, and abuse. Thus died the hope of cheap, endless energy through “cold fusion,” at least as far as the regular scientific community was concerned.
Corrigan, D.A. and E.W. Schneider, Tritium separation effects during heavy water electrolysis: implications for reported observations of cold fusion. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 281: p. 305.
CA=Schneider, E. W.Corrigan, D.A., B.K. Schwemmin, and E.W. Schneider, Radiochemical measurements of tritium during heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes in closed cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 312: p. 175.
CA=Schwemmin, B. K., CA=Schneider, E. W.Cottingham, W.N. and D.A. Greenwood, The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1989. 15: p. L157.
CA=Greenwood, D. A.Coupland, D.R., et al. Some Observations Related to the Presence of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Doyle, M. L., CA=Jenkins, J. W., CA=Notton, J. H. F., CA=Potter, R. J., CA=Thompson, D. T.Coupland, D.R., et al. Some Observations Related to the Presence of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Doyle, M. L., CA=Jenkins, J. W., CA=Notton, J. H. F., CA=Potter, R. J., CA=Thompson, D. T.Cowley, C.R., et al., On the possible presence of promethium in the spectra of HD 101065 (Przybylski’s star) and HD 965. A & A, 2004(419): p. 1087–1093.
CA=Bidelman, W. P., CA=Hubrig, S., CA=Mathys, G. , CA=Bord, D. J.Cox, D.M., et al., Abnormally Large Deuterium Uptake on Small Transition Metal Clusters. Catalysis Lett, 1990. 4: p. 271.
CA=Fayet, P., CA=Brickman, R., CA=Hahn, M. Y., CA=Kaldor, A.Cranberg, L., Cold fusion doubts and controls" (title given by section editor). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 515.
Cravens, D. Factors Affecting Success Rate of Heat Generation in CF Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Abstract
A series of low cost, low precision experiments were conducted to screen for factors which may affect the successful observation of heat from palladium/ heavy water electrolytic cells. Critical factors include the selection of the palladium and the experimental protocol during the initial loading to the beta phase. It was found that bubble patterns, volume expansion, and surface appearance can be used as early predictors of ultimate success. Since large scale defects are detrimental, methods of avoiding cracking are discussed. These include alloying, preparing a uniform surface, loading at a slow rate at low temperatures, delaying use of additives to the electrolyte, and uniform loading techniques. Methods of achieving the later and larger heat releases were found to include: rapid increase in the current density above a threshold value and raising the temperature. A reflux calorimeter design is presented that allows for continuous studies at boiling temperatures of the electrolyte. Unexpected and unexplained occurrences of heat bursts by magnetic fields and radio frequency fields are reported.
Cravens, D., A report on testing the patterson power cell. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 21.
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Cravens, D. Flowing Electrolyte Calorimetry. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Cravens, D. and D. Letts. Practical Techniques In CF Research - Triggering Methods (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Letts, D.PowerPoint slides for this paper.
AU=Cravens, D.Cravens, D. and D. Letts. Practical Techniques In CF Research - Triggering Methods. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Letts, D.A collection of useful techniques for triggering CF events is presented which are gleaned from 14 years of CF research and thousands of experiments by the authors. Special attention is give to those techniques that trigger excess heat by dynamic conditions that are imposed upon CF systems. These triggering techniques include changes in cell temperature, pulsing the current to electrolytic systems, acoustical stimulation of gas systems, chemical triggering of electrolytic system, pressure changes, radio frequency excitation, magnetic field variations and laser stimulation. Laser stimulation is found to be a potentially fruitful technique to trigger heat events, to probe the cathode surface by scanning for active locations and to compare products from at active and inactive regions.
AU=Cravens, D.Cravens, D. Search for Radiation Signals from Electrolytic Cells (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
Cravens, D. and D. Letts. The Enabling Criteria Of Electrochemical Heat: Beyond Reasonable Doubt. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Letts, D.One hundred sixty seven papers from 1989 to 2007 concerning the generation of heat from electrochemical cells were collected, listed, and digitally posted to a CD for reference, review and study. A review showed four criteria that were required for successful experiments attempting replication of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. All published negative results can be traced to researchers not fulfilling one or more of these criteria. Statistical and Bayesian studies show that observation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect is correlated with the criteria and that production of “excess heat” is a real physical effect “beyond a reasonable doubt.”
AU=Crawford, O. H.Crawford, O.H., Examination of a proposed phonon-coupling mechanism for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 161.
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CA=Spiro, M., CA=Favier, J.Criddle, E.E. Implications ofIsoperibolic Electrode Calorimetry for Cold Fusion: The Silica Effect. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Criddle, E.E. Evidence of Agglomeration and Syneresis in Regular and Excess Heat Cells in Water. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella. Some Thermodynamic Properties of the H(D)-Pd System. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L.Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella, Calorimetric study of two metallic samples. 1996.
CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L.Crowley, B.J.B., Nuclear Fusion in High Density Matter. Nucl. Fusion, 1989. 29(12): p. 2199.
Crum, L. Sonoluminescence And Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion. in Fifth International Symposium on Cavitation (cav2003). 2003. Osaka, Japan.
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AU=Cuevas, F.Cuevas, F., et al. An Experimental System for "Cold Fusion" Experiments with Self-Produced Iodide Titanium Films. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Algueru, M., CA=Sanchez, C.Cuevas, F., et al. An Experimental System for "Cold Fusion" Experiments with Self-Produced Iodide Titanium Films. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Algueru, M., CA=Sanchez, C.Cuevas, F., J.F. Fernandez, and C. Sanchez. Search for Neutron Emissions Induced by Electric Currents and Phase Transitions in Titanium Deuteride Films. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Sanchez, C.Cuevas, F., J.F. Fernandez, and C. Sanchez. Search for Neutron Emissions Induced by Electric Currents and Phase Transitions in Titanium Deuteride Films. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Sanchez, C.Cuevas, F., J.F. Fernandez, and C. Sanchez, A search for nuclear reactions in deuterated fresh iodide-titanium films. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 644.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Sanchez, C.Cunnane, V.J., R.A. Scannell, and D.J. Schiffrin, H2 + O2 recombination in non-isothermal, non-adiabatic electrochemical calorimetry of water electrolysis in an undivided cell. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 269: p. 163.
CA=Scannell, R. A., CA=Schiffrin, D. J.Czerski, K., et al., Enhancement of the electron screening effect for d + d fusion reactions in metallic environments. Europhys. Lett., 2001. 54(4): p. 449-455.
CA=Huke, A., CA=Biller, A., CA=Heide, P., CA=Hoeft, M., CA=Ruprecht, G.
Abstract. -- To study the electron screening of nuclear reactions in metallic environments, angular distributions and thick target yields of the fusion reactions 2H(d,p) 3H and 2H(d,n)
3He have been measured on deuterons implanted in three different metal targets (Al, Zr and Ta) for beam energies ranging from 5 to 60 keV. The experimentally determined values of the screening energy are about one order of magnitude larger than the value achieved in a gas target experiment and significantly larger than the theoretical predictions. A clear target material dependence of the screening energy has been established.
Czerski, K., P. Heide, and A. Huke. Electron Screening Constraints for Cold Fusion. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Heide, P., CA=Huke, A.Czerski, K., et al., The 2H(d,p)3H reaction in metallic media at very low energies. Europhys. Lett., 2004. 68(3): p. 363-369.
CA=Huke, A., CA=Heide, P., CA=Ruprecht, G.Abstract. -- Based on our experimental studies of the electron screening effect in the 2H(d, p) 3H reaction for five deuteron-implanted solid targets (C, Al, Zr, Pd, Ta), theoretical calculations have been performed within an improved dielectric function theory. The theory describes correctly the observed target material dependence of the screening energies, underestimating, however, the absolute values by about a factor of 2. Applying an effective screening energy approach, the theoretical cross-sections, thick-target yields as well as nuclear reaction rates have been calculated down to the energies corresponding to the conditions of so-called cold-fusion experiments. This allows for a comparison of the experimental results at higher energies with those achieved in the heavy-water electrolysis experiments.
AU=Czerski, K.Czerski, K., et al., Experimental and theoretical screening energies for the 2H(d, p)3H reaction in metallic environments. Eur. Phys. J. A, 2006. 27(s01): p. 83-88.
CA=Huke, A., CA=Heide, P., CA=Ruprecht, G.Czerwinski, A., R. Marassi, and S. Zamponi, The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part I. Acidic solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 316: p. 211.
CA=Marassi, R., CA=Zamponi, S.Czerwinski, A. and R. Marassi, The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part II: Basic solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 322: p. 373.
CA=Marassi, R.Czerwinski, A., Influence of lithium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1994. 39: p. 431.
Czerwinski, A., et al., The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part III: The influence of solution composition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 386: p. 207.
CA=Maruszczak, G., CA=Zelazowska, M., CA=Lancucka, M., CA=Marassi, R., CA=Zamponi, S.Czerwinski, A., et al., Influence of cesium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1997. 42(1): p. 81.
CA=Czauderna, M., CA=Maruszczak, G., CA=Kiersztyn, I., CA=Marassi, R., CA=Zamponi, S.Czirr, J.B., G.L. Jensen, and J.C. Wang. High-Efficiency Neutron and Charged-Particle Detector. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Jensen, G. L., CA=Wang, J. C.Daddi, L. Neutrons Observations in Cold Fusion Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Daddi, L. On a possible role of the virtual neutrons in cold fusion. in ASTI Workshop. 1999. Asti.
Daddi, L., Proton-electron reactions as precursors of anomalous nuclear events. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 249.
Dagani, R., Nuclear Fusion: Utah Findings Raise Hopes, Doubts, in Chem. Eng. News. 1989. p. 4.
Dagani, R., Advocates,Skeptics Alike Still Puzzled by Cold Fusion. Chem. Eng. News, 1990.
Dagani, R., Cold Fusion Believer Turned Skeptic Crusades for More Rigorous Research. Chem. Eng. News, 1995.
Dairaku, T., et al. Studies of nuclear-reactions-in-solid in titanium deuteride under ion implantation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Katayama, Y., CA=Hayashi, T., CA=Isobe, Y., CA=Takahashi, A.In order to find the signature of multi-body fusion, experiments of ion-beam implantation were carried out using titanium deuteride target made by the gas-loading method. Up to now, charged particles that are not known in the ordinary beam-target interaction have been observed in the experiment.
AU=Dalard, F.Dalard, F., et al., Electrochemical incorporation of lithium into palladium from aprotic electrolytes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 270: p. 445.
CA=Ulmann, M., CA=Augustynski, J., CA=Selvam, P.Dalun, W., et al. Diagnosis of Neutrons from the Gas Discharge Facility. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Suhe, C., CA=Yijiu, L., CA=Rong, L., CA=Mei, W., CA=Yibei, F., CA=Xinwei, Z., CA=Wushou, Z.D'Amato, F., et al. Search for Nuclear Phenomena by the Interaction Between Titanium and Deuterium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Zeppa, P., CA=Pontorieri, C., CA=Lanza, F.Dan, C. The Role of the Energy Fluctuations in the Possibility of Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Dandapani, B. and M. Fleischmann, Electrolytic Separation Factors on Palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1972. 39: p. 323.
CA=Fleischmann, M.Dannetun, H.M., et al., The H2-O2 Reaction on Palladium Studied Over a Large Pressure Range: Independence of the Microscopic Sticking Coefficients on Surface Condition. Sur. Sci., 1985. 152-153: p. 559.
CA=Saderberg, D., CA=Lundstram, I., CA=Petersson, L. G.Dannetun, H.M., et al., The H2-O2 Reaction on Palladium Studied Over a Large Pressure Range: Independence of the Microscopic Sticking Coefficients on Surface Condition. Sur. Sci., 1985. 152-153: p. 559.
CA=Saderberg, D., CA=Lundstram, I., CA=Petersson, L. G.Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion in solids. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 484.
Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 413.
Danos, M. and V.B. Belyaev, Estimate of the neutron transfer fusion rate. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 354.
CA=Belyaev, V. B.Darby, M.I. and M.N. Read, Site Preference of Dilute Hydrogen in Palladium. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 90: p. L41.
CA=Read, M. N.Dardik, I., et al. Intensification Of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Using Superwave Excitation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Branover, H., CA=El-Boher, A., CA=Gazit, D., CA=Golbreich, E., CA=Greenspan, E., CA=Kapusta, A., CA=Khachatorov, B., CA=Krakov, V., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Michailovitch, B., CA=Shani, G., CA=Zilov, T.Energetics Technologies (ET) was recently established to investigate possibilities for inducing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) using special wave excitation. Four experimental approaches are being pursued: electrolysis, glow-discharge, gas loading in catalyst cells and high-pressure high-temperature cell with ultrasonic wave excitation. The experimental setups developed by ET are described along with preliminary results obtained. A significant amount of excess heat was measured in the first glow discharge experiment. The power generated during the experiment was up to 3.9 times the input power. When driven with waves the excess heat was higher than when driven with DC. A significant amount of excess heat was also measured after the shutdown of the glow discharge; it lasted for approximately 10 hours. The total excess energy generated is estimated to be 6.7 times the input energy. The "heat-after-death" phenomenon was also observed in another glow discharge experiment. Excess heat up to approximately 80% was measured over a period of over 3 months in yet another glow discharge experiment. Driving the electrolytic cells with waves resulted in a faster loading than when driving them with DC of the same average current. The tritium concentration in the electrolyte measured at the end of the experiments was found to be up to more than 100% the pre-experiment level. No excess heat was measured, so far, in the catalyst cells. Successful loading of Pd target with D was obtained in the high-pressure high-temperature gas cell without going through the alpha+beta phase of the Pd-D system.
AU=Dardik, I.Dardik, I., et al. Excess heat in electrolysis experiments at Energetics Technologies (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Zilov, T., CA=Branover, H., CA=El-Boher, A., CA=Greenspan, E., CA=Khachatorov, B., CA=Krakov, V., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Tsirlin, M.PowerPoint slides describing research at Energetics Technology. Topic covered: SuperWaves; glow discharge experiments; electrolytic cells; cathode pretreatment; excess heat obtained; tritium and material analysis.
AU=Dardik, I.Dardik, I., et al. Progress in Electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Zilov, T., CA=Branover, H., CA=El-Boher, A., CA=Greenspan, E., CA=Khachaturov, B., CA=Krakov, V., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Tsirlin, M.
ABSTRACT
In last year we have succeeded obtaining significant Excess Heat (=100%) with seven different Pd foils, using Electrolytic cells, excited by Dardik’s Super Wave.
Several of the successful foils were provided by Dr. Vittorio Violante of ENEA Frascatti.
Significant Excess Heat: The output power exceeded the input power (COP) by at least 100%.
Maximum COP obtained is 600%, it lasted for 24.5 hours. The longest period of Excess Heat obtained was 134 hours at COP of 150%.
A new type of experiments was initiated. Electrolytic loaded Pd cathode is exposed to Ultra Sonic waves (US), inducing cavitations in the vicinity of the cathode.
Dardik, I. Preparata Prize acceptance speech. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Dardik, I., et al. Ultrasonically-excited electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Zilov, T., CA=Branover, H., CA=El-Boher, A., CA=Greenspan, E., CA=Khachatorov, B., CA=Krakov, V., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Shapiro, A., CA=Tsirlin, M.Three electrolysis cells with built-in ultrasonic transmitters were developed by Energetics Technologies. The ultrasonic transmitters induce cavitation in the electrolyte in the vicinity of the palladium cathode for in-situ cleaning and activation of the cathode surface, generation of dislocations, assistance in loading and excitation of the Pd-D system. The ultrasonically assisted electrolysis cells are described and excess heat generating experiments using these cells are illustrated. All of these experiments used the Dardik’s modified SuperWaves to drive the electrolysis. The reproducibility of excess heat generation obtained using the ultrasonically assisted electrolysis experiments approaches 80%, which is the highest of all types of electrolysis experiments performed at Energetics Technologies.
AU=Das, D.Das, D. and M.K.S. Ray, Fusion in condensed matter - a likely scenario. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 115.
CA=Ray, M. K. S.Dasannacharya, B.A. and K.R. Rao, Remarks on Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 2.
CA=Rao, K. R.Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman. Surface Morphology and Microcomposition of Palladium Cathodes After Electrolysis in Acified Light and Heavy Water: Correlation With Excess Heat. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Noble, G., CA=Diman, D.Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman. Changes in Surface Topography and Microcomposition of a Palladium Cathode Caused by Electrolysis in Acidified Light Water. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Noble, G., CA=Diman, D.Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman, Surface Morphology and Microcomposition of Palladium Cathodes After Electrolysis in Acified Light and Heavy Water: Correlation With Excess Heat. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 299.
CA=Noble, G., CA=Diman, D.Dash, J. and S. Miguet, Microanalysis of Pd Cathodes after Electrolysis in Aqueous Acids. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 23.
CA=Miguet, S.
ABSTRACT
The morphology and microcomposition of palladium after electrolysis in heavy water were studied. Fibers which appeared on the surface were observed to change with time. Evidence which supports the possibility of transmutation is presented.
Dash, J., R. Kopecek, and S. Miguet. Excess Heat and Unexpected Elements from Aqueous Electrolysis with Titanium and Palladium Cathodes. in 32nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1997.
CA=Kopecek, R., CA=Miguet, S.
ABSTRACT
Presented here are results of research performed at Portland State University during the period 1994 to 1996.
Excess heat was produced at the rate of about 1.2 watts during electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium cathode weighing 0.0625g. Analysis of the electrodes before and after electrolysis with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) revealed that new surface topographical features with concentrations of unexpected elements (V, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn) formed during electrolysis.
The morphology and microcomposition of palladium after electrolysis in heavy water were studied. Fibers which appeared on the surface were observed to change with time. Evidence which supports the possibility of transmutation is presented.
Dash, J., J. Freeman, and B. Zimmermann, Cold Fusion Research - Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 2002, Portland State University: Porland, OR.
CA=Freeman, J., CA=Zimmermann, B.PowerPoint slides describing cold fusion experiments conducted during Portland State University summer apprenticeship program in 2002.
AU=Dash, J.Dash, J., et al. Effects of Glow Discharge with Hydrogen Isotope Plasmas on Radioactivity of Uranium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Savvatimova, I., CA=Frantz, S., CA=Weis, E., CA=Kozima, H.
ABSTRACT
Uranium foils were attached to the cathode of a glow discharge apparatus. A plasma of either hydrogen or deuterium ions was used to bombard the uranium. The rates of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation emissions were significantly greater for the bombarded uranium than for the original material.
Dash, J. and D. Chicea. Changes In The Radioactivity, Topography, And Surface Composition Of Uranium After Hydrogen Loading By Aqueous Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Chicea, D.
ABSTRACT
Hydrogen loading of 99.98% pure natural uranium foils (0.18 mm thick) was performed by aqueous electrolysis in order to compare with glow discharge results. Alpha, beta, and gamma specific radioactivity were measured after hydrogen loading and compared with the control. Some of the samples revealed an increase of the specific radioactivity of up to 20%. Gamma ray spectroscopy was also performed on the samples. Results reveal an increase of the specific counts for the peaks of Th234 and U235 and a decrease in the U Ka1 characteristic x-ray peak. The surface topography changed from granular before electrolysis to pitted afterward. The thorium concentration increased slightly after electrolysis compared with the original material. In summary, this work in progress reveals that loading hydrogen into uranium increases the uranium decay rate, in agreement with the glow discharge results.
Dash, J., C. Lee, and S. Pedersen, The Quest for Excess. 2003, Portland State University: Porland, OR.
CA=Lee, C., CA=Pedersen, S.PowerPoint slides describing cold fusion experiments conducted during Portland State University summer apprenticeship program in 2003.
AU=Dash, J.Dash, J. and A. Ambadkar. Co-Deposition Of Palladium With Hydrogen Isotopes. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Ambadkar, A.ABSTRACT. Palladium was co-deposited with hydrogen isotopes on a Pd cathode. This resulted in enhanced production of excess thermal power. After electrolysis the Pd Lβ / Lα ratio was found to be increased in characteristic x-ray spectra from localized, microscopic areas on the surface of the Pd cathode. This suggests the possibility that appreciable amounts of silver are present in these areas.
AU=Dash, J.Dash, J., A. Ambadkar, and Q. Wang. ICCF11 Tutorial - Search for optimum conditions to produce excess heat from the electrolysis of heavy water with a palladium cathode (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Ambadkar, A., CA=Wang, Q.Tutorial presented at ICCF-12.
AU=Dash, J.Dash, J. and D.S. Silver. Surface Studies After Loading Metals With Hydrogen And/Or Deuterium. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.
CA=Silver, D. S.Surface studies of 40 μm thick Pd foils after electrolysis in D2O / H2SO4 electrolyte for six minutes found inversions in isotopic ratios. Anomalous isotopic ratios were also found on the surface of a 350 μm thick Pd foil after electrolysis in the same electrolyte for 74 hours.
AU=Dash, J.Dash, J., Q. Wang, and D.S. Silver, Excess Heat and Anomalous Isotopes and Isotopic Ratios From the Interaction of Palladium With Hydrogen Isotopes, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 61-80.
CA=Wang, Q., CA=Silver, D. S.D'Aulerio, L., et al. Thermal analysis of calorimetric systems. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Violante, V., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Fiore, R., CA=Capobianco, L., CA=Del Prete, P., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=McKubre, M. C. H.David, F., Theorie de la diafluidite. Fusion, 1994. 49: p. 58 (in French).
David, F. and J. Giles. Self-Polarisation of Fusion Diodes: From Excess Energy to Energy. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Giles, J.
Conventionally, the cold fusion reaction produces heat. The authors have sought a different approach, wherein the device has no input energy, relying on the energy produced by cold fusion in the device. The device consists of diodes fabricated as powder, with a large surface junction made up of a semiconductor in contact with palladium charged with deuterium.
The apparent fusion reactions take place in the junction between the semiconductor and the Palladium powder, which produces an excitation which is transmitted to the electrons. This excitation increases their energy and allows them to cross the bandgap of the semiconductor and pass into the conduction band, as in a photovoltaic cell. This energy very quickly appears as a spontaneous potential difference which can reach over 0.5 volt per junction.
The potential drop concentrates on the junction region, and at a nano scale the electric field reaches considerable values, higher than the megavolt per meter, which constrains the deuterium nuclei and increases the probability of deuterium fusion.
Davidonis, R., et al., An experimental evaluation of the probability of cold fusion. Litovskii Fiz. Sbornik, 1990. 30(6): p. 65.
CA=Duskesas, G., CA=Kalinauskas, R., CA=Makarinunas, K., CA=Petrauskas, J., CA=Remeiskis, V., CA=Ruzele, B.Davidson, K., Cold Fusion Not Dead Yet, in San Francisco Examiner. 1989.
Davies, J.D., A Direct Measurement of the Alpha-Muon Sticking Coefficient in Muon-Catalysed d-t Fusion. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1990. 16: p. 1529.
Davies, J.D. and J.S. Cohen, More on the cold fusion family. Ettore Majorana Int. Sci. Ser.: Phys. Sci., 1990: p. 52.
CA=Cohen, J. S.Davies, J.D., et al., Search for 2.5 MeV neutrons from D2O (heavy water) electrolytic cells stimulated by high-intensity muons and pions. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. 103(1): p. 155.
CA=Pyle, G. J., CA=Squier, G. T. A., CA=Bertin, A., CA=Bruschi, M., CA=Piccinini, M., CA=Vitale, A., CA=Zoccoli, A., CA=Jones, S. E., CA=Alper, B., CA=Bom, V. R., CA=Van Eijk, C. W. E., CA=de Haan, H., CA=Craston, D. H., CA=Jones, C. P., CA=Williams, D. E. G., CA=Anderson, D. M., CA=Eaton, G. H.Davis, L., Cold fusion: a learning curve? Aust. Phys., 1989. 26: p. 219.
Daviss, B., Reasonable Doubt, in New Scientist. 2003. p. 36.
Davydov, A.S., Possible interpretation of cold nuclear fusion (Letter to the Editor). Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1989. 34: p. 1295 (in Russian).
Davydov, A.S., Possible explanation of the cold fusion experiments". Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1990. 35(9): p. 811.
De Marco, F., et al. Progress Report on the Research Activities on Cold Fusion at ENEA Frascati. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Violante, V.De Ninno, A., et al., Emission of neutrons as a consequence of titanium-deuterium interaction. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101: p. 841.
CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Lollobattista, G., CA=Martinis, L., CA=Martone, M., CA=Mori, L., CA=Podda, S., CA=Scaramuzzi, F.De Ninno, A., et al., Emission of neutrons from a deuterium-titanium system. Energ. Nucl. (Rome), 1989. 6: p. 9 (in Italian).
CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Lollobattista, G., CA=Martinis, L., CA=Martone, M., CA=Mori, L., CA=Podda, S., CA=Scaramuzzi, F.De Ninno, A., et al., Evidence of emission of neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system". Europhys. Lett., 1989. 9: p. 221.
CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Lollobattista, G., CA=Martinis, L., CA=Martone, M., CA=Mori, L., CA=Podda, S., CA=Scaramuzzi, F.De Ninno, A., et al. Emission of Neutron Bursts From a Titanium-Deuterium Gas Ststem in a High-Effeciency Low-Background Experimental Setup. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Pontorieri, C., CA=Zeppa, P.De Ninno, A., et al. The Production of Neutrons and Tritium in the Deuterium Gas-Titanium Interaction. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Migliori, S., CA=Lanza, F., CA=Scaglione, S., CA=Zeppa, P., CA=Pontorieri, C.De Ninno, A. and V. Violante. "Quasi-Plasma" Transport Model in Deuterium Overloaded Cathodes. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Violante, V.De Ninno, A. and V. Violante, Study of deuterium charging in palladium by electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 1304.
CA=Violante, V.De Ninno, A., A. La Barbera, and V. Violante. Selection of palladium metallurgical parameters to achieve very high loading rations. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Violante, V.De Ninno, A., A. La Barbera, and V. Violante, Deformations induced by high loading ratios in palladium-deuterium compounds. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 181.
CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Violante, V.De Ninno, A., et al. Cold Fusion at ENEA Frascati: Progress Report. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Violante, V., CA=Scaramuzzi, F.
Abstract
The resources dedicated by ENEA to Cold Fusion research in the last two years have been strongly reduced. Nevertheless, fruitful activity has been performed following two main lines.
The first line attains to the effort for reaching high values of D/Pd ratio in Pd in order to obtain the best conditions for cold fusion phenomena, in particular power excess production in electrolytic cells. The outcome of this research is the definition of the starting characteristic of Pd (metallurgy), and the procedure for its loading with Deuterium. The calorimetry by now assessed at ENEA Frascati has been used for the detection of power excess.
The second line concerns the attempt to detect in a clear way the production of 4He during the power excess episodes. A system aimed to the analysis of the gases evolving from the electrolytic cell is being realised and will be briefly described.
De Ninno, A., M.V. Antisari, and C. Giangiordano. Material Science Aimed at Improving the Reproducibility of Heat Excess Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Antisari, M. V., CA=Giangiordano, C.De Ninno, A., et al. A New Method Aimed at Detecting Small Amounts of Helium in a Gaseous Mixture. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Franttolillo, A., CA=Rizzo, A., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Alessandrini, C.De Ninno, A., et al., Experimental Evidence of 4He Production in a Cold Fusion Experiment. 2002, ENEA - Unita Tecnico Scientfica Fusione Centro Ricerche Frascati, Roma.
CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Rizzo, A., CA=Del Gindice, E., CA=Preparata, G.We report the simultaneous production of excess enthalpy and of 4He in a one dimensional Palladium (Pd) stripe cathode electrolytically loaded with Deuterium (D), occurring when the stoichiometric ratio x=[D]/[Pd] exceeds 1. The excess heat is signaled by the local temperature rise, measured by a commercial Peltier element in good thermal contact with the thin film cathode substrate. In order to detect the very small amount of 4He expected in the gas mixture exiting from the cell, we remove effectively all non inert components of the gas mixture (especially hydrogen isotopes) with a non-evaporable getter (NEG) pump. . . .
AU=De Ninno, A.De Ninno, A., et al. 4He Detection In A Cold Fusion Experiment. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Rizzo, A., CA=Del Gindice, E.
Excesses enthalpy consistent only with a nuclear process (deuterium fusion) has been claimed since 1989, even though these results are considered inconsistent with modern nuclear science and have been discarded by the most of nuclear scientists.
We started an experimental programme aimed at probing these issues:
Thermal anomalies can be observed only when the concentration x= [D]/[Pd] overcomes a threshold (x=1) [1];
This threshold can be easily obtained in a suitably Pd geometry;
The thermal anomalies can be started and stopped controlling the experimental procedure;
4He is simultaneously generated, commensurate with the level of the excess enthalpy [2], [3], [4].
Understanding a triple coincidence – the reaching of the threshold of the D concentration in Pd, the appearance of the excess of enthalpy, and the appearance of 4He – is the primary objective of this investigation . . .
De Ninno, A., E. Del Giudice, and A. Frattolillo, Excess Heat and Calorimetric Calculation: Evidence of Coherent Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter at Room Temperature, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 127-152.
CA=Del Giudice, E., CA=Frattolillo, A.Deakin, M.R., et al., Search for cold fusion using x-ray detection. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. R1851.
CA=Fox, J. D., CA=Kemper, K. W., CA=Myers, E. G., CA=Shelton, W. N., CA=Skofronick, J. G.Dean, S.O., Fusion News: 2004. J. Fusion Energy, 2004. 23(3): p. 137.
Defkalion, Defkalion Green Technologies: Company Overview, Market Strategy, Global Positioning. 2011: Athens, Greece.
Defkalion Green Technologies s.a. was established to manufacture and market products based on the E-Cat, which was invented by Andrea Rossi. We are undertaking a path from invention to industrialization on a global scale. There is no government financing involved.
AU=Degwekar, S. B.Degwekar, S.B. and M. Srinivasan, A simple dead time method for measuring the fraction of bunched neutronic emission in cold fusion experiments. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1990. 17: p. 583.
CA=Srinivasan, M.Dekhtyar, I.Y. and V.S. Shevchenko, Positron Annihilation in the System Palladium-Hydrogen. Phys. Stat. Sol. B, 1972. 49: p. K11.
CA=Shevchenko, V. S.Del Giudice, E., et al. Loading Palladium with Deuterium Gas while Lowering Temperature. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Preparata, G., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Tripodi, P.Del Giudice, E., et al. The Fleischmann-Pons Effect in a Novel Electrolytic Configuration. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Franttolillo, A., CA=Preparata, G., CA=Scaramuzzi, F., CA=Bulfone, A., CA=Cola, M., CA=Giannetti, C.Del Giudice, E., et al. Loading of H(D) in a Pd lattice. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Fleischmann, M., CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Mengoli, G.The aim of the present contribution is to summarize what we have learnt in the last years about the ways and the means through which we are able to reach high loadings (x=D/Pd >1) in Pd-D systems.
AU=Del Giudice, E.Del Giudice, E., et al. Production of excess enthalpy in the electrolysis of D2O on Pd cathodes. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Frattolillo, A., CA=Porcu, M., CA=Rizzo, A.
INTRODUCTION
We report the preliminary results of an experiment aimed at detecting the simultaneous production of excess heat and 4He in Palladium cathodes loaded with Deuterium up to a stoichiometric ratio x=D/Pd larger than 1.
Del Giudice, E. and A. De Ninno. Are Nuclear Transmutations Observed At Low Energies Consequences Of Qed Coherence? in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=De Ninno, A.Nuclear transmutations have been reported to occur in matrices subjected to either electrochemical or gas loading at room temperature. To overcome the difficulties of the large Coulomb repulsion among nuclei a γ-ray electromagnetic field appears as a suitable agent. It is discussed whether this e.m. excitation could emerge from cold fusion processes and induce nuclear reactions through the giant resonance coupling of this e.m. field with the closed shells present in the nuclei of the matrix.
AU=Delley, B.Delley, B., Effect of electronic screening on cold-nuclear-fusion rates. Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10: p. 347.
Demanins, F., et al., Search for the neutron production in niobium deuteride. Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 559.
CA=Graziani, M., CA=Kaspar, J., CA=Modesti, S., CA=Raicich, F., CA=Rosei, R., CA=Tommasini, F., CA=Trovarelli, A.Demidenko, V.S. and V.I. Simakov, The state of deuterium and probability of cold nuclear fusion in solids. Izv. Vysch. Uchebn. Zaved. Fiz., 1993. 36(10): p. 20 (in Russian).
CA=Simakov, V. I.Derjaguin, B.V., et al., Titanium fracture yields neutrons? Nature (London), 1989. 341: p. 492.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Kluev, V. A., CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Toporov, Yu. PDerjaguin, B.V., et al., Excitation of nuclear reaction under mechanical effect (impact) on deuterated solids. Physica B, 1990. 167: p. 189.
CA=Kluev, V. A., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Toporov, Yu. P.Deryagin, B.V., et al., Possibility of nuclear reactions during the fracture of solids. Colloid J. USSR, 1986. 48: p. 8.
CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Toporov, Yu. P.Deryagin, B.V., et al., On the initiation of the nuclear fusion reaction in deuterated ferroelectric at its polarisation reversal induced by an electric field. Dokl, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1994. 336: p. 753 (in Russian).
CA=Andriankin, E. I., CA=Kutikov, A. A., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Fedorovich, G. V.Deryagin, B.V., et al., On the possibility of initiation of nuclear fusion in deuterated ferroelectrics by polarisation reversal waves at T < Tc. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1994. 334(3): p. 291 (in Russian).
CA=Andriankin, E. I., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Metelkin, E. V., CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Fedorovich, G. V.Di Giulio, M., et al., Analysis of Nuclear Transmutations Observed in D- and H-Loaded Films. J. Hydrogen Eng., 2002. 27: p. 527.
CA=Filippo, E., CA=Manno, D., CA=Nassisi, V.Dickinson, J.T., et al., Fracto-emission from deuterated titanium: Supporting evidence for a fracto-fusion mechanism. J. Mater. Res., 1990. 5: p. 109.
CA=Jensen, L. C., CA=Langford, S. C., CA=Ryan, R. R., CA=Garcia, E.Didenko, Y. and K. Suslick, The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation. Nature (London), 2002. 418: p. 394-397.
CA=Suslick, K.Dienes, J.K., On nuclear reactions in defects. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 543.
Dignan, T.G., et al., A search for neutrons from fusion in a highly deuterated cooled palladium thin film. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 469.
CA=Bruington, M. C., CA=Johnson, R. T., CA=Bland, R. W.Dillon, C.T. and B.J. Kennedy, The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. I. Surface composition and morphology. Aust. J. Chem., 1993. 46: p. 663.
CA=Kennedy, B. J.Dillon, C.T., B.J. Kennedy, and M.M. Elcombe, The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. II. In situ neutron diffraction studies. Aust. J. Chem., 1993. 46: p. 681.
CA=Kennedy, B. J., CA=Elcombe, M. M.Ding, Y. and B.Y. Liaw. Electrochemical Characterization of Ni in Hydride-containing Molten Salts. in 9th International Conf. on Solid State Ionics. 1993. The Hague, The Netherlands.
CA=Liaw, B. Y.Dini, D. Why "Cold" and "Warm" Fusion Reaction Plants for Producinbg Useful Energy are Very Far From Now. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Divisek, J., L. Fuerst, and J. Balej, Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Part II. Experimental results. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 278: p. 99.
CA=Fuerst, L., CA=Balej, J.Dmitrenko, V.N., I.P. Dryapachenko, and M.V. Sokolov, On the possibility of the study of electron screening in three-particle nuclear reactions. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1991. 36: p. 993 (in Russian).
CA=Dryapachenko, I. P., CA=Sokolov, M. V.Dmitriyeva, O., et al. Mechanisms for heat generated during deuterium loading of alumina-based Pd nanoparticle material (PowerPoint slides). in ACS National Meeting. 2011. Anaheim, CA.
CA=Cantwell, R., CA=McConnell, M., CA=Moddel, G.Recent studies on gas-loading of Pd nanoparticle materials have demonstrated consistent and repeatable anomalous heat production in the presence of deuterium gas [1-4]. Our group has confirmed anomalous heat production in zeolite and alumina powders containing Pd nanoparticles and found additional features. Investigations at low pressure and slow loading showed a clear association between exothermic and endothermic features and the presence of specific chemical species. These provide insight into the underlying mechanisms and the crucial question as to the origins of the anomalous heat.
AU=DOEDOE, 2004 U.S. Department of Energy Cold Fusion Review Reviewer Comments. 2004, Department of Energy, Office of Science.
Eighteen anonymous reviews of cold fusion gather by the DoE for the 2004 Report of the Review of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions.
AU=DOEDOE, Report of the Review of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 2004, Department of Energy, Office of Science.
Introduction
The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Science (SC) was approached in late 2003 by a group of scientists who requested that the Department revisit the question of scientific evidence for low energy nuclear reactions. In 1987 Pons and Fleischman first reported the production of “excess” heat in a Pd electrochemical cell, and postulated that this was due to D-D fusion (D=deuterium), sometimes referred to as “cold fusion.” The work was reviewed in 1989 by the Energy Research Advisory Board (ERAB) of the DOE. ERAB did not recommend the establishment of special programs within DOE devoted to the science of low energy fusion, but supported funding of peer-reviewed experiments for further investigations. Since 1989, research programs in cold fusion have been supported by various universities, private industry, and government agencies in several countries. . . .
Dolan, T.J. An outsider's view of cold fusion. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
An outsider’s views are presented on ICCF-9, on cold fusion research issues, and on suggestions for improvement.
AU=Dolan, T. J.Dolan, T.J., Notes from the 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Sciences. 2005: Yokohama, Japan.
The following brief summary refers to only some of the 60 papers presented at the conference.
AU=Dominguez, D. D.Dominguez, D.D., P.L. Hagans, and M.A. Imam, A Summary of NRL Research on Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Palladium Electrochemical Systems. 1996: Washington.
CA=Hagans, P. L., CA=Imam, M. A.Dominguez, D.D., P.L. Hagans, and M.A. Imam. The effect of microstructure on deuterium loading in palladium cathodes. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Hagans, P. L., CA=Imam, M. A.
Abstract
The effect of micro structure on deuterium loading in palladium cathodes was investigated. Cathode micro structure is determined by thermomechanical processing that includes electrode deformation (swaging) and the annealing conditions (time and temperature). Results will be presented on the extent of deuterium loading in rod-shaped (0.4 cm in diameter and 3.5 cm long) cathodes with controlled microstructure produced at The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Loading on NRL cathodes will be compared with that attained on commercially available electrodes routinely used at other laboratories.
Dong, Q., et al., Studies on behavior of deuterium and hydrogen in palladium". Chem. J. Chin. Univ, 1992. 13(6): p. 847 (in Chinese).
CA=Qiu, W., CA=Gan, F., CA=Cai, N.Dong, S.Y., et al., Precursors to 'cold fusion' phenomenon and the detection of energetic charged particles in deuterium/solid systems. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 330.
CA=Wang, K. L., CA=Feng, Y., CA=Chang, L., CA=Luo, C. M., CA=Hu, R. Y., CA=Zhou, P. L., CA=Mo, D. W., CA=Zhu, Y. F., CA=Song, C .L., CA=Chen, Y. T., CA=Yao, M. Y., CA=Ren, C., CA=Chen, Q. K., CA=Li, X. Z.Donne, A.J.H. and A.A.M. Oomens, Zon op Aarde (Sun on Earth). Natuur en Technik, 1990. 58(2): p. 118 (in Dutch).
CA=Oomens, A. A. M.Donohue, D.L. and M. Petek, Isotopic measurements of palladium metal containing protium and deuterium by glow discharge mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 1991. 63: p. 740.
CA=Petek, M.Dougar-Jabon, V.D., V.I. Kariaka, and N.V. Samsonenko. Study of the Neutron and g-Emission from the Palladium-Deuterium System in the Process of the Transformation of the Crystalline Structure. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Kariaka, V. I., CA=Samsonenko, N. V.Dragan, G., Topoenergetic evidence of cold fusion phenomena. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 361.
Dragic, A. and Z. Maric, Comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 229: p. 130.
CA=Maric, Z.Dragic, A., Z. Maric, and J.P. Vigier, New quantum mechanical tight bound states and 'cold fusion'. Phys. Lett. A, 2000. 265: p. 163.
CA=Maric, Z., CA=Vigier, J. P.Drexler, J., Self-catalyzed nuclear fusion of lithium-6 and deuterium using alpha particles. 1994: World WO 94/16446.
Droege, L.J. and T.F. Droege. A Zero Gradient Calorimeter for the Measurement of Anomalous Heat from the Electrolysis of Deuterated Metals. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Droege, T. F.Droege, T.F., A Discussion of an H2O run which followed Operation with D20. 1990.
Droege, T.F. and L.J. Droege. An Improved Zero Gradient Calorimeter For the Investigation of Cold Fusion Phenomena. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Droege, L. J.Duan, S.Y., et al. Fusion Neutron Emission Induced by Injection of Deuterium Into Titanium Target in a Mirror Plasma. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Guan, W. S., CA=Cheng, S. Q., CA=Zhang, J., CA=Hao, S. L., CA=Gu, B., CA=Li, J. Q., CA=Liang, W. X., CA=Zhsang, G. Y., CA=Pei, S. X., CA=Huang, J. C., CA=Chen, K. W., CA=Liu, R., CA=Liu, X. R., CA=Li, Y. J.Dudu, D., et al., Nuclear effects in the electrolysis of heavy water. Rev. Roum. Phys., 1989. 34: p. 229.
CA=Molea, M., CA=Pascalau, I., CA=Piticu, I., CA=Vata, I.Dufour, J., Energy Source System (Patent). 1991: World Patent, WO 91/01036 (1991).
Dufour, J., Cold fusion by sparking in hydrogen isotopes. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 205.
Dufour, J., J. Foos, and J.P. Millot. Cold Fusion by Sparking in Hydrogen Isotopes. Energy Balances and Search for Fusion By-products. A Strategy to Prove the Reality of Cold Fusion. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Foos, J., CA=Millot, J. P.The idea of transmuting hydrogen isotopes into heavier species (helium), at room temperature, with the aid of palladium acting as a kind of catalyst can be traced back as early as 1926. In 1989, a rebirth was given to the concept. By electrolysing heavy water with a palladium cathode, Jones, Fleischmann and Pons claimed to obtain significant energy production, in excess of the electrical energy introduce into the apparatus to carry out the electrolysis. . . .
AU=Dufour, J.Dufour, J., J. Foos, and J.P. Millot. Measurement of Excess Energy and Isotope Formation in the Palladium-Hydrogen System. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Foos, J., CA=Millot, J. P.
Abstract
A search for the products of fusion reactions that could be triggered by sparking in hydrogen isotopes was carried out. No signatures above background were found. On the contrary, the excess energy production was confirmed in the simple hydrogen/palladium system. The formation of a tightly bound state of the hydrogen (deuterium) atom is hypothesized to explain these results.
Dufour, J., et al. From "Cold Fusion" to "Hydrex" and "Deutex" States of Hydrogen. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Foos, J., CA=Millot, J. P., CA=Dufour, X.Dufour, J., et al., Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 198.
CA=Foos, J., CA=Millot, J. P., CA=Dufour, X.Dufour, J., J. Foos, and X.J.C. Dufour. Formation and Properties of Hydrex and Deutex. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Foos, J., CA=Dufour, X. J. C.Dufour, J., J. Foos, and X.J.C. Dufour, Formation and properties of hydrex and deutex. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 53.
CA=Foos, J., CA=Dufour, X. J. C.Dufour, J., Response to 'Comments on 'Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/ deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope'. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 385.
Dufour, J., et al. Hydrex Catallyzed Transmutation of Uranium and Palladium: Experimental Part. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Murat, D., CA=Dufour, X., CA=Foos, J.Dufour, J., et al., Hydrogen triggered exothermic reaction in uranium metal. Phys. Lett. A, 2000. 270: p. 254.
CA=Murat, D., CA=Dufour, X., CA=Foos, J.An exothermal reaction has been observed when submitting metallic uranium to the combined action of a magnetic field and an electrical current. The set-up used to study the phenomenon is described and results are given. A tentative explanation is given, based on the possible existence of a still hypothetical proton/electron resonance.
AU=Dufour, J.Dufour, J., et al. The Hydrex Concept-Effect on Heavy Nuclei. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Murat, D., CA=Dufour, X., CA=Foos, J.Dufour, J., et al., Experimental observation of nuclear reactions in palladium and uranium -- possible explanation by hydrex mode. Fusion Technol., 2001. 40: p. 91.
CA=Murat, D., CA=Dufour, X., CA=Foos, J.Experiments with uranium are presented that show a highly exothermal reaction, which can only be of nuclear origin. One striking point of these results is that they clearly show that what is being observed is not some kind of fusion reaction of the deuterium present (only exceedingly small amounts of it are present). This is a strong indication that hydrogen can trigger nuclear reactions that seem to involve the nuclei of the lattice (which would yield a fission-like pattern of products). Confronted with a situation where some experiments in the field yield a fusion-like pattern of products (CF experiments) and others a fissionlike one (LENR experiments), one can reasonably wonder whether one is not observing two aspects of the same phenomenon. . . .
AU=Dufour, J.Dufour, J., et al. Synthesis Of A Copper Like Compound From Nickel And Hydrogen And Of A Chromium Like Compound From Calcium And Deuterium. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Murat, D., CA=Dufour, X., CA=Foos, J.Dufour, J., et al. A simple calorimetric method to avoid artifacts in a controversial field: The ice calorimeter. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Dufour, X., CA=Murat, D., CA=Foos, J.The idea of the ice calorimeter is rather old. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) developed in 1783 a calorimetric method based on the measurement of the mass of the ice that melts when heated. Robert Bunsen (1811-1899) improved this method in 1870 and designed a calorimeter based on the measurement of the volume rather than the mass of ice melted. Nowadays this method is still used [1] because it is simple, accurate, sensitive and most of all rather insensible to interference, which is a key point in order to have convincing experiment in a controversial field. Moreover, an ice calorimeter is adiabatic and isotherm (0°C) thus suppressing the problem of heat transfer in wires and tubing connecting the experiment to the outside of the calorimeter. It is an integrating calorimeter that measures enthalpy.
AU=Dufour, J.Dufour, J., et al. An Experimental Device To Test the YPCP ("Yukawa Pico Chemistry And Physics") Model: Implications for the CF-LENR Field. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Dufour, X., CA=Murat, D., CA=Foos, J.Dufour, J. The CMAF Window (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
Possible sizeable energy production from 500/1000 eV deuterons.
AU=Duncan, R.Duncan, R. An Outsider's View of the Fleischmann - Pons Effect (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
A Long History of ‘Cold Fusion’
* First report of a possible nuclear fusion in palladium loaded with heavy hydrogen: Berlin, Germany, September 17, 1926 by Professors Paneth and Peters, later retracted. (83 years old)
* Some patent activity in and after 1927 . . .
Dunlap, B.I., et al., Linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals - local-density-functional cluster studies of D-D interactions in titanium and palladium. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41: p. 9683.
CA=Brenner, D. W., CA=Mowrey, R. C., CA=Mintmire, J. W., CA=White, C. T.Durocher, J.J.G., et al., A search for evidence of cold fusion in the direct implantation of palladium and indium with deuterium. Can. J. Phys., 1989. 67: p. 624.
CA=Gallop, D. M., CA=Kwok, C. B., CA=Mathur, M. S., CA=Mayer, J. K., CA=McKee, J. S. C., CA=Mirzai, A., CA=Smith, G. R., CA=Yeo, Y. H.Durup, J., Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 1990. 93: p. 6120.
Eagleton, R.D. and R.T. Bush, Design considerations for palladium electrodes as suggested by a deuteron cluster model for cold nuclear fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 359.
CA=Bush, R. T.Eagleton, R.D. and R.T. Bush, Calorimetric experiments supporting the transmission resonance model for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 239.
CA=Bush, R. T.Eagleton, R.D. Experimental Details for Light Water Cold Fusion Research at Cal. Poly.- Pomona. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Early, J.G., Hydrogen diffusion in palladium by galvaostatic charging. Acta Metall., 1978. 26: p. 1215.
Eberhard, V., et al., Neutron limits from gas-loaded titanium-deuterium systems. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 334: p. 357.
CA=Heeringa, W., CA=Klages, H. O., CA=Maschuw, R., CA=Voelker, G., CA=Zeitnitz, B.Echenique, P.M., J.R. Manson, and R.H. Ritchie, Cluster-Impact Fusion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 64(12): p. 1413.
CA=Manson, J. R., CA=Ritchie, R. H.Editorial, Cold Confusion, and Cold Results from Utah. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 361, 364.
Eggers, H.C. and J. Rafelski, Strangeness and Quark Gluon Plasma: Aspects of Theory and Experiment. 1990.
CA=Rafelski, J.Ehrlich, A.C., et al., A search for neutrons in single-phase palladium-deuterium Kold fusion? Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 529.
CA=Gillespie, D. J., CA=Kamm, G. N., CA=Elbek, B.Ellison, C.H. and J.A. Mahaffey, An investigation of reports of fusion reactions occurring at the cathode in glow discharges. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 178.
CA=Mahaffey, J. A.ENEA. Abstracts. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy.
Abstracts from the ICCF-15 conference held in Rome, Italy, October 5-9, 2009.
AU=Engvild, K. C.Engvild, K.C., Nuclear reaction by three-body recombination beteween deuterons and the nuclei of lattice-trapped D2 molecules. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 253.
Engvild, K.C. and L. Kowalski. Triple Deuterium Fusion Between Deuterons And The Nuclei Of Lattice Trapped Deuterium Molecules. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Kowalski, L.A hypothesis is proposed where low energy nuclear reactions involve three-body recombination of deuterons injected between the nuclei of D2 molecules trapped in a dense lattice of a chemical compound of transition metal and impurity. Two D's fuse to 4He, and the energy is converted by expulsion of the third deuteron. Measurable fusion occurs when two D's are confined within 0.1 angstrom of each other. Three boson (efimov) interactions can have longer range than two boson interactions. The best known example is triple alpha fusion to carbon-12 in stars. Triple deuterium interaction could perhaps be possible in the 0.5-1.0 angstrom range; the distance between D's in a D2 molecule are 0.74 angstrom. The hypothesis accounts for the low reproducibility and short duration of the effect because of rapid destruction of the active structure by sputtering, radiation damage, bubble formation and chemical reduction of the impurities to compounds like D2O, ND3, CD4, or BD3. The hypothesis also accounts for the observed prevalence of 4He >> tritium >> neutrons.
AU=Enyo, M.Enyo, M., Is the cold fusion reaction possible? Kagaku to Kogyo (Tokyo), 1991. 44: p. 47 (in Japanese).
Enyo, M., Key points in the evaluation of experimental results (the excess heat). Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 62: p. 716 (in Japanese).
Enyo, M. and P.C. Biswas, Hydrogen absorption in palladium electrodes in alkaline solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 335: p. 309.
CA=Biswas, P. C.Enyo, M. Hydrogen/Deuterium Concentration in Pd under Cathodic Polarization. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Enyo, M. and P.C. Biswas, Hydrogen pressure equivalent to overpotential on Pd + Ag alloy electrodes in acidic solutions in the presence of thiourea. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 357: p. 67.
CA=Biswas, P. C.EPRI. NSF/EPRI Workshop on Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Metals. 1989. Washington, D.C.: Electric Power Research Institute.
Attempts to confirm Fleischmann and Pons’s observations of cold fusion phenomena have met with inconsistent results. This second workshop on this topic brought together skeptics and advocates to facilitate communication, to examine closely the experimental results, and to identify research issues.
AU=EPRIEPRI. Proceedings: Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion Volume 1: Plenary Session Papers, TR-104188-V1. 1994. Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii: Electric Power Research Institute.
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 1. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V1
This meeting was the latest in a series of conferences devoted to a new area of scientific endeavor, variously called, "Deuterated Metals Research," "Anomalous Nuclear Phenomena in Solids," and "New Hydrogen Energy."
A number of new experimental approaches were presented including the use of ceramic proton conductors at high temperature and the use of ultrasonic cavitation in heavy water to load palladium and titanium foils with deuterium.
The 125 papers that were presented were divided so that Volume 1 contains all the papers received from authors who participated in the four plenary sessions, Volume 2 includes contributed papers on calorimetry and materials, Volume 3 has contributions on nuclear particle detection and measurement, and Volume 4 contains the papers contributed on theory and special topics.
EPRI. Proceedings: Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion Volume 2: Calorimetry and Materials Papers, TR-104188-V2. 1994. Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii: Electric Power Research Institute.
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 2. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V2
EPRI. Proceedings: Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion Volume 3: Nuclear Measurements Papers, TR-104188-V3. 1994. Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii: Electric Power Research Institute.
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 3. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V3
EPRI. Proceedings: Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion Volume 4: Theory and Special Topics Papers, TR-104188-V4. 1994. Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii: Electric Power Research Institute.
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 4. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V4
EPRI, Cavitation-Induced Excess Heat in Deuterated Metals, TR-108474. 1998, Electric Power Research Institute.
EPRI, Development of Energy Production Systems from Heat Produced in Deuterated Metals, Volume 1, TR-107843-V1. 1998, Electric Power Research Institute.
EPRI sponsored an experimental program to investigate the idea that heat, and possibly nuclear products, could be created electrolytically in palladium lattices. Observations using high precision mass flow calorimetry revealed that excess heat could be produced in electrochemical cells with palladium cathodes and a heavy water electrolyte in a more or less reproducible manner, when a number of criteria were satisfied. This excess heat generated is far too large to be a chemical or metallurgical transformation. By inference, a nuclear reaction of some as yet undetermined nature is the hypothesized heat source. This report details the observation of excess powers documented in calorimetry experiments.
AU=EPRIEPRI, Development of Energy Production Systems from Heat Produced in Deuterated Metals, Volume 2, TR-107843-V2. 1998, Electric Power Research Institute.
EPRI sponsored an experimental program to investigate the idea that heat and possibly nuclear reaction products could be created electrolytically in palladium lattices. Excess heat—which occurred in a number of cases when certain criteria were satisfied—was too large to result from any chemical or metallurgical transformation in so small a mass of material. By inference, some type of nuclear reaction was the hypothesized heat source. This report details the search for “signature” emissions of possible nuclear reactions associated with heat production.
AU=ERABERAB, Report of the Cold Fusion Panel to the Energy Research Advisory Board. 1989: Washington, DC.
A copy of the ERAB report has been prepared by the National Capital Area Skeptics (NCAS) organization (www.ncas.org). It is available here:
http://www.ncas.org/erab/
This library contains a brief introduction to the report and a copy of the NCAS version of the ERAB report.
Escarpizo, B., et al. Solid State and Electrochemical Phenomena Related to Cold Fusion in Titanium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Fernandez, F., CA=Sevilla, J., CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Sanchez, C.Escarpizo, B., et al. Solid State and Electrochemical Phenomena Related to Cold Fusion in Titanium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Fernandez, F., CA=Sevilla, J., CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Sanchez, C.Escarpizo, B., et al. Deuterium Concentration Profiles and Crystallization Anomalies in Electrolytically Deuterated Titanium Plates. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Fernandez, J. F., CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Tornero, J., CA=Sanchez, C.Essen, H. and S. Kullander, Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardocorp, Bologna 29 March 2011., in NyTeknik. 2011.
CA=Kullander, S.
We gathered in the Leonardo Corporation building where the 10 kW apparatus for anomalous energy production by nickel and hydrogen was demonstrated during a press conference on 14th of January. References [1] to [4] for the original papers describing the innovation are listed at the end. In the same building, two CHP facilities were located, based on biodiesel from waste which Andrea Rossi, prior to his present Ni-H activity, had developed.
The present test was done on a smaller device [5] than the 10 kW device that has been used earlier during the January press conference. One of the reasons for going to smaller dimensions is safety according to Rossi.
Evan, D. and S. Szpak, Note on the release of nH1 from cathodically polarized Pd electrodes. 1998.
CA=Szpak, S.Evans, A.B., 4-Space Dirac Theory and LENR. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.
A 4-space Dirac theory, which gives the same transition energies as the standard model, predicts specific distributions of virtual electrons and positrons accompanying bound electrons. If potential barriers are viewed stochastically, it seems possible that this has implications for LENR.
AU=Evans, P.Evans, P., Reply to patent office. 1996.
Ewing, R.I., et al., Negative results and positive artifacts observed in a comprehensive search for neutrons from 'cold fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 404.
CA=Butler, M. A., CA=Schirber, J. E., CA=Ginley, D. S.Ewing, R.I., et al., A sensitive multi-detector neutron counter used to monitor 'cold fusion' experiments in an underground laboratory: negative results and positive artifacts. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1990. 37: p. 1165.
CA=Butler, M. A., CA=Ginley, D. S., CA=Schirber, J. E.Ewing, R.I., High-sensitivity neutron detectors used at Sandia National Laboratories to monitor and diagnose 'cold fusion' experiments: negative results. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 473.
Fallavier, J., et al., Srearch for Nuclear Fusion in Deuterated Targets under Cluster-Beam Impact. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 65(5): p. 621.
CA=Kemmler, J., CA=Kirsch, R., CA=Poizat, J. C., CA=Remillieux, J., CA=Thomas, J. P.Faller, S.H., R.W. Holloway, and S.C. Lee, Investigation of cold fusion in heavy water. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137(1): p. 9.
CA=Holloway, R. W., CA=Lee, S. C.Fan, G.Y., et al. Production of Neutron and Tritium from D2O Electrolysis with Palladium Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Wang, X. F., CA=Huang, G. S., CA=Zhou, H. Y., CA=Han, Z. E., CA=Wu, Z. D.Fang, P.H., An Investigation of Interactions Between Deuterium and Palladium Related Crystalline and Amorphous Alloys. 1989.
Fang, P.H., Deuterium fusion through nonequilibrium induction. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 369.
Farkas, A., On the electrolytic separation of the hydrogen isotopes on a palladium cathode. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937. 33: p. 552.
Farley, F.J.M., Cold fusion. New Scientist, 1991. 129(1756): p. 3.
Farrell, J.J., R.L. Mills, and W.R. Good, An Alternative Explanation of Extreme UltraViolet Emission From Dark Matter. 1993.
CA=Mills, R. L., CA=Good, W. R.Fateev, E.G., Possibilities for establishing the mechanism of neutron generation in deuterated materials under mechanical loading. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1995. 21(5): p. 373.
Fauvarque, J., P. Clauzon, and G. Lalleve. Abnormal excess heat observed during Mizuno-type experiments. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Clauzon, P., CA=Lalleve, G.
ABSTRACT
A simple calorimeter has been designed that works at constant temperature; that of boiling water. Heat losses can be estimated accurately with an ohmic heater. As expected, losses are independent of the electric power input to the heater and the amount of evaporated water is linearly dependant on the power input. The device has been used to determine the heating power of a plasma electrolysis (the Ohmori-Mizuno experiment). We confirm that in this experiment, the heat output from electrolysis is greater than the electrical power input. The excess energy increases as the electrolysis voltage is increased from 200 V up to 350 V (400 W input). The excess energy may be as high as 120 W.
Fayet, P., A. Kaldor, and D.M. Cox, Palladium Clusters: H2, D2, N2, CH4, CD4, C2H4, and C2H6 Reactivity and D2 Saturation Studies. J. Chem. Phys., 1990. 92: p. 254.
CA=Kaldor, A., CA=Cox, D. M.Feder, T., DOE Warms to Cold Fusion. Physics Today, 2004. April: p. 27.
This is a short summary of Feder, T., DOE Warms to Cold Fusion. Physics Today, 2004. April: p. 27. The full article is available at the Physics Today website: http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-4/p27.html
AU=Fedorovich, G. F.Fedorovich, G.F., Coulomb interaction in a radiation defect of a hydride crystal. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1990. 16(12): p. 911.
Fedorovich, G.V., Coulomb interaction in an E-cell. Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., 1991. 36: p. 847.
Fedorovich, G.V., The Coulomb interaction in the E-cell. Physica B, 1991. 172: p. 491.
Fedorovich, G.V., Quantum-mechanical screening. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 164: p. 149.
Fedorovich, G.V., A possible way to nuclear fusion in solids. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 288.
Fedorovich, G.V., Nuclear fusion in crystal hydrides of light elements. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 442.
Fedorovich, G.V., Parametric excitation of crystalline structures as a possible cause of high-energy emissions. Tech. Phys., 1993. 38(10): p. 866.
Fedorovich, G.V., Ferroelectrics for Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 474.
Fedorovich, G.V., Screening of the Coulomb potential in a nondegenerate hydrogen isotope gas. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 120.
Fedorovich, G.V., The possible nature of cold fusion in the Earth's mantle. Fusion Technol., 1995. 28: p. 1749.
Feenstra, R., et al., Critical Point Lowering in Thin Pd-H Films. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1983. 13: p. L13.
CA=de Bruin-Hordjik, G. J., CA=Bakker, H. L. M., CA=Griessen, R., CA=De Groot, D. G.Feenstra, R., et al., Gravimetrical Determination of Pressure-Composition Isotherms of Thin Pd-H Films. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1986. 16: p. 1953.
CA=de Groot, D. G., CA=Rector, J. H., CA=Salomons, E. M., CA=Griessen, R.Feenstra, R., R. Griessen, and D.G. de Groot, Hydrogen Induced Lattice Expansion and Effective H-H Interaction in Single Phase PdHc. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1986. 16: p. 1933.
CA=Griessen, R., CA=de Groot, D. G.Fehn, T. and C.A. Schiller, Cold nuclear fusion and electrochemical measuring techniques. Chem.-Tech. (Heidelberg), 1989. 18: p. 72, 75, 77 (German).
CA=Schiller, C. A.Felici, R., et al., In situ measurement of the deuterium (hydrogen) charging of a palladium electrode during electrolysis by energy dispersive x-ray diffraction. Rev. Sci. Instr., 1995. 66(5): p. 3344.
CA=Bertalot, L., CA=De Ninno, A., CA=La Barbera, A., CA=Violante, V.Feng, S., Enhancement of cold fusion rate by electron polarization in palladium deuterium solid. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72: p. 205.
Fernandez, F., et al. Nuclear Effects in Electrolytically Deuterated Ti and Pd Electrodes. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Sevilla, J., CA=Escarpizo, B., CA=Sanchez, C.Fernandez, J.F., et al. Cubic-Tetragonal Phase Transition in TiDx (X> or = 1.7) and its Possible Relation to Cold Fusion Reactions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Alguera, M., CA=Sanchez, C.Fernandez, J.F., F. Cuevas, and C. Sanchez, Deuterium concentration profiles in electrochemically deuterated titanium and their evolution after electrolysis. J. Alloys Comp., 1994. 205: p. 303.
CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Sanchez, C.Fernandez, J.F., F. Cuevas, and M. Alguero, Experimental investigation of neutron emissions during thermal cycling of TiDx (x = ca. 2.00). Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 237.
CA=Cuevas, F., CA=Alguero, M.Ferrari, C., et al., A calorimeter for the electrolytic cell and other open systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1996. 18: p. 1333.
CA=Papucci, F., CA=Salvetti, G., CA=Tognoni, E., CA=Tombari, E.Feugeas, J., Comments on "Evidence of micrometre-sized plasmoid emission during electrolysis cold fusion. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 109.
Filimonov, V.A., Mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(20): p. 29 (in Russian).
Filimonov, V.A., On the probability of cold nuclear fusion. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1990. 16(19): p. 42 (in Russian).
Filimonov, V.A., Cold nuclear fusion: Its possibility in principle and means of realization. Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., 1992. 37(6): p. 689.
Filimonov, V.A., On the probability of cold nuclear fusion implementation: Synergetic hypothesis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1992. 162: p. 99.
Filimonov, V.A. and V.A. Lishnevskii. Cold Fusion and Superfast Low-Temperature Chemical Processes in Solids: Common Basis for Understanding. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Lishnevskii, V. A.Filimonov, V.A., Synergetic Activation Model: Key to Intense and Reproducible Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 455.
Filimonov, V.A. Neutrino-Driven Nuclear Reactions Of Cold Fusion And Transmutation. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Filippov, D., A. Rukhadze, and L.I. Urutshoev. Effects of atomic electrons on nuclear stability and radioactive decay. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Rukhadze, A., CA=Urutshoev, L. I.
1. The only valid (necessary and sufficient) condition for b-stability of a nucleus is the minimum value of the mass of the atom (not of the nucleus) on the isobar line (that is, atomic weight = const). This condition holds true for all known isotopes without exception.
2. The condition of nuclear stability and the decay schemes of unstable nuclei depend on the state of the electron shells. Atom ionization and other perturbations in electron shells (caused, for example, by magnetic fields) not only changes the decay periods of unstable nuclei [1, 2], but also alters decay schemes [3] and modifies the stability condition. . . .
Filippov, D., et al. On the possible magnetic mechanism of shortening the runaway of RBMK-1000 reactor at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Lochak, G., CA=Rukhadze, A., CA=Urutskoev, L.Fimin, N.N., Quantum-interference effects and the mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1996. 22(5): p. 17 (in Russian).
Fischer, U., H. Jâger, and W. Lochte-Holtgreven, Neutron Emission Observed During the Electrical Explosion of Deuterated Liquids of Metallic Conductivity. Phys. Lett. B, 1973. 44(2): p. 161.
CA=Jâger, H., CA=Lochte-Holtgreven, W.Fischer, U., H. J‰ger, and W. Lochte-Holtgreven, Neutron Emission Observed During the Electrical Explosion of Deuterated Liquids of Metallic Conductivity. Phys. Lett. B, 1973. 44(2): p. 161.
CA=J‰ger, H., CA=Lochte-Holtgreven, W.Fisher, A., Much Ado About.... MOSAIC, 1990. 21(2): p. 13.
Fisher, J.C., Polyneutrons as agents for cold nuclear reactions. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 511.
Fisher, J.C., Liquid-drop model for extremely neutron rich nuclei. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 66.
Fisher, J.C. Theory of Low-Temperature Particle Showers. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
A theoretical basis is offered for the remarkable observation by Oriani and Fisher [1] of a shower of about 250,000 energetic charged particles that occurred in the vapor of oxygen and hydrogen evolved from electrolysis. The shower was localized in space and in time, originating a few millimeters above the surface of a plastic detector chip and lasting for a few seconds. The responsible nuclear reactions must have been sustained by the vapor constituents.
AU=Fisher, J. C.Fisher, J.C. Polyneutron Theory of Transmutation. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Polyneutron theory postulates that large clusters of neutrons are bound and stable against strong decay and that their interactions with ordinary nuclei are responsible for a new class of low-temperature nuclear phenomena. It is postulated that these clusters, also termed polyneutrons or neutron isotopes, grow to include hundreds of neutrons in chain reactions fueled by isotopes such as 2H, 18O, and 7Li.
AU=Fisher, J. C.Fisher, J.C. External Radiation Produced by Electrolysis -- A Work in Progress. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Fisher, J.C. Outline of Polyneutron Theory. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
I suggest that neutron clusters of sufficient size are bound and stable against strong decay; and that they can react with ordinary nuclei by transferring neutrons to them, accepting neutrons from them, and binding with them to form composite nuclei. Implications of this enlarged scope of nuclear physics are explored, including a chain reaction with nuclear fuel 2H that produces energy, 4He, 3H, and a wide range of nuclear transmutations. Natural explanations emerge for these and other nuclear phenomena for which evidence has been accumulating over the past two decades.
AU=Fishman, R. S.Fishman, R.S. and G.D. Mahan, Binding of charged particles in lattice defects. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(17): p. 11493.
CA=Mahan, G. D.Fitzpatrick, T., Cold Fusion Meet Ends Without Agreement, in Salt Lake City Tribune. 1990: Salt Lake CityEditor.
Flanagan, T.B. and F.A. Lewis, Electrode Potentials of the Palladium + Hydrogen System. Faraday Soc., 1959. 55: p. 1409.
CA=Lewis, F. A.Flanagan, T.B. and F.A. Lewis, Hydrogen Absorption by Palladium in Aqueous Solution. Faraday Soc. Trans., 1959. 55: p. 1401.
CA=Lewis, F. A.Flanagan, T.B., Absorption of Deuterium by Palladium. J. Phys. Chem., 1961. 65: p. 280.
Flanagan, T.B. and J.W. Simon, Consequences of the Proton Model for Hydrogen Adsorption in the b Phase of the Hydrogen-Palladium System. J. Phys. Chem., 1966. 70: p. 3750.
CA=Simon, J. W.Flanagan, T.B., et al., The Effect of Lattice Defects on Hydrogen Solubility in Palladium, I. Experimentally Observed Solubility Enhancements and Thermodynamics of Absorption. J. Less-Common Met., 1979. 49: p. 13.
CA=Lynch, J. F., CA=Clewley, J. D., CA=Turkovich, B. V.Flanagan, T.B., et al., Isobaric and Isothermal Hysteresis in Metal Hydrides and Oxides. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1982. 82: p. 2589.
CA=Clewley, J. D., CA=Kuji, T., CA=Park, C. N., CA=Everett, D. H.Flanagan, T.B. and W.A. Oates, The Effect of Hysteresison the Phase Diagram of Pd-H. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 92: p. 131.
CA=Oates, W. A.Flanagan, T.B., et al., Hydrogen Solubility in Ordered and Disordered Palladium alloys. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. B, 1986: p. 341.
CA=Biehl, G. E., CA=Clewley, J. D., CA=Kuji, T., CA=Sakamoto, Y.Flanagan, T.B., W. Luo, and J.D. Clewley, Calorimetric enthalpies of absorption and desorption of protium and deuterium by palladium. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 42.
CA=Luo, W., CA=Clewley, J. D.Flanagan, T.B. and W.A. Oates, The Palladium-Hydrogen System. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1991. 21: p. 269.
CA=Oates, W. A.Flanagan, T.B. and H. Noh, Thermodynamics and hysteresis for hydrogen solution and hydride formation in Pd-Ni alloys. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1995. 50: p. 475.
CA=Noh, H.Flanagan, T.B., D.L. Wang, and H. Noh, The effect of cycling through the hydride phase on isotherms for fcc Pd-rich alloys. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 216.
CA=Wang, D. L., CA=Noh, H.Flannigan, D.J. and K. Suslick, Plasma formation and temperature measurement during single-bubble cavitation (letter). Nature (London), 2005. 434.
CA=Suslick, K.Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons, The behavior of microdisk and microring electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1987. 222: p. 107.
CA=Pons, S.Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and M. Hawkins, Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 261: p. 301 and errata in Vol. 263.
CA=Pons, S., CA=Hawkins, M.
The strange behaviour of electrogenerated hydrogen dissolved in palladium has been studied for well over 100 years, and latterly these studies have been extended to deuterium and tritium [1]. For discharge of deuterium from alkaline solutions of heavy water we have to consider the reaction steps
D2O + e- → Dads + OD (i)
Dads + D2O + e- → D2 + OD (ii)
Dads → Dlattice (iii)
Dads + Dads → D2 (iv)
It is known that at potentials negative to + 50 mV on the reversible hydrogen scale, the lattice is in the β-phase, hydrogen is in the form of protons (as shown by the migration in an electric field) and is highly mobile (D = 10-7 cm2 s-1 for the α-phase at 300 K).
Fleischmann, M., et al., Measurements of gamma-rays from cold fusion. Nature (London), 1989. 339(622,): p. 667.
CA=Pons, S., CA=Hawkins, M., CA=Hoffman, R. J.Fleischmann, M. An Overview of Cold Fuson Phenomena. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Fleischmann, M., et al., Calorimetry of the palladium-deuterium-heavy water system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 287: p. 293.
CA=Pons, S., CA=Anderson, M. W., CA=Li, L. J., CA=Hawkins, M.
ABSTRACT
It is shown that accurate values of the rates of enthalpy generation in the electrolysis of light and heavy water can be obtained from measurements in simple, single compartment Dewar type calorimeter cells. This precise evaluation of the rate of enthalpy generation relies on the non-linear regression fitting of the “black-box” model of the calorimeter to an extensive set of temperature time measurements. The method of data analysis gives a systematic underestimate of the enthalpy output and, in consequence, a slightly negative excess rate of enthalpy generation for an extensive set of blank experiments using both light and heavy water. By contrast, the electrolysis of heavy water at palladium electrodes shows a positive excess rate of enthalpy generation; this rate increases markedly with current density, reaching values of approximately 100 W cm-3 at approximately 1 A cm-2. It is also shown that prolonged polarization of palladium cathodes in heavy water leads to bursts in the rate of enthalpy generation; the thermal output of the cells exceeds the enthalpy input (or the total energy input) to the cells by factors in excess of 40 during these bursts. The total specific energy output during the bursts as well as the total specific energy output of fully charged electrodes subjected to prolonged polarization (5-50 MJ cm-3) is 102 - 103 times larger than the enthalpy of reaction of chemical processes.
Fleischmann, M. The Present Status of Research in Cold Fusion. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons. Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O System: from Simplicity via Complications to Simplicity. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Pons, S.
This version of the Fleischmann paper appeared in the ICCF-3 proceedings. It is similar to the Physics Letters A version referenced in the index.
ABSTRACT
We present here one aspect of our recent research on the calorimetry of the Pd/D2O system which has been concerned with high rates of specific excess enthalpy generation (> 1kWcm-3) at temperatures close to (or at) the boiling point of the electrolyte solution. This has led to a particularly simple method of deriving the rate of excess enthalpy production based on measuring the times required to boil the cells to dryness, this process being followed by using time-lapse video recordings.
Our use of this simple method as well as our investigations of the results of other research groups prompts us to present also other simple methods of data analysis which we have used in the preliminary evaluations of these systems.
Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons, Some comments on the paper Analysis of experiments on the calorimetry of LiOD-D2O electrochemical cells, R.H. Wilson et al., J. Electroanal. Chem. 332 [1992] 1. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 332: p. 33.
CA=Pons, S.Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons, Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O system: from simplicity via complications to simplicity. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 176: p. 118.
CA=Pons, S.Fleischmann, M., et al. Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O System: The Search for Simplicity and Accuracy. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Pons, S., CA=Le Roux, M., CA=Roulette, J.Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and G. Preparata, Possible theories of cold fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107: p. 143.
CA=Pons, S., CA=Preparata, G.Summary. -- We review some of the key facts in the phenomenology of Pd-hydrides usually referred to as «cold fusion». We conclude that all theoretical attempts that concentrate only on few-body interactions, both electromagnetic and nuclear, are probably insufficient to explain such phenomena. On the other hand we find good indications that theories describing collective, coherent interactions among elementary constituents leading to macroscopic quantum-mechanical effects belong to the class of possible theories of those phenomena.
AU=Fleischmann, M.Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons, Reply to the critique by Morrison entitled 'Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by Fleischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 187: p. 276.
CA=Pons, S.
These two documents that first appeared in the Internet’s sci.physics.fusion forum in 1993. The first was written by Douglas Morrison (CERN), the second by Martin Fleischmann (Univ. Southhampton) and Stanley Pons (IMRA Europe). A version of this was published as:
Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons, Reply to the critique by Morrison entitled ‘Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by FLeischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 187: p. 276.
This debate refers mainly to paper “Calorimetry of the PD ED2O System: from
Simplicity via Complications to Simplicity,” published in Physics Letters A. A simlar paper was later published in the ICCF-3 conference proceedings and handed out by Fleischmann, which is reproduced on this web site LERN-CANR.org.
Fleischmann, M. More About Positive Feedback; More About Boiling. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Fleischmann, M. The Experimenters' Regress. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Fleischmann, M. Cold Fusion; Past, Present & Future. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
In reviewing first of all some of the early history of research into the nuclear reactions of D + compressed into host lattices we need to consider the applicability (or otherwise) of existing paradigms . . .
AU=Fleischmann, M.Fleischmann, M. Giuliano Preparata: An Appreciation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Fleischmann, M., Reflections on the Sociology of Science and Social Responsibility in Science, in Relationship to Cold Fusion. Accountability Res., 2000. 8.
Section 1. Introduction
I have been asked on several occasions during the last ten years to provide a commentary on subjects such as the Sociology of Science, Social Responsibility in Science etc. with special reference to the topic of “Cold Fusion”. I have always been reluctant to do so for two principal reasons. The first is that I believe that the consideration of these topics is premature. The reason is that I am convinced that there is much more information which bears on such topics which will be revealed in the fullness of time. Furthermore, there are aspects of the past history, developments and, indeed, of the science which I do not wish to discuss even at the present time.
Inevitably, therefore, any such article will be incomplete, will lack focus and will be couched in rather general terms. This is the way the present article has turned out to be; in view of the evident deficiencies, it should only be taken as a first step in trying to develop a discussion of the important Social Issues.
Fleischmann, M. Searching for the consequences of many-body effects in condensed phase systems. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
ABSTRACT
Some of the background work which led to the decision to investigate the behaviour of D+ electrochemically compressed into Pd host lattices is outlined. The key features of such “Cold Fusion” systems are described.
Fleischmann, M. Background to Cold Fusion: the Genesis of a Concept. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
The scheme of research which led to the start-up of the project now known as "Cold Fusion" is illustrated by Fig. 1. We note that it is commonly believed that there is absolutely no way of influencing Nuclear Processes by Chemical means: therefore, any results that demonstrate that this might be possible must be due to faulty experimentation, delusion, fraud etc. However, any enquiry as to the experimental foundation of the first statement in Fig. 1 is normally met by the response: "because quantum mechanics, Q.M., shows that this is so". We are driven to the conclusion that this first statement is just part of the belief-system of Natural Scientists and we naturally also have to ask the question; "what conclusion would we draw if we subject the statement to the dictates of Field Theory?"
AU=Fleischmann, M.Fleischmann, M. and M. Miles. The "Instrument Function" of Isoperibolic Calorimeters; Excess Enthalpy Generation due to the Parasitic Reduction of Oxygen. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Miles, M.Two criticisms which are frequently advanced to counter observations of the generation of excess enthalpy in the cathodic polarisations of Pd-based electrodes in D2O-based electrolytes (e.g. see (1), (2)) are usually based on the assertion that the isoperibolic calorimeters used in these studies are imprecise and inaccurate. Furthermore, any excess enthalpy generation is then attributed to the reduction of electrogenerated oxygen although such assertions have not been accompanied by appropriate measurements. There is naturally a link between these two assertions.
AU=Fleischmann, M.Fleischmann, M., Background to Cold Fusion: The Genesis of a Concept, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 19-36.
Fleming, J.W., et al., Calorimetric studies of electrochemical incorporation of hydrogen isotopes into palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 517.
CA=Law, H. H., CA=Sapjeta, J., CA=Gallagher, P. K., CA=Marohn, W. F.Flitt, H.J. and J. Bockris, Concerning Adsorbed and Absorbed Hydrogen on and in Ferrous Metals. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1982. 7: p. 411.
CA=Bockris, J.Focardi, S., R. Habel, and F. Piantelli, Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107A: p. 163.
CA=Habel, R., CA=Piantelli, F.Focardi, S., et al., Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1998. 111A: p. 1233.
CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F., CA=Veronesi, S.Summary. -- Evidence of a large heat excess produced in Ni-H systems and details of the calorimetric measurements are reported in this paper. Two cells which ran for long periods (about 300 days) produced an energy excess of 600MJ and 900MJ, respectively.
AU=Focardi, S.Focardi, S., et al. On the Ni-H System. in Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 1999. Bologna.
CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F., CA=Veronesi, S.Focardi, S., et al. Evidence of electromagnetic radiation from Ni-H Systems. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Gabbani, V., CA=Montalbano, V., CA=Piantelli, F., CA=Veronesi, F.We report evidence of photon emission in three experiments with hydrogen loading of Ni slabs, during the degassing phase, when hydrogen was introduced into the cell, and during thermal cycling. In the first experiment we obtained excess power of about 20 W, while in the second experiment photon emission was observed instead of power production. In the third experiment, a Ni sample in hydrogen underwent thermal excitation and showed an increasing photon emission for a few hours.
AU=Focardi, S.Focardi, S. and A. Rossi, A new energy source from nuclear fusion. www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com, 2010.
CA=Rossi, A.A process (international patent publication no WO 2009/125444 A1) capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process between nickel and hydrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Experimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the effect is justified on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical results. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude neutron and gamma rays emissions.
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CA=August, R., CA=Jorne, J., CA=Khim, J., CA=Mis, F., CA=Phillips, G.Fou, C., Deuteron-Deuteron [dd] Binding via Neutron Exchange. Infinite Energy, 2006. 11(66): p. 26.
Fou, C., Coulomb Field for LENR in Solid. Infinite Energy, 2007. 12(71): p. 25.
Fou, C. Investigation of Deuteron-Deuteron Cold Fusion in a Cavity. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
A cavity in a solid, first of all, serves as a place of confinement for a Deuterium molecule. Two deuterons in the molecule are trapped together in close proximity. Thus, they may engage in 'Low Energy Nuclear Reaction' which requires longer time, unlike collision type of nuclear reaction. Secondly, the electric field in the cavity (to be shown below) superimposed on this deuteron-pair would lower the Coulomb barrier between them facilitating a 'Low Energy Fusion' reaction. Furthermore, neutron exchange reaction between two deuterons (in an analogous manner like the electron exchange that forms a Deuterium molecule) is like a 'Long Range' force (as compared to the range of nuclear force) that can pull two deuterons together. This range is longer than that of the pi-plus exchange nuclear force between a proton and a neutron, because neutrons are charge neutral. [1] Longer reaction time; [2] Lowered Coulomb Barrier; [3] Longer range are the necessary conditions for (d-d) 'Cold Fusion'.
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CA=Decker, A. J., CA=Blue, J. W.
An experiment was performed at the Lewis Research Center to look for evidence of deuterium fusion in palladium. The experiment, which involved introducing deuterium into the palladium filter of a hydrogen purifier, was designed to detect neutrons produced in the reaction
2D + 2D → 3He + n
as well as heat production. The neutron counts for deuterium did not differ significantly from background or from the counts for a hydrogen control. Heat production was detected when deuterium, but not hydrogen, was pumped from the purifier.
Frattolillo, A., A. De Ninno, and A. Rizzo. Experimental techniques for detecting small quantities of 4He gas: problems and solutions. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=De Ninno, A., CA=Rizzo, A.
ABSTRACT
The problems arising from the techniques of measurement so far used to detect 4He in the gases coming out from Fleishmann-Pons cells are discussed. Innovative solutions are proposed. The results of extensive tests carried out with a facility built at ENEA Frascati are reported, which prove the ability of this equipment to overcome the problems discussed in this paper.
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Frisone, F. Can Impurities Within a Deuterated Crystalline Lattice Have an Effect Favouring Cold Fusion? in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
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Frisone, F., Deuteron Interaction Within a Microcrack in a Lattice at Room Temperature. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39(2 (March)).
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Frisone, F. Theoretical Hypothesis of a Double Barrier Regarding the D-D Interaction in a Pd Lattice: A Possible Explanation of Cold Fusion Experiment Failures. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Frisone, F. "The Coulomb Barrier not Static in QED," A correction to the Theory by Preparata on the Phenomenon of Cold Fusion and Theoretical hypothesis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
In the last two decades, irrefutable experimental evidence has shown that Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) occur in specialized heavy hydrogen systems. Nevertheless, we are still confronted with a problem: the theoretical basis of LENR are not known and, as a matter of fact, little research has been carried out on this subject. In this work we seek to analyse the deuteron-deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of Preparata’s model of the palladium lattice [5,15]. We will also show the occurrence probability of fusion phenomena according to more accurate experiments [6]. We are not going to use any of the research models which have been previously followed in this field. Our aim is to demonstrate the theoretical possibility of cold fusion. Moreover, we will focus on tunneling the existent Coulomb barrier between two deuterons. Analysing the possible contributions of the lattice to the improvement of the tunneling probability, we find that there is a real mechanism through which this probability could be increased: this mechanism is the screening effect due to d-shell electrons of palladium lattice. The accordance between theoretical and experimental results will prove the reality of cold fusion phenomena and show the reliability of our model.
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CA=Mitsushima, S., CA=Kamiya, N., CA=Ota, K.
ABSTRACT
The heat balance under electrolysis in 1M Li2SO4 light water solutions was measured using Pd rods or Pd coated Ni (Pd/Ni) rods for cathode. We detected large excess heat of more than 10% in 6 of 28 experiments. However, in many other experiments, no excess or only small excess heat was observed. In most cases the excess heat was 5% or less. In order to confirm the excess heat, we have to find the reason why these differences take place.
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CA=Garbelli, D., CA=Piana, G.
Abstract
We present experimental data on heat capacity and thermal coefficient of resistance of PdHx system at loading ratio 0<x<0.93 at room temperature. To this purpose a dynamic measurement method has been devised. Data confirm the existence of a phase transition around x; 0.7 (gamma phase).
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Gdowski, G.E., T.E. Felter, and R.H. Stulen, Effect of Surface Temperature on the Sorption of Hydrogen by Pd(111). Surf. Sci. Lett., 1987. 181: p. L147.
CA=Felter, T. E., CA=Stulen, R. H.Gentsch, H., DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1991. 95: p. 1283 (in German).
Gentsch, H., Reply to: R. Behrisch, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 733 [1992]. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1992. 96: p. 734 (in German).
George, R., The cold fusion phenomenon -- An interview with Dr. Mahadeva Srinivasan, in Cold Fusion. 1994.
Dr. Mahadeva Srinivasan was the head of the Neutron Physics Division and an Associate Director of the Physics Group of BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Center) in Mumbai (Bombay), India when this interview was held on March 1, 1994 at SRI International in Menlo Park, California. At that time he was a visiting scientist there, participating in the Cold Fusion experiments underway at the laboratories of the Energy Research Center.
AU=George, R.George, R., Production of He4 from deuterium via reaction on a palladium carbon hydrogenation catalyst at 200°C. 1996.
George, R. and R. Stringham, Technical report on the demonstration of new technology producing heat and nuclear products via cavitation induced micro-fusion in E-quest sciences Mark II research device. 1996.
CA=Stringham, R.George, R., Observations of helium bubbles in thin palladium metal foil using scanning electron microscopy. 1997.
Gerischer, H. Is Cold Fusion a Reality? The Impressions of a Critical Observer. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
“In spite of my earlier conclusion, ‑ and that of the majority of scientists, ‑ that the phenomena reported by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989 depended either on measurement errors or were of chemical origin, there is now undoubtedly overwhelming indications that nuclear processes take place in the metal alloys.”
Professor Heinz Gerischer
COLD FUSION
John O’M. Bockris
Chemistry Dept., Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843‑3255
October 30, 1991
A memorandum has been written on the present state of cold fusion research as of October, 1991, by Professor Heinz Gerischer.
The significance of this memorandum arises from Professor Gerischer’s status. He is widely recognized to be the leading physical electrochemist in Europe and would vie for the title on a still wider basis. Apart from his long term involvement in electrochemistry he is well known as a physical chemist of the highest standing and was, until 1988, the Director of the Max Planck Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin.
Gerischer, H., Memorandum on the present state of knowledge on cold fusion. 1991, Fritz Harber Institute der Max Planke: Berlin.
Gerlovin, I.L., R.K. Baranova, and P.S. Baranov, New approach to low-temperature nuclear fusion. Zh. Obshch. Khim., 1992. 62: p. 230 (in Russian).
CA=Baranova, R. Kh., CA=Baranov, P. S.Gernert, N. and R.M. Shaubach, Nascent Hydrogen: An Energy Source. 1993, Department of the Air Force.
CA=Shaubach, R. M.Anomalous heat was measured from a reaction of atomic hydrogen in contact with potassium carbonate on a nickel surface. The nickel surface consisted of 500 feet of 0.0625 inch diameter tubing wrapped in a coil. The coil was inserted into a pressure vessel containing a light water solution of potassium carbonate. The tubing and solution were heated to a steady state temperature of 249°C using an FR heater. Hydrogen at 1100 psig was applied to the inside of the tubing. After the application of hydrogen, a 32°C increase in temperature of the cell was measured which corresponds to 25 watts of heat. Heat production under these conditions is predicted by the theory of Mills where a new species of hydrogen is produced that has a lower energy state then normal hydrogen. ESCA analyses, done independently by Lehigh University, have found the predicted 55 eV signature of this new species of hydrogen. Work is continuing at Thermacore with internal funding to bring this technology to the marketplace.
AU=Gerstein, S. S.Gerstein, S.S., The Critical Test Experiments in Cold Fusion. 1989.
Ghosh, S.K., H.K. Saidhukhan, and A.K. Dhara, A Theory of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Deuterium Loaded Palladium, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 4.
CA=Saidhukhan, H. K., CA=Dhara, A. K.Ghosh, S.K., H.K. Sadhukhan, and A.K. Dhara, A theory of cold nuclear fusion in deuterium-loaded palladium. Pramana, 1989. 33: p. L339.
CA=Sadhukhan, H. K., CA=Dhara, A. K.Gibb, T.R.P., Lattice-Distension and the Magnetic Susceptibility of Palladium Hydride. 1966.
Gieryn, T.F., "The Social Dimensions of Science", The ballad of Pons and Fleischmann: Experiment and narrative in the (un)making of cold fusion, ed. E. McMullin. 1992: U. Notre Dame Press, Gieryn, T.F. 214.
Gillespie, D.J., et al., A search for anomalies in the palladium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 526.
CA=Kamm, G. N., CA=Ehrlich, A. C., CA=Mart, P. L.Gillespie, L.J. and W.R. Downs, The Palladium-Deuterium Equilibrium. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1937. 61: p. 2494.
CA=Downs, W. R.Gimpel, R. Multicell Reactors. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
A growing body of experimental evidence in this last decade has shown that some types of low-energy-induced nuclear reactions are possible. Key cathode characteristics considered important for these non-Joule heating reactions, as documented in a US patent application, are discussed. These concepts are incorporated into an electrolytic reactor system to encourage these reactions while discourage Joule heating of the electrolyte. However, even the more efficient reactor designs appear to have diminishing returns upon scale up. The MultiCell unit’s unique design allows for repetitive replication of the unit (much like a component on a circuit board or computer chip) to acquire the desired power output while still maintaining the efficiency of the small MultiCell unit. The design uses a plurality of small cells arranged in an interconnected array, wherein each cell is characterized by having a relatively small cathode separated from a relatively large anode by a small gap.
AU=Giordano, N.Giordano, N., A.S. Arico, and V. Antonucci, Thermal effects during the electrolytic charging of deuterium in the palladium lattice. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 105.
CA=Arico, A. S., CA=Antonucci, V.Gittus, J. and J. Bockris, Explanations of cold fusion (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 105 (Scientific Correspondence).
CA=Bockris, J.Gluck, P., Understanding Reproducibility: Topology Is The Key. Fusion Facts, 1992. 3(11).
Lack of reproducibility was a kind of original sin and a rich source of troubles, despair and skeptics from the start of the cold fusion story. Now the situation is much improved, but the progress has resulted mainly from trial and error experiments and not from cause-effect considerations, principles, models or theories. This statement is valid even for the newly born light-water excess energy experiments [1]. The most developed theories, e.g. the T.R.M. model of Bush [2] must be combined with purely empirical descriptions of know-how and engineering data as those of Cravens [3] for electrochemical cells. Scaramuzzi [4] for gas-metal systems, Mills [5] (the experimental part) and Mallove [1] for light water experiments. An example of spectacular irreproducibility was obtained by the scientists of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center [6,7]: “not only are the anomalous fusion reactions found to take place in only a very few chips (obtained from the same piece of titanium) but even in those chips, tritium production is restricted to a small number of selected localized ‘hot spots’ only...”
AU=Gluck, P.Gluck, P., The surfdyne concept: an attempt to solve (or to rename) the puzzles of cold nuclear fusion. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 122.
Gluck, P. Cold Fusion - A Logical Network Approach. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Gluck, P., A new definition for 'chemical element? Chem. Innov., 2001. 31(10): p. 44.
Godes, R. Quantum Fusion Hypothesis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
The field of cold fusion is not “fusion” as the current establishment defines it.
A basic tenant of research is that correlation does not equal causation. The current assumption of Deuterium Deuterium (DD) fusion based on the excellent work of Dr. Michael McKubre showing a near perfect match of excess heat to helium produced is only a correlation. The assumption of DD fusion may be fallacious and leading to a dead end. In many cases the Pons Fleischmann reaction starts with deuterium and ends with helium. This would seem to indicate DD fusion, but this is assuming that correlation equals causation.
Godshall, N.A., et al., Calorimetric and thermodynamic analysis of palladium-deuterium electrochemical cells. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 229.
CA=Roth, E. P., CA=Kelly, M. J., CA=Guilinger, T. R., CA=Ewing, R. I.Goedkoop, J.A., Koude kernfusie in de vaste stof?" (Cold nuclear fusion in solids?). Energiespektrum, 1989. 13: p. 156 (in Dutch).
Gold, T., New ideas in science. J. Sci. Expl., 1989. 3(2): p. 103.
Goldanskii, V.I. and F.I. Dalidchik, Mechanism of solid-state fusion (Title given by Letters editor). Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 231.
CA=Dalidchik, F. I.Goldanskii, V.I. and F.I. Dalidchik, On the possibilities of 'cold enhancement' of nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 234: p. 465.
CA=Dalidchik, F. I.Goloborodsky, B., V. Ovchinnikov, and V. Semionkin, Long-Range Effects in the FePd2Au Alloy Under Ion Bombardment. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39(3 (May)).
CA=Ovchinnikov, V., CA=Semionkin, V.Golubnichii, P.I., et al., A possible mechanism for cold nuclear fusion. J. Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1989(6): p. 56 (In Russian).
CA=Kurakin, V. A., CA=Filonenko, A. D., CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Tsarik, A. A.Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 307: p. 99 (in Russian).
CA=Kurakin, V. A., CA=Filonenko, A. D., CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Tsarik, A. A.Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Correlation between nuclear, acoustic, and electromagnetic emissions during the electrolytic saturation of palladium with deuterium. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(8): p. 31.
CA=Merzon, G. I., CA=Filonenko, A. D., CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Tsarik, A. S.Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Detection of neutrons and tritium from solid palladium targets by electrolytic deuterium charging. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(21): p. 46 (in Russian).
CA=Koval'chuk, E. P., CA=Merzon, G. I., CA=Filonenko, A. D., CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Tsarik, A. A.Golubnichii, P.I., et al. Observation of Nuclear Particles and Their Correlation with Acoustic and Electromagnetic Emission from Palladium Targets Loaded by Deuterium. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Philonenko, A. D., CA=Tsaric, A. A., CA=Kovalchuk, E. P., CA=Merzon, G. I., CA=Tsarev, V. A.Golubnichii, P.I., et al. Recording of Neutron and Acoustic Emissions From Palladium Target in a Low-Background Underground Experiment. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Philonenko, A. D., CA=Tsaric, A. A., CA=Kuzminov, V. V., CA=Pritichenko, B. V., CA=Merzon, G. I., CA=Tsarev, V. A.Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Verification of the accelerator model for low-temperature nuclear fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990. 9: p. 16.
CA=Filonenko, A. D., CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Tsarik, A. A., CA=Chechin, V. A.Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Correlated neutron and acoustic emission from a deuterium-saturated palladium target. JETP Lett., 1991. 53: p. 122.
CA=Kuz'minov, V. V., CA=Merzon, G. I., CA=Pritichenko, B. V., CA=Filonenko, A. D., CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Tsarik, A. A.Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Proton emission in low-temperature nuclear fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1991. 12: p. 6.
CA=Kayumov, F. F., CA=Merzon, G. I., CA=Petrii, O. A., CA=Tsarev, V. A., CA=Tsirlina, G. A.Goncharov, A.I. and V.A. Kirkinskii. Theoretical Modeling Of Electron Flow Action On Probability Of Nuclear Fusion Of Deuterons. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Kirkinskii, V. A.Good, W.R., Comments on 'Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 132.
Goods, S.H. and S.E. Guthrie, Mechanical Properties of Palladium and Palladium Hydride. 1991.
CA=Guthrie, S. E.Goodstein, D., Pariah Science. Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? The American Scholar, 1994. 63(4): p. 527.
Goodstein, D., Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? Accountability Res., 2000. 8.
The article that follows was written in 1994, and first appeared in The American Scholar (vol. 63 p. 527). In the three years since then much has happened, but little has changed. There have been reports of increasingly reliable production of excess heat, and of the detection of 4He residue, and much more. Nevertheless, the most remarkable fact remains that cold fusion has neither been accepted by mainstream science, nor has it withered away. The general situation that the article describes still seems to be in place today.
AU=Goodwin, I.Goodwin, I., Fusion in a Flask: Expert DOE Panel Throws Cold Water on Utah Discovery. Physics Today, 1989. December: p. 43.
Goon, E.J., The Non-Stoichiometry of Lathanum Hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1959. 63: p. 2018.
Gorodetskii, V.G., et al., Emission of neutrons and gamma quanta from palladium upon its saturation with deuterium in the gas phase. Fiz. Metal. Metalloved., 1991(7): p. 176 (in Russian).
CA=Polosukhin, B. G., CA=Sulimov, E. M., CA=Novikov, P. I., CA=Bychin, V. P.Goryachev, I.V. Abnormal results of experimenting with excited substances and interpretation of the discovered effects within the frames of the model of collective interactions. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
During a number of years there were carried out experiments to investigate interactions of excited substances with radiation, gravity and other kinds of fields. Converting atoms of the substances into excited state was fulfilled by means of bombarding the samples used with intensive beams of electrons with energy of 27 MeV and the accompanying bremsstrahlung generated by the electrons in the substances and intermediate targets.
AU=Goryachev, I. V.Goryachev, I.V. and Y. Bazhutov. Organization, current status and main results of Russian research in cold fusion and transmutation of chemical elements. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Bazhutov, Y.
We can not help remembering that in the Soviet Union investigations of a number of abnormal phenomena which later were related to the problem of Cold Nuclear Fusion were carried out long before Fleischmann and Pons announced their experiments at the American University of Utah.
At present these kind of research works are widely carried on in Russia despite the absence of any state support and while part of the official scientific community remains skeptical.
In total there are more than 30 groups of scientists engaged in research in this field in Russia . . .
Goryachev, I.V. Registration of synthesis of 45Rh102 in media of excited nuclei of 28Ni58. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
For the purpose of searching for heavy nuclei generated in the result of low energy nuclear processes we used samples of 28Ni58 which were bombarded with 27 MeV electrons from the Resonance accelerator MI-30. The samples of nickel of 48 mm in diameter and 20 mm thick were irradiated with electrons to the level of absorbed energy of around 2.5 106 J/cm3 which is approximately 5 times exceeds the minimum specific energy at which as it followed from the authors’ theoretical model the process of generating transmuted elements will become quite noticeable.
AU=Gottesfeld, S.Gottesfeld, S., et al. Experiments and Nuclear Measurements in Search of Cold Fusion Proceses. in Workshop on Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989. Santa Fe, NM.
CA=Anderson, R. E., CA=Leonard, E. M., CA=Springer, T. E., CA=Baker, D. A., CA=Zawodzinski, T., CA=Bolton, R. D., CA=Butterfield, K. B., CA=Garzon, F. H., CA=Goulding, C. A., CA=Johnson, M. W.Gottesfeld, S., et al., Experiments and nuclear measurements in search of cold fusion processes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 287.
CA=Anderson, R. E., CA=Baker, D. A., CA=Bolton, R. D., CA=Butterfield, K. B., CA=Garzon, F. H., CA=Goulding, C. A., CA=Johnson, M. W., CA=Leonard, E. M., CA=Springer, T. E., CA=Zawodzinski, T.Gou, Q., Z. Zhu, and Q. Zhang, Possible mechanism of cold fusion and experimental research. Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao, 1990. 7: p. 1491 (in Chinese).
CA=Zhu, Z., CA=Zhang, Q.Gou, Q., Further discussion on the mechanism of cold fusion and cold fusion materials. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1998. 15(1): p. 7 (in Chinese).
Govorov, B.V., et al., Neutron Emission from Palladium Alloys Saturated with Deuterium. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1990. 64(2): p. 287.
CA=Gryaznov, V. M., CA=Eremin, N. V., CA=Karavanov, A. N., CA=Roshan, N. R., CA=Tulinov, A. F., CA=Tyapkin, I. V.Gozzi, D., et al., Neutron and Tritium Evidences in the Electrolytic Reduction of Deuterium on Pd Electrodes. 1989.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Petrucci, L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Ghio, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al., Evidences for associated heat generation and nuclear products release in palladium heavy-water electrolysis. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. 103: p. 143.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Petrucci, L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=De Maria, G., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Ghio, F., CA=Jodice, M.Gozzi, D., et al. First Results from a Ten Electrolytic Cells Experiment. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Petrucci, L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Ghio, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al., Nuclear and thermal effects during electrolytic reduction of deuterium at palladium cathode. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 241.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Petrucci, L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=De Maria, G., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Ghio, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Tabet, E.Gozzi, D., et al. Multicell Experiments for Searching Time-Related Events in Cold Fusion. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Ghio, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al. Experiments with Global Detection of Cold Fusion Byproducts. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Caputo, R., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Balducci, G., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al., Neutron and tritium evidence in the electrolytic reduction of deuterium on palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 60.
CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Ghio, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al. Excess Heat and Nuclear Product Measurements in Cold Fusion Electrochemical Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Caputo, R., CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Balducci, G., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al. Helium-4 Quantitative Measurements in the Gas Phase of Cold Fusion Electrochemical Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Caputo, R., CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Balducci, G., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al., Calorimetric and nuclear byproduct measurements in electrochemical confinement of deuterium in palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 380: p. 91.
CA=Caputo, R., CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Balducci, G., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al., Quantitative measurements of helium-4 in the gas phase of Pd + D2O electrolysis. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 380: p. 109.
CA=Caputo, R., CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Balducci, G., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Garibaldi, F., CA=Jodice, M., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al., Erratum to "X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system" [J. Electroanal. Chem. 435 (1997) 113]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 452: p. 251.
CA=Cellucci, F., CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.Gozzi, D., et al., X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 452: p. 251.
CA=Cellucci, F., CA=Cignini, P. L., CA=Gigli, G., CA=Tomellini, M., CA=Cisbani, E., CA=Frullani, S., CA=Urciuoli, G. M.
Abstract
The energy balance between heat excess and 4He in the gas phase has been found to be reasonably satisfied even if the low levels of 4He do not give the necessary confidence to state definitely that we are dealing with the fusion of deuterons to give 4He. In the melted cathode, the data of which are reported, no 4He was found at the achieved sensitivity. X-ray film, positioned at 50 mm from the cell, roughly gave the image of the cathode through spots. Extended considerations have been made to explain this evidence on the basis of the bundle nature of the cathode. From these considerations, the energy of the radiation and the total energy associated to it have been estimated as 89 keV and 12 kJ, respectively. This value is :0.5% of the energy measured by calorimetry in the same interval of time. The highest values of energy and excess power are 8.3 MJ and 10 W, respectively.
Grabowski, K.S., et al. Evaluation of the Claim of Transmutation of Cesium to Praseodymium with the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) Structure -- Part 1 (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Kidwell, D., CA=Cetina, C., CA=Carosella, C.The MHI claim to transmute elements upon permeation of deuterium though a specific multilayer structure was carefully evaluated. Initially, an attempt was made to replicate the work at NRL in collaboration with MHI. When replication proved difficult, another set of experiments were conducted at MHI in three sets consisting of two control blanks and one positive foil (that should have transmuted Cesium to Praseodymium) per set. Foil samples were split for analysis at both NRL and MHI. Extensive analytical work was performed to characterize the foils and the blanks. When extracted at MHI, low nanogram amounts of Pr were found by ICP-MS on 3 of 3 foils that should have had Pr whereas the 6 controls were blank. Split solutions of these extracts were also tested independently at NRL and the presence of Pr was confirmed. The Pr found did not have the characteristic rare earth contamination expected if the Pr was from the environment and thus looked like it was produced in the experiment. Unfortunately, we could not find Pr at NRL (even at trace levels) on our split foil samples no matter what extraction method was employed. After considering and evaluating several unlikely scenarios for these disparate results, we visited MHI and participated in the extraction process on new foils. These extracts were blank when tested at both laboratories. Environmental samples were obtained at various locations where samples were handled. Pr was found in large amounts at one location used in sample preparation and this Pr had the signature of pure material rather than an inadvertent contaminate. No record of how it got there could be established. Other rare and characteristic impurities also were found in the extracts from MHI that were present in the laboratory environment. Thus, we concluded that the transmutation of Cs to Pr when deuterium permeated MHI’s multilayer structure could not be firmly established, as contamination during the foil production or during the foil analysis could not be ruled-out. The design of the replication experiments, the lessons learned, and the results will be discussed.
AU=Grabowski, K. S.Grabowski, K.S., et al. Robust Performance Validation of LENR Energy Generators (PowerPoint slides). in 16th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2011. Chennai, India.
CA=Knies, D., CA=Melich, M. E., CA=Moser, A. E., CA=Nagel, D. J.Motivation: Develop a robust test for a "Black Box" device, to show that more energy is produced than can be explained by conventional physics and chemistry
AU=Graesjo, L.Graesjo, L. and M. Seo, Measurement of absorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium during electrolysis by a quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 296: p. 233.
CA=Seo, M.Granada, J.R., et al. Neutron Measurements on (Pd-D2O) Electrolytic Cells Under Pulsed Current Conditions. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Mayer, R. E., CA=Florido, P. C., CA=Guido, G., CA=Gillette, V. H., CA=Gumez, S. E., CA=Patino, N. E., CA=Larreteguy, A.Granada, J.R., et al., Neutron measurements on electrolytic cells (Pd-D2O) performed under very low background conditions. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27(4): p. 379.
CA=Mayer, R. E., CA=Florido, P. C., CA=Gillette, V. H., CA=Gomez, S. E.Granada, J.R., et al., Thermal neutron measurements on electrolytic cells with deuterated palladium cathodes subjected to a pulsed current. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27(3): p. 30.
CA=Mayer, R. E., CA=Guido, G., CA=Florido, P. C., CA=Larreteguy, A., CA=Gillette, V. H., CA=Patino, N. E., CA=Converti, J., CA=Gomez, S. E.Graneau, P. and N. Graneau, The role of Ampere forces in nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 165: p. 1.
CA=Graneau, N.Graneau, P. and N. Graneau, Ampere force calculation for filament fusion experiments. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 174: p. 421.
CA=Graneau, N.Granite, E. and J. Jorne, A novel method for studying electrochemically induced cold fusion using a deuteron-conducting solid electrolyte. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 317: p. 285.
CA=Jorne, J.Grant, P.M., et al., Hydrocarbon oil found in the interior of a 'cold fusion' electrolysis cell after fatal explosion. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 207.
CA=Whipple, R. E., CA=Alcaraz, A., CA=Haas, J. S., CA=Andresen, B. D.Grant, P.M., R.E. Whipple, and B.D. Andresen, Comprehensive forensic analyses of debris from the fatal explosion of a 'cold fusion' electrochemical cell. J. Forensic Sci., 1995. 40: p. 18.
CA=Whipple, R. E., CA=Andresen, B. D.Grant, P.M., et al., Search for evidence of nuclear involvement in the fatal explosion of a 'cold fusion' experiment. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1995. 193: p. 165.
CA=Whipple, R. E., CA=Bazan, F., CA=Brunk, J. L., CA=Wong, K. M., CA=Russo, R. E., CA=Andresen, B. D.Grant, P., Author response:" (to the polemic by E.S. Shanley, ibid, same page). Chem. Health & Saf., 1995. 2(2): p. 4.
Grant, P., et al., Advanced techniques in physical forensic science. Physics Today, 1998: p. 32.
CA=Chambers, D., CA=Grace, L., CA=Phinney, D., CA=Hutcheon, I.Greber, T., et al. Cold Fusion Experiments in Fribourg. in Understanding Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989.
CA=Fischer, A., CA=Rheme, C., CA=Drissi, S., CA=Osterwalder, J., CA=Kern, J., CA=Schlapbach, L.Green, B.A., High-yields assisted fusion from heavy-quasiparticle production in Ti with a D/O welder. 1997.
Green, B.A., Quantitative determination of high-Tc superconductivity from the lattice polarization, structure effect and approach. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 227: p. 372.
Green, J.A.S. and F.A. Lewis, Overvoltage Component at Palladized Cathodes of Palladium and Palladium Alloys Prior to and During Bubble Evolution. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1964. 60: p. 2234.
CA=Lewis, F. A.Green, T.A. and T.I. Quickenden, Electrolytic preparation of highly loaded deuterides of palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 368: p. 121.
CA=Quickenden, T. I.Green, T.A. and T.I. Quickenden, Calorimetric studies of highly loaded deuterides and hydrides of palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 389: p. 91.
CA=Quickenden, T. I.Green, T.A. and D. Britz, Kinetics of the deuterium and hydrogen evolution reactions at palladium in alkaline solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996. 412: p. 59.
CA=Britz, D.Greenland, T., Numbers off an envelope. Physics World, 1989. 2: p. 16.
Greenland, T., Issues connected with cold fusion: a room temperature mechanism for the production of x-rays. J. Phys B, 1990. 23: p. 1679.
Greiner, W. and A. Sandulescu, New Radioactivities. Sci. Am., 1990. March: p. 58.
CA=Sandulescu, A.Griessen, R. and D.G. deGroot, Effect of anharmonicity and Debye-Waller Factor on the Superconductivity of PdHx and PdDx. Helv. Phys. Acta, 1982. 55: p. 699.
CA=deGroot, D. G.Griggs, J.L. A Brief Introduction to the Hydrosonic Pump and the Associated "Excess Energy" Phenomenon. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Grimshaw, T., Evidence-Based Public Policy toward Cold Fusion: Rational Choices for a Potential Alternative Energy Source. 2008, The University of Texas at Austin.
Cold fusion (CF) is a possible phenomenon in which energy-producing nuclear reactions occur at earth-surface temperatures rather than at high temperatures that are characteristic of hot fusion, such as in the interior of the sun. CF was dramatically and unexpectedly announced at a press conference in 1989. For a variety of reasons, including the method of announcement and difficulties in experimental replication, CF was rejected by mainstream science within a year. Continued experimental success under highly marginalized conditions in the years since rejection indicates, with reasonable probability, that CF may eventually be found to be a real phenomenon. The scientific results accumulated in the years since rejection include over 300 verifications of CF-related phenomena.
AU=Grimshaw, T.Grimshaw, T. Open Source Science Applied to CMNS Research: A Paradigm for Enhancing Cold Fusion Prospects and the Public Interest. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Open Source Science (OSSc) is a collaborative, voluntary (uncompensated) and highly distributed method of research that emphasizes the power of new digital technologies, particularly the Internet. The OSSc paradigm grew out of the open source software movement of the last 20 years, which has resulted in wide availability of free software (such as the Linux operating system) as an alternative to proprietary software products. In many respects, OSSc represents a return to the concept that scientific research results are a public good rather than a proprietary product -- an attitude clearly articulated in the 1940s by Robert Merton, the “father” of the sociology of science.
AU=Grimshaw, T.Grimshaw, T. Public Interest and Level-of-Evidence Considerations in Cold Fusion Public Policy (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
Public Policy toward
Cold Fusion: Approach
1. Focus on the Public Interest in Cold Fusion
2. Assess CF policy in Evidence-Based framework
3. Delineate 5 Levels of Evidence in rational framework
4. Consider evidence of CF specifically
Groenlund, F., Electrolysis in calorimetry. J. Thermal Anal., 1992. 38: p. 229.
Grotz, T., Investigation of reports of the synthesis of iron via arc discharge through carbon compounds. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 106.
Gruber, J., "Cold Fusion" and space energy technology. 1996.
Gryaznov, V.M., et al., Palladium Alloys as Hydrogen Permeable Catalysts in Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Reactions. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 89: p. 529.
CA=Ermilova, M. M., CA=Morozova, L. S., CA=Orekhova, N. V., CA=Polyakova, V. P., CA=Roshan, N. R., CA=Savitsky, E. M., CA=Parfenova, N. I.Gryzinski, M., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 712.
Gryzinski, M., Low-temperature fusion of light nuclei in the Fleischmann-Pons reaction. Inz. Aparat. Chem., 1989. 28(5): p. 3 (in Polish).
Gryzinski, M. Theory of Electron Catalyzed Fusion in Pd Lattice. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Gu, A.G., et al., Preliminary experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium plasma in the presence of palladium. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 248.
CA=Teng, R. K. F., CA=Miller, M. S., CA=Sprouse, W. J.Gu, A.G., et al., Experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium ion beam with palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 329.
CA=Teng, R. K. F., CA=Miller, M. S., CA=Sprouse, J.Guggeler, H.W., et al., Cold Fusion Reactions with 48Ca. Nucl. Phys. A, 1989. 502: p. 561c.
CA=Jost, D. T., CA=T'rler, A., CA=Armbruster, P., CA=Br'chle, W., CA=Folger, H., CA=Hebberher, F. P., CA=Hofmann, S.Guilinger, T.R., et al., Investigation of Fusion Reactions in Palladium and Titanium Tritide Using Galvanostatic, Coulometric, and Hydrogen Permeation Techniques. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 299.
CA=Kelly, M. J., CA=Scully, J. R., CA=Christensen, T. M., CA=Ingersoll, D., CA=Knapp, J. A., CA=Ewing, R. I., CA=Casey, W. H., CA=Tsao, S. S.Guinan, M.W., G.F. Chaplin, and R.W. Moir, Catalysis of Deuterium Fusion in Metal Hydrides by Cosmic Ray Muons. 1989: Los Alamos.
CA=Chaplin, G. F., CA=Moir, R. W.Gulko, A.G., The Mechanism of Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 2001. 7(40): p. 52.
Gupta, M. and J.P. Burger, The electronic structure and its relationship to superconductivity in NiH. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1980. 10: p. 2649.
CA=Burger, J. P.Gupta, S.D. and J.K. Jacobs, Process and apparatus for generating high density hydrogen in a matrix. 1991: US patent # 4,986,887.
CA=Jacobs, J. K.Gur, T.M., et al. Experimental Considerations in Electrochemical Isoperibolic Calorimetry. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Schreiber, M., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Ferrante, J. A., CA=Chao, J., CA=Huggins, R. A.Gur, T.M., et al. Experimental Considerations Involved in the Generation of Excess Power as a Result of the Electrochemical Insertion of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Schreiber, M., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Ferrante, J. A., CA=Huggins, R. A.Gur, T.M., et al., An isoperibolic calorimeter to study electrochemical insertion of deuterium into palladium. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 487.
CA=Schreiber, M., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Ferrante, J. A., CA=Chao, J., CA=Huggins, R. A.Gurrath, M., et al., Palladium Catalysts on Activated Carbon Supports, Influence of Reduction Temperature, Origin of the Support and Pretreatments of the Carbon Surface. Carbon, 2000. 38: p. 1241.
CA=Kuretzky, T., CA=Boehm, H. P., CA=Okhopkova, L. B., CA=Lisitsyn, A. S., CA=Likholobov, V. A.Guruswamy, S. and M.E. Wadsworth. Metallurgical Aspects in Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Wadsworth, M. E.Deuterium loading of palladium cathodes in Pons-Fleischmann type electrolytic cells has been observed to result in generation of excess heat on several occasions. Metallurgical examination of some of the electrodes showed extensive damage associated with deuterium loading. Surfaces have been found to be covered with large number of impurities. Initiation and sustaining these heat bursts, monitoring of nuclear products and materials aspects of these electrolytic cells have been the focus of our current efforts. As D/Pd loading appear to be critical, the measurement of deuterium loading using dilatometry as a function of current density, surface and heat treatment of the cathode and poisoning are currently being investigated.
AU=Guthrie, S. E.Guthrie, S.E., Helium Effects on Palladium Hydride Equilibrium Properties. 1990.
Gygax, F.N. and A. Schenck, Local Hydrogen Arrangement Around the µ+ in a PdH0.74 Single Crystal. Hyperfine Interactions, 1986. 31: p. 75.
CA=Schenck, A.Hagans, P.L., D.D. Dominguez, and M.A. Imam. Surface composition of Pd cathodes. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Dominguez, D. D., CA=Imam, M. A.
ABSTRACT
Results will be presented for the surface analyses of cathodes before and after electrolysis using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Composition as a function of depth was obtained by employing argon ion sputtering to gradually erode away the surface. Although most of the emphasis will be on Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Pd (i.e., Johnson Matthey high purity sponge processed into rod and plate at NRL), data will also be presented from other Pd sources and from reported excess heat-producing cathodes provided by SRI International and NAWC, Naval Air Warfare Center at China Lake, CA. XPS results will be compared with bulk sample cathode and anode analyses obtained by Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy (GDMS) and with electrolyte solution analyses obtained by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy.
Hage, H., Boundary conditions in electrochemical measurements of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in a-palladium. Materials Transactions JIM, 1990. 31(10): p. 842.
Hagelstein, P.L., A Simple Model for Coherent D-D Fusion in the Presence of a Lattice. 1989.
Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent Fusion Theory. in Winter Annual Meeting of Am. Soc. Mechan. Eng. 1989. San Francisco, CA,.
Hagelstein, P.L., Phonon Interactions in Coherent Fusion. 1989.
Hagelstein, P.L., Rates for Neutron and Tritium Production in Coherent D-D Fusion. 1989.
Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent Fusion Mechanisms. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Hagelstein, P.L., Coherent fusion theory. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 451.
Hagelstein, P.L. Status of Coherent Fusion Theory. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent and Semi-coherent Neutron Transfer Reactions. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Hagelstein, P.L., Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions I: The interaction Hamiltonian. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 172.
Hagelstein, P.L. Coherent and Semi-Coherent Neutron Transfer Reactions. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Hagelstein, P.L., Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions III: Phonon frequency shifts. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 353.
Hagelstein, P.L. Lattice-Induced Atomic and Nuclear Reactions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Hagelstein, P.L. and S. Kaushik. Neutron Transfer Reactions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Ma: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Kaushik, S.Hagelstein, P.L., Summary of ICCF3 in Nagoya, Feb. 16, 1993. 1993.
Abstract
We review highlights of the international cold fusion conference that was held recently in Nagoya, Japan. Excess heat results in heavy water electrolysis experiments constitute the observations with the most important potential applications. Experiments in gas phase systems exhibit fast particle and gamma emission that make progress toward elucidating mechanisms. The evidence in support of a light water heat effect has improved.
Hagelstein, P.L. Update on Neutron Transfer Reactions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Hagelstein, P.L. Anomalous Energy Transfer between Nuclei and the Lattice. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Hagelstein, P.L. Anomalous Energy Transfer. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Hagelstein, P.L. A Unified Model for Anomalies in Metal Deuterides. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Hagelstein, P.L. A unified model for anomalies in metal deuterides. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
ABSTRACT
Nuclear reactions in a lattice are described using an extension of the resonating group method to include the lattice explicitly. Phonon exchange during fusion and dissociation reactions is predicted Second-order site-other-site reactions are predicted under conditions where the reactions at each site exchange phonons with a common phonon mode. The null reaction in which a dd-fusion at one site is coupled to 4He dissociation at another site is modeled. Coupled-channel equations are developed for the two-site problem, as an illustration of the application of the lattice resonating group method. We have proposed previously that there should exist compact state solutions of the coupled-channel equations, as the associated exchange potential can be attractive. Such states have been proposed to account for the Kasagi effect, and to provide a foundation for many of the anomalies that are seen in metal deuterides. Our analysis of the two-site system suggests so far has not yielded compact state solutions. Preliminary results for the many-site problem are presented, which leads to evidence in support of the stability of the compact states, and which leads to a new overall picture for the anomalies.
Hagelstein, P.L. Forward. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
The Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion was held at the Royal Sonesta Hotel in Cambridge, about a mile from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 24-29, 2003. More than 150 people registered for the conference. There were 113 abstracts submitted prior to the conference, and several talks were added during the conference. About 60 oral presentations were scheduled with 25 minutes allowed for most talks. All oral presentations were given in the main hall, and there were no parallel sessions. Abstracts were submitted for talks on excess heat and related topics, tritium, transmutation, nuclear emissions, theory, and a small number of other topics. . . .
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L. Resonant Tunneling and Resonant Excitation Transfer. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Issues involved in the tunneling of deuterons in metal deuterides are considered in relation to experimental claims of anomalies in metal deuterides. From earlier studies, screening is thought to be similar to the case of molecular D2. Resonant tunneling has been advocated in the literature as a possible mechanism to achieve tunneling enhancements. We develop a two-level system for a piecewise constant potential model for resonant tunneling that matches the energy levels in the vicinity of a level crossing, arguing that such models are applicable for more general potential models. Resonant tunneling effects and dynamics, including acceleration due to coherence, are accounted for in the model. The model is extended to include relaxation effects, and it is found that one would not expect to find coherent effects associated with tunneling in the case of two deuterons in a metal lattice. We present a simple model for the transfer of excitation from a collection of deuterons to a collection of helium nuclei, a model closely related to resonant tunneling and also to new phonon-coupled SU(N) models under development. The excitation transfer models show coherent enhancements as well as collective effects.
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L. Thermal to Electric Energy Conversion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
As research in the area of excess power production moves forward, issues associated with thermal to electric conversion become increasingly important. This paper provides a brief tutorial on basic issues, including the Carnot limit, entropy, and thermoelectric conversion. Practical thermal to electric conversion is possible well below the Carnot limit, and this leads to a high threshold for self-sustaining operation in Pons-Fleischmann type experiments. Excess power production at elevated temperatures will become increasingly important as we move toward self-sustaining devices and energy production for applications. Excess power production in heatproducing systems that do not require electrical input have an enormous advantage over electrochemical systems. Such systems should be considered seriously within our community in the coming years.
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L. Unified Phonon-Coupled SU(N) Models For Anomalies In Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
We present a systematic, but abbreviated, account of issues and models for anomalies in metal deuterides. To interact, deuterons must get close to one another, and we consider conditions under which this occurs and the ramifications. Within the general picture under discussion, anomalies are ultimately a consequence of phonon exchange that occurs when nuclear reactions take place in the solid state. We review the generalization of the resonating group method for reactions in vacuum to include solid state effects, and discuss implications for experiment. Phonon exchange in the case of a much simplified scalar Gaussian nuclear model is reviewed. The coupling of reactions at different sites is explored, and connections are made with recent experiments on alpha emission. The fastest site-other-site reactions are null reactions in which fusion reactions and their inverses are coupled. A consideration of these processes leads to the conclusion that compact states should be present stabilized by phonon exchange, and that these may be responsible for anomalies in recent beam experiments with metal deuterides. Energy exchange between nuclei and the lattice can be very efficient, according to results from idealized models for null reactions involving many sites. Aspects of excess heat production and other effects appear to be addressed by the new models.
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L., et al. New Physical Effects in Metal Deuterides. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Nagel, D. J., CA=Chubb, T. A., CA=Hekman, R.The experimental evidence for anomalies in metal deuterides, including excess heat and nuclear emissions, suggests the existence of new physical effects.
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L. Models for anomalies in condensed matter deuterides. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Models based on phonon exchange for excess heat production in Fleischmann-Pons experiments are considered. In the case that sufficient phonon exchange occurs to stabilize intermediate states containing a neutral, then a model in which excitation is transferred from the D2/4He system to a strongly coupled quantum system made up of an oscillator (highly-excited phonon mode) and a Dicke system (ground state and excited state receiver nuclei) seem appropriate. We find that a coupled Dicke system and oscillator can support energy coupling in the case of strong coupling. We present evolution equations for resonant coupled Dicke systems, augmented with loss. An update is provided on phonon exchange in nuclear calculations.
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L., et al. A Theoretical Formulation for Problems in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Chaudhary, I., CA=Melich, M. E., CA=Johnson, R.Hagelstein, P.L. and I. Chaudhary. Excitation transfer and energy exchange processes for modeling the Fleischmann-Pons excess heat effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Chaudhary, I.The absence of energetic particles commensurate with the energy produced is the single most notable feature of the Fleischmann-Pons experiment for theory, assuming that a new nuclear process is involved. We discuss briefly energy exchange between two-level systems and a low energy oscillator, concluding that spin-boson models augmented with loss are able to describe coherent energy exchange involving a large number of oscillator quanta. Since the coupling between deuterons and the lattice is weak, the excitation must be transferred to a different system with stronger coupling, in order to develop a simple model relevant for heat production. The resulting toy model can be used for simulation, and we describe briefly ongoing efforts to develop a computational model.
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L., M.E. Melich, and R. Johnson. Input To Theory From Experiment In The Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Melich, M. E., CA=Johnson, R.Excess heat in the Flesichmann-Pons effect constitutes a new physical effect unlike other physical processes with which we are familiar. Many groups have proposed theoretical mechanisms to account for the effect, but at present none has been generally accepted. This motivates us to review what experiment tells us about theory. There exists a relatively large body of experimental results, and it is possible to connect many of these individual results to theoretical statements, which might then be used as the basis for the development of new theoretical models.
AU=Hagelstein, P. L.Hagelstein, P.L. and I. Chaudhary, Models Relevant to Excess Heat Production in Fleischmann-Pons Experiments, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 249-267.
CA=Chaudhary, I.Hagelstein, P.L. and I. Chaudhary. Modeling excess heat in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Chaudhary, I.
Theoretical problem
Although many more results available from experiment, we have enough so far to pose the key theory problem:
How to split up a large delta E quantum into lots of small quanta?
The major implication of the Fleischmann-Pons experiment is that this is possible and occurs in energy production
Hagelstein, P.L., D. Letts, and D. Cravens. Progress on two-laser experiments (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Letts, D., CA=Cravens, D.
Goal: to see if Pxs responds to the beat frequency
* In previous years Letts and Cravens showed that a laser could trigger excess heat
* Hope was that two lasers might trigger excess heat
* If so, then could study the dependence of excess heat on the difference frequency
* Possible method to see whether optical phonons involved
Hagi, H., Diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in palladium films prepared by RF sputtering. Materials Transactions JIM, 1990. 31(11): p. 954.
Hajdas, W., et al., Search for cold fusion events. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72: p. 309.
CA=Kistryn, S., CA=Lang, J., CA=Sromicki, J., CA=Jenny, B., CA=Wachter, P.Hale, G.M., R.D. Smith, and T.L. Talley, Nuclear reactions and screened-Coulomb fusion rates. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 187.
CA=Smith, R. D., CA=Talley, T. L.Hale, G.M. and T.L. Talley. Deuteron-Induced Fusion in Various Environments. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Talley, T. L.Halley, J.W. and J.L. Valles, Estimate of nuclear fusion rates arising from a molecular-dynamics model of palladium deuteride. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(9): p. 6072.
CA=Valles, J. L.Hanawa, T. X-ray Spectroscropic Analysis of Carbon Arc Products in Water. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Handel, P. Influence of Surface Tension, Nucleation Centers, and Electron Effective Mass on the Achievable Level of Electrolytic Deuterium Loading. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Handel, P., Intermittency, irreproducibility, and the main physical effects in cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 512.
Handel, P. Reformulation of the Cold Fusion Problem: Heterogeneous Nucleation - A Likely Cause of the Irreproducibility and Intermittency of Cold Fusion Observations. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Handel, P. Subtraction of a New Thermo-Electromechanical Effect from the Excess Heat, and the Emerging Avenues to Cold Fusion. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Handel, P., Thermoelectric excess heat effect in electrolytic cells. Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 1994. 95: p. 489.
Hanksworth, M.R. and J.P.G. Farr, Cold Neutron Radiography of Hydrogenated Palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1981. 119: p. 49.
CA=Farr, J. P. G.Hansen, L.D., et al., COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ANOMALOUS EFFECTS IN Pd/LiOD ELECTROLYTIC CELLS. 1995.
CA=Jones, S. E., CA=Thorne, J. M., CA=Shelton, D. S., CA=Taylor, S. F., CA=Storms, E.Hansen, L.D., S.E. Jones, and D.S. Shelton, A response to hydrogen + oxygen recombination and related heat generation in undivided electrolysis cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 447: p. 225.
CA=Jones, S. E., CA=Shelton, D. S.Hansen, W.N. Report to the Utah State Fusion/Energy Council on the Analysis of Selected Pons Fleischmann Calorimetric Data. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Here is reported my analysis of a series of electrochemical experiments run by Pons and Fleischmann, P/F. This series produced some remarkable results which were revealed only through a careful analysis.
AU=Hansen, W. N.Hansen, W.N. and M.E. Melich. Pd/D Calorimetry- The Key to the F/P Effect and a Challenge to Science. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Melich, M. E.
Abstract
The main issue before this conference can be stated as a simple question:
Question #1: Can large amounts of heat be generated at a significant rate by Pd/D interaction as announced by Fleischmann and Pons?
By now there have been many experimental results claiming to answer “yes” and which force us to take that possibility very seriously. As used here the “large amounts” are much larger than can possibly be explained by chemistry or metallurgy as known today. Up to now the only practical way of answering this question is by Pd/D calorimetry. . . .
Hansen, W.N. and M.E. Melich, Pd/D Calorimetry- The Key to the F/P Effect and a Challenge to Science. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 355.
CA=Melich, M. E.Hansen, W.N., G. Hansen, and D. Glenn. Analysis of Some Electrochemical Calorimetry Data. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Hansen, G., CA=Glenn, D.To demonstrate our techniques for analyzing the calorimetric data of an electrochemical cell, we use three sets of data taken at the NEH laboratory in Sapporo, Japan, copies of which were kindly given to us by Dr. Melvin Miles who was personally involved in their taking.
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CA=Palleschi, V., CA=Salvetti, A., CA=Salvetti, G., CA=Singh, D. P., CA=Vaselli, M.Hasegawa, H. and K. Nakajima, Effect of Hydrogen on the Mechanical Properties of Pd. J. Phys. F, 1979. 9(6): p. 1035.
CA=Nakajima, K.Hasegawa, N., et al. Observation of Excess Heat during Electrolysis of 1 M LiOD in a Fuel Cell Type Closed Cell. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kunimatsu, K., CA=Ohi, T., CA=Terasawa, T.Hasegawa, N., et al. Observation of Excess Heat during Electrolysis of 1 M LiOD in a Fuel Cell Type Closed Cell. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Hayakawa, N., CA=Tsuchida, Y., CA=Yamamoto, Y., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Hasegawa, N., et al. Observation of Excess Heat During Electrolysis of 1M LiOD in a Fuel Cell Type Closed Cell. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Hayakawa, N., CA=Tsuchida, Y., CA=Yamamoto, Y., CA=Kunimatsu, K.
Abstract
Measurements of electrolytic deuterium loading into Pd and Pd-Rh alloy cathodes and excess heat during electrolysis in 1M LiOD have been conducted simultaneously in closed cells with a fuel cell anode pressurized by deuterium gas. The excess heat up to 4-5W/Pd cc has been reproduced by using Pd rod cathodes from various sources. Excess heat increases with electrolysis current density higher than ca. 0.1-0.2 A/cm2, cathode overvoltage and D/Pd higher than 0.80-0.84, but its dependence on D/Pd or D/M appears to be specific to each cathode material in the region of high cathode loading, where the current density or overvoltage appears to be a more important parameter to control the amount of excess heat than the cathode loading.
Hasegawa, N., et al. Electrolytic Deuterium Absorption by Pd Cathode and a Consideration for High D/Pd Ratio. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Sumi, M., CA=Takahashi, M., CA=Senjuh, T., CA=Asami, N., CA=Sakai, T., CA=Shigemitsu, T.Hassam, A.B. and A.N. Dharamsi, Deuterium molecule in the presence of electronic charge concentrations: implications for cold fusion. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1989. 40(11): p. 6689.
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CA=Xi, S. Sh., CA=Qi, X. Zh., CA=Li, X. D., CA=Wang, L., CA=Zu, Q. X.Hawkins, N., Possible natural cold fusion in the atmosphere. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2112.
Hayden, M.E., et al., High precision calorimetric search for evidence of cold fusion using in situ catalytic recombination of evolved gases. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 161.
CA=Naerger, U., CA=Booth, J. L., CA=Whitehead, L. A., CA=Hardy, W. N., CA=Carolan, J. F., CA=Wishnow, E. H., CA=Balzarini, D. A., CA=Brewer, J. H., CA=Blake, C. C.He, J., et al. A Study on Anomalous Nuclear Fusion Reaction by Using a HV Pulse Discharge. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Zhang, Y., CA=Ren, G., CA=Zhu, G., CA=Dong, X., CA=Chen, D., CA=Han, H., CA=Wang, L., CA=Jin, S.He, J., et al., Study of anomalous nuclear fusion reaction by using HV pulse discharge. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1993. 10(11): p. 652.
CA=Zhang, Y., CA=Ren, G., CA=Zhu, G., CA=Qian, Z., CA=Dong, X., CA=Dai, C., CA=Hu, S., CA=Wang, L., CA=Yi, S.He, J., Nuclear fusion inside condense matters. Front. Phys. China, 2007. 1: p. 96-102.
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Higashiyama, Y., et al. Replication of MHI transmutation experiment by D2 gas permeation through Pd complex. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Sakano, M., CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Takahashi, A.
Unusual nuclear transmutation reactions have been reported by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). In their experiment, D2 gas permeates through a Pd complexes, which consists of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd. When they used sample Pd complexes with additional Cs on the surface, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the sample was subjected to D2 gas permeation at 343 K and 1 atm for about one week. The elemental analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This phenomenon was reproduced qualitatively in the present replication experiment.
We performed D-permeation experiments similar to the MHI’s experiment three times, and we confirmed the production of Pr. Pd complex samples were provided to us by MHI. The surface was electrolytically cleaned to remove hydrocarbons before depositing Cs. D2 gas was permeated through the Pd complexes at 343 K and 1 atm for about 5 days. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was performed to analyze the existence of the elements (Cs and Pr) and the mass distribution. The results showed the existence of Pr. And we also confirmed the existence of Pr by using fast Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) in Fusion Neutronics Source (FNS) of Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI).
As a result, we confirmed that the nuclear transmutation reaction, from 133Cs to 141Pr, was occurred. This transmutation suggests that the mass numbers and atomic numbers increase 8 and 4, respectively. The model of multi-body resonance fusion of deuterons proposed by A. Takahashi2 can explain this mass-8-and-charge-4 increased transmutation.
Hill, J.C., et al., Search for cold fusion using Pd-D2O cells and Ti-D mixtures. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 305.
CA=Stassis, C., CA=Shinar, J., CA=Goldman, A. I., CA=Folkerts, R., CA=Schwellenbach, D. D., CA=Peterson, D. T., CA=Widrig, C., CA=Porter, M., CA=Benesh, C. J., CA=Vary, J. P.Hioki, T., et al. Influence of Deuterium Gas Permeation on Surface Elemental Change of Sr-88 Ion-Implanted Pd and Pd/CaO multi-layer system in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
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Hodko, D. and J. Bockris, Possible excess tritium production on Pd codeposited with deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 353: p. 33.
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CA=Flanagan, T. B.Holst-Hansen, P. and D. Britz, Can current fluctuations account for the excess heat claims of Fleischmann and Pons? J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 388: p. 11.
CA=Britz, D.Hongyu, Z., et al. Some Results on Cold Fusion Research. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Chenlin, W., CA=Yanin, R., CA=Guoying, F., CA=Hua, Y., CA=Weidong, Z., CA=Dachun, W., CA=Ming, H., CA=Shuzen, L., CA=Zhuen, H., CA=Zhongda, W., CA=Runhu, Y., CA=Zhenghao, L., CA=Guoxiao, R.Hora, H., et al., Plasma and surface tension model for explaining the surface effect of tritium generation at cold fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. 12D(3): p. 393.
CA=Cicchitelli, L., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Ragheb, M., CA=Scharmann, A., CA=Scheid, W.Hora, H., et al. Surface Models for Cold Fusion and the Possibilities of Multilayered Cells for Energy Production. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Ragheb, M., CA=Scharmann, A.Hora, H., et al., Screening in cold fusion derived from D-D reactions. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 175: p. 138.
CA=Kelly, J. C., CA=Patel, J. U., CA=Prelas, M. A., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Tompkins, J. W.Hora, H. and J.A. Patterson, The d and p reactions in low-energy nuclear fusion, transmutation, and fission. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 1996. 76: p. 144.
CA=Patterson, J. A.Hora, H., J.C. Kelly, and G.H. Miley, Energy gain and nuclear transmutation by low-energy p- or d-reaction in metal lattices. Infinite Energy, 1997. 2(12): p. 48.
CA=Kelly, J. C., CA=Miley, G. H.Hora, H., Magic numbers and low energy nuclear transmutation by protons in host metals. Czech. J. Phys., 1998. 48(3): p. 321.
Hora, H. and G.H. Miley, New magic numbers from low energy nuclear transmutations predict element (306)X(126) for compound reactions. Czech. J. Phys., 1998. 48: p. 1111.
CA=Miley, G. H.Hora, H., et al. Nuclear Shell Magic Numbers Agree With Measured Transmutation by Low-Energy Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Kelly, J. C., CA=Narne, Y.Hora, H., et al., Proton-metal reactions in thin films with Boltzmann distribution similar to nuclear astrophysics. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 331.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Kelly, J. C., CA=Salvaggi, G., CA=Tate, A., CA=Osman, F., CA=Castillo, R.Hora, H. and G.H. Miley, Heavy nuclide synthesis by neutrons in astrophysics and by screened protons in host metals. Czech. J. Phys., 2000. 50: p. 433.
CA=Miley, G. H.Hora, H., G.H. Miley, and J. Kelly. Low Energy Nuclear Reactions of Protons in Host Metals. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Kelly, J.Hora, H., et al. Shrinking of hydrogen atoms in host metals by dielectric effects and Inglis-Teller depression of ionization potentials. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Kelly, J. C., CA=Osman, F.
ABSTRACT
Conversion of deuterium to tritium in palladium has been clearly confirmed by the Arata-Zhang experiments. Endothermic element synthesis in Pd. and/or Ni layers due to high proton concentration, in analogy to stellar synthesis can be seen from the generation of very rare elements such as terbium. A convincing explanation is necessary. It was concluded phenomenologically that the reaction of the protons or deuterons by fusion or with the nuclei of the host metal occurs at a distance of about picometers with a reaction time of about megaseconds. It was noted that the Bohr radius rB of hydrogen atoms in a dielectric with refractive index n is changed to rBn2. such that with the electron concentration of the host metals a plasma refractive index of 0.076 results in a value of 3pm. In order to understand the subsequent dielectric modification of the ionization energy, we apply the model of depression of this energy by the Inglis-Teller effect for which a model with the best agreement with plasma experiments was presented before. For our model of the dielectrically shrunk picometer hydrogen atoms, the low ionization energies result in a reasonable relation between dielectric properties and the effective Debye length. Preference of the reaction at surfaces or interfaces between different host metals are due to the same reduction of the dielectric response as observed with surface plasmons. For the swimming electron layer theory, the spreading of the double layer for metal interfaces was discussed.
Hora, H. Summary about theoretical results of the 9th international conference on cold fusion. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
For summarizing theoretical papers of the ICCF9 conference, a short reminder should be given about some significant experimental results that can form a basis for a theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). For a more historic view, the motivation for the Fleischmann-Pons experiment or the Preparata effect were well explained while-as an unusual view-L. Case reported that experiments may be understood by a simple chemical process involving catalytic surface properties. This could also explain why heat production happens in some cases and not in other cases. Contrary to this is the history of the observation of neutron emission from palladium compounds [1] or from deuterated palladium [2] that indicate nuclear processes. Today we have the significant result of Tian, Li et al [3] that the reaction of palladium wires after reacting with a hydrogen atmosphere during a current discharge, when the energy input was stopped and the gas evacuated, generated “heat after dead” for 43 hours producing about 3.6kW/cm3 or 13 keV/atom Pd . . .
AU=Hora, H.Hora, H., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Reactions resulting as picometer interactions with similarity to K-shell electron capture. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Kelly, J., CA=Osman, F.Since the appeal by Brian Josephson at the meeting of the Nobel Laureates July 2004, it seems to be indicated to summarize the following serious, reproducible and confirmed observations on reactions of protons or deuterons incorporated in host metals such as palladium. Some reflections to Rutherford’s discovery of nuclear physics, the Cockroft-Oliphant discovery of anomalous low energy fusion reactions and the chemist Hahn’s discovery of fission had to be included. Using gaseous atmosphere or discharges between palladium targets, rather significant results were seen e.g. from the “life after death” heat production of such high values per host atom that only nuclear reactions can be involved. This supports the earlier evaluation of neutron generation in fully reversible experiments with gas discharges hinting that a reasonable screening effect – preferably in the swimming electron layer – may lead to reactions at nuclear distances d of picometers with reaction probability times U of about megaseconds similar to the K-shell capture radioactivity. Further electrolytic experiments led to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) where the involvement of pollution could be excluded from the appearance of very seldom rare earth elements. A basically new theory for DD cross sections is used to confirm the picometer-megasecond reactions of cold fusion. Other theoretical aspects are given from measured heavy element distributions similar to the standard abundance distribution, SAD, in the Universe with consequences on endothermic heavy nuclei generation, magic numbers and to quark-gluon plasmas.
AU=Hora, H.Hora, H. and G.H. Miley, Maruhn–Greiner Maximum of Uranium Fission for Confirmation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions LENR via a Compound Nucleus with Double Magic Numbers. J. Fusion Energy, 2007. 26: p. 349-355.
CA=Miley, G. H.Hora, H., G.H. Miley, and K. Philberth. Radiochemical Observations for Comparison of Uranium Fission with Low Energy Nuclear Reactions LENR. in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Philberth, K.The discovery of nuclear fission by Hahn and Straßmann was based on a very rare microanalytical result what initially could not indicate the very complicated details of this most important process. A similarity is discussed for the low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) being proved from analogies of measurements of uranium fission. The distribution of the elements with uranium fission is similar to the element distribution with LENR. This was observed repeatedly and reproducibly with high density deuteron concentration in palladium. This discussion is specifically focussed to the Maruhn-Greiner local maximum of the distribution within the large-scale minimum if the fission nuclei are excited. The consequences of the complications in uranium fission are discussed in comparison with LENR with respect to the studies of a hypothetical fissioning compound nuclear reaction via a concluded element 306X126 with double magic numbers.
AU=Hora, H.Hora, H., et al., Quark-Gluon Model for Magic Numbers Related to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 219-234.
CA=Ghahramani, N., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Ghanaatian, M., CA=Hooshmand, M., CA=Philberth, K., CA=Osman, F.Horanyi, G., Open questions concerning the Fleischmann-Pons experiment. Magy. Kem. Fol, 1989. 95: p. 140 (in Hungarian).
Horanyi, G., Some basic electrochemistry and the cold nuclear fusion of deuterium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1989. 137(1): p. 23.
Horanyi, G., Some doubts about the occurrence of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 889.
Horowitz, C.J., Cold nuclear fusion in metallic hydrogen and normal metals. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40: p. R1555.
Horowitz, C.J., Cold nuclear fusion in dense metallic hydrogen. Astrophys. J., 1991. 367: p. 288.
Howald, R.A., Calculations on the Palladium-Lithium System for Cold Fusion. CALPHAD, 1990. 14: p. 1.
Hrushovetz, S.M. Particles, Primes, and "Cold Fusion". in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Hsu, C.L., C.M. Wan, and F.R. Chen. TEM Investigation of Hydrogen Ordering in Pd. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Wan, C. M., CA=Chen, F. RHu, C.C. and T.C. Wen, Effect of pH and anion on hydrogen sorption/desorption at/within oxide-derived Pd electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1995. 142(5): p. 1376.
CA=Wen, T. C.Huang, C.Y. and M. Rabinowitz, Some New Aspects of Super-High Temperature Superconductors. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 4(9): p. 567.
CA=Rabinowitz, M.Huang, G.S. and X.Z. Li. A possible phase transition in a gas-loading D/Pd system. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Li, X. Z.Huang, G., et al. The Measurements and the Control of Loading Ratio of Deuterium in Palladium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Mo, D., CA=Yu, W., CA=Yao, M., CA=Xi, X., CA=Liaw, B.Huang, N., et al. A Flow Calorimeter Used in Duplication of 'Cold Fusion'. in Special Session Cold Fusion, Electrochemical Society. 1989. Hollywood, Fl: Electrochemical Society.
CA=Gao, Q. H., CA=Liaw, B. Y., CA=Liebert, B. E.Huang, N. Effect of Light Water Additions on Excess Heat Generation of Palladium Deuterium System. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Hubler, G.K., Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen-Charged Palladium - A review (PowerPoint slides). Surf. Coatings Technol., 2007.
Abstract and PowerPoint slides describing the paper of the same title.
AU=Hubler, G. K.Hubler, G.K., Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen-Charged Palladium - A review. Surf. Coatings Technol., 2007.
Huggins, R.A., Statement before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technolgy,. 1989.
Huggins, R.A. Fundamental Considerations Relating to the Electrochemical Insertion of Hydrogen and Palladium into Mixed Conductors. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Huggins, R.A., Fundamental considerations relating to the insertion of hydrogen isotopes into mixed conductors at high activities. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 1991. 210: p. 317.
Huggins, R.A. Materials Aspects of the Electrochemical Insertion of Hydrogen and Deuterium into Mixed Conductors. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Abstract
A number of features of the presence of interstitial species in metals and alloys relevant to “solid state fusion” experiments are discussed. These include experimental evidence for very high virtual pressures under certain conditions, and the influence of promotors and surface blockers. Dislocation generation and motion can result from the large stresses accompanying composition gradients and phase transformations. Because of preferential segregation of interstitial species to dislocations, transport along dislocations can be much faster than through the bulk crystal, and dislocation motion can cause unusually rapid interstitial solute transport and both entry and emission from surfaces. Mechanical effects related to the presence of hydrogen often are sporadic and can have long delay times. It is possible that some of the same microstructural features and phenomena that are responsible for delayed mechanical behavior play an important role in the “solid state fusion” observations. Two dislocation mechanisms are presented that can produce transient local hyperloading.
Huggins, R.A. and W.D. Nix, Decrepitation Model For Capacity Loss During Cycling of Alloys in Rechargeable Electrochemical Systems. Ionics, 2000. 6: p. 57.
CA=Nix, W. D.Abstract. Mechanisms that are involved in the loss of capacity upon the cycling of electrochemical cells are discussed. The inherent instability of the electrochemical interface and the resultant geometrical changes are characteristic of electrodes in which the reactant is a pure element. On the other hand, decrepitation can play an important role in the case of polyphase electrodes in which significant changes in specific volume occur. A simple one-dimensional model is presented that shows the mechanism and the important parameters that are involved in particle fracture. It predicts that decrepitation will lead to a terminal particle size, as is found experimentally.
AU=Hugo, M.Hugo, M. A Home Cold Fusion Experiment. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Huizenga, J.R., Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century. 1992, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Huizenga, J.R., Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century. 1993, New York: Oxford University Press.
Huke, A., K. Czerski, and P. Heide. Accelerator Experiments and Theoretical Models for the Electron Screening Effect in Metallic Environments. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Czerski, K., CA=Heide, P.
An overview of our experiments and their results concerning the electron screening effects in metallic environments are presented. The measurements of the reactions 2H(d,p)3H and
2H(d,n)3He were performed with an electrostatic accelerator at incident deuteron energies between 5 and 60keV at different self-implanted target materials. The resulting screening energy values are about one order of magnitude larger compared to gas target experiments and exceed significantly the theoretical predictions. A thorough investigation of the processes in the targets under ion irradiation shows that there are multi-parameter collateral effects which are crucial for the correct interpretation of the observed enhancements. They mainly originate from target surface contaminations due to residual gases in the vacuum as well as from inhomogeneities in the deuteron density distribution in heterogeneous targets. For the special situation of deuterium in the metallic environment an improved analysis method has been developed beyond the standard procedures. Experimental evidence for the influence of such effects and a mathematical model for their assessment are given and compared with the results of other groups. We also present a numerical model of the electron screening effect in metallic lattices based on an ab-initio Hartree-Fock simulation.
Huke, A., et al. Evidence for a Target-Material Dependence of the Neutron-Proton Branching Ratio in d+d Reactions for Deuteron Energies below 20 keV. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Czerski, K., CA=Dorsch, T., CA=Heide, P.Angular distributions and the neutron-proton branching ratio of the mirror reactions 2H(d,p)3H and 2H(d,n)3He have been investigated using different deuterized metallic targets at projectile energies ranging from 5 to 60 keV. Whereas the experimental results obtained for Al, Zr, Pd and Ta targets do not differ from those known from gas-target experiments, an enhancement of the angular anisotropy in the neutron channel and a quenching of the neutron-proton branching ratio have been observed for Li and Sr targets at deuteron energies below 20 keV. Both effects can be explained assuming an induced adiabatic polarization of the reacting deuterons in the crystal lattice.
AU=Huke, A.Huke, A., et al., Evidence for a host-material dependence of the n/p branching ratio of low-energy d+d reactions within metallic environments. Eur. Phys. J. A, 2006. 27(s01): p. 187-192.
CA=Czerski, K., CA=Dorsch, T., CA=Biller, A., CA=Heide, P., CA=Ruprecht, G.Huke, A., et al., Enhancement of the Deuteron-Fusion Reactions in Metals and its Experimental Implications. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 2008. 78(1).
CA=Czerski, K., CA=Heide, P., CA=Ruprecht, G., CA=Targosz, N., CA=Zebrowski, W.Recent measurements of the reaction 2H(d,p)3H in metallic environments at very low energies performed by different experimental groups point to an enhanced electron screening effect. However, the resulting screening energies differ strongly for diverse host metals and different experiments. Here, we present new experimental results and investigations of interfering processes in the irradiated targets. These measurements inside metals set special challenges and pitfalls that make them and the data analysis particularly error prone. There are multiparameter collateral effects that are crucial for the correct interpretation of the observed experimental yields. They mainly originate from target surface contaminations owing to residual gases in the vacuum as well as from inhomogeneities and instabilities in the deuteron density distribution in the targets. To address these problems an improved differential analysis method beyond the standard procedures has been implemented. Profound scrutiny of the other experiments demonstrates that the observed unusual changes in the reaction yields are mainly due to deuteron density dynamics simulating the alleged screening energy values. The experimental results are compared with different theoretical models of the electron screening in metals. The Debye-Hückel model that has been previously proposed to explain the influence of the electron screening on both nuclear reactions and radioactive decays can be clearly excluded.
AU=Hunter, G. W.Hunter, G.W., et al., A Dewar Calorimeter for Electrochemical Studies. 1990.
CA=Pond, G. R., CA=Werth, J., CA=Balko, E. N.Hurlbert, R.C. and J.O. Konecny, Diffusion of hydrogen through palladium. J. Chem. Phys., 1961. 34: p. 655.
CA=Konecny, J. O.Hurtak, J.J., Cold Fusion Research: Models and Potential Benefits. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 128.
Hurtak, J.J. and P.G. Bailey, Cold fusion research: Models and potential benefits. 1997: www.padrak.com/ine/.
CA=Bailey, P. G.Huston, E.L. and G.D. Sandrock, Engineering Properties of Metal Hydrides. J. Less-Common Met., 1980. 74: p. 435.
CA=Sandrock, G. D.Hutchinson, D.P., et al., Initial Calorimetry Experiments in the Physics Division -ORNL. 1990: Oak Ridge, TN.
CA=Bennet, C. A., CA=Richards, R. K., CA=Bullock, J., CA=Powell, G. L.Iazzi, F., et al. Correlated Measurements of D2 Loading and 4He Production in Pd Lattice. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Botta, E., CA=Bressani, T., CA=Fanara, C., CA=Tesio, A.
Abstract
A series of measurements have been performed on a thin sheet of Pd in D2 gas atmosphere with an electric field applied across its length. The results in terms of correlation between the average loading ratio near the cathode and in the middle of the sheet are reported: they indicate that under particular conditions the application of the electric field succeeds to shorten the loading time and to obtain local D/Pd ratios higher than the average value.
Ichimaru, S., S. Ogata, and A. Nakano, Rates of nuclear fusion in metal hydrides. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1990. 59(11): p. 3904.
CA=Ogata, S., CA=Nakano, A.Ichimaru, S., et al., Statistical-mechanical theory of cold nuclear fusion in metal hydrides. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1990. 59: p. 1333.
CA=Nakano, A., CA=Ogata, S., CA=Tanaka, S., CA=Iyetomi, H., CA=Tajima, T.Ichimaru, S., Cold nuclear fusion in pressurized liquid metals. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1991. 60: p. 1437.
Ichimaru, S. Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Ichimaru, S., Nuclear fusion in dense plasmas. Rev. Mod. Phys., 1993. 65: p. 255.
Iguchi, T., Measurement of a very small yield of neutron using a moderating-type (3)He gas counter. Ioniz. Radiat. (Tokyo), 1990. 16(3): p. 22 (in Japanese).
Iida, T., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiment with Ti and Pd Foils Implanted with Deuterium Beams. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Fukuhara, M., CA=Miyazaki, H., CA=Sueyoshi, Y., CA=Sunarno, CA=Datemichi, J., CA=Takahashi, A.Iida, T., et al. Deuteron Fusion Experiments with Ti and Pd Foils Implanted with Deuteron Beams II. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Fukuhara, M., CA=Sunarno, CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Takahashi, A.
Deuteron implantation experiments on Ti and Pd foils have been made for the examination of the “cold” deuteron fusion reaction. In the center of a target chamber fitted to a 300 keV deuteron accelerator, a Ti or Pd foil sample was set to face toward 3 nsec pulsed deuteron beams collimated with a 3 mm diameter aperture. A Si-SSD was placed behind the foil to detect high energy charged particles emitted from the foil by the supposed deuteron fusion reactions.
In the 243 keV deuteron implantation experiments for 3-20 μm Ti and 5-22 μm Pd foils, unusual counts and peaks were measured in the energy region higher than the proton peak due to the well-known D-D reaction. And from the energy loss measurement with the screen foil in front of the Si-SSD, some of the unusual high energy peaks were found to be helium, though the original reactions are not identified. These helium peaks and unnatural counts are difficult to explain and might have something to do with the multibody fusion reactions proposed by A. Takahashi. More elaborate experiments with more detailed measurement such as correlated particle measurement should be necessary for confirmation of the multibody fusion reaction.
Iida, T., Deuteron fusion experiments with some foils implanted with deuteron beams. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 77.
Iizumi, K., et al. Heat Measurement During Plasma Electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Fujii, M., CA=Mitsushima, S., CA=Kamiya, N., CA=Ota, K.Ikegami, H. Cold Fusion Researches in Japan. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Ikegami, H., Present and future of cold fusion. Nuclear products from cold fusion. Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 60: p. 212 (in Japanese).
Ikegami, H., ed. Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion" (Part 1). 1992, Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan: Nagoya Japan. 698.
This is the complete proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, October 21 - 25, 1992 Nagoya, Japan.
The printed book is in one volume, but this version has been split into two parts to facilitate downloading. This is Part 1, title page to page 252.
This file is in image-over-text Acrobat format, so it is large. Some individual papers from the proceedings have been uploaded separately after being completely converted to text Acrobat format, which is cleaner and smaller. In some cases the separate papers have been re-edited by the authors and improved.
Ikegami, H., ed. Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion" (Part 2). 1992, Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan: Nagoya Japan. 698.
This is the complete proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, October 21 - 25, 1992 Nagoya, Japan.
The printed book is in one volume, but this version has been split into two parts to facilitate downloading. This is Part 2, page 253 to page 698.
Ikegami, H., Next step to promote cold fusion research. Oyo Butsuri, 1993. 62: p. 717 (in Japanese).
Ikegami, H., Buffer Energy Nuclear Fusion, in Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.40. 2001. p. 6092-6098.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
A compact scheme of non-thermonuclear fusion is presented. Hydrogen ions are implanted directly from nonthermal discharge plasma or ion source into a surface of liquid Li metal at a buffer energy of a few tens keV where nuclear stopping occurs. The ions interact with Li atoms or mixed element atoms which are not being internally excited and tend towards the formation of united atoms at the minimum Gibbs free energy point. This leads to the enhanced rate of non-thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen ions due to cohesion in the liquid metal.
Ikeya, M. and H. Miyamaru, Chemical heat production of palladium electrode electrolytically charged with deuterium and hydrogen. Chem. Express, 1989. 4: p. 563.
CA=Miyamaru, H.Ilic, R., et al., A search for neutrons, protons, tritons, (3)He ions, gamma- and x-rays from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reaction in electrochemically charged palladium. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 1990. 17: p. 483.
CA=Rant, J., CA=Sutej, T., CA=Kristof, E., CA=Skvarc, J., CA=Kozelj, M., CA=Najzer, M., CA=Humar, M., CA=Cercek, M., CA=Glumac, B., CA=Cvikl, B., CA=Fajgelj, A., CA=Gyergyek, T., CA=Trkov, A., CA=Loose, A., CA=Peternelj, J., CA=Remec, I., CA=Ravnik, M.Ilic, R., et al., Investigation of the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction in cast, annealed, and cold-rolled palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 505.
CA=Rant, J., CA=Sutej, T., CA=Dobersek, M., CA=Kristov, E., CA=Skvarc, J., CA=Kozelj, M.Ilic, R. and J. Rant, The search for cold nuclear fusion with track-etch and bubble damage detectors. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 1991. 19: p. 619.
CA=Rant, J.Iller, C., Hadronic Circuit Diagrams and the secrets of Cold Nuclear Chemistry. Alchemy Today, 1994. 2: p. 149.
Indech, R. and R. Karshenboym. Optimization of Output in a Cold Fusion Generator. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Karshenboym, R.Irvine, J.M. and S. Riley, Cold fusion doubts and controls. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 515 (15-Jun).
CA=Riley, S.Isagawa, S., Y. Kanada, and T. Suzuki. Search for Excess Heat, Neutron Emission and Tritium Yield from Electrochemically Charged Palladium in D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kanada, Y., CA=Suzuki, T.Isagawa, S., Y. Kanda, and T. Suzuki. Heat Production and Trial to Detect Nuclear Products from Palladium-Deuterium Electrolysis Cells. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Kanda, Y., CA=Suzuki, T.Isagawa, S., Mass spectroscopic means for determining 4He in the presence of large amounts of D2. Vacuum, 1996. 47: p. 497.
Isagawa, S. and Y. Kanda. Mass Spectroscopic Search for Helium in Effluent Gas and Palladium Cathodes of D2O Electrolysis Cells Involving Excess Power. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kanda, Y.Isagawa, S., Y. Kanda, and T. Suzuki, Present status of cold fusion experiment at KEK". Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 65(1): p. 60.
CA=Kanda, Y., CA=Suzuki, T.Isobe, Y., H. Fukuoka, and A. Takahashi. Simultaneous Measurements of Neutrons, X-rays, Excess Heat and D-Loading Ratio Using Open D2O Electrolysis System. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Fukuoka, H., CA=Takahashi, A.Isobe, Y., et al. Search for Coherent Deuteron Fusion by Beam and Electrolysis Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Uneme, S., CA=Yabuta, K., CA=Mori, H., CA=Omote, T., CA=Ueda, S., CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Miyadera, H., CA=Takahashi, A.[Abstract] Procedures and results of three kinds of experiments i.e., closed type D2O/Pd electrolysis, electron beam irradiation and ion-beam bombardment on titanium-deuteride (TiDx) have been introduced in this paper. In the electrolysis experiment, upper gas of the electrolysis cell was analyzed using a Quadrupole Mass Analysis System (Q-MAS). Significant amount of helium-4 was detected without neutron emission in several experiments and in one of these experiments, the amount of helium-4 atom in the released gas from the palladium cathode was 8.1x1016 atoms. Under electron beam irradiation to highly D-loaded palladium, anomalous spectra were taken in X-ray measurement. In the experiments using deuteron beam and TiDx, responses which suggested 3D multi-body fusion were taken and the reaction rate of which was increased compared to the D(d,p)T reaction rate, below 100 keV. This result may reflect the coherent effect of the solid state in the reactions. From the results of the experiments using proton beam and TiDx, peaks which suggested 3D multi-body reaction were detected with high reproducibility. Moreover, high energetic protons having 17-20 MeV emitted kinetic energy which suggested H-D-D three-body coherent fusion were also detected.
AU=Isobe, Y.Isobe, Y., et al., Search for multibody nuclear reactions in metal deuteride induced with ion beam and electrolysis methods. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41(part 1): p. 1546.
CA=Uneme, S., CA=Yabuta, K., CA=Katayama, Y., CA=Mori, H., CA=Omote, T., CA=Ueda, S., CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Takahashi, A.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
We report here the experimental results suggesting the occurrence of multibody nuclear reactions in metal deuterides under ion-beam irradiation and electrolysis. A meaningful increase of helium-4 was observed during electrolysis with the Pd-D2O system, while neutron emission was not observed. The D+D+D fusion, 3D→t+3He+9.5 MeV, has been observed repeatedly in deuteron-beam irradiation experiments with a TiDx target. On the other hand, in proton-beam experiments with TiDx, H+D+D-fusion: H+D+D→p+4He+23.8 MeV was observed. Considering this result, it seems that the 3D reaction occurred between two deuterons trapped closely in TiDx and an incident particle of deuteron. . . .
Ito, T., T. Kursawa, and T. Yaguchi, Concerning 'cold fusion'. Meiji Daigaku Nogakubu Hokoku, 1994. 100: p. 1 (in Japanese).
CA=Kursawa, T., CA=Yaguchi, T.Itoh, T., et al. Observation of Nuclear Products Under Vacuum Conditions from Deuterated Palladium with High Loading Ratio. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Iwamura, Y., CA=Gotoh, N., CA=Toyoda, I.Itoh, T., et al. Observation of Nuclear Products in Gas Release Experiments with Electrochemically Deuterated Palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Iwamura, Y., CA=Gotoh, N., CA=Toyoda, I.Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and I. Toyoda. Observation of Anomalous Nuclear Effects in D2-Pd System. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Toyoda, I.Iwamura, Y., et al. Characteristic X-ray and Neutron Emissions from Electrochemically Deuterated Palladium. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Gotoh, N., CA=Itoh, T., CA=Toyoda, I.Iwamura, Y., et al. Correlation between behavior of deuterium in palladium and occurance of nuclear reactions observed by simultaneous measurement of excess heat and nuclear products. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Gotoh, N., CA=Toyoda, I.We developed a new type of experimental apparatus for simultaneous measurement of excess heat and nuclear products with intent to induce continuous nuclear reactions in D2 Pd system. It consists of two parts: an electrochemical cell for calorimetry, and a vacuum chamber for nuclear measurement. Deuterium atoms flow continuously from the electrochemical side to the vacuum side through a palladium plate, and we might expect that nuclear reactions last for a long term in the system, since it is considered that diffusion process of deuterium atoms in palladium is important to induce nuclear reactions.
AU=Iwamura, Y.Iwamura, Y., et al. Detection of Anomalous Elements, X-ray and Excess Heat Induced by Continous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Gotoh, N., CA=Sakano, M., CA=Toyoda, I., CA=Sakata, H.
Abstract
A new type of experimental apparatus is developed to induce nuclear reactions by continuous diffusion of deuterium. Ti atoms, which cannot be explained by contamination, were detected on the surface where deuterium atoms passed through on Pd cathodes after electrolysis. A multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd) is introduced based on an EINR (Electron Induced Nuclear Reaction) model. Excess heat generations and x-ray emissions were observed for all the cases we tried by the multi-layer cathodes. 57Fe/56Fe ratio of Fe atoms detected on the multi-layer cathodes is anomalously larger than natural
57Fe/56Fe.
Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, X-ray and excess heat induced by continuous diffusion of deuterium through multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 56.
CA=Itoh, H., CA=Gotoh, N., CA=Sakano, M., CA=Toyoda, I., CA=Sakata, H.Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, x-ray, and excess heat in a D2-Pd system and its interpretation by the electron-induced nuclear reaction model. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 476.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Gotoh, N., CA=Toyoda, I.Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and M. Sakano. Nuclear Products and Their Time Dependence Induced by Continuous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Palladium Containing Low Work Function Material. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Sakano, M.Two kinds of experimental methods have been designed to induce nuclear reactions in the Pd-D system. One is the D2 gas diffusion method, and the other is the electrolysis diffusion method. A common feature of the methods is to cause continuous diffusion of deuterium through a multi-layer Pd that contains low work function material (CaO, TiC, YzOs, etc.). Time dependence of nuclear products (Mg, Si, S, F, Al) were observed by the D2 gas diffusion method, in which the products were analyzed WITHOUT taking the multi-layer Pd out of the apparatus. The time dependence of the products was reproduced qualitatively. The 33S/32S ratio of the products was one order larger than that of natural abundance. Fe isotope ratio anomaly of the multi-layer Pd obtained by the electrolysis diffusion method was confirmed by SIMS and TOF-SIMS. Si powder products detected after electrolysis amounted to 0.057g, and its isotopic composition was anomalous.
AU=Iwamura, Y.Iwamura, Y., et al. Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University.: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Sakano, M., CA=Sakai, S.Iwamura, Y., M. Sakano, and T. Itoh, Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41: p. 4642.
CA=Sakano, M., CA=Itoh, T.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. It is reprinted here with permission of the author. The abstract begins:
Elemental analysis of Pd complexes, which consist of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd, is described, after subjecting the Pd complexes to D2 gas permeation. The Pd complex was located in a vacuum chamber and the elemental analysis was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) apparatus mounted on the chamber. . . .
Iwamura, Y., T. Itoh, and M. Sakano, Nuclide Transmutation Device and Nuclide Transmutation Method. 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.: U.S.A.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Sakano, M.
PATENT
ABSTRACT: The present invention produces nuclide transmutation using a relatively small-scale device. The device 10 that produces nuclide transmutation comprises a structure body 11 that is substantially plate shaped and made of palladium (Pd) or palladium alloy, or another metal that absorbs hydrogen (for example, Ti) or an alloy thereof, and a material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation laminated on one surface 11A among the two surfaces of this structure body 11. The one surface 11A side of the structure body 11, for example, is made a region in which the pressure of the deuterium is high due to pressure or electrolysis and the like, and the other surface 11B side, for example, is a region in which the pressure of the deuterium is low due to vacuum exhausting and the like, and thereby, a flow of deuterium in the structure body 11 is produced, and nuclide transmutation is carried out by a reaction between the deuterium and the material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
Iwamura, Y., et al. Observation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes,. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Sakano, M., CA=Sakai, S.
ABSTRACT
Observation of low energy nuclear reactions induced by D2 gas permeation through Pd complexes, which consist of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd, is described. The Pd complex was located in a vacuum chamber and the elemental analysis was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) apparatus mounted on the chamber. When Cs was added on the surface of a Pd complex, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the Pd complex was subjected to D2 gas permeation at 343K and 1atm for about one week. In the case of adding Sr on the surface, Mo emerged on the surface while the added Sr decreased after D2 permeation for about two weeks. All the phenomena were reproduced qualitatively. The isotopic composition of the detected Mo exhibited characteristics indicating an isotopic abundance of Sr rather than the natural abundance of Mo
Iwamura, Y., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Transmutation In Condensed Matter Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes: Correlation Between Deuterium Flux And Nuclear Products. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Sakano, M., CA=Sakai, S., CA=Kuribayashi, S.
Observations of low energy nuclear reactions induced by D2 gas permeation through Pd complexes (Pd/CaO/Pd) were presented at ICCF-9 and in a paper published in the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (JJAP). When Cs was added on the surface of a Pd complex, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the Pd complex was subjected to D2 gas permeation. When Sr was added to the surface, Mo emerged while the Sr decreased after D2 gas permeation. The isotopic composition of the detected Mo was different from the natural abundance.
In this paper, recent progress of our research is described. The detected Pr was confirmed by various methods such as TOF-SIMS, XANES, X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and ICP-MS. Analysis of the depth profile of Pr indicated that a very thin surface region up to 100 angstroms was the active transmutation zone. Many experimental results showed that the quantity of Pr was proportional to the deuterium flux through Pd complex. The cross section of transmutation of Cs into Pr can be roughly estimated at 1 barn if we consider the deuterium flux as an ultra low energy deuteron beam.
Iwamura, Y. Consideration on the Role of CaO (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Iwamura, Y. Observation of Nuclear Transmutation Reactions induced by D2 Gas Permeation through Pd Complexes (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
We have been studying low energy nuclear transmutations induced by D2 gas permeation through Pd complexes (Pd/CaO/Pd). We presented experimental results at ICCF9 and ICCF101-3. In this paper, we report recent progress. Transmutations of Ba into Sm were observed in two cases: with natural Ba on Pd complex samples (a definite result), and with mass 137-enriched Ba (probable). In these experiments, the atomic mass increase was 12 and atomic number increase was 6. One of our experimental apparatuses was carried to SPring-8, which is the world’s largest synchrotron radiation facility, located at Hyogo prefecture in Japan. Pr was confirmed several times by XRF at SPring-8. Some experiments were done to explore physical structure of the CaO layer. According to a D+ ion beam bombardment experiment performed at Tohoku University, the deuterium density of our Pd complex is one order larger than normal Pd. When we replaced CaO with MgO, we did not obtain any positive results. These results shed light on the role of the CaO layer in the Pd complex.
AU=Iwamura, Y.Iwamura, Y. Observation of Nuclear Transmutation Reactions induced by D2 Gas Permeation through Pd Complexes. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Transmutations of Ba into Sm were observed both when natural Ba was applied to the Pd complex samples, and when mass 137-enriched Ba (monoisotopic Ba) was applied. The mass distribution of Sm that we obtained depended on the starting isotopic distribution of Ba.
One of our experimental apparatus was carried to SPring-8 for the purpose of in-situ measurement, and we obtained a Pr signal using the X-ray Fluorescence method.
According to a D+ ion beam bombardment experiment performed at Tohoku University, the deuterium density of our Pd complex is one order of magnitude larger than normal Pd.
Iwamura, Y. Pd Complex (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Iwamura, Y., et al. Observation Of Surface Distribution Of Products By X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry During D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Itoh, T., CA=Sakano, M., CA=Yamazaki, N., CA=Kuribayashi, S.In-situ measurement of transmutation of Cs into Pr was performed, and the surface distribution of Pr was investigated using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry) at SPring-8, a large synchrotron x-ray facility. The in-situ measurement indicated that Pr emerged and Cs decreased at some points after D2 gas permeation, though any Pr cannot be observed before D2 gas permeation at all the points on the Pd complex surface. Using small size X-ray beam in 100- and 500-micrometer squares, we obtained 2 dimensional XRF spectra for three permeated samples, from which we detected Pr. Pr was detected again by the two small x-ray beams as expected. The amount of Pr varied greatly at different locations of the Pd surface, however, a clear correlation between surface structures and distribution of Pr has not seen up to now. Experimental results suggest that nuclear transmutations do not occur uniformly but some uncertain factors, presumably condensed matter effects in the present Pd/D/CaO system, have a large effect on the rate or the process of the reactions.
AU=Iyengar, P. K.Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan, BARC studies in cold fusion. 1989, Government of India, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay.
CA=Srinivasan, M.Iyengar, P.K. Cold Fusion Results in BARC Experiments. in Fifth International Conf. on Emerging Nucl. Energy Ststems. 1989. Karlsruhe, Germany.
Experiments were initiated at Trombay during the first week of April 1989 to verify the widely reported claims of the occurrence of cold fusion. A large burst of ≈ 2 × 107 neutrons was first detected on April 21st with a Pd-Ni electrolytic cell. The neutron counting rate, averaged over a 5 minute interval, was a couple of orders of magnitude larger than that of background count rates. In this experiment the tritium level in the D2O electrolyte jumped from the initial stock solution value of 2.6 Bq/ml to a 5.6 × 104 Bq/ml, an increase by over four orders of magnitude. The total quantity of tritium generated corresponds to ≈ 1016 atoms suggesting a neutron to tritium channel branching ratio of less than 10-8 in cold fusion. Significant quantities of neutrons and tritium were also observed to be produced in gas loaded Ti and Pd samples. Autoradiography of D2 loaded Ti disc targets have shown a number of hot spots indicating uneven distribution of tritium production in the near-surface region. On the whole the Trombay experiments have unequivocally confirmed the occurrence of cold fusion reactions both in Pd and Ti metallic lattices loaded with deuterium.
AU=Iyengar, P. K.Iyengar, P.K., Preface and Summary, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay.
The Preface and Summary of the book BARC Studies in Cold Fusion.
AU=Iyengar, P. K.Iyengar, P.K., et al., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre studies on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 32.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Sikka, S. K., CA=Shyam, A., CA=Chitra, V., CA=Kulkarni, L. V., CA=Rout, R. K., CA=Krishnan, M. S., CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Gaonkar, D. G., CA=Sadhukhan, H. K., CA=Nagvenkar, V. B., CA=Nayar, M. G., CA=Mitra, S. K., CA=Raghunathan, P., CA=Degwekar, S. B., CA=Radhakrishnan, T. P., CA=Sundaresan, R., CA=Arunachalam, J., CA=Raju, V. S., CA=Kalyanaraman, R., CA=Gangadharan, S., CA=Venkateswaran, G., CA=Moorthy, P. N., CA=Venkateswarlu, K. S., CA=Yuvaraju, B., CA=Kishore, K., CA=Guha, S. N., CA=Panajkar, M. S., CA=Rao, K. A., CA=Raj, P., CA=Suryanarayana, P., CA=Sathyamoorthy, A., CA=Datta, T., CA=Bose, H., CA=Prabhu, L. H., CA=Sankaranarayanan, S., CA=Shetiya, R. S., CA=Veeraraghavan, N., CA=Murthy, T. S., CA=Sen, B. K., CA=Joshi, P. V., CA=Sharma, K. G. B., CA=Joseph, T. B., CA=Iyengar, T. S., CA=Shrikhande, V. K., CA=Mittal, K. C., CA=Misra, S. C., CA=Lal, M., CA=Rao, P. S.Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan. Overview of BARC Studies in Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Srinivasan, M.
ABSTRACT
A wide variety of experiments have been carried out by twelve independent teams employing both electrolytic and gas phase loading of deuterium in Pd and Ti metals to investigate the phenomenon of cold fusion first reported by Fleischmann and Pons in March 1989. The experiments were primarily devoted to the study of the emission of nuclear particles such as neutrons and tritium with a view to verify the “nuclear origin” of cold fusion. In 22 different electrolytic experiments whose cathode surface areas ranged from 0.1 to 300 cm2, large bursts of neutrons and/or tritium were measured. Some of these gave clear evidence that these two nuclear particles were being generated simultaneously. The neutron-to-tritium yield ratios in the majority of these experiments was in the range of 10-6 to 10-9. The specific neutron and tritium yields expressed per cm2 of cathode surface area also fitted into a systematic pattern. A unique feature of the BARC electrolysis results is that the first bursts of neutrons and tritium occurred (in 8 out of 11 cells) on the very first day of commencement of electrolysis, when hardly a few amp-hrs of charge had been passed.
Izumida, T., et al., A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 641.
CA=Ozawa, Y., CA=Ozawa, K., CA=Izumi, S., CA=Uchida, S., CA=Miyamoto, T., CA=Yamashita, H., CA=Miyadera, H.Izuyama, T., Anomalous susceptibility due to paramagnetic impurities. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1964. 133: p. 851.
Jabon, V.D.D., G.V. Fedorovich, and N.V. Samsonenko, Catalitically induced d-d fusion in ferroelectrics. Braz. J. Phys., 1997. 27: p. 515.
CA=Fedorovich, G. V., CA=Samsonenko, N. V.Jackson, J.C., Cold fusion results still unexplained. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 345 (1-Jun).
Jaeger, F.G. A Model for Commercialization Utilizing Patents. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Jaendel, M., Cold fusion in a confining phase of quantum electrodynamics. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 493.
Jaendel, M., The fusion rate in the transmission resonance model. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 176.
Jaksch, D., et al., Cold Bosonic in Optical Lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1998. 81: p. 3108.
CA=Bruder, C., CA=Cirac, J. I., CA=Gardiner, C. W., CA=Zoller, P.Jamieson, H.C., G.C. Weathrely, and F.D. Manchester, The b-a Phase Transformation in Palladium-Hydrogen Alloys. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 56: p. 85.
CA=Weathrely, G. C., CA=Manchester, F. D.Jaminon, M., La fusion froide [in French]. Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 2002. 70(3): p. 119.
Jandel, M., Cold Fusion in a Confining Phase of Quantum Electrodynamics. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 493.
Jandel, M. and J. Sahrling. Pressure Enhanced Fusion Rates in Lattice Channels. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: S. E. Jones, Brigham Young Univ.
CA=Sahrling, J.Jandel, M., The Fusion Rate in the Transmission Resonance Model. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 176.
Jarmie, N. and N.E. Brown, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions with Hydrogen Isotopes. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1985. B10/11: p. 405.
CA=Brown, N. E.Jaworski, W., Computation of the Electron Density of States in Non-Stoichiometric PdHx by the Recursion Method. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1987. 17: p. 373.
Jayaraman, K.S., Cold fusion hot again. Nature India, 2008.
The Indian government, which abandoned cold fusion research 16 years ago, is now being advised by its top scientists to revive it.
The recommendation stems from a meeting of a galaxy of leading nuclear physicists, metallurgists and electrochemists at the National Institute of Advanced Studies held in Bangalore on January 9. . . .
Jensen, L.C. and K.S. Mortensen, Beyond fusion, annihilation reactions of confined hydrogen. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 417.
CA=Mortensen, K. S.Jiang, S., G. Yang, and S. Wang, Coulomb screening effect of deuterium-ion in metal - numerical solution of nonlinear Poisson equation. Lanzhou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban [J. Lanzhou Univ. (Nat. Sci), 1993. 29(2): p. 70 (In Chinese).
CA=Yang, G., CA=Wang, S.Jiang, S., et al. Observation of 3He and 3H in the volcanic crater lakes: possible evidence for natural nuclear fusion in deep Earth. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=He, M., CA=Yue, W., CA=Qi, B., CA=Liu, J.Mantle helium and other volatiles may be released to volcanic crater lakes. This paper presents the observation of 3H and mantle helium in the crater Lakes Nemrut (Turkey), Laacher (Germany) and Pavin (France). The presence of excess 3H in the lakes can be explained as material released from mantle sources because of the correlation of excess 3H with mantle 3He and 4He. The helium concentration was much higher in the bottom layers of the lakes. The 4He and 3He concentrations in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher, and Pavin were determined to be 25 and 190; 10 and 50; and 70 and 500 times larger than the atmospheric saturation value, respectively. The isotopic ratio of the excess helium, 3Heex/4Heex, in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin was (1.032±0.006)×10-5, (7.42±0.03)×10-6 and (9.09±0.01)×106 respectively. The ratios clearly indicate that large amounts of helium isotopes are released to the lakes from a mantle source. The excess 3H at the bottom of Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin is estimated to be 3.7±1.4 TU, ~1.4 TU and ~4 TU respectively. Detection of tritium in the Earth’s interior is key evidence for natural nuclear fusion in the Earth.
AU=Jiang, S.Jiang, S. New results of charged particle released from deuterium-loaded metal at low temperature. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
We have suggested that the mantle 3He and 3H might have originated from natural nuclear fusion (d-d and d-p reaction, or other reactions) in deep Earth. Encouraged by this new idea, we tried to recreate nuclear fusion at low temperature in the laboratory. This paper describes charged particles emitted from the deuterium-loaded titanium foil and powder at low temperature. Although the counts are very low (about 0.13 counts/h), fortunately, broad and narrow peaks are observed for the deuterium-loaded titanium foil and TiD-Mo sample respectively. The charged particle is identified as proton having energy of about 2.8 MeV after exiting the sample. We suggest that the proton might originate from d‑d reaction in the samples. Then the d-d reaction rate is calculated to be 1.4 × 10‑24 fusion/d-d·sec for the deuterium-loaded titanium foil sample. On the other hand, no charged particles were observed above the background level for deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample. Therefore, this work provides a positive result of nuclear fusion for the metal foil samples, but a negative result for the powder samples. The negative result of the deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample suggests that the reaction yield might be correlated with deuterium density, or it may be correlated with microscopic variations in the deuterium-loaded titanium materials. The negative result also indicates that d-d reaction catalyzed by -meson from cosmic ray can be excluded in this experiment. The present work may be helpful to the further study on the physical mechanism of nuclear fusion in deuterium (hydrogen)-loaded metals and also helpful to the study of origin of 3He in the deep Earth.
Jiang, X.L., N. Xu, and L.J. Han. Point-Effect and Non-equilibrium Conditions in Electrolysis Experiments. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Xu, N., CA=Han, L. J.Jiang, X.L., L.J. Han, and W. Kang. Anomalous Element Production Induced by Carbon Arcing Under Water. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Han, L. J., CA=Kang, W.Jiang, X.L., Channeling Effects and Nuclear Reactions in Electrochemical Systems. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(2/3): p. 84.
Jiang, X.L., et al. Tip Effect and Nuclear-Active Sites. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Chen, C. Y, CA=Fu, D. F, CA=Han, L. J., CA=Kang, W.Jiang, X.L. and L.J. Han, Dynamic Casimir Effect in an Electrochemical Systems. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 47.
CA=Han, L. J.Jiang, X.L., X.-W. Wen, and L.J. Han. Torsion field effect and axion model in electrical discharge systems. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Wen, X.-W., CA=Han, L. J.Jiang, X. and L. Han, Non-equilibrium conditions of electrolysis and abnormal nuclear phenomena. Nucl. Phys. Rev. (China), 1997. 14: p. 111 (in Chinese).
CA=Han, LJiang, X., et al. Anomalous Nuclear Phenomena Assocoated with Ultrafast Processes. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.
CA=Zhou, X., CA=Liu, C., CA=Wang, L., CA=Zhang, Z.
Quantum physics predicts the existence of an underlying sea of zero-point energy at every point in the universe. If the zero-point energy is real, there is the possibility that it can be tapped as a source of power or be harnessed to generate a propulsive force for space travel.
In our previous papers, anomalous excess heat and localized nuclear reactions on the surface of electrodes in electrolysis cells have been observed. A physical model of transient vortex dynamics with torsion coherence with the zero point energy has been proposed by Xingliu Jiang based on the ultrafast processes of triple phases area of tip effect on the electrode surface. Considering the large equivalent capacitance of electrochemical double layer, it is presumed that the double layer can exhibit nonlinear electrical response with spatial and temporal variations confined to microscopic areas by tip effect.
Experimental results of transient processes with ultrafast phenomena with nanosecond duration in electrical discharge systems including electrolysis cells have been presented.
Jianyu, H., et al. Experimental Study on Anomalous Neutron Production in Deuterium/Solid System. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Rongbao, Z., CA=Xiaozhong, W., CA=Feng, L., CA=Longjun, L., CA=Hengjun, L., CA=Jincai, J., CA=Baosheng, T., CA=Guoan, C., CA=Yuan, Y., CA=Baiting, D., CA=Liucheng, Y., CA=Shengzhong, Q., CA=Guoan, Y., CA=Hua, G., CA=Dazhao, D., CA=Menlove, H. O.Jin, S.X., et al., The possibilities of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Science in China A, 1991. 34: p. 697.
CA=Ding, Y. B., CA=Wu, B. L., CA=Liu, Y. Z., CA=Yao, D. C.Jin, S.X., et al., Deuterium absorbability and anomalous nuclear effect of YBCO high temperature superconductors. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1994. 39(2): p. 101.
CA=Zhang, F. X., CA=Liu, Y. Z., CA=Shi, W. Q., CA=Ou, W., CA=Liu, S. X., CA=Liu, X. J.Jin, S.X. and H. Fox, Characteristics of High-Density Charge Clusters: A Theoretical Model. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 192.
CA=Fox, H.Jin, S.X. and H. Fox, Possible palladium-related nuclear reactions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 192.
CA=Fox, H.Jin, S., et al., The possibilities of cold nuclear fusion of deuterium. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1990. 7: p. 28.
CA=Ding, Y., CA=Liu, Y., CA=Wu, B., CA=Yao, D.Jin, S., et al., Anomalous nuclear effects in palladium-deuterium systems during the gas discharge process. Gaojishu Tongxun, 1991. 1(5): p. 25 (In Chinese).
CA=Zhang, F., CA=Yao, D., CA=Wang, Q., CA=Wu, B., CA=Feng, Y., CA=Chen, M.Jin, S., et al. Anomalous Nuclear Events in Deuterium Palladium Systems. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Zhang, F., CA=Yao, D., CA=Wu, B.Jin, S., F. Zhan, and Y. Liu. Deuterium Absorbability and Anomalous Nuclear Effect of YBCO High Temperature Superconductor. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Zhan, F., CA=Liu, Y.Johnson, K.H. and D.P. Clougherty, Hydrogen-hydrogen/deuterium-deuterium bonding in palladium and the superconducting/electrochemical properties of PdHx/PdDx. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 795.
CA=Clougherty, D. P.Johnson, K.H. Jahn-Teller Symmetry Breaking and Hydrogen Energy in g-PdD "Cold Fusion" as Storage of Latent Heat of Water. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Johnson, K.H., Jahn-Teller Symmetry Breaking and Hydrogen Energy in g-PdD "Cold Fusion". Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 427.
Johnson, R. and M.E. Melich. Weight of Evidence for the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Melich, M. E.D. Cravens and D. Letts have analyzed a portion (167 papers) of the published literature reporting on D2O electrolysis experiments such as Fleischmann and Pons’s (FP). They identify four criteria for what constitutes a “proper” FP experiment and state that experiments that satisfy all four criteria are likely to succeed in producing excess heat, while those that do not are likely to fail. This paper presents results of using a Bayesian network for probabilistic analysis of this claim. Consideration of a small subset of the papers (eight) is sufficient to give a likelihood ratio of about 10 to 1 in favor, and this number appears to grow generally rapidly, though not monotonically, as more papers are added to the set.
AU=Joncich, M. J.Joncich, M.J. and N. Hackerman, The Reaction of Hydrogen and Oxygen on Submerged Platinum Electrode Catalysts. I. Effect of Stirring, Temperarture and Electric Polarization. J. Phys. Chem., 1953. 57: p. 674.
CA=Hackerman, N.Jones, J.E., et al., Faradaic efficiencies less than 100% during electrolysis of water can account for reports of excess heat in 'cold fusion' cells. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99: p. 6973.
CA=Hansen, L. D., CA=Jones, S. E., CA=Shelton, D. S., CA=Thorne, J. M.Jones, R.L., Unconventional Science (PowerPoint slides). 2005, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Ministry of Defence.
Jones, S.E., Muon-Catalysed Fusion Revisited. Nature (London), 1986. 321: p. 327.
Jones, S.E. Anomalous Neutron Emission in Metal- Deuterium Systems. in Riken Conference on Muon-Catalyzed and Cold Fusion. 1989. Tokyo, Japan.
Jones, S.E., et al., Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 737.
CA=Palmer, E. P., CA=Czirr, J. B., CA=Decker, D. L., CA=Jensen, G. L., CA=Thorne, J. M., CA=Taylor, S. F., CA=Rafelski, J.Jones, S.E., D.L. Decker, and H.D. Tolley, (No title) (Scientific correspondence). Nature (London), 1990. 343: p. 703.
CA=Decker, D. L., CA=Tolley, H. D.Jones, S.E., et al., Anomalous nuclear reactions in condensed matter: recent results and open questions. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 199.
CA=Palmer, E. P., CA=Czirr, J. B., CA=Decker, D. L., CA=Jensen, G. L., CA=Thorne, J. M., CA=Taylor, S. F., CA=Rafelski, J.Jones, S.E., et al. In Quest of a Trigger Mechanism for Neutron Emissions from Deuterium/Solid Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Bennion, D., CA=Buehler, D. B., CA=Czirr, J. B., CA=Decker, D. L., CA=Harb, J., CA=Hunter, R., CA=Jensen, G. L., CA=Palmer, E. P., CA=Pitt, W. G., CA=Taylor, S. F., CA=Thorne, J. M., CA=Tolley, D., CA=Wang, C., CA=Menlove, H. O., CA=Paciotti, M. A., CA=Jeschovnig, P., CA=Wolf, K. L., CA=Cecil, E., CA=Totsuka, Y., CA=Anderson, D. M.Jones, S.E., et al. Preliminary Results from the BYU Charged-Particle Spectrometer. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Bartlett, T. K., CA=Buehler, D. B., CA=Czirr, J. B., CA=Jensen, G. L., CA=Wang, J. C.Jones, S.E., Nuclear reactions in deuterated solids versus excess heat claims. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 915.
Jones, S.E., Current issues in cold fusion research: heat, helium, tritium, and energetic particles. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1992. 51: p. 283.
Jones, S.E., et al. Search for Neutron, Gamma, and X-ray Emissions from Pd/LiOD Electrolytic Cells: A Null Result. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Jones, D., CA=Shelden, D., CA=Taylor, S. F.Jones, S.E., et al., Search for Neutron, Gamma, and X-Ray Emissions From Pd/LiOD Electrolytic Cells: A Null Result. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 143.
CA=Jones, D., CA=Shelton, D. S., CA=Taylor, S. F.Jones, S.E. and L.D. Hansen, Examination of claims of Miles et al in Pons-Fleischmann-Type cold fusion experiments. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99: p. 6966.
CA=Hansen, L. D.Jones, S.E., L.D. Hansen, and D.S. Shelton, An assessment of claims of excess heat in cold fusion calorimetry. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998. 102: p. 3647.
CA=Hansen, L. D., CA=Shelton, D. S.Jones, S.E., Chasing anomalous signals: the cold fusion question. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 55.
What should a scientist do with an anomalous experimental result (one which flies in the face of prevailing theories), which is statistically significant (at the five sigma + level), yet which cannot be repeated at will? This is the problem which plagued us early on in our non-plasma or "cold" fusion experiments which began in spring 1986 at Brigham Young University, 2.5 years before we heard of the ostensibly-related work of Drs. Pons and Fleischmann. It is a question which haunts us still. I invite the reader to seriously consider the question posed above: what would you do with such data? If you walk away from an anomalous result, you could miss something important. Indeed, is it scientifically honest to ignore such data? One can argue that scientific instruments often show "glitches," and this is probably just one of these . . .
AU=Jones, S. E.Jones, S.E., et al. Charged-particle Emissions from Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Keeney, F., CA=Johnson, A., CA=Buehler, D. B., CA=Cecil, F. E., CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Hagelstein, P. L., CA=Ellsworth, J., CA=Scott, M.
Abstract
We present evidence for energetic charged particles emanating from partially-deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions. To scrutinize emerging evidence for low-temperature nuclear reactions, we investigated particle yields employing three independent types of highly-sensitive, segmented particle detectors over a six-year period. One experiment measuring neutron emission from TiDx foils showed a background-subtracted yield of 57 ± 13 counts per hour. (The neutron experiments will be discussed in a separate paper.) A second experiment, using a photo-multiplier tube with plastic and glass scintillators and TiDx registered charged particle emissions at 2,171 ± 93 counts/hour, over 400 times the background rate. Moreover, these particles were identified as protons having 2.6 MeV after ex-iting the TiDx foil array. In a third experiment, coincident charged particles consistent with protons and tritons were observed with high reproducibility in two energy-dispersive ion-implanted detectors located on either side of 25-micron thick Ti foils loaded with deuterium. Our overall data therefore strongly sug-gest low-level nuclear fusion in deuterided metals under these conditions according to the fusion reactions d + d ? n(2.45 MeV) + 3He(0.82 MeV) and d + d ? p(3.02 MeV) + t(1.01 MeV), with other nuclear reactions being possible also. Important advances were particle identifications, and repeatability exceed-ing 70% for coincident charged particle emissions. Metal processing and establishing non-equilibrium conditions appear to be important keys to achieving significant nuclear-particle yields and repeatability.
Jones, S.E. and J. Ellsworth. Geo-fusion and Cold Nucleosynthesis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Ellsworth, J.
ABSTRACT
In our 1986 and 1989 papers, we discussed the hypothesis of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter and particularly in the planets. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on geo-fusion research, then to consider an important extension of the cold-fusion idea: “cold nucleosynthesis” in condensed matter. Cold nucleosynthesis experiments are underway at Brigham Young University.
Jones, S.E., et al. Neutron Emissions from Metal Deuterides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Keeney, F., CA=Johnson, A., CA=Buehler, D. B., CA=Cecil, F. E., CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Hagelstein, P. L., CA=Ellsworth, J., CA=Scott, M.
Abstract
We present evidence for neutrons emanating from partially-deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions.1 A previous paper presented data for complementary charged-particle emissions. Metal processing and establishing non-equilibrium conditions appear to be important keys to achieving significant nuclear-particle yields and repeatability.
Jones, S., Bibliography. 1989.
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Josephson, B. Abstract for "Pathological Disbelief". in Nobel Laureates' meeting. 2004. Lindau.
This document comes from the web site for the lecture series Meetings of Nobel Laureates in Lindau. See: http://www.lindau-nobel.de/content/view/19/32/
This introduces Josephson’s talk delivered in 2004. The PowerPoint slides from that presentation are listed below.
Josephson, B. Good and Bad Ways to do Science (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Josephson, B. Pathological Disbelief. in Nobel Laureates' meeting. 2004. Lindau.
The ‘generally accepted view’ regarding a phenomenon can be wrong in two ways:
(a) a non-existent phenomenon is considered real (e.g. N-rays, polywater); or
(b) a real phenomenon is considered nonexistent (e.g. continental drift, meteorites)
Langmuir’s much-quoted lecture on Pathological Science dealt with case (a); the interest here is in case (b). What makes the scientific establishment, in some cases, vehemently deny phenomena for which there is strong evidence?
Jow, T.R., et al., Calorimetric studies of deuterated Pd electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990. 137(8): p. 2473.
CA=Plichta, E., CA=Walker, C., CA=Slane, S., CA=Gilman, S.Joyce, C., Unlucky Break for the Friends of Cold Fusion. New Scientist, 1989: p. 34.
Julin, P. and L.A. Bursill, Dendritic surface morphology of palladium hydride produced by electrolytic deposition. J. Solid State Chem., 1991. 93: p. 403.
CA=Bursill, L. A.Jung, P., Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gasses in Solids Diffusion and Clustering of Helium in Noble Metals, ed. S.E. Donnelly and J.H. Evans. 1991: Plenum Press, NYJung, P. 59.
Kainthla, R.C., et al., Eight chemical explanations of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1989. 14(11): p. 771.
CA=Szklarczyk, M., CA=Kaba, L., CA=Lin, G. H., CA=Velev, O. A., CA=Packham, N. J. C., CA=Wass, J. C., CA=Bockris, J.Kainthla, R.C., et al., Sporadic observation of the Fleischmann-Pons heat effect. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1315.
CA=Velev, O. A., CA=Kaba, L., CA=Lin, G. H., CA=Packham, N. J. C., CA=Szklarczyk, M., CA=Wass, J. C., CA=Bockris, J.Abstract - An examination has been made of the heat production at ten palladium electrodes, each prepared in a different way. Seven of these produced heat during D2 evolution in a D2-O2 electrolysis cell (no recombination attempted) which coincided precisely with the prediction of classical electrochemical theory, and thus eliminated the suspicion of heat through unintended D2-O2 recombination. Three electrodes clearly produced an excess heat of ~2-5 watts-cm-3. The heat was observed for periods of 10-33 hrs. In one electrode the excess heat production “shut off” (after 33 hrs) with no apparent cause: it did not return in five days of further electrolysis.
AU=Kaliev, K. A.Kaliev, K.A., et al., Reproducible nuclear reactions by interaction of deuterium with tungsten oxide bronze. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1993. 330(2): p. 214 (in Russian).
CA=Baraboshkin, A. N., CA=Samgin, A. L., CA=Golikov, E., CA=Shalyapin, A., CA=Andreev, V. S., CA=Golubnichii, P. I.Kaliev, K.A., et al., Reproducible nuclear reactions during interaction of deuterium with oxide tungsten bronze. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 172: p. 199.
CA=Baraboshkin, A. N., CA=Samgin, A. L., CA=Golikov, E., CA=Shalyapin, A., CA=Andreev, V. S., CA=Golubnichii, P. I.Kaliev, K., et al. Reproducible Nuclear Reactions during Interaction of Deuterium with Oxide Tungsten Bronze. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Baraboshkin, A. N., CA=Samgin, A. L., CA=Golikov, E., CA=Shalyapin, A., CA=Andreev, V. S., CA=Golubnichii, P. I.Kaliev, K., et al. The Initiation of Reproductive Nuclear Reactions in the Structures of the Oxide Tungsten Bronze. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Sverdlov, N., CA=Istomin, Y., CA=Golikov, E., CA=Butrimov, V., CA=Babaeva, D., CA=Vasnin, G., CA=Fyoferov, V.Kalinin, V.B., On the question of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion at the point of ferroelectric phase transition in K2DPO4. Neorg. Mater., 1993. 29(5): p. 656 (in Russian).
Kalinin, V.B., Dipole ordering, ionic conductivity, and cold nuclear fusion: three types of cation mobility in the orthophosphates KTiOPO4, Na3M2(PO4)3 (M = Sc, Fe, Cr), NaTh2(PO4)3, KD2PO4, and related compounds. Inorg. Mater., 1995. 31: p. 558.
Kamada, K., Electron impact H-H and D-D fusions in molecules embedded in Al. 1. Experimental results. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1992. 31(9): p. L1287.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Both H-H and D-D fusion reactions, detected via high energy particle emission on CR-39, are shown to occur when 200 and 400 keV electrons are bombarded onto H+ or D+ ion implanted Al thin crystals. Roughly 1-2×103 particle emissions, including both hydrogen and helium isotopes, in whole space were observed in each case. . . .
Kamada, K. Electron Impact H-H and D-D Fusions in Molecules Embedded in Al. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Kamada, K., H. Kinoshita, and H. Takahashi. Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron Implanted Al on Electron Bombardment. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Kinoshita, H., CA=Takahashi, H.Kamada, K., H. Kinoshita, and H. Takahashi, Anomalous heat evolution of deuterium-implanted Al upon electron bombardment. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1996. 35: p. 738.
CA=Kinoshita, H., CA=Takahashi, H.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Anomalous heat evolution was observed for the first time in deuteron-implanted Al foils upon 175 keV electron bombardment. Local regions with linear dimension of more than 100 nm showed simultaneous transformation from single-crystalline to polycrystalline structure within roughly one minute during the electron bombardment, indicating a temperature rise to above the melting point of Al from room temperature. The amount of energy evolved was estimated to be typically 160 MeV for each transformed region. The transformation was never observed in proton-implanted Al foils. Microstructures in the subsurface layer of the implanted Al, investigated by elastic recoil detection (ERD) method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were presented for numerical discussions of the experimental results. . . .
Kamada, K., et al. Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron Implanted Al upon Electron Bombardment IV. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Katano, Y., CA=Ookubo, N., CA=Yoshizawa, I.Kamada, K., Heating of deuteron implanted Al on electron bombardment and its possible relation to 'cold fusion' experiment. Fusion Eng. Des., 2001. 55: p. 541.
Kamimura, H., et al. Excess Heat in Fuel Cell Type Cells from Pure Pd Cathodes Annealed at High Temperatures. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Senjuh, T., CA=Miyashita, S., CA=Asami, N.Kamiya, N., et al. Effect of cold work of palladium on electrolytic hydrogen absorption. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Sakai, Y., CA=Watanabe, Y., CA=Yamazaki, O., CA=Motohira, N., CA=Ota, K., CA=Mori, K.Kamm, G.N., et al., Search for neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 401.
CA=Ehrlich, A. C., CA=Gillespie, D. J., CA=Powers, W J.Kandasmy, K., F.A. Lewis, and S.G. McKee, Hydrogen Chemical Potentials and Phase Transitions in Palladium Black Electrodeposits. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1998. 35: p. 93.
CA=Lewis, F. A., CA=McKee, S. G.Kaneko, K., Jouon kakuyuugou - gensyou no kaimei wa doko made susunda ka?, in Nikkei Ecology. 2008. p. 57.
Kapali, V., et al., Comparison of electrochemical behaviour of the Pd-NaOD and Pd-NaOH systems". J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 264: p. 95.
CA=Ganesan, M., CA=Kulandainathan, M. A., CA=Mideen, A. S., CA=Sarangapani, K. B., CA=Balaramachandran, V., CA=Iyer, S. V., CA=Muthuramalingam, B.Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Cold Fusion Observation at Gas-Discharge Device Cathode. in Anniversary Specialist Conf. on Nucl. Power Eng. in Space. 1990. Obninsk, Russia.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Nuclear reactions at the cathode in a gas discharge. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1990. 16(6): p. 463.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, The investigation of deuterium nuclei fusion at glow discharge cathode. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 924.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Nuclear product ratio for glow discharge in deuterium. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 170: p. 265.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.New results for glow discharge in deuterium calorimetry are presented. In separate experiments a heat output five times exceeding the input electric power was observed. The result for the charged particle spectrum measurement is presented. Charged particles with energies up to 18 MeV and an average energy of 2-4 MeV were seen. Beams of gamma-rays with energies of about 200 keV and a characteristic X-ray radiation were registered. The summed energy of the registered products is three orders short of the values needed to explain the calorimetric results.
AU=Karabut, A. B.Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Possible Nuclear Reactions Mechanisms at Glow Discharge in Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.
ABSTRACT
Experimental results of impurity concentration measurements in palladium cathode by different methods before and after glow discharge in deuterium experiments are presented. Some very strange elements which we could not find in discharge environment can be seen. An attempt to understand this situation on the basis of fission and fusion in Pd-d system is presented.
Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, Impurities in Cathode Material and Possible Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms in Glow Discharge. 1994.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.Karabut, A.B., Y. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova. Excess Heat Measurements in Glow Discharge Using Flow "Calorimeter-2". in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.Karabut, A.B., S.A. Kolomeychenko, and I.B. Savvatimova. High Energy Phenomena in Glow Discharge Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Kolomeychenko, S. A., CA=Savvatimova, I. B.Karabut, A.B. Analysis of Experimental Results on Excess Heat Power Production, Impurity Nuclides Yield in the Cathode Material and Penetrating Radiation in Experiments with High-Current Glow Discharge. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract
So far a considerable collection of results on Excess Heat registration, the cathode material impurity nuclides yield (with changed natural isotopes ratio) and generation of high-energy penetrating radiation (fast electrons, X-ray and gamma emissions) has been accumulated in experiments with high-current Glow Discharge.
Analysis of these results allows one to assess possible basic processes going on in the cathode material exposed to high-current Glow Discharge (GD).
Karabut, A.B., A.G. Lipson, and A.S. Roussetski. Correct Measurement of DD-Reaction Yield and X-ray in a High-Current Deuterium Glow Discharge Operating at 0.85-1.20 kV Voltage Applied. 2000.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Roussetski, A. S.Karabut, A.B. Excess heat power, nuclear products and X-ray emission in relation to the high current glow discharge experimental parameters. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
ABSTRACT
Experimental results on Excess Heat power production (up to 10-15 W), stable impurity elements yield (13C, 40Ca, 44Ca, 48Ti, 56Fe, 57Fe, 59Co, 64Zn, 66Zn, 75As, 107Ag, 109Ag, 110Cd, 111Cd, 112Cd, 114Cd, up to 1013 atoms/sec), heavily charged particles emission (3 MeV protons and 14 MeV a-particles up to 10-15 sec -1) and soft X-ray (up to 100 Roentgen/sec) obtained upon the glow discharge cathode in relation to the high-current glow discharge operating parameters (the discharge current up to 100 mA and voltage up to 2000 V) are reported. A possible mechanism of initiating non-equilibrium nuclear reactions producing excess heat power and impurity elements yield is discussed. The mechanism of initiating non-equilibrium nuclear reactions is supposed to be connected with forming the long term excited LM levels of the electronic shells (energy of 0.5-3.0keV) of the solid body ions when bombarding the cathode sample surface by the plasma ions of the glow discharge.
Karabut, A.B. X-ray emission in the high-current glow discharge experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
ABSTRACT
X-ray emission with energy of 1.5 - 2 keV and intensity up to 100 R\sec was registered in the experiments with the high-current glow discharge in deuterium and hydrogen for cathodes made of Pd and other metals. The presence of two x-ray components: diffusion x-ray emission and x-ray emission in the form of laser beams were established by experiments. The laser x-ray emission was registered some msec later after turning off the current. The continuous mode of generating a laser x-ray beam with the diameter of 9mm and power of up to 10 W at the efficiency coefficient of electrical discharge power conversion into the x-ray laser emission up to 20% was obtained in some experiments.
Karabut, A.B. Experimental Research Into Secondary Penetrating Radiation When Interacting X-Ray Beams Of Solid Laser With Various Materials Targets. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
ABSTRACT
The results of experimental research into characteristics of secondary penetrating radiation occurring when interacting primary X-ray beams from a solid-state cathode medium with targets made of various materials are reported. The experiments were carried out in a high-current glow discharge device [1] with H2, D2, Kr, Xe gases and cathode samples made of Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt. The targets are shields made of various materials foil (Al, Ti, Ni, Zr, Yb, Ta, and W) with thickness of 10-30mm. They were mounted at a distance of 21 and 70cm from the cathode. A scintillation detector using a photomultiplier was used to record the secondary radiation. In these experiments recording of the time radiation spectrums was carried out just before and after discharge current pulses (no discharge current). It was shown that the secondary radiation consisted of fast electrons.
Karabut, A.B. and S.A. Kolomeychenko. Experiments Charactorizing the X-ray Emission from a Solid-state Cathode using a High-current Glow Discharge. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Kolomeychenko, S. A.
ABSTRACT
X-rays emission with intensity up to 0.01Gy/s was recorded when researching a possible mechanism of initiating nuclear transmutation reactions in a solid-state cathode medium of a glow-discharge. The experiments were carried out with a device of a high-current glow discharge [1] using deuterium and hydrogen at pressure up to 10Torr, with use of cathode samples made of Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, Pt, Pb.
The X-rays recording was carried out using thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), an X-ray film and scintillation detectors with photomultipliers. Two modes of the emission were revealed under the experiments:
1 – Diffusion X-rays was observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 105 bursts a second and up to 106 X-ray quanta in a burst). The average X-rays energy (TLD results) was equal 1.3 – 1.8keV.
2 - X-rays as laser microbeams (up to 104 beams a second and up to 109 X-ray quanta in a burst). The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred when burning the discharge and within 100ms after turning off the current. The obtained results were the direct experimental proof of existing excited metastable energy levels with the energy of 1.2 – 5.0keV in the solid-state cathode sample.
Karabut, A.B. Production Of Excess Heat, Impurity Elements And Unnatural Isotopic Ratios Formed At Excited Long-Lived Atomic Levels With Energy Of More Than 1 keV In A Solid Cathode Medium During High-Current Glow Discharge. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
ABSTRACT
Results recorded for excess heat power in experiments with a high-current glow discharge in D2, Xe and Kr, when using preliminary deuterated Pd and Ti cathode samples are given. The excess heat power up to 10–15W and efficiency up to 150 % was recorded for the experiments with Pd cathode samples in D2 discharge. The excess heat power up to 5W and efficiency up to 150 % was recorded for the preliminary deuterated Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. At the same time the excess heat power was not observed for pure Pd cathode samples in Xe, Kr discharges.
Production of impurity nuclides (7Li, 13C, 15N, 20Ne, 29Si, 44Ca, 48Ca, 56Fe, 57Fe, 59Co, 64Zn, 66Zn, 75As, 107Ag, 109Ag, 110Cg, 111Cg, 112Cg, 114Cg, 115In) at a rate of up to 1013 atoms/s was recorded. . . .
Karabut, A.B. Excess Heat Production In Pd/D During Periodic Pulse Discharge Current Of Various Conditions. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
ABSTRACT
Experimental data from low energy nuclear reactions (LERN) in condensed media are presented. The nuclear reactions products were found in solid cathode media used in glow discharge. Apparently, the nuclear reactions were initiated when bombarding the cathode surface by plasma ions with the energy of 1.0-2.0 keV. Excess heat from a high current glow discharge reaction in D2, Xe and Kr using cathodes already charged with preliminary deuterium-charged Pd and Ti cathode samples are given. Excess heat up to 10 - 15 W and efficiency up to 130% was recorded under the experiments for Pd cathode samples in D2 discharge. Excess heat up to 5 W and efficiency up to 150% was recorded for Pd cathodes that were charged with deuterium before the run, in Xe and Kr discharges. At the same time excess heat was not observed for pure Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. The formation of impurity nuclides (7Li, 13C, 15N, 20Ne, 29Si, 44Ca, 48Ca, 56Fe, 57Fe, 59Co, 64Zn, 66Zn, 75As, 107Ag, 109Ag, 110Cg, 111Cg, 112Cg, 114Cg, 115In) with the efficiency up to 1013 atoms/s was recorded. The isotopic ratios of these new nuclides was quite different from the natural ratios. Soft X-ray radiation from the solid-state cathode with the intensity up to 0.01Gy/s was recorded in experiments with discharges in H2, D2, Ar, Xe and Kr. The X-ray radiation was observed in bursts of up to 106 photons, with up to 105 bursts per second while the discharge was formed and within 100 ms after turning off the discharge current. The results of the X-ray radiation registration showed that the exited energy levels have a lifetime up to 100 ms or more, and the energy of 1.2 - 2.5 keV. A possible mechanism for producing excess heat and nuclear transmutation reactions in the solid medium with the exited energy levels is considered.
Karabut, A.B. Research Into Characteristics Of X-Ray Emission Laser Beams From Solid-State Cathode Medium Of High-Current Glow Discharge. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
ABSTRACT
X-ray emissions ranging 1.2 – 3.0 keV with dose rate up to 1.0 Gy/s have been registered in experiments with high-current Glow Discharge. The emissions energy and intensity depend on the cathode material; the kind of plasma-forming gas; and the discharge parameters. The experiments were carried out on the high-current glow discharge device using D2, H2, Kr and Xe at pressure up to 10 Torr, as well as cathode samples made from Al, Sc, Ti, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, Pt, at current up to 500 mA and discharge voltage of 500-2500 V. Two emission modes were revealed under the experiments: 1. Diffusion X-rays was observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 5×105 bursts a second and up to 106 X-ray quanta in a burst); 2. X-rays in the form of laser microbeams (up to 104 beams a second and up to 1010 X-ray of quanta in a beam, angular divergence was up to 10-4, the duration of the separate laser beams must be τ =3·10-13 - 3·10-14 s, the separate beam power must be 107 – 108 W). The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred when the discharge occurred and within 100ms after turning off the current. The results of experimental research into the characteristics of secondary penetrating radiation occurring when interacting primary X-ray beams from a solid-state cathode medium with targets made of various materials are reported. . . .
Karabut, A.B. Research Into Low Energy Nuclear Reactions In Cathode Sample Solid With Production Of Excess Heat, Stable And Radioactive Impurity Nuclides. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Results on measurements of excess heat power, impurity nuclides yield, gamma and X-ray emission in experiments with high-current glow discharge (GD) in D2, Xe and Kr are presented. The cathode samples used in the experiments were made of Pd, V, Nb, Ta. In experiments with Pd cathode samples in D2 GD, the recorded excess heat power amounted to 10 - 15 W and the estimated efficiency (the output thermal power in relation to the input electric power) was up to 130%. Excess heat power up to 5 W, and efficiency up to 150% was recorded for deuterium precharged Pd cathode samples in Xe and Kr discharges. Production of impurity nuclides with atomic masses less than and more than that of the cathode material was registered. Considerable deviation from the natural isotopic ratio was observed for the registered elemental impurities. X-ray emission was measured in H2, D2, Ar, Xe and Kr GD during the GD operation and after the GD current switch off (up to several hours afterwards) with the help of thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), X-ray film and scintillator detectors with photomultipliers. The recorded energetic spectra of X-ray emission range 0.5 - 10 keV. Weak gamma-emission (up to 1,000 events per second) was registered in certain experimental conditions. The X-ray spectra include both (bands of) the continuum and multiple lines with energies ranging 0.1 - 3.0 MeV. The possible mechanism for production of the excess heat power, elemental impurities, gamma and X-ray emission is also considered.
AU=Karabut, A. B.Karabut, A.B. Study Of Energetic And Temporal Characteristics Of X-Ray Emission From Solid-State Cathode Medium Of High-Current Glow Discharge. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Experimental results on X-ray emission characteristics from the cathode material in the high-current Glow Discharge (GD) are presented. The X-ray emission ranging 0.6 - 6.0 keV and more with the dose rate up to 0.01 J/s has been registered. Two emission modes were obtained in the experiments: (1) diffusion X-rays were observed as separate X-ray bursts (up to 5 × 105 bursts a second and up to 106 X-ray quanta in a burst); (2) X-rays in the form of laser micro-beams were registered (up to 104 beams per second and up to 1010 X-ray of quanta in a beam, angular divergence being up to 10-4, the duration of separate laser beam about τ=3 × 10-13 - 3 × 10-14 s, the estimated separate beam power of 107 - 108 W). The emission of the X-ray laser beams occurred during the GD operation, and, after the GD current switch off.
AU=Karabut, A. B.Karabut, A.B. Experimental Research on 0.5 – 10 keV High-Energy Process Resulting from H2 and D2 Ions Flux Interaction with Cathode Solid in Electric Discharge. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.
ABSTRACT
X-ray emission ranging 0.5 – 10.0 keV with the dose power rate up to 0.01 J/s emanating from the cathode solid in the high-current Glow Discharge has been registered in earlier experiments. The X-rays were recorded during the Glow Discharge operation and after the Glow Discharge current switch off. Presumably the observed X-ray emission proceeds as a result of relaxation of excited energetic levels in the cathode solid medium. These excited levels are formed during the exposure of the cathode sample solid surface to the effect of the ions flux produced by plasma or electrolyte medium. The energetic and temporal characteristics of the X-ray emission have been studied with reference to the cathode material used, the kind of plasma-forming gas and the Glow Discharge operational parameters. . . .
Karabut, A.B. Scientific Research Project: Experimental Research And Development Of Heat Power Supply Prototype Based On High-Energy Processes In Solid Medium Interacting With Hydrogen Ions Flux. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.
Scientific investigation in the field of New Hydrogen Power Engineering aimed at finding new effective ways of energy production has been carried out for years by researchers of several countries. The concept of this investigation is based on phenomenon of interaction between deuterium and hydrogen ions, on one hand, and the solid medium (of Pd, Ti and other materials), on the other hand. The said interaction was studied in experiments with electrolysis, electric gas discharge and gas diffusion. At present a huge collection of stable 100%-reproduced results on Excess Heat power production has been accumulated. In most experiments the correlation of the relative output Excess Heat power to the input (electric) power does not exceed 10-20%. This scientific approach is now well recognized by the leading groups of researchers and scientific associations (such as the American Physical Society, the American Nuclear Society, the Los Alamos US National Laboratory, the US Livermore Lawrence National Laboratory and others.) despite the lack of widely familiar theoretical instrument for the description of the physical phenomena in question.
AU=Karabut, A. B.Karabut, A.B. and E.A. Karabut. Electric and Heat Measurements in High Voltage Electric Discharge System Experiments. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Karabut, E. A.Karabut, A.B. and E.A. Karabut. Research into Energy Spectra of X-ray Emission from Solid Cathode Medium During High Current Glow Discharge Operation and after the Glow Discharge Current Switch Off. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Karabut, E. A.Karasevskii, A.I., D.V. Matyushov, and A. Gorodyskii, Possibility of the nuclear reaction between deuterium nuclei in electron shells of metal ions. Ukr. Khim. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1989. 55: p. 1036 (In Russian).
CA=Matyushov, D. V., CA=Gorodyskii, A. .Karpov, S.Y., et al., On the possibility of a mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(5): p. 91 (in Russian).
CA=Koval'chuk, Yu. V., CA=Myachin, V. E., CA=Pogorel'skii, Yu. V.Kasagi, J., et al. Observation of High Energy Protons Emitted in the TiDx+D Reaction at Ed=150 keV and Anomalous Concentration of 3He. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Ishii, K., CA=Hiraga, M., CA=Yoshihara, K.Kasagi, J., Low Energy D+D Reactions in Metal. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 37.
D+D reactions in various metals were investigated for the deuteron bombardment with bombarding energies at around 150 keV and below 15 keV. Energetic protons and α-particles which can never be attained in the D+D reaction were observed in bombardments with higher energy deuterons. In order to explain the spectra, reaction processes in which three deuterons are involved are considered; sequential reaction and simultaneous three-body reaction. The sequential reaction can well explain the observed bump structure, and the three-body reaction can reproduce the continuum spectral shape of protons and α-particles, although an anomalously large enhancement factor is required. For the lower energy bombardment, thick target yields for the D+D reactions in Ti were measured down to 4.7 keV. They were well explained with the astrophysical S-factors deduced from gas target measurements. This indicates that the effect of the environment is not so much different for the deuterons in Ti and in gas phase.
AU=Kasagi, J.Kasagi, J., et al., Measurements of the D + D Reaction in Ti Metal with Incident Energies between 4.7 and 18 keV. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1995. 64: p. 608-612.
CA=Murakami, T., CA=Yajima, T., CA=Kobayashi, S., CA=Ogawa, M.The D+D reactions in Ti metal were investigated for the deuteron incident energies between 4.7 and 18 keV. Observed were protons, tritons and 3He particles emitted in the deuteron bombardment on TiDx. Thick target yields for the D(d, p)T and D(d, n)3He reactions were measured at bombarding energies down to 4.7 and 5.4 keV, respectively, for the first time. They were well explained with the reported astrophysical S-factors which were deduced from gas target measurements at Ed > 6 keV for the D(d, p)T reaction and Ed> 13.3 keV for the D(d, n)3He reaction. The cross section ratio σ(d, p)/σ(d, n) was obtained down to 6.4 keV, and was found to be constant at around 1.0 for Ed<20 keV.
AU=Kasagi, J.Kasagi, J., et al. Anomalously Enhanced D(d,p)T Reaction in Pd and PdO Observed at Very Low Bombarding Energies. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Yuki, H., CA=Itoh, T., CA=Kasajima, N., CA=Ohtsuki, T., CA=Lipson, A. G.
Abstract
Yields of protons emitted in the D + D reaction in Pd and PdO thick targets were measured for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. The obtained yields were compared with those predicted by using the parameterization of cross sections at higher energies. It was found that both of the yields for Pd and PdO are surprisingly larger than the prediction. The bombarding energy dependence of the yields are well described with screening potential parameters; Ue = 250 eV for Pd and 600 eV for PdO. The significance of a simple extrapolation of the observed enhancement is discussed.
Kasagi, J., et al., Energetic Protons and alpha Particles Emitted in 150-keV Deuteron Bombardment on Deuterated Ti. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 64: p. 777-783.
CA=Yuki, H., CA=Baba, T., CA=Noda, T., CA=Taguchi, J., CA=Galster, W.Energetic charged particles have been measured in the bombardment of 150-keV deuterons on deuterated Ti. Protons and α particles were observed with energies up to ~17 and ~6.5 MeV, respectively, which can never be attained in the D+D reaction. A bump structure at around 14 MeV seen in the proton spectrum can be well explained as emitted in the sequential reaction involving three deuterons. However, protons and α particles distributed continuously up to the maximum energies can never be understood as products of the conceivable nuclear reactions.
AU=Kasagi, J.Kasagi, J., et al., Strongly Enhanced DD Fusion Reaction in Metals Observed for keV D+ Bombardment. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 71: p. 2881-2885.
CA=Yuki, H., CA=Baba, T., CA=Noda, T., CA=Ohtsuki, T., CA=Lipson, A. G.The excitation functions of the yield of protons emitted in the D(d,p)T reaction in Ti, Fe, Pd, PdO and Au were measured for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. It was found that the reaction rate at lower energies varies greatly with the host materials. The most strongly enhanced DD reaction occurs in PdO. At Ed = 2.5 keV, it is enhanced by factor of fifty from the bare deuteron rate and the screening energy deduced from the excitation function amounts to 600 eV. An enhancement of this size cannot be explained by electron screening alone but suggests the existence of an additional and important mechanism of the screening in solids.
AU=Kasagi, J.Kasagi, J., et al., Strongly Enhanced Li + D Reaction in Pd Observed in Deuteron Bombardment on PdLix with Energies between 30 and 75 keV. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1998. 73: p. 608-612.
CA=Yuki, H., CA=Baba, T., CA=Noda, T., CA=Taguchi, J., CA=Galster, W.Thick target yields of alpha particles emitted in the 6,7Li(d,alpha)4,5He reactions in PdLix and AuLix were measured as a function of the bombarding energy between 30 and 75 keV. It was found that the reaction rate in Pd at lower energies is enhanced strongly over the one predicted by the cross section for the reaction with bare nuclei, but no enhancement is observed in Au. A screening energy is introduced to reproduce the excitation function of the thick target yield for each metal. The deduced value for Pd amounts to 1500 ± 310 eV, whereas it is only 60 ± 150 eV for Au. The enhancement in the Pd case cannot be explained by electron screening alone but suggests the existence of an additional and important mechanism of screening in metal.
AU=Kasagi, J.Kasagi, J., Medium effects: nuclear reactions in solids and nucleon resonances in nuclei. Front. Sci. Ser., 28 (Nuclear Responses and Medium Effects), 1999: p. 229-236.
Kasagi, J., et al. Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Solids. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Yuki, H., CA=Baba, T., CA=Noda, T.The DD fusion reactions in various materials have been studied, and enhancements in the rate of the D(d,p)T fusion reaction over the Gamow function were clearly seen in the materials. Of particular interest is the fact that the reaction rate of the D+D reactions at 2.5 keV in PdO is 60 times (and in Pd 10 times) larger than in Ti, and the deduced screening energy amounts to 600 eV (300 eV). Furthermore, the subsequent study on the Li+d reactions showed large screening energy as 1.7 keV, again, in Pd metal. These cannot be explained by bound-electron screening which may give at most an energy of 20 eV for the DD reaction and of 0.3 keV for the Li+d reaction, but suggests the existence of an additional, and important, mechanism. Perhaps there is a fluidity of deuterons in metals that also reduces the Coulomb barrier between the fusing nulcei.
AU=Kasagi, J.Kasagi, J. and Y. Iwamura. Country History of Japanese Work on Cold Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Iwamura, Y.We briefly summarize the history of Japanese work on cold fusion after 1989. Since the excellent work performed by Prof. Arata are introduced and discussed in the special session, we try to summarize other works in Japan. The history can be divided into three periods: the 1st period is from the announcement by Fleischmann and Pons to the ICCF3 Nagoya Conference (1989 - 1993); the 2nd period is during the New Hydrogen Energy (NHE) Project (1994 – 1998); and the 3rd after the NHE project (1999 – present). Characteristics of each period and the present situation are presented.
AU=Kasagi, J.Kasagi, J. Screening Potential for nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Screening for nuclear reactions in metal plays an important role in enhancing reaction cross sections in the ultra-low energy region. A simple extrapolation of the screening potential down to the thermal energy region from the keV beam experiment predicts the occurrence of “cold fusion” D+D reactions. In the present work, results so far obtained in low-energy beam experiments will be overviewed and the origin of the screening potential will be discussed: both electronic screening and ionic screening. For ionic screening we have studied nuclear reactions in liquid metal which can be regarded as a low-temperature dense plasma. In such a condition, the classical ions contribute to the screening more strongly than the quantum electrons do. Results on the 7Li+p and 6Li+d reactions with liquid Li target will be shown. The effects of the solid-liquid phase transition are clearly seen in these reactions. It can be concluded that the ionic Debye screening is much stronger than the electronic screening in low-temperature dense plasmas.
AU=Kashy, E.Kashy, E., et al., Search for neutron emission from deuterium-loaded palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(1): p. R1.
CA=Bauer, W., CA=Chen, Y., CA=Galonsky, A., CA=Gaudiello, J., CA=Maier, M., CA=Morrissey, D. J., CA=Pelak, R. A., CA=Tsang, M. B., CA=Yurkon, J.Kaushik, T.C., M. Srinivasan, and A. Shyam, Fracture Phenomena in Crystalline Solids: A Brief Review in the Context of Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 5.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Shyam, A.Kaushik, T.C., et al., Preliminary report on direct measurement of tritium in liquid nitrogen treated TiDx chips. Indian J. Technol., 1990. 28: p. 667.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Rout, R. K., CA=Kulkarni, L. V., CA=Krishnan, M. S., CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Nagvenkar, V. B.Kaushik, T.C., et al., Experimental investigations on neutron emission from projectile-impacted deuterated solids. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 232: p. 384.
CA=Kulkarni, L. V., CA=Shyam, A., CA=Srinivasan, M.Kawai, H., Profile of the cold nuclear fever. Kinki Daigaku Genshiryoku Kenkyusho Nenpo, 1990. 27: p. 19 (in Japanese).
Kawarabayashi, J., et al., Low level neutron detection system for cold-fusion. J. Facul. Eng., Univ. Tokyo B, 1992. 41: p. 595.
CA=Takahashi, H., CA=Iguchi, T., CA=Nakazawa, M.Kay, B.D., C.H. Peden, and D.W. Goodman, Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption by Pd(110). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1986. 34: p. 817.
CA=Peden, C. H., CA=Goodman, D. W.Kay, B.D., K.R. Lykke, and R.J. Buss, Problems with the mass spectrometric determination of tritium from cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 491.
CA=Lykke, K. R., CA=Buss, R. J.Kazachkovskii, O.D., A possible mechanism for cold fusion. At. Energy, 1996. 81: p. 749.
Kazarinov, V.E., et al., Cathodic behaviour of palladium in electrolytic solutions containing alkali metal ions. Elektrokhimiya, 1991. 27: p. 9 (in Russian).
CA=Astakhov, I. I., CA=Teplitskaya, G. L., CA=Kiseleva, I. G., CA=Davydov, A. D., CA=Nekrasova, N. V., CA=Kudryavtsev, D. Yu., CA=Zhukova, T. B.Keddam, M., Some comments on the calorimetric aspects of the electrochemical 'cold fusion' by M. Fleischmann and S. Pons. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34(7): p. 995.
Keesing, R.G., et al., Thermal, thermoelectric, and cathode poisoning effects in cold fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 375.
CA=Greenhow, R. C., CA=Cohler, M. D., CA=McQuillan, A. J.Keesing, R.G. and A.J. Gadd, Thermoelectric heat pumping and the 'cold fusion' effect". J. Phys.: Condens. Mater., 1993. 5: p. L537.
CA=Gadd, A. J.Kendall, D.L., The Role of Imagination in Science:Two Modern Examples. 1990, Albuquerque: Keynote speech for the Twentieth Southwestern Jounior Science and Humanities Symposium, Albuquerque, 4/2/90.
Kendl, A., Zehn jahre danach: Was blieb von der 'kalten Kernfusion'? ("Ten years after: what has become of 'cold fusion'?"). Skeptiker, 1999. 12(1&2): p. 32 [in German].
Kennel, E. and A.G. Kalandarachvili. Investigation of Deuterium Glow Discharge of the Kucherov Type. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Kalandarachvili, A. G.Kennel, E., Proposals and biography. 1996.
Kenney, F., et al. Charged-particle Emissions from Deuterated Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Jones, S., CA=Johnson, A., CA=Hagelstein, P. L., CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Buehler, D. B., CA=Cecil, F. E., CA=Scott, M., CA=Ellsworth, J.We present evidence for energetic charged particles emanating from partially deuterided titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions. To scrutinize emerging evidence for low-temperature nuclear reactions, we investigated particle yields employing three independent types of highly-sensitive, segmented particle detectors over a six-year period. One experiment measuring neutron emission from TiDx foils showed a background-subtracted yield of 57 ± 13 counts per hour. (The neutron experiments are discussed in a separate paper in this proceedings.) A second experiment, using a photo-multiplier tube with plastic and glass scintillators and TiDx registered charged particle emissions at 2,171 ± 93 counts/hour, over 400 times the background rate. Moreover, these particles were identified as protons having 2.6 MeV after exiting the TiDx foil array. In a third experiment, coincident charged particles consistent with protons and tritons were observed with high reproducibility in two energy-dispersive ion-implanted detectors located on either side of 25-micron thick Ti foils loaded with deuterium.
AU=Kenney, F.Kenney, F., et al. Neutron Emissions from Deuterated Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Jones, S., CA=Johnson, A., CA=Hagelstein, P. L., CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Buehler, D. B., CA=Cecil, F. E., CA=Scott, M., CA=Ellsworth, J.Evidence is presented for neutrons emanating from partially deuterated titanium foils (TiDx) subjected to non-equilibrium conditions (charged particle results appear in a separate paper in this proceedings). Two types of deuteriding and varied currents were employed to produce the non-equilibrium conditions within the foils, and emissions lasted over long durations. Experiments were conducted in a deep underground tunnel having significant rock overburden to diminish cosmic backgrounds. Subtracting background rates and taking into account detector efficiency, we found the highest net yield to be 57 ± 13 counts/hour. Yields for all runs are reported and the theoretical fusion reaction defined. Totaling all experiments, reproducibility was 40%.
AU=Kenny, J. P.Kenny, J.P. and R. Schultz, "Hyper-gentle" (HGF) fusion at a few ev. 1989.
CA=Schultz, R.Kenny, J.P., Electropionics and fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 547.
Kepka, J.B. and E.W. Czaputowicz, Analysis of Some Results on Pd-H and Ni-H Systems Studied in High-Pressure-Hydrogen Conditions. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1979. 19: p. 2414.
CA=Czaputowicz, E. W.Kervran, C.L., Biological Transmutations. 1972: Swan House Publishing Co.
Kervran, C.L., Biological Transmutation. 1980: Beekman Publishers, Inc.
Kestenbaum, D., Cold Fusion-Science or Religion?, in R&D Maganzine. 1997. p. 51.
Khramtsov, P.P. and O.G. Martynenko, Peculiar processes of cathodic scattering by electrical discharge through the saturated heavy water - vapour interface. Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., 1996. 69(5): p. 721 [in Russian].
CA=Martynenko, O. G.Kidwell, D. Trace Analysis of Elements in a Palladium Matrix. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a technique for trace elemental analysis and isotopic distribution determination at trace levels, but ICP-MS cannot handle directly high concentrations of ions. Dimethylglyoxime will selectively precipitate palladium from acid solutions leaving most of the impurities in solution and allowing their quantitation by ICP-MS without dilution. By avoiding dilution, the sensitivity and precision of the analysis can be increased to sub-PPM levels. A convenient method for controlled etching of palladium is also described.
AU=Kidwell, D.Kidwell, D., et al. Does Gas Loading Produce Anomalous Heat? (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Rogers, A., CA=Grabowski, K. S., CA=Knies, D.
The original PowerPoint slides in this document are here:
http://lenr-canr.org/powerpoint/KidwellDdoesgasloa.ppt
The PowerPoint slides include overlays and other features not available in Acrobat format.
Abstract
Simple pressurization of nanosized palladium with deuterium appears to be a simpler and more rapid method to generate anomalous heat compared to electrolytic systems. A survey of the literature indicates that palladium particles less than 2 nm in size can obtain a Pd/D loading near one at modest deuterium pressure. In hundreds of reactions, we have routinely prepared palladium nanoparticles inside an aluminosilicate matrix and have found that these systems produce up to 8 fold more heat with deuterium compared to hydrogen. Furthermore, a characteristic signature of a pressurization reaction is its reversibility -- the heat released upon pressurization should be absorbed upon evacuation. This reversibility is observed with hydrogen but not deuterium. Although we are still seeking conventional explanations for this excess heat, the anomalous heat does not appear to be explained by impurities in the deuterium gas nor other simple chemical or physical sources. The selection and preparation of the particles, the experimental set-up, and results will be discussed.
Kikuchi, E., et al., Effect of charging current density on release characteristics of tritium from palladium. Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku, 1991. 59: p. 880 (in Japanese).
CA=Nomura, K., CA=Nogawa, N., CA=Saito, H., CA=Itoh, K., CA=Niikura, H., CA=Murabayashi, M.Kim, M.S. and M.Y. Park, Comment on room temperature nuclear fusion. Anal. Sci. & Technol., 1990. 3: p. 265 (in Korean).
CA=Park, M. Y.Kim, S.-O., A.G. Lipson, and G.H. Miley. Characterization of Pd-Ni thin film by annealing method. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Miley, G. H.
ABSTRACT
Thin film electrode production and characterization for heat cell studies are described. The objective is two-fold: maximizing excess heat production and insuring a long lifetime and electrolysis. To do this in a reproducible faction, a pre-and post-run analysis of the films was carried out using various probe techniques. In this study, various Pd-Ni thin films were manufactured using with a magnetron sputtering method. A variety of methods for pre-conditioning of substrates were experimented with. The samples were also treated by different annealing methods using inert gas and vacuum annealing processes. The investigations of samples were performed in an UHV system equipped with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is shown that the vacuum annealed samples provided the best films. This suggests that vacuum annealing can pull bubbles from pores in the thin film, giving a higher density thin film that performs better. These results and their implications for electrode development will be discussed.
Kim, Y.E., Comment on "Cluster-Impact Fusion". 1989.
Kim, Y.E., Fission-Induced Inertial Confinement Hot Fusion and Cold Fusion with Electrolysis. 1989.
Kim, Y.E., Neutron-Induced Photonuclear Chain-Reaction Process in Pd Deuteride. 1989.
Kim, Y.E., Nuclear Theory Hypotheses for Cold Fusion. 1989.
Kim, Y.E., R.A. Rice, and G.S. Chulick, The Electron Screening Effect on Fusion Cross-sections and Rates in Physical Processes. 1989.
CA=Rice, R. A., CA=Chulick, G. S.Kim, Y.E., R.A. Rice, and G.S. Chulick, Cluster-Transport Impact Fusion. 1990.
CA=Rice, R. A., CA=Chulick, G. S.Kim, Y.E., Cross section for cold deuterium-deuterium fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 507.
Kim, Y.E., Neutron burst from a high-voltage discharge between palladium electrodes in D2 gas. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 680.
Kim, Y.E., New cold nuclear fusion theory and experimental tests. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 423.
Kim, Y.E. Nuclear Physics Interpretation of Cold Fusion and Optimal Designs for Gas/Solid -State Device. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Kim, Y.E., Nuclear Physics Interpretation of Cold Fusion and Optimal Designs for Gas/Solid-State Fusion Device. 1990.
Kim, Y.E. Surface Reaction Mechanism and Lepton Screening for Cold Fusion with Electrolysis. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Kim, Y.E. Surface-Reaction Theory of Cold and Warm Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Kim, Y.E., et al., Cluster-Impact Nuclear Fusion: Shock-Wave Statistical Analysis. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1991. 5: p. 941.
CA=Rabinowitz, M., CA=Bae, Y. K., CA=Chulick, G. S., CA=Rice, R. A.Kim, Y.E., Fission-induced inertial confinement hot fusion and cold fusion with electrolysis. 1991: Plenum Press.
Kim, Y.E., et al., Shock-wave Impact Fusion With Cluster Beams. Chem. Phys. Lett., 1991. 184: p. 465.
CA=Chulick, G. S., CA=Rice, R. A., CA=Rabinowitz, M., CA=Bae, Y. K.Kim, Y.E., Surface reaction mechanism for deuterium-deuterium fusion with a gas/solid-state fusion device. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 558.
Abstract
Recent highly reproducible results of tritium production by deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion from gas/solid-state fusion experiments are discussed in terms of a surface fusion mechanism. Theoretical criteria and experimental conditions for improving and optimizing D-D fusion rates in a gas/solid-state fusion device are described. It is shown that the surface fusion mechanism also provides a plausible explanation for the nonreproducibility of the results of electrolysis fusion experiments.
Kim, Y.E., et al., The effect of coulomb screening and velocity distribution on fusion cross-sections and rates in physical processes. Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 6(10): p. 929.
CA=Rabinowitz, M., CA=Chulick, G. S., CA=Rice, R. A.Kim, Y.E., R.A. Rice, and G.S. Chulik, The role of the low-energy proton-deuteron fusion cross section in physical processes. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 174.
CA=Rice, R. A., CA=Chulik, G. S.Kim, Y.E., et al., Theory of Cluster-Impact Fusion with Atomic and Molecular Cluster Beams. Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 5(6): p. 427.
CA=Rabinowitz, M., CA=Chulick, G. S., CA=Rice, R. A.Kim, Y.E., Time-delayed apparent excess heat generation in electrolysis fusion experiments. Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 6: p. 1053.
Kim, Y.E., et al. Condensed Matter Effects for Cold and Hot Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Rabinowitz, M., CA=Rice, R. A., CA=Yoon, J. H.Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Coulomb Barrier Transmission Resonance for Astrophysical Problems. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1993. 7: p. 1627.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Improved Coulomb Barrier Transmission Coefficient for Nuclear Fusion Cross Sections. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 475.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E., Possible Evidence of Cold D(D,p)T Fusion from Dee's 1934 Experiment. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 519.
Kim, Y.E. Possible Evidence of Cold D(D,p)T Fusion from Dee's 1934 Experiment. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
ABSTRACT
D(D,p)T fusion probabilities for the back-to-back proton-tritium tracks observed in Dee’s 1934 experiment are calculated using the conventional theory and found to be many orders of magnitude smaller than those inferred from Dee’s data. Our results indicate that Dee’s data may be evidence for cold fusion, possibly due to low-energy reaction barrier transparency as recently proposed. Therefore it is important to repeat Dee’s experiment with modern facilities.
Kim, Y.E., et al., Reaction Barrier Transparency for Cold Fusion with Deuterium and Hydrogen. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 408.
CA=Yoon, J. H., CA=Zubarev, A. L., CA=Rabinowitz, M.Kim, Y.E., et al. Reaction Barrier Transparency for Cold Fusion with Deuterium and Hydrogen. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Yoon, J. H., CA=Zubarev, A. L., CA=Rabinowitz, M.An improved parametric representation of Coulomb barrier penetration is presented. These detailed calculations are improvements upon the conventionally used Gamow tunneling coefficient. This analysis yields a reaction barrier transparency (RBT) which may have singular ramifications for cold fusion, as well as significant consequences in a wide variety of fusion settings.
AU=Kim, Y. E.Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Optical Theorem And Effective Finite-Range Nuclear Interaction for Low-Energy Nuclear-Fusion Reactions. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1995. 108: p. 1009.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev. Uncertainities of Conventional Theories and New Improved Formulations of Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion Reactions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Comment on exact upper bound on barrier penetration probabilities in many-body systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Zubarev, A.
Abstract
We investigate conditions under which it is not possible to establish an exact upper bound for the barrier penetration probability of nuclei tunneling to classically forbidden small relative separation, by a value calculable in terms of the Born-Oppenheimer potential between nuclei.
Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Gamow factor cancellation and nuclear physics mechanisms for anomalous low-energy nuclear reactions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 145.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev. Optical Theorem Formulation and Nuclear Physics Mechanisms for Gamow Factor Cancellation in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Role of Continuum Electrons and Condensed Matter Mechanisms in Ultra Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Zubarev, A.Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev, Nuclear fusion for Bose nuclei confined in ion traps. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 151.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E. and A.L. Zubarev. Ultra Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion of Bose Nuclei in Nano-Scale Ion Traps. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Zubarev, A. L.Kim, Y.E., et al. Experimental Test of Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction in Nanoscale Atomic Clusters. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Koltick, D., CA=Pringer, R., CA=Myers, J., CA=Koltick, R.
We report preliminary results of experimental test of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism for ultra low energy nuclear fusion in nano-scale atomic clusters at pressures up to a 20,000 psi and at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Bose-Einstein condensation of integer-spin nuclei was suggested as a possible mechanism for ultra low-energy nuclear reaction in 1998. Recently, theoretical studies of the BEC mechanism have been carried out by solving approximately many-body Schroedinger equation for a system of N identical charged integer-spin nuclei (“Bose” nuclei) confined in ion traps. The solution is used to obtain theoretical formulae for estimating the probabilities and rates of nuclear fusion for N identical Bose nuclei confined in an ion trap or an atomic cluster. These formulae show that the fusion rate does not depend on the Coulomb barrier penetration probability but instead depends on the probability of the ground-state occupation, which is expected to increase as the temperature decreases.
To test these theoretical predictions, a series of experiments have been devised and performed. The preliminary results of these experiments and also plans of future experiments are described.
Kim, Y.E. Quantum Many-Body Theory and Mechanisms for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Processes in Matter. in Fusion 03: From a Tunneling Nuclear Microscope to Nuclear Processes in Matter. 2003. Matsushita, Japan.
Recently, a theoretical model of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) mechanism has been developed to describe low-energy nuclear reaction in a quantum many-body system confined in a micro/nano scale trap. The BEC mechanism is applied to explain various anomalous results observed recently in experiments involved with low–energy nuclear reaction processes in matter and in acoustic cavitation. Experimental tests of the BEC mechanism are also discussed. In addition to the BEC mechanism, plasma impact fusion (PIF) and particle cavitation fusion (PCF) mechanisms are also described.
AU=Kim, Y. E.Kim, Y.E., D. Koltick, and A. Zubarev. Quantum Many-Body Theory of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Induced by Acoustic Cavitation in Deuterated Liquid. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Koltick, D., CA=Zubarev, A.
There have been a number of reports of observation of nuclear fusion events in acoustic cavitation experiments with deuterated liquid. Some of the reported results have been interpreted as a result of achieving thermonuclear fusion temperatures (~a few keV) during acoustic bubble cavitation (ABC). We propose an alternative theoretical model for the ABC fusion based on Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism.
Our theoretical model yields two main predictions. The first prediction is that the Coulomb interaction between two charged bosons is suppressed for the case in which number N of charged bosons is large, and hence the conventional Gamow factor is absent. The second prediction is that the fusion rate depends on the probability of the BEC ground state occupation instead of the conventional Gamow factor. This implies that the fusion rate will increase as the temperature of the system is lowered since the probability of the BEC state is larger at lower temperatures. These predictions imply that the ABC fusion may be achievable at lower temperatures.
A number of key improvement to acoustic cavitation experiments are proposed to check these predictions as well as the results of other experiments.
Kim, Y.E. and T.O. Passell. Alternative Interpretation of Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction Processes with Deuterated Metals Based on The Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Passell, T. O.
Abstract
Recently, a generalization of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism has been made to a ground-state mixture of two different species of positively charged bosons in harmonic traps. The theory has been used to describe (D + Li) reactions in the low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) processes in condensed matter and predicts that the (D + Li) reaction rates can be larger than (D + D) reaction rates by as much as a factor of ~50, implying that (D + Li) reactions may be occuring in addition to the (D + D) reactions. A survey of the existing data from LENR experiments is carried out to check the validity of the theoretical prediction. We conclude that there is compelling experimental evidence which support the theoretical prediction. New experimental tests of the theoretical prediction are suggested.
Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Mixtures of Charged Bosons Confined in Harmonic Traps and Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Transmutation Processes in Condensed Matter. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Zubarev, A.
Abstract
A mixture of two different species of positively charged bosons in harmonic traps is considered in the mean-field approximation. It is shown that depending on the ratio of parameters, the two components may coexist in same regions of space, in spite of the Coulomb repulsion between the two species. Application of this result is discussed for the generalization of the Bose-Einstein condensation mechanism for low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) and transmutation processes in condensed matters. For the case of deutron-lithium (d+Li) LENR, the result indicates that reactions may dominate over (d+d) reactions in LENR experiments.
Kim, Y.E., et al. Proposal for New Experimental Tests of the Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction and Transmutation Processes in Deuterium Loaded Micro- and Nano-Scale Cavities. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Koltick, D., CA=Reifenberger, R., CA=Zubarev, A.
Abstract
Most of experimental results of low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) reported so far cannot be reproduced on demand. There have been persistent experimental results indicating that the LENR and transmutation processes in condensed matters (LENRTPCM) are surface phenomena rather than bulk phenomena. Recently proposed Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) mechanism may provide a suitable theoretical description of the surface phenomena.
New experiments are proposed and described for testing the BEC mechanism for LENR and transmutation processses in micro-scale and nano-scale traps. (1) We propose the use of micro- or nano-porous conducting materials as a cathode in electrolysis experiments with heavy water with or without Li in order to stabilize the active surface spots and to enhance the effect for the purpose of improving the reproducibility of excess heat generation and nuclear emission. (2) We propose new experiemental tests of the BEC mechanism by measuring the presssure and temperaure dependence of LENR events using deuterium gas and these deuterated metals with or without Li.
If the LENRTPCM are surface phenomena, the proposed use of micro/nano scale porous materials is expected to enhance and scale up the LENRTPCM effects by many order of magnitude, and thus may lead to better reproductivity and theoretical understanding of the phenomena.
Kim, Y.E. and A. Zubarev. Unifying Theory Of Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction And Transmutation Processes In Deuterated/Hydrogenated Metals, Acoustic Cavitations, And Deuteron Beam Experiments. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Zubarev, A.The most basic theoretical challenge for understanding low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) and transmutation reaction (LETR) in condensed matters is to find mechanisms by which the large Coulomb barrier between fusing nuclei can be overcome. A unifying theory of LENR and LETR has been developed to provide possible mechanisms for the LENR and LETR processes in matters based on high-density nano-scale and micro-scale quantum plasmas. It is shown that recently developed theoretical models based on Bose-Einstein Fusion (BEF) mechanism and Quantum Plasma Nuclear Fusion (QPNF) mechanism are applicable to the results of many different types of LENR and LETR experiments
AU=Kim, Y. E.Kim, Y.E. Theory of Low-Energy Deuterium Fusion in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Grains and Particles. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
A consistent conventional theoretical description is presented for anomalous low-energy deuterium nuclear fusion in micro/nano-scale metal grains and particles. The theory is based on the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) state occupied by deuterons trapped in a micro/nano-scale metal grain or particle. The theory is capable of explaining most of the experimentally observed results and also provides theoretical predictions. Experimental tests of theoretical predictions are proposed. Scalabilities of the observed effects are discussed based on theoretical predictions.
AU=Kim, Y. E.Kim, Y.E. Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion:Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Tests (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
Experimental Observations (as of 2008) (not complete)
From both electrolysis and gas loading experiments
[1] The Coulomb barrier between two deuterons are suppressed
[2] Excess heat production (the amount of exess heat indicates its nuclear origin)
[3] 4He production comensurate with excess heat production, no 23.8 MeV gamma ray
[4] Production of hot spots and micro-scale crators on metal surface
[5] Detection of radiations
[6]Production of nuclear ashes with anomalous rates . . .
. . . Based on a single physical concept, can we come up with a consistent physical theory which could explain all of the ten experimental observations?
Kim, Y.E., Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System. 2011, Purdue Nuclear and Many Body Theory Group (PNMBTG).
Generalized theory of Bose-Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF) is used to carry out theoretical analyses of recent experimental results of Rossi et al. for hydrogen-nickel system. Based on incomplete experimental information currently available, preliminary theoretical explanations of the experimental results are presented in terms of the generalized BECNF theory. Additional accurate experimental data are needed for obtaining more complete theoretical descriptions and predictions, which can be tested by further experiments.
AU=Kim, Y. E.Kim, Y.E., Nuclear Reactions in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Particles. 2011, Purdue Nuclear and Many Body Theory Group (PNMBTG).
Low-energy nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal particles are described based on the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF). The BECNF theory is based on a single basic assumption capable of explaining the observed LENR phenomena; deuterons in metals undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. The BECNF theory is also a quantitative predictive physical theory. Experimental tests of the basic assumption and theoretical predictions are proposed. Potential application to energy generation by ignition at low temperatures is described. Generalized theory of BECNF is used to carry out theoretical analyses of recently reported experimental results for hydrogen-nickel system.
AU=Kimura, A.Kimura, A. and H.K. Birnbaum, Effect of adsorbed surface poisons on the loss of hydrogen from nickel. Acta metall. Mater., 1991. 39: p. 295.
CA=Birnbaum, H. K.Kimura, T., Quantitative evaluation of multiple production of neutrons induced by cosmic rays in materials. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27: p. 1147.
Kimura, T., Current problems and future of room temperature nuclear fusion. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 49 (in Japanese).
King, M.B., Charge Clusters: The Basis of Zero-Point Energy Inventions. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 18.
Kirchheim, R., Interaction of Hydrogen with Dislocations in Palladium- I. Activity and Diffusivity and Their Phenomenological Interpretation. Acta. Metall., 1981. 29: p. 835.
Kirchheim, R., Interaction of Hydrogen with Dislocations in Palladium-II Interpretation of Activity Results by Fermi-Dirac Distribution. Acta Metall., 1981. 29: p. 845.
Kirchheim, R., T. Matschele, and W. Kieninger, Hydrogen in amorphous and nanocrystalline metals. Materials. Sci. and Eng., 1988. 99: p. 457.
CA=Matschele, T., CA=Kieninger, W.Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov, A new approach to theoretical modelling of nuclear fusion in palladium deuteride. Europhys. Lett., 1999. 46: p. 448.
CA=Novikov, Y. A.Kirkinskii, V.A., V.A. Drebushchak, and A.I. Khmelnikov, Excess heat release during deuterium sorption-desorption by finely powdered palladium deuteride. Europhys. Lett., 2002. 58: p. 462.
CA=Drebushchak, V. A., CA=Khmelnikov, A. I.Kirkinskii, V.A., V.A. Drebushchak, and A.I. Khmelnikov. Experimental evidence of excess heat output during deuterium sorption-desorption in palladium deuteride. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Drebushchak, V. A., CA=Khmelnikov, A. I.
ABSTRACT
Thermal effects have been studied in the course of sorption-desorption of hydrogen isotopes by a finely powdered palladium deuteride using a conventional differential scanning calorimeter SETARAM DSC-111. During a-b transition an excess heat release is observed in palladium deuteride of about one watt per gram of deuteride. In similar experiments with palladium hydride no anomalous effects have been observed. On the basis of earlier computer modelling, relevant publications and our experimental results the excess heat release during deuterium sorption-desorption by palladium deuteride is attributed to the nuclear reactions of deuterium atoms yielding helium.
Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Fusion reaction probability in iron hydride and the problem of nucleosynthesis in the earth's interior. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Novikov, Y. A.
ABSTRACT
Numerical simulation of hydrogen isotopes nuclear interaction during their diffusion in a- and g-iron was carried out on the basis of electron orbital deformation dynamic model suggested by the authors earlier [1-4]. Calculated fusion rates show a possibility of cold fusion in the Earth's interior. Geochemical indicators of nuclear fusion are 3He/4He ratio higher than usual or the presence of tritium in deep-seated rocks, minerals and natural gases.
Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Numercial calculations of cold fusion rates in metal deuterides. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Novikov, Y. A.
ABSTRACT
An original model of а nuclear fusion mechanism in metal crystal structures at low energies is developed. It uses a new approach for estimation of electron screening in metals, which is based on account of dynamic deformation of outer metal electronic orbitals during counter motion of two deuterons near their sites boundary [1-3]. Computer simulation of deuterium behavior in the palladium deuteride crystal lattice has shown that the calculated rate of nuclear reactions agrees in order of magnitude with the values deduced from experimental data on excess heat output and helium generation.
Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Calculations Of Nuclear Reactions Probability In A Crystal Lattice Of Titanium Deuteride. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Novikov, Y. A.For calculations of probability of nuclear reactions of hydrogen isotopes in the crystal lattice of titanium deuteride the model offered earlier for palladium deuteride was used. In a series of experiments the probability of D-D approach for random initial conditions was calculated, when initial energies of approaching deuterons were set in the range of energies 0.01-0.51 eV. For each experimental value of D-D approach the reaction rate was calculated on the shifted Coulomb potential with the shift energy, which equals to the energy of screening. The mean distance of D-D approach on all series equals 0.97 angstroms, that exceeds the mean distance in a molecule D-D. However, more than 14% of all experimental values show an approach of deuterons for a distance less than 0.1 angstroms. The general reaction rate for the given set of the initial conditions will make 101.91 DD-1 s-1. It is 4 orders of magnitude less, than the analogous rate calculated earlier for palladium deuteride. For optimization of calculations the most favorable initial conditions were selected. As a result the rate of the reaction calculated according to the above model should be additionally multiplied by a correction factor, which allows for the probability of the occurrence of these favorable conditions. In our case it equals 10-16 - 10-18; the rate of the nuclear fusion reaction of deuterons in titanium deuteride should be 3-4 orders lower, than the earlier calculated rate for palladium deuteride and equals 10-14 - 10-16 DD-1 s-1.
AU=Kirkinskii, V. A.Kirkinskii, V.A. and Y.A. Novikov. Calculations Of Nuclear Reactions Probability In A Crystal Lattice Of Lanthanum Deuteride. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Novikov, Y. A.The dynamic model of electron orbitals deformation (EODD) was previously devised for palladium deuteride. It has now been applied to calculate the probability of nuclear reactions of hydrogen isotopes in the crystal lattice of lanthanum deuteride. In a series of computer simulations, the probability of D-D approach for random initial conditions was calculated, when the initial energies of the approaching deuterons were set in the range of 0.001-9.0 eV. For each experimental value of D-D approach the reaction rate was calculated on the shifted Coulomb potential with the shift energy, which equals to the energy of screening. The mean distance of D-D approach on the whole series equals 0.19 Ĺ. More than 54% of all experimental values show an approach of deuterons for a distance less than 0.1 Ĺ. The average reaction rate for the given set of the initial conditions is 103.28 DD-1 s-1. This is three orders of magnitude less than the analogous rate calculated earlier for palladium deuteride. Allowing for the higher D content and the higher number of adjacent tetrahedral sites in LaD3 as compared with PdD0,6, an overall nuclear fusion rate in lanthanum deuteride will be only slight lower than in palladium deuteride, that is, 10-12 - 10-14 DD-1 s-1.
AU=Kishimoto, S.Kishimoto, S., M. Inoue, and N. Yoshida, Solution of Hydrogen in Thin Palladium Films. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1986. 82: p. 2175.
CA=Inoue, M., CA=Yoshida, N.Kitajima, M., K. Nakamura, and M. Fujitsuka, Electrical resistivity of high pressure D2-loaded Pd and Ti at low temperatures. Solid State Commun., 1990. 75: p. 159.
CA=Nakamura, K., CA=Fujitsuka, M.Kitamura, A., T. Saitoh, and T. Itoh. In-situ ERD Analysis of Hydrogen Isotopes during Deuterium Implantation of Pd. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Saitoh, T., CA=Itoh, T.Kitamura, A., T. Saitoh, and H. Itoh, In situ elastic recoil detection analysis of hydrogen isotopes during deuterium implantation into metals. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 372.
CA=Saitoh, T., CA=Itoh, H.Kitamura, A., et al. D(d,p)t REACTION RATE ENHANCEMENT IN A MIXED LAYER OF Au AND Pd. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Awa, Y., CA=Minari, T., CA=Kubota, N., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y.To investigate possible anomalies in nuclear reactions in solids, deuterium ion irradiation of deuterated Au/Pd samples have been performed with extensive measurements of reaction products and in situ characterization of the samples including ERDA and RBS. The D(d,p)t reaction rate has been observed to become three orders of magnitude greater than the calculated one. The deuterium density distribution in the sample with a composition modified by irradiation has been observed to peak at a depth appreciably greater than the projectile range. We speculate that the formation of the mixed layer of Au and Pd maintaining significantly high deuterium density is the key factor for the reaction rate enhancement.
AU=Kitamura, A.Kitamura, A., et al. In Situ Accelerator Analyses Of Palladium Complex Under Deuterium Permeation. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Nishio, R., CA=Iwai, H., CA=Satoh, R., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y.Preliminary results of experiments on D2 gas permeation using a system [vacuum/CaO/Sr/PdDx/D2] have shown some evidence of nuclear transmutation from Sr to Mo. The system is a little simpler than that used by Iwamura et al., and has a reversed gas flow direction. The diagnostic method used to identify the elements was conventional XPS, giving the areal densities of 4.2 × 1014 cm-2 (Sr) and 3.3 × 1014 cm-2 (Mo). Extended analytical methods are now being prepared, including in situ and simultaneous PIXE, RBS and NRA/ERD analyses for areal densities of transmutation elements and deuterium distribution.
AU=Kitamura, A.Kitamura, A., et al., Anomalous effects in charging of Pd powders with high density hydrogen isotopes. Phys. Lett. A, 2009. 273(35): p. 3109-3112.
CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Sasaki, Y., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.A twin system for hydrogen absorption experiments has been constructed to replicate the phenomenon of heat and 4He generation by D2 gas absorption in nano-sized Pd powders reported by Arata and Zhang, and to investigate the underlying physics. For Pd-Zr oxide nano-powders, anomalously large energies of hydrogen isotope absorption, 2.4 ±0.2 eV/D-atom and 1.8 ±0.4 eV/H-atom, as well as large loading ratio of D/Pd =1.1 ±0.0 and H/Pd =1.1 ±0.3, respectively, were observed in the phase of deuteride/hydride formation. The sample charged with D2 also showed significantly positive output energy in the second phase after the deuteride formation.
AU=Kitamura, A.Kitamura, A., et al. CMNS Research Progressing in Kobe University -Deuterium Permeation and Absorption-. in The 9th Meeting of Japan CF-Research Society. 2009. Shizuoka, Japan.
CA=Yamaguchi, T., CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Sasaki, Y., CA=Miyashi, Y., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y., CA=Takahashi, A.
Experimental studies on condensed matter nuclear science (CMNS) ongoing at Kobe University are reviewed. One is a study of nuclear transmutation during forced permeation of deuterium (D) through multi-layered films of CaO/X/Pd, where X is element to be transmuted. This is described in detail in the present paper.
The second study is to confirm heat and 4He generation by D absorption in nano-sized Pd powders reported by Arata and Zhang, and to investigate the underlying physics. We have installed a twin system to perform calorimetry during D2 or H2 absorption by micronized powders of Si, Pd, Pd-black, and Pd-Zr oxide compounds. The research is performed as a joint research program with Technova Inc., and is described in detail in the separate two papers presented by the joint group in the present proceedings.
Kitamura, A., et al. MDE (Metal Deuterium Energy) Project 2009 Results Explanation File. in 237rd ACS National Meeting. 2009. Salt Lake City.
CA=Yamaguchi, T., CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Sasaki, Y., CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y., CA=Takahashi, A.Abstracts and PowerPoint slides of papers presented at the 237rd ACS National Meeting, March 2009. Work discussed include independent replications of Arata’s palladium black experiment (with steel cells instead of a DS-Cathode) and Arata’s zirconium-oxide palladium material.
AU=Kitamura, A.Kitamura, A., et al. Search for Nuclear Reaction Products in Gas Phase Experiments - Deuterium Permeation and Absorption - (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Sasaki, Y., CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Yamaguchi, Y., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.
Summary of PIXE analysis
* We tried to replicate the nuclear transmutation of Sr (2 - 50 x 10E15 cm^-2) to Mo under deuterium permeation through a variety of multilayered CaO/Sr/Pd samples.
* Apparently positive results were obtained in 8 runs out of 14, although the identification of Mo peaks in the PIXE analysis was not definite.
* It has been implied that sputtering loss of the atoms could be responsible for the observed tendency that areal density of Sr decreases in most cases, while there is a modest increase in that of Mo.
Kitamura, A., et al. Hydrogen Isotope Gas Absorption/Adsorption Charactoristics of Pd Nanopowders (PowerPoint slides). in ACS National Meeting. 2011. Anaheim, CA.
CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Sakoh, H., CA=Taniike, A.
Extensive measurements of heat release under hydrogen isotope absorption/adsorption of 7 kinds (PP, PB, PZ, NZ, PNZ-I,PNZ-II, PNZ2B) of Pd nano-powdersin a twin gas charging system have been made by Kobe group in 2010-2011.
Anomalies in heat and D(H)-absorption observed by Pd (and Pd-Ni) nano-powders dispersed into/onto ZrO2support are briefly overviewed.
Heat and absorption data for larger Pure Pd powder and Pd-Black are shown in concentration in the present report.
Kitamura, H. and S. Ichimaru, Dynamic evolution of fusion processes in ultrahigh-pressure liquid-metallic hydrogen: Effects of self-heating and radiative cooling. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1996. 65: p. 1250.
CA=Ichimaru, S.Kitcher, P., Authority, deference, and the role of individual reason. 1992: U. Notre Dame Press.
Kitcher, P., The Social Dimensions of Science Authority, deference, and the role of individual reason, ed. E. McMullin. 1992: U. Notre Dame Press. 245.
Klein, A.C., et al. Anomalous Heat Output from Pd Cathodes Without Detectable Nuclear Products. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Zahm, L. L., CA=Binney, S. E., CA=Reyes, J. N., CA=Higginbotham, J. F., CA=Robinson, A. H., CA=Daniels, M., CA=Peterson, R. B.Klein, B. A Development Approach for Cold Fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Klema, E.D. and G.W. Iseler, Spark-induced radiation from hydrogen or deuterium-loaded palladium. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 114.
CA=Iseler, G. W.Klepacki, D.J., Y.E. Kim, and R.A. Brandenburg, Two-Body Photodisintegration of 3-Helium and 3-Helium Near the Giant Resonance I. Plane-Wave Approximation. 1989.
CA=Kim, Y. E., CA=Brandenburg, R. A.Klopfenstein, M.F. and J. Dash. Thermal Imaging during Electrolysis of Heavy Water with a Ti Cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: Vancouver, Canada.
CA=Dash, J.Klotz, I.M. and J.J. Katz, Two extraordinary electrical experiments. Am. Scholar, 1991. 60: p. 247.
CA=Katz, J. J.Klyuev, V.A., et al., High-energy Processes Accompanying the Fracture of Solids. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1986. 12: p. 551.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Lushohikov, V. I., CA=Streikov, A. V., CA=Shabalin, E. P.Knapp, J.A., et al., Thin-foil electrochemical cells: high-sensitivity fusion tests and in-situ beam measurements of deuterium loading. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 371.
CA=Guilinger, T. R., CA=Kelly, M. J., CA=Doyle, B. L., CA=Walsh, D., CA=Tsao, S. S.Knies, D., et al. In Situ Energy-Dispersive X-ray Diffraction Study of Thin Pd Foil at D/Pd and H/Pd ~1 (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Violante, V., CA=Grabowski, K. S., CA=Dominguez, D. D., CA=He, J., CA=Hu, J. Z., CA=Qadri, S. B., CA=Hubler, G. K.
Motivation
* In situ XRD not performed for H/Pd > 0.76 in Fleischmann-Pons electrolytic cells
Possibility of learning
* Does a new gamma phase was suggested by Tripodi et. al. for the electrochemically loaded palladium when the composition H/Pd approaching 1 exist?
* Does temperature coefficient of resistivity of PdH versus the concentration of H anomaly show up in Pd crystalline structure (Tripodi et. al.)?
* In the Pd-D system, new phases were found through deuterium thermal desorption spectra.
Does anything show up on FPE system (Rybalko et. al.)?
* Report showing oscillating resistivity for palladium hydrides at some concentration range of H/Pd>0.9 (Miley et. al.).
* These proposed phase transitions are only based on indirect experimental data and have not been structurally determined.
Kobayashi, M., et al. Measurements of D/Pd and Excess Heat during Electrolysis of LiOD in a Fuel-Cell Type Closed Cell Using a Palladium Sheet Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Imai, N., CA=Hasegawa, N., CA=Kubota, A., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Kobayashi, M., Present of 'cold fusion'. Kagaku Kogaku, 1993. 57(10): p. 715 (in Japanese).
Kochubey, D.I., et al., Enrichment of deuterium with tritium in the presence of a palladium-561 giant cluster. J. Molec. Catal., 1991. 66: p. 99.
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CA=Nyikos, L., CA=Szentpetery, I., CA=Horvath, D., CA=Kecskemeti, J., CA=Lovas, A., CA=Pajkossy, T., CA=Pocs, L.Kogashi, S., Present status of cold fusion research. J. Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Eng. (Japan), 1990. 73: p. 1311 (in Japanese).
Kojima, H., R.S. Tebble, and D.E.G. Williams, The variation with temperature of the magnetic susceptibility of some of the transition metals. Proc. Royal Soc London, A, 1961. 260: p. 237.
CA=Tebble, R. S., CA=Williams, D. E. G.Kojima, H., W.-S. Zhang, and J. Dash. Precision Measurement Of Excess Energy In Electrolytic System Pd/D/H2SO4 And Inverse-Power Distribution Of Energy Pulses Vs. Excess Energy. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.
CA=Zhang, W-S., CA=Dash, J.Excess energy was measured with a Seebeck envelope calorimeter in an electrolytic system containing a 2 mm diameter Pd tube cathode. After about 50 hours of electrolysis, many power pulses (Pex < ∼0.5 W) and bursts (Pex > ∼0.5 W) of excess power Pex were observed. The distribution of the number of power pulses N(Pex) with definite excess power Pex plotted on a logarithmic scale is expressed as a straight line with a gradient ~ – 2 for Pex < ∼0.5 W showing the typical behavior of the 1/f noise. The distribution for Pex > ∼0.5 W deviates from this regularity. These characteristic behaviors are discussed in relation to complexity in the mechanism of the excess energy generation in the experimental system.
AU=Koldamsov, A.Koldamsov, A., et al. Observation And Investigation Of Nuclear Fusion And Self-Induced Electric Discharges In Turbulent Liquids. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Yang, H., CA=McConnell, D., CA=Kornilova, A. A., CA=Vysotskii, V., CA=Desyatov, A.Komaki, H., production de proteins par 29 souches de microorganismes et augmentation du potassium en milieu de culture sodique sans potassium. Revue de Pathologie Comparee, 1967. 67: p. 213.
Komaki, H., Formation de protines et variations minerales par des microorganismes en milieu de culture, sort avec or sans potassium, sort avec ou sans phosphore. Revue de Pathologie Comparee, 1969. 69: p. 83.
Komaki, H. and C.L. Kervran. Experiences de Komaki, Premiere Serie de Recherches. in Preuves en biologie de transmutations a faible energie. 1975. Maloine, S. A. , Paris.
CA=Kervran, C. L.Komaki, H. Observations on the Biological Cold Fusion or the Biological Transformation of Elements. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Komaki, H. An Approach to the Probable Mechanism of the Non-Radioactive Biological Cold Fusion or So-Called Kervran Effect (Part 2). in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Komarov, V.V., Does Cold Fusion Exist and is it Measurable? Z. Naturforsch. A, 1990. 45(2): p. 759.
Konashi, K., H. Kayano, and M. Teshigawara, Analysis of heavy-ion-induced deuteron-deuteron fusion in solids. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 379.
CA=Kayano, H., CA=Teshigawara, M.Kondo, J., Cold fusion in metals. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1989. 58(6): p. 1869.
Konenkov, N.V., S.S. Silakov, and G.A. Mogil'chenko, Quadrupole mass-spectrometric analysis of hydrogen isotopes during deuterium implantation in titanium. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1991. 17(1): p. 8.
CA=Silakov, S. S., CA=Mogil'chenko, G. A.Konishi, S. Translated Summary of the "Proc. of the Topical Meeting on Cold Fusion". in Proc. of the Topical Meeting on Cold Fusion. 1990. Japan.
Kooistra, J., The Alternate View - LENR Part I, in Analog Science Fiction and Fact. 2003. p. 96.
Now and then, the subject of "cold fusion" comes up in the Analog online forum, and I, as the resident expert, wind up entering discussions on the topic. Unfortunately, what soon happens is that I start getting questions-usually pretty good ones-that I can't possibly answer in the amount of time I'm willing to spend hanging out on the Internet, let alone the fraction of that time I have to devote to the forum.
AU=Kooistra, J.Kooistra, J., The Alternate View - LENR Part II, in Analog Science Fiction and Fact. 2003. p. 80.
In Part I of this column, I explained that “cold fusion” may not be fusion at all, and that the preferred term is now Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, or LENR. I also discussed my relevant experience as an experimental physicist; experience which led me to reject outright early claims that “cold fusion is all hooey,” based on hastily conducted experiments that failed to replicate the original result.
AU=Koonin, S. E.Koonin, S.E. and M. Nauenberg, Calculated fusion rates in isotopic hydrogen molecules. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 690.
CA=Nauenberg, M.Koonin, S.E. and M. Mukerjee, Branching ratios in low-energy deuteron-induced reactions. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 42: p. 1639.
CA=Mukerjee, M.Kopecek, R. and J. Dash, Excess Heat and Unexpected Elements from Electrolysis of Heavy Water with Titanium Cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 46.
CA=Dash, J.
ABSTRACT
Excess heat was produced at the rate of about 1.2 watts during electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium cathode weighing 0.0625 g. Analysis of the electrodes before and after electrolysis with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) revealed that new surface topographical features with concentrations of unexpected elements (S, K, Ca, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn ) formed during electrolysis.
Kornilova, A.A., V. Vysotskii, and G.A. Zykov. Investigation of combined influence of Sr, Cl and S on the effectiveness of nuclear transmutation of Fe-54 isotope in biological cultures. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Vysotskii, V., CA=Zykov, G. A.Kornilova, A.A., et al. Investigation of radiation effects at bubble cavitation in running liquid. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Vysotskii, V., CA=Sysoev, N., CA=Desyatov, A.Kosyakhkov, A.A., et al., Detection helium-3 and tritium formed during ion-plasma saturation of titanium with deuterium. Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., 1989. 49: p. 648 (In Russian).
CA=Triletskii, V. S., CA=Cherepin, V. T., CA=Chichkan, S. M.Kosyakhkov, A.A., et al., Mass-spectrometric study of the products of nuclear reactions occurring by ion-plasma saturation of titanium with deuterium. Dokl. Akad. Nauk [Tekh. Fiz.], 1990. 312(1): p. 96 (in Russian).
CA=Triletskii, S. S., CA=Cherepin, V. T., CA=Chichkan, S. M.Kosyakhkov, A.A., et al., Neutron yield in the deuterium ion implantation into titanium. Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 1990. 32: p. 3672 (in Russian).
CA=Cherepin, V. T., CA=Kolotyi, V. V., CA=Kisurin, K. K.Koval'chuk, E.P., et al., Electrochemically stimulated radiation by metals. Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater., 1989. 25: p. 119 (In Russian).
CA=Romaniv, O. N., CA=Pazderskii, Yu. A., CA=Aksiment'eva, E. M., CA=Babei, Yu. I., CA=Koval'chuk, A. E.Koval'chuk, E.P., O.M. Yanchuk, and O.V. Reshetnyak, Electromagnetic radiation during electrolysis of heavy water. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 189: p. 15.
CA=Yanchuk, O. M., CA=Reshetnyak, O. V.Kowalski, L. Teachers Debate Cold Fusion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
What follows is a collection of messages about cold fusion from teachers. The messages were posted on the Internet discussion list, Phys-L, or were sent to me in private. They illustrate a wide range of opinion. PHYS-L is a list dedicated to learning and teaching physics with 700 subscribers from over 35 countries, the majority of whom are physics educators.
AU=Kowalski, L.Kowalski, L. The Dilemma Of A Physics Teacher. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
This presentation is dedicated to an unknown high school chemistry student who sent me an e-mail message last spring. She wrote:
"Help! My name is Maggie Johnson and I am a sophomore at Saratoga
High School. In my chemistry class, I am doing a project on Cold Fusion.
I was looking on the Internet for websites on Cold Fusion, and I came
across links to your Cold Fusion items. I was wondering if you could
give me some advice or information?"
1) A year ago I would have replied that cold fusion is pseudoscience. But I am no longer comfortable with this kind of reply. . . .
Kowalski, L., et al. Charged particles from Ti and Pd foils. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Jones, S., CA=Letts, D., CA=Cravens, D.After familiarizing himself with the use of CR-39 detectors, about a year ago, the first author asked Steven Jones to send him a TiDx foil, similar to that described at the Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion (1). It was an attempt detect 3 MeV protons with the CR-39 chips. The idea was to develop an experiment suitable for student-oriented cold fusion projects. That is how the first author became a cold fusion researcher. After receiving the foil he sandwiched it between two CR-39 detectors for the period of 55 days. The area of each detector was one square inch. The exposure started three days after the sample was prepared (by keeping the titanium foil in deuterium gas at high temperature and pressure).
AU=Kowalski, L.Kowalski, L. History of attempts to publish a paper. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
My 2004 paper, reviewing recent cold fusion claim, has been rejected (without sending it to referees and without offering any criticism) by editors of seven journals:
1) Physics Today, USA
2) American Scientist, USA
3) Scientific American, USA
4) Nature, UK
5 New Scientist, UK
6) The Physics Teacher, USA
7) Science, USA
Kowalski, L., Please Donate ICCF Proceedings To The Niels Bohr Library. 2004.
The Niels Bohr Library is dedicated to the history of physics and allied fields. It is part of the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics (AIP), located in College Park, Maryland. (See http://www.aip.org/history/nblbro.htm.) I have recently been in contact with director of Library, Dr. R. J. Anderson. He has indicated that the Library is interested in preserving proceedings of cold fusion conferences. I would like to coordinate the process of collecting these important materials from those who are willing to become donors. Please contact me, preferably by email, even if you have only one volume to donate.
AU=Kowalski, L.Kowalski, L. Recent cold fusion claims: are they valid? in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
What is Cold Fusion?
Cold fusion (CF) is a mixture of several claims that may or may not be related. Some of them belong to the realm of basic science while others belong to the area of patents. And some seem to be science fiction. From the point of view of history the CF episode, described in several books (1-7) and articles (8,9), is highly unusual. It is a situation in which the validity of research in one particular field has been officially questioned, at least in the US. According to many scientists, the cold fusion claims are in conflict with basic principles of physics and chemistry. That is why most researchers are no longer interested in cold fusion. Surprisingly, however, the field still attracts a large number of investigators with excellent credentials. Once a year they meet at international conferences and publish papers, most often in conference proceedings and over the Internet (10). As a nuclear physicist, and a physics teacher, I examined some of these publications and attended one cold fusion conference (11).
Kowalski, L., et al. New results and an ongoing excess heat controversy. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Luce, G., CA=Little, S., CA=Slaughter, R.Kowalski, L., et al. Searching for excess heat in a Mizuno-type Cell (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Little, S., CA=Luce, G., CA=Slaughter, R.Kowalski, L., S. Little, and G. Luce. Searching for excess heat in Mizuno-type plasma electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Little, S., CA=Luce, G.Excess heat generated in the glow discharge plasma electrolysis, first reported by Mizuno and Ohmori (1), has been studied by several researchers, both in Japan (2, 3, 4) and in other countries (5, 6, 7, 8). Most reports, but not all, confirmed generation of excess heat. Facing this situation we decided to replicate the most recent experiment (8) in which excess heat was reported to increase with voltage. Our results do not confirm reality of excess heat.
AU=Kowalski, L.Kowalski, L. On emission of nuclear particles caused by electrolysis. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Numerous tracks of charged nuclear particles, emitted during electrolysis, were discovered by Oriani and Fisher. More recently, emission of such particles after electrolysis was discovered by Oriani. This presentation is based on ten experiments conducted to replicate the reported results. Seven clusters of tracks were found in two out of six electrolysis experiments. Three clusters were also found in one of four experiments conducted to study emission of nuclear particles after electrolysis. Arguments are presented against prosaic explanations for the clusters, such as natural radioactivity and cosmic rays.
AU=Kowalski, L.Kowalski, L., Comments on 'The Use of CR-39 in Pd/D Co-deposition Experiments' by P.A. Mosier-Boss, S. Szpak, F.E. Gordon and L.P.G. Forsely, Interpreting SPAWAR-Type Dominant Pits. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2008. 44: p. 291-295.
A recent claim [Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 293 (2007)] demonstrating a nuclear process triggered by electrolysis is challenged. An analysis, based on relative diameters, is used to demonstrate that predominant pits could not possibly be attributed to alpha particles, or to less massive nuclear projectiles. This conclusion is supported not only by positive results from a replication experiment, but also by results from the experiment on which the original claim was based. While the numerous SPAWAR-type pits seem to be highly reproducible, their interpretation is not yet clear.
AU=Kowalski, L.Kowalski, L. Nuclear or not nuclear: how to decide? in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
A recent claim demonstrating a nuclear process triggered by electrolysis is challenged. An analysis, based on relative diameters, is used to demonstrate that predominant pits could not possibly be attributed to alpha particles, or to less massive nuclear projectiles. This conclusion is supported not only by positive results from a replication experiment, but also by results from the experiment on which the original claim was based. While the numerous SPAWAR-type pits seem to be highly reproducible, their interpretation is not yet clear. The SPAWAR discovery can be called scientific (rather than protoscientific) because it is reproducible.
AU=Kozima, H.Kozima, H., Neutron Moessbauer effect and the cold fusion in inhomogeneous materials. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107 A: p. 1781.
Kozima, H. and S. Watanabe. Nuclear Processes in Trapped Neutron Catalyzed Model for Cold Fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Watanabe, S.Kozima, H., et al. Analysis of the electrolytic cold fusion experiments on TNCF model. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Katsuhiko, H., CA=Masahiro, N., CA=Masayuki, O.Kozima, H., et al., Analysis of the First Cold Fusion Experiment on TNCF Model Analysis of Tritium and Neutron Generation in Pd+LiOD/D2O System. Cold Fusion, 1996.
CA=Hiroe, K., CA=Nomura, M., CA=Ohta, M.Kozima, H., Excess Heat and Helium Generation in CF Experiments. Cold Fusion, 1996. 17.
Kozima, H., et al., On the Elemental Transmutation in Biological and Chemical Systems. Cold Fusion, 1996. 17.
CA=Hiroe, K., CA=Nomura, M., CA=Ohta, M.Kozima, H. On the existance of trapped thermal neutron in cold fusion materials. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Kozima, H., et al., Analysis of cold fusion experiments generating excess heat, tritium and helium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997. 425: p. 173.
CA=Watanabe, S., CA=Hiroe, K., CA=Nomura, M., CA=Kaki, K.Kozima, H., K. Kaki, and M. Ohta, Anomalous phenomenon in solids described by the TNCF model. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 52.
CA=Kaki, K., CA=Ohta, M.Kozima, H., The cold fusion phenomenon. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 68.
Kozima, H. The TNCF Model for the Cold Fusion Phenomenon. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canad: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Kozima, H., M. Fujii, and K. Arai, Tritium and helium measurements by Bockris et al. analyzed on the TNCF Model. Cold Fusion, 1998. 26.
CA=Fujii, M., CA=Arai, K.Kozima, H., et al., Analysis of energy spectrum of neutrons in cold-fusion experiments by the TCNF model. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112 A: p. 1431.
CA=Ohta, M., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Arai, K., CA=Kudoh, H., CA=Kaki, K.Kozima, H., et al., Nuclear reactions in surface layers of deuterium-loaded solids. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 337.
CA=Arai, K., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Kudoh, H., CA=Yoshimoto, K., CA=Kaki, K.Kozima, H., Present status of cold fusion research. 1. Hoshasen Kagaku (Tokyo), 1999. 42(10): p. 310 [in Japanese].
Kozima, H., Present status of cold fusion research. 2. Hoshasen Kagaku (Tokyo), 1999. 42(11): p. 351 [in Japanese].
Kozima, H., K. Yoshimoto, and K. Arai, First reliable tritium data by Packham et al. analyzed by TCNF model. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2000. 25: p. 505.
CA=Yoshimoto, K., CA=Arai, K.Kozima, H. and K. Arai, Local coherence, condensation and nuclear reaction of neutrons at crystal boundary of metal hydrides and deuterides. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2000. 25(9): p. 845.
CA=Arai, K.Kozima, H. and K. Arai, Localized nuclear transmutation in PdHx observed by Bockris and Minevski revealed a characteristic of CF phenomenon. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2000. 25(6): p. 513.
CA=Arai, K.Kozima, H., Neutron drop: condensation of neutrons in metal hydrides and deuterides. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 253.
Kozima, H., et al. Nuclear Transmutation in Solids Explained by TNCF Model. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Ohta, M., CA=Arai, K., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Kudoh, H., CA=Yoshimoto, K.Kozima, H. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon and Physics of Neutrons in Solids. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Kozima, H. TNCF Model- A Phenomenological Approach. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Kozima, H., K. Arai, and K. Yoshimoto, Tritium and 4He data by Chien et al. confirmed the cold fusion phenomenon. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2000. 25: p. 509.
CA=Arai, K., CA=Yoshimoto, K.Kozima, H., et al., Possible explanation of 4He production in a Pd/D2 system by the TNCF model. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 86.
CA=Ohta, M., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Arai, K., CA=Kudoh, H.Kozima, H. An explanation of data sets obtained by McKubre et al. (excess heat), Clarke (null results of 4He, RHe) and Clarke et al (tritiium) with "Arata Cell". in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Kozima, H., et al. Consistent explanation of topography changes and nuclear transmutation in surface layers of cathodes in electrolytic cold fusion experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Warner, J., CA=Cano, C. S., CA=Dash, J.
Synopsis
Nuclear transmutations (NT’s) and exotic surface topography observed in the surface layers of cathodes in electrolytic experiments by J. Dash et al. over the last ten years have been analyzed using the TNCF model. Surface topographies of the cathodes showed characteristic fine structures where the results of nuclear transmutation (NT) were detected. Nuclear transmutations, characterized by their locality, are accompanied by excess heat generation, which suggests a nuclear origin. The products of nuclear transmutation are explained either by decay of excited cathode element nuclei to form an element of higher mass number than the original (nuclear transmutation by decay, or NTD) or by fission of these nuclei (nuclear transmutation by fission, or NTF). The model was successfully used to analyze two cases of quantitative changes of isotope ratios in Ti and Pd cathodes and the surface topography change. . . .
Kozima, H. Excited states of nucleons in a nucleus and cold fusion phenomenon in transition-metal hydrides and deuterides. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Kozima, H. CF-Matter and the Cold Fusion Phenomenon. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
The working concept of “cf-matter,” defined as “neutron drops in a thin neutron liquid” as described in previous papers, is used to explain complex events, especially nuclear transmutations, in cold fusion phenomenon (CFP). In samples used in CF experiments, the cf‑matter contains high‑density neutron drops in surface/boundary regions while in the volume it contains only a few of them, in accordance with experimental data. Generation of various nuclear transmutations, the most interesting features in CFP, are explained naturally if we use the concept of the cf-matter. Qualitative correspondence between the relative isotopic abundance of elements in the universe and the number of observations of elements in CFP is shown using more than 40 experimental data, sets. This facts is an evidence showing statistically that CFP in transition‑metal hydrides/deuterides is a low energy version of nuclear processes occurring in the stars catalyzed by, specific neutrons in the cf‑matter formed in surface/boundary regions of CF materials.
AU=Kozima, H.Kozima, H. Cold Fusion Phenomenon and Solid State Nuclear Physics. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Kozima, H. Complexity in the Cold Fusion Phenomenon. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Kozima, H. and H. Date. Nuclear Transmutations in Polyethylene (XLPE) Films and Water Tree Generation in Them. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Date, H.Krapivnyi, N.G., Y.B. Kleshnya, and Sobornitskii, Allowing for finite rate of propagation of hydrogen concentration wave during hydrogen diffusion in metals. translated from Elektrokhimiya, 1991. 28(3): p. 451.
CA=Kleshnya, Y. B., CA=SobornitskiiKrasnoshchekov, Y.I., et al., Possibility of nuclear reaction during phase transitions. Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1991. 36: p. 705.
CA=Larionov, L. V., CA=Makovei, V. A., CA=Muryshev, E. Yu., CA=Syrenkov, G. I.Krause, W. and L. Kahlenberg, On Palladium-Hydrogen. Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1935. 68: p. 449.
CA=Kahlenberg, L.Krauss, A., et al., Low-Energy Fusion Cross Sections of D + D and D + 3He Reactions. Nucl. Phys. A, 1987. 465: p. 150.
CA=Becker, H. W., CA=Trautvetter, H. P., CA=Rolfs, C.Kreysa, G., G. Marx, and W. Plieth, A critical analysis of electrochemical nuclear fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 266: p. 437.
CA=Marx, G., CA=Plieth, W.Krishnan, M.S., et al., Cold Fusion Experiments Using a Commercial Pd-Ni Electrolyser, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 1.
CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Gaonkar, D. G., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Sikka, S. K., CA=Shyam, A., CA=Chitra, V., CA=Iyengar, T. S., CA=Iyengar, P. K.The first reports of observation of 'Cold Fusion' during the electrolysis of heavy water using Pd cathodes, resulted in frantic attempts in several laboratories of the world to duplicate these experiments and if possible improve upon them. Electrolytic cold fusion investigations were initiated at Trombay in the first week of April '89 as a collaborative effort between the Heavy Water and Neutron Physics Divisions of BARC. A commercial (Milton Roy) diffusion type Pd-Ag cathode/ Ni anode hydrogen generator which was readily available was employed for this purpose, after loading NaOD as electrolyte in place of the original NaOH. This paper gives details of the electrolyser characteristics, conditions of operation and the neutron and tritium measurements.
AU=Krishnan, M. S.Krishnan, M.S., et al., Evidence for Production of Tritium via Cold Fusion Reactions in Deuterium Gas Loaded Palladium, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. B 4.
CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Gaonkar, D. G., CA=Nagvenkar, V. B., CA=Sadhukhan, H. K.After the first announcement reporting the observation of cold fusion further evidence supporting the same has appeared in scientific literature although many other groups have failed to obtain positive results. Palladium and titanium loaded electrolytically and titanium loaded directly with deuterium gas have been reported to emit neutrons. Interestingly gas loading experiments involving Pd-D have not been reported so far. Such experiments were therefore conducted recently in our group. Tritium measurements in gas loaded Pd-D targets have been carried out. The present paper summarises the results obtained so far to ascertain whether cold fusion reactions occur in gas loaded Pd targets also.
AU=Krishnan, M. S.Krishnan, M.S., S.K. Malhotra, and H.K. Sadhukhan, Material Balance of Tritium in the Electrolysis of Heavy Water, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 10.
CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Sadhukhan, H. K.Krishnan, M.S., et al., Observation Of Cold Fusion In A Ti-SS Electrochemical Cell, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 3.
CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Gaonkar, D. G., CA=Nayar, M. G., CA=Shyam, A., CA=Sikka, S. K.Since the two communications reporting the occurrence of cold fusion, experiments had been initiated in a number of laboratories to study the electrolysis of D2O with palladium (Pd) as cathode. In a few cases titanium (Ti) has also been used as cathode. Ti is a material of interest as it can form deuteride up to the composition of TiD2 (against 0.6 in case of Pd). Further Ti is more easily available and cheaper in our country. Three groups have reported the use of Ti as the cathode material in their electrolytic experiments. Meanwhile in an interesting paper use of Ti in deuterium gas loading experiments has been reported wherein occurrence of neutron bursts under non-equilibrium conditions was observed.
AU=Krivit, S.Krivit, S. and N. Winocur, Cold Fusion Report (in Chinese). 2004, New Energy Times.
CA=Winocur, N.Krivit, S. and N. Winocur, Cold Fusion Report (in Italian). 2004, New Energy Times.
CA=Winocur, N.Krivit, S. and N. Winocur, O Renascimento da Fusao a frio: Ciencia Real, a esperanca real, Energia reais. 2004: Pacific Oaks Press.
CA=Winocur, N.
Aqui está o primeiro capítulo do livro de: Krivit, S. e N. Winocur: O Renascer da Fusăo a Frio: Cięncia Real, Esperança Real, Energia Real. 2004: Pacific Oaks Press. para mais informaçőes sobre este livro, ou para comprar uma cópia, consulte:
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/books/RebirthofColdFusion/AboutTRCF.shtml
Em termos simples, a fusăo a frio é um fenômeno científico que ocorre em um arranjo experimental a temperatura ambiente e produz energia nuclear, na forma de calor, sem radiaçăo nociva.
Krivit, S. and N. Winocur, The Rebirth of Cold Fusion: Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy. 2004: Pacific Oaks Press.
CA=Winocur, N.
Here is the first chapter from the book: Krivit, S. and N. Winocur, The Rebirth of Cold Fusion: Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy. 2004: Pacific Oaks Press. For more information about this book, or to purchase a copy, please see:
http://newenergytimes.com/TRCF/AboutTRCF.htm
Krivit, S. Cold Fusion, a Journalistic Investigation (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
Krivit, S. How Can Cold Fusion Be Real, Considering It Was Disproved By Several Well-Respected Labs In 1989? (PowerPoint slides). in 12th International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems. 2005. Brussels, Belgium.
PowerPoint presentation for the paper with the same title.
AU=Krivit, S.Krivit, S. How Can Cold Fusion Be Real, Considering It Was Disproved By Several Well-Respected Labs In 1989? in 12th International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems. 2005. Brussels, Belgium.
This journalistic investigation into cold fusion follows the work of Eugene Mallove, formerly with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology press office as well as Infinite Energy magazine, and the work of author Charles Beaudette.
This paper is the result of a broad survey of original interviews with researchers who have been active in the cold fusion field for the past 15 years, their papers, and references to significant, previously undisclosed cold fusion experiments and audits.
This investigation shows that the claims of excess heat were never disproved, in contrast to the generally-held belief at the time. With the benefit of 16 years of progress and hindsight, cold fusion researchers have accumulated convincing evidence to establish the claims of a new, genuine field of science. This investigation shows that the original hope of cold fusion, a new source of energy without harmful radiation, remains. This paper also serves as a brief summary of some of the highlights of the field to date.
Krivit, S. Introduction to a new method to initiate cold fusion / condensed matter nuclear reactions. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Krivit, S. Introduction to The Hydraulic-Electrostatic Cold Fusion Method (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Krivit, S. What really happened with cold fusion and why is it coming back? (PowerPoint slides). in International Congress of Nanotechnology. 2005. San Francisco, CA.
Krivit, S. What really happened with cold fusion and why is it coming back? in International Congress of Nanotechnology. 2005. San Francisco, CA.
Krivit, S. and B. Daviss, Extraordinary Evidence. New Energy Times, 2006(19).
CA=Daviss, B.
This article describes recent experiments at the U.S. Navy San Diego SPAWAR Systems Center, which demonstrated nuclear effects with palladium co-deposition cathodes subjected to magnetic or high voltage fields.
This document was copied from:
http://newenergytimes.com/news/2006/2006ExtraordinaryEvidence.pdf
Scientists at the U.S. Navy’s San Diego SPAWAR Systems Center have produced something unique in the 17-year history of the scientific drama historically known as cold fusion: simple, portable, highly repeatable, unambiguous, and permanent physical evidence of nuclear events using detectors that have a long track record of reliability and acceptance among nuclear physicists.
Krivit, S., Low energy nuclear reaction research - Global scenario. Curr. Sci., 2008. 94(7): p. 854.
Krivit, S., Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: The Emergence of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 3-16.
Krivit, S. and J. Marwan, A new look at low-energy nuclear reaction research. J. Environ. Monit., 2009. 11: p. 1731-1746.
CA=Marwan, JThis paper presents a new look at low-energy nuclear reaction research, a field that has developed from one of the most controversial subjects in science, cold fusion. Early in the history of this controversy, beginning in 1989, a strong polarity existed; many scientists fiercely defended the claim of new physical effects as well as a new process in which like-charged atomic nuclei overcome the Coulomb barrier at normal temperatures and pressures. Many other scientists considered the entire collection of physical observations -- along with the hypothesis of a cold fusion -- entirely a mistake. Twenty years later, some people who had dismissed the field in its entirety are considering the validity of at least some of the reported experimental phenomena. As well, some researchers in the field are wondering whether the underlying phenomena may be not a fusion process but a neutron capture/absorption process. In 2002, a related tabletop form of thermonuclear fusion was discovered in the field of acoustic inertial confinement fusion. We briefly review some of this work, as well.
AU=Krivit, S.Krivit, S., Introduction, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 3-5.
Kuangding, P. and C. Shanna. The theory of Bose-Einstein condensation in finite system for explanation of cold fusion. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Shanna, C.Kubota, A., et al. Hydrogen and Deuterium Absorption by Pd Cathode in a Fuel-Cell Type Closed Cell. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Akita, H., CA=Tsuchida, Y., CA=Saito, T., CA=Haseqawa, N., CA=Imai, N., CA=Hayakawa, N., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Kubota, A., et al. Development and Experiments on a Flow Calorimetry System. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Takama, S., CA=Saito, T., CA=Hasegawa, N., CA=Sukenbu, S., CA=Sumi, M., CA=Asami, N.Kubota, A., A. Taniike, and A. Kitamura. Production of High Energy Charged Particles During Deuteron Implantation of Titanium Deuterides. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Taniike, A., CA=Kitamura, A.Abstract Implantation experiments using 300-keV deuteron beams are performed to study the 3-body reaction in metal deuterides with full use of in situ analyses of the target. The ΔΕ-Ε telescope and the angular correlation measurements of the reaction products are made for TiDx samples prepared with various methods. A portion of the α-particle spectra with a yield ratio of 10-7 to D(d,p) protons, which is difficult to explain by reactions with impurities and the sequential reactions, is ascribed to the 3D → α + p + n channel.
AU=Kucherov, Y.Kucherov, Y. Slow Nuclear Excitation Model. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Kuehne, R.W., Cold fusion: pros and cons. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 155: p. 467.
Kuehne, R.W., Possible explanations for failures to detect cold fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 159: p. 208.
Kuehne, R.W., The possible hot nature of cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 198.
Kuehne, R.W. and R.E. Sioda, An extended micro hot fusion model for burst activity in deuterated solids. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 187.
CA=Sioda, R. E.Kuehne, R.W., Response to "Strange behavior of tritiated natural water". Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 265.
Kuji, T., et al., Hydrogen Chemical Potentials and Dislocation Structures Following Quenching of Palladium-Hydrogen Alloys into the Two-Phase Envelope. Scr. Metall., 1985. 19: p. 1369.
CA=Flanagan, T. B., CA=Sakamoto, Y., CA=Hasaka, M.Kuji, T. and T.B. Flanagan, Temperature Dependence of the Chemical Potential of Hydrogen in the Two-phase Coexistence Region of the Palladium-Hydrogen System. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1985. 81(1): p. 2921.
CA=Flanagan, T. B.Kulakov, A.V., E.V. Orlenko, and A.A. Rumyantsev, Problem of physical mechanism of so-called cold fusion. Power Eng. (USSR Acad. Sci), 1990. 28(1): p. 141.
CA=Orlenko, E. V., CA=Rumyantsev, A. A.Kumagai, H., et al., Attempts in detection of neutrons on so-called cold nuclear fusion. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1991. 60: p. 2594.
CA=Nakabayashi, S., CA=Yamagata, S., CA=Isomura, S., CA=Ichihara, T., CA=Yoshida, K., CA=Suzuki, T., CA=Takahashi, K., CA=Kira, A., CA=Tanahata, I.Kumar, K., et al., Analyses of palladium cathodes used for heavy water electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 178.
CA=Hwang, I. S., CA=Ballinger, R. G., CA=Dauwalter, C. R., CA=Stecyk, A.Kumar, N., Cold fusion: is there a solid state effect? Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 833.
Kunimatsu, K., et al. Deuterium Loading Ratio and Excess Heat Generation During Electrolysis of Heavy Water by Palladium Cathode in a Closed Cell Using a Partially Immersed Fuel Cell Anode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Hasegawa, N., CA=Kubota, A., CA=Imai, N., CA=Ishikawa, M., CA=Akita, H., CA=Tsuchida, Y.
ABSTRACT
We have developed a novel electrolytic cell pressurized by D2 in which deuterium loading ratio in a palladium cathode can be determined in-situ during the calorimetric measurements of excess heat. A gas diffusion type fuel cell anode is partially immersed in the electrolyte solution to act as a counter electrode, at which electrochemical oxidation of deuterium gas molecules to deuterium ions takes place instead of electrolytic decomposition of water molecules to generate oxygen gas.
Kunimatsu, K., Current status of room-temperature nuclear fusion. Excess heat measurement. Petrotech. (Tokyo), 1994. 17(12): p. 998 (in Japanese).
Kunimatsu, K., F. Hasegawa, and N. Furuya, Gaseous-Difusion Electrode and Electrochemical Reactor Using the Same. 1995: US Patent # 5,423,967.
CA=Hasegawa, F., CA=Furuya, N.Kunimatsu, K., Surface modification of the cathode in the study of cold fusion. Hyomen Gijutsu, 1996. 47(3): p. 218 (in Japanese).
Kuroiwa, K., et al., Experimental investigation on loading ratio D/Pd using high pressure and deuterium glow discharge methods. Rept. Fac. Sci. Eng., Saga Univ., 1997. 26: p. 33 (in Japanese).
CA=Ohtsu, Y., CA=Tochitani, G., CA=Fujita, H.Kuss, H.M., Die elektrochemische Kernfusion bleibt unbewiesen! ("Electrochemical nuclear fusion still unproven!"). Chem. Labor Betr., 1989. 40: p. 353 [in German].
Kuzmann, E., et al., Investigation on the possibility of cold nuclear fusion in Fe-Zr amorphous alloy. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137(4): p. 243.
CA=Varsanyi, M., CA=Korecz, L., CA=Vertes, A., CA=Masumoto, T., CA=Deak, F., CA=Kiss, A., CA=Kiss, L.Kuzmann, E., et al. MĂ ssbauer Spectroscopic Charactrization of Samples for Cold Fusion Experiment. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=GŠl, M., CA=Sulymos, G. K., CA=Szeles, C. S.Kuzmann, E., et al. Mˆssbauer Spectroscopic Charactrization of Samples for Cold Fusion Experiment. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=G·l, M., CA=Sulymos, G. K., CA=Szeles, C. S.Kuzmann, E., et al., Moessbauer study of cold nuclear fusion in Fe-Zr alloy. Hyperfine Interactions, 1992. 71: p. 1417.
CA=Varsanyi, M., CA=Korecz, L., CA=Vertes, A., CA=Masumoto, T., CA=Ujihira, Y., CA=Kiss, A., CA=Kiss, L.Kuzmann, E., et al. On the Possibility of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Fe-Zr Amorphous Alloy. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1992. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Vertes, A., CA=Varsanyi, M., CA=Kiss, L., CA=Korecz, L., CA=Deak, F., CA=Kiss, A., CA=Masumoto, T.Kuzmann, E., et al. On the Possibility of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Fe-Zr Amorphous Alloy. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1992. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Vertes, A., CA=Varsanyi, M., CA=Kiss, L., CA=Korecz, L., CA=Deak, F., CA=Kiss, A., CA=Masumoto, T.Kuznetsov, V.A., et al. Anomalous Heat Effects and Cold Fusion in KD2PO4 Crystals on the Ferroelectric Phase Transition. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Ivanova, T. S.Lacher, J.R., A Theoretical Formula for the Solubility of Hydrogen in Palladium. Royal Society of London Proceedings A, 1937. 161: p. 525.
Laforgue, A. Cold Fusion and Quantum Mechanics. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Lahey, R.T., Sonoluminescence and the Search for Sonofusion (PowerPoint slides). 2005, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute: Troy, NY.
Lam, D.J. and K.M. Myles, The magnetic susceptibilities of Pd-Cd, Pd-Sn, and Pt-Cu binary alloys. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1966. 21: p. 1503.
CA=Myles, K. M.Lam, P.K. and R. Yu, Comment on 'Cold fusion: How close can deuterium atoms get inside palladium?'. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1989. 63: p. 1895.
CA=Yu, R.Langanke, K., Potential of a deuterium molecule trapped in an external field of screened point charges with fcc-symmetry. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 1031.
Langanke, K., H.J. Assenbaum, and C. Rolfs, Screening corrections in cold deuterium fusion rates. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 333: p. 317.
CA=Assenbaum, H. J., CA=Rolfs, C.Langmuir, I., Pathological Science. Physics Today, 1989. October: p. 36.
Lanza, F., et al. Tritium Production Resulting From Deuteration of Different Metals and Alloys. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Bertolini, G., CA=Vocino, V., CA=Parnisari, E., CA=Ronsecco, C.
Abstract
Previous experiments have shown that tritium is produced in deuterated titanium. To define better the phenomenon a series of tests have been performed using various metals and alloys and different deuterating conditions. Sheets and shavings of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, Zircaloy 2 and Ti-Zr 50% alloy have been tested.
A statistical analysis of the tritium production shows that significant differences are obtained varying the type of metal used. Using pure metals the tritium production increases with the increase of the atomic number of the metal. Moreover higher productions of tritium have been obtained using materials of technical purity as tantalum, Zircaloy 2 and Ti-Zr alloy.
Lason, L., et al., Search for neutrons from cold fusion of deuterium absorbed in palladium. Acta Univ. Lodz., Fol. Phys., 1992. 16: p. 3.
CA=Przytula, M., CA=Wojtkiewicz, R., CA=Baczynski, J., CA=Bauer, J.Lasser, R. and K.H. Klatt, Solubility of Hydrogen Isotopes in Palladium. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1983. 28: p. 748.
CA=Klatt, K. H.Lasser, R., Isotope Dependence of Phase Boundaries in the PdH, PdD, and PdT Systems. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1985. 46: p. 33.
Lasser, R. and G.L. Powell, Tritium in Pd and Pd0.08Ag0.20. 1987, NY: Plenum Press.
CA=Powell, G. L.Lautzenhiser, T. and D. Phelps, Cold Fusion: Report on a Recent Amoco Experiment. 1990, Amoco Production Company.
CA=Phelps, D
This report will discuss briefly some of the early calorimetric experiments on cold fusion and in more detail, a single experiment just concluded.
A closed cell electrolytic experiment has been conducted using a palladium cathode and platinum anode with accurate (+/-0.001 watt) calorimetric measurements. Results indicate a positive energy output of approximately 50 Kilojoules more than was input to the experiment through electrolysis current and heater current. The heat output was observed both as short term bursts of energy and as long term sustained production. Colorimetric calibration with an internal heat source showed essentially identical data before and after the electrolysis experiment. Material balance for palladium, water and lithium showed essentially no material had been consumed during the experiment. Tritium levels measured before and after electrolysis showed a factor of 3 increase that cannot be accounted for by concentration effects.
Lautzenhiser, T., D. Phelps, and M. Eisner. Constant Heat Flow Calorimeter. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Phelps, D, CA=Eisner, M.A constant heat flow calorimeter is described and its application to a Fleischmann-Pons experiment is detailed. In this calorimeter the electrolytic cell is contained in an isothermal chamber into which electrical power is fed from two separate sources. One source feeds biasing power Paux to an auxiliary resistive element located in the chamber while the other source provides, Pe, the electrochemical power requirements for the cell. The cell temperature T1 is maintained at its set point by varying Paux as needed. Clearly power needs to be removed from the cell if a steady state is to be maintained and this is accomplished by inducing heat flow through a thermal link to a reference body whose temperature T2 is less than T1. . . .
AU=Lawandy, N. M.Lawandy, N.M., Interactions of charged particles on surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2009. 95(23).
Charges of the same polarity bound to a surface with a large dielectric contrast exhibit an attractive long-range Coulomb interaction, which leads to a two-particle bound state. Ensembles of like charges experience a collective long-range interaction, which results in compacted structures with interparticle separations that can be orders of magnitude smaller than the equilibrium separation of the pair potential minimum. Simulations indicate that ensembles of surface bound nuclei, such as D or T, exhibit separations small enough to result in significant rates of fusion.
AU=Lawson, A. C.Lawson, A.C., et al., Strain and particle size of palladium metal powders. Adv. in X-ray Analysis, 1990. 33: p. 403.
CA=Conant, J. W., CA=Talcott, C. L., CA=David, M. A., CA=Vaninetti, J., CA=Goldstone, J. A., CA=Williams, A., CA=Roof, R. B., CA=Von Dreele, R. B.Lawson, A.C., et al., Debye-Waller factors of PdDx materials by neutron powder diffraction. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1992. 183: p. 174.
CA=Conant, J. W., CA=Robertson, R., CA=Rohwer, R. K., CA=Young, V. A., CA=Talcott, C. L.Lawson, D.R., et al., Use of a coulometric assay technique to study the variables affecting deuterium loading levels within palladium electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 1991. 36: p. 1515.
CA=Tierney, M. J., CA=Cheng, I. F., CA=Van Dyke, L. S., CA=Espenscheid, M. W., CA=Martin, C. R.Leary, W.E., Recent Tests Said To Justify More Cold Fusion Research, in The New York Times. 1989: NYEditor. p. 10.
Lee, A.R. and T.M. Kalotas, On the feasibility of cold fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 102(4): p. 1177.
CA=Kalotas, T. M.Lee, K.H. and Y.M. Kim. The Change of Tritium Concentration during the Electrolysis of D2O in Various Electrolytic Cells. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kim, Y. M.Lee, K.P., et al., Cold Fusion. Anal. Sci. & Technol., 1991. 4(1): p. 103 (in Korean).
CA=Kim, S. W., CA=Choi, K. U., CA=Hwang, S. T.Lee, M. and R. Glosser, Pressure Concentration Isotherms of Thin Films of the Pd-H System as Modified by Film Thickness , Hydrogen Cycling , and Stress. J. Appl. Phys., 1985. 57: p. 5236.
CA=Glosser, R.Lee, M. and R. Glosser, Resistivity of Thin Films of the Palladium-Hydrogen System as a Function of Film Thickness. Zeitschrift fur Physik. Chemie, 1986. 147: p. 27.
CA=Glosser, R.Leggett, A.J. and G. Baym, Can solid-state effects enhance the cold-fusion rate? Nature (London), 1989. 340: p. 45.
CA=Baym, G.Leggett, A.J. and G. Baym, Exact upper bounds on barrier penetration probabilities in many-body systems: application to 'cold fusion'. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1989. 63(2): p. 191.
CA=Baym, G.Leisure, R.G., L.A. Nygren, and D.K. Hsu, Ultrasonic relaxation rates in palladium hydride and palladium deuteride. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1986. 33: p. 8325.
CA=Nygren, L. A., CA=Hsu, D. K.LENR-CANR, The DoE Lies Again. 2005, LENR-CANR.org.
The DoE promised to evaluate cold fusion claims fairly, twice. Both times, when given a chance to keep the promise, the DoE failed.
AU=Letts, D.Letts, D. and D. Cravens. Laser Stimulation Of Deuterated Palladium: Past And Present (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Cravens, D.PowerPoint slides for this paper.
AU=Letts, D.Letts, D. and D. Cravens. Laser Stimulation Of Deuterated Palladium: Past And Present. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Cravens, D.A method is disclosed to fabricate a Palladium cathode that can be electrolyzed in heavy water and stimulated with a laser at a predetermined wavelength to produce apparent excess power; the fabrication method involves cold working, polishing, etching and annealing the Palladium prior to electrolytic loading with Deuterium. Loading is accomplished with the cathode sitting in a magnetic field of 350 Gauss. After loading the cathode with Deuterium, Gold is co-deposited electrolytically on the cathode. When a coating of Gold is visible on the cathode, co-deposition is halted and the cathode is stimulated with a low-power laser with a maximum power of 30 milliwatts. The thermal response of the cathode is typically 500 mW with maximum output observed of approximately 1 watt. The effect is repeatable when protocols are followed and has been demonstrated in several laboratories.
AU=Letts, D.Letts, D. and P.L. Hagelstein. Stimulation of Optical Phonons in Deuterated Palladium. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Hagelstein, P. L.
Progress made since 2007 in the triggering of excess power by terahertz stimulation of deuterated palladium is reported. The stimulation was provided by tuning dual lasers to one of three specific beat frequencies corresponding to the known optical phonon frequencies of deuterated palladium (8, 15, 20 THz).
Results imply that optical phonons may be involved in the Fleischmann-Pons effect, giving preliminary support to Hagelstein's phonon theory. The importance of laser beam polarization is also demonstrated, confirming earlier work reported by Violante et al., and by Letts and Cravens.
Letts, D., D. Cravens, and P.L. Hagelstein, Thermal Changes in Palladium Deuteride Induced by Laser Beat Frequencies, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 337-352.
CA=Cravens, D., CA=Hagelstein, P. L.Letts, D., D. Cravens, and P.L. Hagelstein, Dual Laser Stimulation and Optical Phonons in Palladium Deuteride, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 81-93.
CA=Cravens, D., CA=Hagelstein, P. L.Levi, B.G., Doubts Grow as Many Attempts at Cold Fusion Fail. Physics Today, 1989. June: p. 17.
Levi, G. and D. Bianchini, Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi "Ni-H" reactor. 2011, Bologna University.
CA=Bianchini, D.In this first and preliminary document are reported the heat production measures done during two short tests done on December 16 2010 [Test 1] and January 14 2011 [Test 2].
AU=Levi, G.Levi, G., et al., Teste experimental de um dispositivo mini-Rossi na corporacao Leonardo, Bologna 29 de marco de 2011. 2011, Bologna University.
CA=Bianchini, D., CA=Leonardi, C., CA=Essen, H., CA=Kullander, S., CA=Rossi, A., CA=Focardi, S.
Relatório do evento por Hanno Essen e Kullander Sven, 03 de abril de 2011.
Nós nos reunimos no edifício da Corporaçăo Leonardo, onde o aparelho de 10 kW para a produçăo de energia anômala pelo níquel e hidrogęnio foi demonstrada durante uma conferęncia de imprensa em 14 de janeiro. Referęncias [1] a [4] para os artigos originais descrevendo a inovaçăo săo listados no final. No mesmo edifício, foram colocadas duas instalaçőes CHP, com base no biodiesel a partir de resíduos que Andrea Rossi, tinha desenvolvido antes de sua atividade em Ni-H presente.
Lewan, M., Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion, in NyTeknik. 2011: Stockholm, Sweden.
Lewan, M., Cold fusion: Observing researcher wants more tests, in NyTeknik. 2011: Stockholm, Sweden.
Lewan, M., Kall fusion -- nu ska den vara klar för produktion, in NyTeknik. 2011: Stockholm, Sweden.
Lewan, M., Swedish physicists on the E-cat: "It's a nuclear reaction", in NyTeknik. 2011: Stockholm, Sweden.
Lewenstein, B.V. and W. Baur, A cold fusion chronology. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1991. 152: p. 273.
CA=Baur, W.Lewenstein, B.V., Preserving data about the knowledge creation process. Developing an archive on the cold fusion controversy. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 1991. 13: p. 79.
Lewenstein, B.V., Cold fusion and hot history. Osiris, 1992. 7: p. 135.
Lewenstein, B.V., Cold fusion saga: Lesson in science. Forum Appl. Res. Public Policy, 1992. 7(4): p. 67.
Lewenstein, B.V., La saga de la fusion froide" (The cold fusion saga). Recherche, 1994. 25: p. 636 (in French).
Lewenstein, B.V., Do public electronic bulletin boards help create scientific knowledge? The cold fusion case. Sci., Technol. Human Values, 1995. 20: p. 123.
Lewenstein, B.V., From Fax to Facts: Communication in the Cold Fusion Saga. Social Studies of Science, 1995. 25(403-36).
Lewins, J.D., The fusion trail goes cold. Nucl. Eng. (Inst. Nucl. Eng.), 1989. 30: p. 6.
Lewis, D. and K. Sk'ld, A phenomenological study of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 294: p. 275.
CA=Sk'ld, K.Lewis, D., Some regularities and coincidences in thermal, electrochemical and radiation phenomena observed in experiments at Studsvik on the Fleischmann-Pons effect. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 316: p. 353.
Lewis, E., Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 242.
Lewis, E., Reply to "Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'". Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 266.
Lewis, E., Evidence of micrometre-sized plasmoid emission during electrolysis cold fusion. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 107.
Lewis, E. "Cold Fusion" May Be Part Of A Scientific Revolution. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Paradigm shifts in physics have occurred at about 80-year intervals for the past 500 years. The periodicity of the paradigm shifts is due to the constraints of inhibition of apprehension and the difference between theoreticians and technicians, so that there is a three-generation periodicity. The various phenomena called “cold fusion” and associated physical anomalies are the grounds for another scientific revolution. If the historical pattern of paradigm development continues into the future, we can make predictions about this new physics and its economic effects. The Fluid Theory, Field Theory, and Q.M-Relativity Theory paradigms each led to an industrial revolution that happened about 55 or 80 years afterward.
AU=Lewis, E.Lewis, E. The Ball Lightning State In Cold Fusion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
There is evidence of microscopic ball lightning in the most common kinds of cold fusion and transmutation experiments. Photographs of BL effects from four groups are shown in this article. There is a state of existence of material and energy like that of ball lighting. Common characteristics and effects of ball lightning are described, as are simple hypotheses and conjectures.
AU=Lewis, E.Lewis, E. Cold Fusion in the Context of a Scientific Revolution in Physics: History and Economic Ramifications. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Lewis, E. Evidence of Microscopic Ball Lightning in Cold Fusion Experiments. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Lewis, E. Microscopic Ball Lightning. in Ninth International Symposium on Ball Lightning. 2006. Eindhoven, Netherlands.
Microscopic ball lightning, smaller than a tenth of a millimeter, has been produced by electrical discharge and electrolysis experiments. It shares the anomalous characteristics of natural ball lightning such as the ability to bore holes in materials and transmute atoms. It groups and organizes in the same way as natural ball lightning, in chains and rings. It has anomalous effects on materials, putting atoms into an anomalous state in which the atoms flow, move, organize, and transmute. Atoms in this state may move with very little heat in their environment. Pictures of microscopic ball lightning effects from various authors are included in this article to help describe the behavior of the phenomenon.
AU=Lewis, E.Lewis, E. Evidence of Ball Lightning -- A Survey of Some Recent Experimental Papers Describing Microscopic Objects Associated with Transmutation Phenomena. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Eight or 9 groups of researchers have reported that transmutation experiments are associated with the emission of anomalous objects that cause anomalous markings. Since the year 2000, Urutskoev et al., Savvatimova, Ivoilov, and Adamenko have published similar results, and several scientists are speculating that these emitted objects are Lochak monopoles. Plastic targets like CR-39 and nuclear emulsions of various kinds are used by researchers as a way to detect various particles and objects, and people are finding anomalous markings on their detectors and on their electrodes. Before them, Matsumoto, Shoulders and I reported finding similar markings in transmutation experiments. I found such markings on the components of an electrolysis cell [1]. I hypothesized that microscopic ball lightning is produced in transmutation experiments. Matsumoto accepted this idea when I told him, and Savvatimova and Urutskoev acknowledge that they have found tracks similar to those in the photographs published by Matsumoto [2, 3]. Their transmutation results are similar also. During this decade, several groups investigated these objects that evidence the characteristics and behavior of ball lightning.
AU=Lewis, E.Lewis, E. The Eighty Year Periodicity of Scientific Revolutions and What It Means for the Cold Fusion Field. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
About 19 years ago, I developed a theory of scientific revolutions and economic depressions that allowed predictions that have been accurate. This general theory allows one to understand how the new plasmoid paradigm may develop over the next 100 years, if science continues to develop in the eighty year pattern it has had for the last 600 years. During the next 20 years, younger people may accept the new paradigm and develop the physical theories. About 40 years from now, if the paradigm is accepted by society, inventors and technicians will begin to invent the paradigm's major inventions. Along with explaining the economic and scientific predictions of this theory, this paper describes the history of plasmoid research relating to the cf/LENR field. Of particular interest to people nowadays, twenty years ago this model accurately predicted the timing and characteristics of the economic depressionary period that is starting now. This model ties the economic long-wave cycle to scientific revolutions in physics.
AU=Lewis, E.Lewis, E., Traces of Ball Lightings in Apparatus. Infinite Energy, 2009(83).
Researchers of electrical discharge and electrolysis experiments have been finding microscopic markings that are unusual and anomalous. These markings are made by microscopic objects that are in the size range of 400 micrometers to 1 micrometer. These objects are a type of microscopic ball lightning. They share the anomalous characteristics of natural ball lightning (BL). Pictures of the markings and anomalous effects that were taken by six groups of researchers are shown and explained in this article.
AU=Lewis, E.Lewis, E., Tracks of Ball Lightning in Apparatus? J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.
Researchers of electrical discharge and electrolysis experiments have been finding microscopic markings that are unusual and anomalous. It is possible that these markings are made by microscopic objects that are in the size range of 400–0.1 Ĺm. These objects may be a type of microscopic ball lightning. They may share the anomalous characteristics of natural ball lightning. They are also finding highly anomalous material activity and emissions. Pictures of the markings and anomalous effects that were taken by six groups of researchers are shown and interpreted in this article.
AU=Lewis, F. A.Lewis, F.A., The Hydrides of Palladium and Palladium Alloys. Pt. Met. Rev., 1960. 4-5: p. 132.
Lewis, F.A., The Palladium Hydrogen System. 1967, New York: Academic Press.
Lewis, F.A., The hydrides of palladium and palladium alloys. Pt. Met. Rev., 1968. 4/5: p. 61.
Lewis, F.A., A. Obermann, and G. Hodes, Hydrogen Overpotential and Underpotential at Palladium-Black and Platinum-Black Surfaces. Surf. Technol., 1976. 4: p. 79.
CA=Obermann, A., CA=Hodes, G.Lewis, F.A., W.F.N. Leitch, and A. Murray, Electrolytic Hydrogen Isotope Separation Factors and Efficiency of Exchange Between D2O and Hydrogen (Protium) at Palladium Electrodes. Sur. Technol., 1978. 7: p. 385.
CA=Leitch, W. F. N., CA=Murray, A.Lewis, F.A., W.D. McFall, and T.C. Witherspoon, Hysteresis of Pressure-Composition and Electrical Resistance-Composition Relationships of Palladium/Hydrogen and Palladium Alloy/Hydrogen Systems. Z. Phys. Chemie, 1979. 114: p. 239.
CA=McFall, W. D., CA=Witherspoon, T. C.Lewis, F.A., Molecular Hydrogen Diffusion Overpotential and Local Cells Hydrogen Transfer Processes at Electrodes of Palladium , Palladium Alloys and Other Transition Metals , And Implications for Theories of Hydrogen Overpotential. Sur. Technol., 1980. 11: p. 1.
Lewis, F.A., et al., Electrolytic Hydrogen Isotope Separation Factors Within Low Voltage Hydrogen Transfer Cells. Surf. Technol., 1981. 13: p. 101.
CA=Kirkpatrick, J. H., CA=Letch, W. F. N., CA=Magennis, J., CA=Obermann, A.Lewis, F.A., The Palladium-Hydrogen System. Platinum Met. Rev., 1982. 26: p. 121.
Lewis, F.A., K. Kandasamy, and B. Baranowski, The "Uphill" Diffusion of Hydrogen: Strain-Gradient-Induced Effects in Palladium Alloy Membranes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1988. 13: p. 439.
CA=Kandasamy, K., CA=Baranowski, B.Lewis, F.A., S.G. McGee, and R.A. McNicholl, Limits of hydrogen contents introduced by electrolysis into palladium and palladium-rich alloys. Z. Phys. Chem., 1993. 179: p. 63.
CA=McGee, S. G., CA=McNicholl, R. A.Lewis, L.N., P.G. Kosky, and N. Lewis, On the search for non-electrochemical cold fusion: production of D2 off of high surface area Pd colloid. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1990. 145: p. 81.
CA=Kosky, P. G., CA=Lewis, N.Lewis, N.S., et al., Searches for low-temperature nuclear fusion of deuterium in palladium. Nature (London), 1989. 340(6234): p. 525.
CA=Barnes, C. A., CA=Heben, M. J., CA=Kumar, A., CA=Lunt, S. R., CA=McManis, G. E., CA=Miskelly, G. M., CA=Penner, R. M., CA=Sailor, M. J., CA=Santangelo, P. G., CA=Shreve, G. A., CA=Tufts, .B. J., CA=Youngquist, M. G., CA=Kavanagh, R. W., CA=Kellogg, S. E., CA=Vogelaar, R. B., CA=Wang, T. R., CA=Kondrat, R., CA=New, R.Li, D., The measuring principle and the experimental method of the cold fusion - reaction cross section. Jishou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1996. 17(3): p. 65 (in Chinese).
Li, X.Z., An Introduction to Cold Fusion, in Science Daily. 1990.
Review of cold fusion, in Chinese.
AU=Li, X. Z.Li, X.Z., et al. The Precursor of "Cold Fusion" Phenomenon in Deuterium/Solid Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Dong, S. Y., CA=Wang, K. L., CA=Feng, Y., CA=Luo, C., CA=Hu, R., CA=Zhou, P., CA=Mo, D., CA=Zhu, Y., CA=Song, C., CA=Chen, Y., CA=Yao, M., CA=Ren, C., CA=Chen, Q.It is suggested that detecting the precursor of the "cold fusion" phenomenon in deuterium/solid systems will help solve the problem of reproducibility. The results of first step in this direction are discussed. Electromagnetic radiation and energetic charged particles have been detected. It has been shown that the surface condition has an important impact on this phenomenon.
AU=Li, X. Z.Li, X.Z. Chinese Effort in Understanding the "Cold Fusion" Phenomena. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Li, X.Z. Cold Fusion Researches in China-From Confirmation to Analyzing the Mechanism. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Li, X.Z., D.Z. Jin, and L. Chang. The Combined Resonance Tunneling and Semi-Resonance Level in Low Energy D-D Reaction. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Jin, D. Z., CA=Chang, L.Li, X.Z., et al., Anomalous nuclear phenomena and solid state nuclear track detector. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 1993. 22: p. 599.
CA=Mo, D. W., CA=Zhang, L., CA=Wang, S. C., CA=Kang, T. S., CA=Liu, S. J., CA=Wang, J.Li, X.Z. Searching for Truth with High Expectations - 5 Year Studies of Cold Fusion in China-. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Li, X.Z., The 3-Dimensional Resonance Tunneling in Chemically Assisted Nuclear Fission and Fusion Reactions. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 480.
Li, X.Z., REVISIT TO GAMOW FACTOR. 1995.
Li, X.Z. Solving the Puzzle of Excess Heat without Strong Nuclear Radiation. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Li, X.Z. Tunneling the Coulomb barrier via lattice confined ions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Li, X.Z., A New Approach Towards Fusion Energy with No Strong Nuclear Radiation. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 44.
Li, X.Z., A new approach towards nuclear fusion without strong nuclear radiation. Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys., 1996. 16(2): p. 1 (in Chinese).
Li, X.Z., Excess Heat Measurement in Gass-Loading D/Pd System. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 34.
Li, X.Z., et al. New Measurements of Excess Heat in a Gas Loaded D-Pd System. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Zheng, S. X., CA=Huang, H. F., CA=Huang, G. S., CA=Yu, W. Z.Li, X.Z., C.X. Li, and H.F. Huang, Maximum value of the resonant tunneling current through the Coulomb barrier. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 324.
CA=Li, C. X., CA=Huang, H. F.Li, X.Z., Overcoming of the Gamow tunneling insufficiencies by maximizing the damp-matching resonant tunneling. Czech. J. Phys., 1999. 49: p. 985.
Li, X.Z., et al. Coherence in Cold and Hot Fusion. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Mei, M. Y., CA=Tian, J., CA=Cao, D. X., CA=Li, C. X.Li, X.Z., et al. Nuclear Transmutation in Pd Deuteride. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Yan, Y. J., CA=Tian, J., CA=Mei, M. Y., CA=Deng, Y., CA=Yu, W. Z., CA=Tang, G. Y., CA=Cao, D. X.Li, X.Z., et al., Sub-barrier fusion and selective resonant tunneling. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 2000. 61: p. 024610-1.
CA=Tian, J., CA=Mei, M. Y., CA=Li, C. X.Li, X.Z., et al. "Pumping effect" - Reproducible excess heat in a gas-loading D/Pd system-. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Ren, X. Z., CA=Tian, J., CA=Yu, W. Z., CA=Cao, D. X., CA=Chen, S., CA=Pan, G. H., CA=Zheng, S. X.
ABSTRACT
Excess heat in a gas-loading D/Pd system is detected using current-constant mode or temperature-constant mode. A reproducible “pumping effect” is observed for the D/Pd gas-loading system. Using this effect, the power density of “excess heat” (apparent excess energy) reaches 2 W/cc.
Li, X.Z., et al. "Super-absorption" - Correlation between deuterium flux and excess heat-. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Ren, X. Z., CA=Tian, J., CA=Cao, D. X., CA=Chen, S., CA=Pan, G. H., CA=Ho, D., CA=Deng, Y.
ABSTRACT
The concept of Super-Absorption has been proposed based on the correlation between deuterium flux and excess heat, and based on the selective resonant tunneling model. The experimental evidence for this correlation is shown in the D/Pd system with a Calvet high precision calorimeter. A theoretical model is set-up to show how the resonant tunneling effect will correlate the deuterium flux to the generation of excess heat.
Li, X.Z. Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (Introduction to Proceedings). in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
“Condensed Matter Nuclear Science” was suggested for the title of a new journal during an extended meeting held by ICCF-9 International Advisory Committee on May 21, 2002. It symbolized the new starting point of this research field after 13 years of world-wide continuous study.
Three coherences were announced in Lerici, ITALY as the theme of ICCF-9, i.e. the coherence between CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS and NUCLEAR PHYSICS; the coherence between “hot fusion” and “cold fusion”; and the coherence between application and fundamental research. This conference is organized according to the theme.
Li, X.Z., Nuclear Physics for Nuclear Fusion ---Selective Resonant Tunneling in Light Nuclei Fusion---. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2002. 41(63).
Li, X.Z., et al., Correlation between abnormal deuterium flux and heat flow in a D/Pd system. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2003. 36: p. 3095-3097.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Tian, J., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Zhou, R., CA=Yu, Z. W.
This paper is reprinted from the Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. The original is on line at:
http://www.iop.org/EJ/
http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0022-3727/36/23/035/
Abstract
Deuterium flux through the thin wall of a palladium tube has been studied by monitoring gas pressure and temperature. A high-precision calorimeter (Calvet) was used to detect heat flow when the heater was shut down and the palladium tube was cooling down slowly. At certain temperatures an abnormal deuterium flux appeared. This deuterium flux reached a peak when the temperature of the palladium was decreasing. This abnormal deuterium flux differs from the monotonic feature of a normal diffusive flux and is accompanied by a heat flow.
Li, X.Z., et al. PROGRESS IN GAS-LOADING D/Pd SYSTEM -- The feasibility of a self-sustaining heat generator --. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Cai, N., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Tian, J., CA=Cao, D. X.Great progress has been made after 14 year of experiments with the gas-loading D/Pd system. 6 watts of “excess heat” were generated in a gas-loaded D/Pd system for 9 hours continuously. This experiment has been repeated 6 times already in various configurations. The “excess power” density in the Pd disk is more than 100 W per cubic centimeter, which is about the power density in a fuel rod of a thermal neutron fission reactor.
AU=Li, X. Z.Li, X.Z., et al., A Chinese View on Summary of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. J. Fusion Energy, 2004. 23(3): p. 217-221.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Zheng, S., CA=Cao, D. X.
From www.springerlink.com. Reprinted with permission from the authors.
Abstract:
Investigation on tritium was one of the recommendations in Energy Research Advisory Board
(ERAB) report of U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) in November, 1989. Fifteen years evolution of the related research proved that it was an important recommendation. A selective resonant tunneling model is attempted to explain this discovery. Deuterium flux might be a key issue to solve the problem of the reproducibility. A further investigation is suggested based on this model.
Li, X.Z., et al. Multiple Scattering Theory (MST) and Condensed Matter Nuclear Science -- "Super-Absorption" in a Crystal Lattice --. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Chen, S., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Cai, N., CA=Zheng, S., CA=Cao, D. X.
Abstract
A simple 1-dimensional model is used to illustrate “super-absorption” in a crystal lattice. The WKB method is applied to calculate the reflection rate and the transmission rate for a single cell. Then matrix algebra is manipulated to give the relation between the single cell and an array of N cells. The selective resonant tunneling in this array of N cells is discussed, and the dependence of the absorption rate on the number of the cells is calculated to show the difference between coherent and non-coherent systems.
Li, X.Z. The Puzzle of Excess Heat with No Strong Nuclear Radiation (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Li, X.Z., et al. Multiple Scattering of Deuteron Wave Function near Surface of Palladium Lattice (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Cai, N., CA=Zheng, S., CA=Cao, D. X.Li, X.Z., et al. Multiple Scattering of Deuteron Wave Function near Surface of Palladium Lattice. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Cai, N., CA=Zheng, S., CA=Cao, D. X.Li, X.Z., et al. Selective Resonant Tunneling through Coulomb Barrier by Confined Particles in Lattice Well. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Wei, Q., CA=Liu, B., CA=Cai, N.Li, X.Z., Q. Wei, and B. Liu, An Approach to Nuclear Energy without Strong Nuclear Radiation, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 39-56.
CA=Wei, Q., CA=Liu, B.Li, X.Z., B. Liu, and Q. Wei. Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Research in China. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Wei, Q.Li, X.Z., et al. Exploring a Self-Sustaining Heater without Strong Nuclear Radiation. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Zheng, S. X., CA=Cao, D. X.Li, X.Z. Predictability of Theory, and Collaboration with Experimentalists in CMNS (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
Prof. T. Dolan . . . IAEA Coordinator for International Fusion Research (1995-2001), decided to use 3-Parameter formula instead of 5-Parameter formula for D+T Fusion Cross-Section in his Plasma Course at Univ. of Illinois, 2008.
Because 3-Parameter formula is better than 5-Parameter formula not only in numbers but also in Physics.
3-Parameter formula shows the possibility of having nuclear reaction without strong neutron or gamma radiation.
Li, X.Z., Review of CBS 60 Minutes 'Cold Fusion is Hot Again' (in Chinese). 2009, Tsinghua University: Beijing.
A review, written in Chinese, of the CBS 60 Minutes program “Cold Fusion is Hot Again.” This program was broadcast on April 19, 2009.
AU=Li, X. Z.Li, X.Z., et al. Wave Nature of Deuterium Flux Permeating through Palladium Thin Film with Nanometer Coating Layers --- (II) Theoretical Model ---- (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Tian, J., CA=Ren, X. Z., CA=Li, J., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Liang, C. L., CA=Yu, J. Z.Super-wave has generated the long lasting, high gain "excess heat" in deuterium/palladium systems during Energetics Technologies, ENEA, and SRI collaboration. There must be an internal wave nature of the deuterium/palladium systems, which is in response to external super-wave, particularly, near the surface of the deuterium/palladium systems. Three sets of experimental data in the past 7 years at Tsinghua University are summarized to reveal this wave nature (please see abstract (I)). A simple theoretical model was set-up to understand this wave nature.
AU=Liang, W. X.Liang, W.X., et al. Neutron Measurements in a AC-Discharge Tube. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Xu, D. M., CA=Zhang, G. Y., CA=Yao, Z. L., CA=Wang, E. Y.Liaw, B.Y., et al. Elevated Temperature Excess Heat Production Using Molten-Salt Electrochemical Techniques. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Tao, P. L., CA=Turner, P., CA=Liebert, B. E.
An investigation of elevated-temperature excess heat production in the Ti-D and Pd-D systems is presented here. A eutectic LiCl-KCl molten salt saturated with LiD is used as the electrolyte in a Pd/Al or Ti/Al electrochemical cell. Typical operating temperatures are around 370°C, which results in faster kinetics compared to room temperature operation. If this system can be developed for utility applications, high-grade heat and high thermodynamic efficiencies can be expected. Since the electrolyte provides a very reducing environment, metal surface oxides are readily removed; thus, this unique system offers the possibility of using less expensive materials than Pd. A modified isoperibol calorimeter was built for the excess power measurements. Preliminary results show high levels of excess power output, especially in the Pd-D system, although the effect remains sporadic.
This is the Fusion Facts version of the paper, with a different title.
Liaw, B.Y., et al., Elevated-temperature excess heat production in a Pd + D system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 319: p. 161.
CA=Tao, P. L., CA=Turner, P., CA=Liebert, B. E.Liaw, B.Y., P.L. Tao, and B.E. Liebert. Recent Progress on Cold Fusion Research Using Molten Salt Techniques. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Tao, P. L., CA=Liebert, B. E.Liaw, B.Y. and B.E. Liebert. A Potential Shuttle Mechanism for Charging Hydrogen Species into Metals in Hydride-Containing Molten Salt Systems. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Liebert, B. E.Liaw, B.Y. and Y. Ding. Charging Hydrogen into Ni in Hydride-containing Molten Salts. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Ding, Y.Liaw, B.Y., P.L. Tao, and B.E. Liebert, Helium analysis of palladium electrodes after molten salt electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 92.
CA=Tao, P. L., CA=Liebert, B. E.Liaw, B.Y. and Q.H. Gao. Thin Film Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia. in 9th International Conf. on Solid State Ionics. 1993. The Hague, The Netherlands.
CA=Gao, Q. H.Liboff, R.L., Fusion via metallic deuterium. Phys. Lett., 1979. 71A: p. 361.
Liboff, R.L., Feasibility of fusion of an aggregate of deuterons in the ground state. Phys. Lett., 1993. 174 A: p. 317.
Lida, T., Deuteron fusion experiments with some foils implanted with deuteron beams. Genshikaku Kenkyu, 1995. 40(5): p. 77.
Lietz, H., Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Status Report Germany. 2004.
This memo reports historical and present, experimental and theoretical research being done in Germany of relevance to Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS), Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), or Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR), sometimes called "cold fusion". Reported are current d+d fusion experiments far below the Coulomb barrier at Universities in Berlin and Bochum.
AU=Lietz, H.Lietz, H., Unbeachtete Forschung: Kalte Fusion, in Telepolis. 2004.
Am 23. März 1989 wurde die Welt in Aufregung versetzt, als zwei Chemiker berichteten, sie hätten eine Kernfusion bei Raumtemperatur beobachtet. Berichte einer neuen, vielversprechenden Energiequelle liefen um die Welt. Nach einem halben Jahr, einem Negativbericht des US-Energieministeriums und einigen gescheiterten Versuchen, das Experiment zu reproduzieren, setzte sich in Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit die Überzeugung durch, es habe sich um einen Fehlalarm gehandelt. Jenseits des wissenschaftlichen und öffentlichen Mainstreams jedoch haben Wissenschaftler in den letzten 15 Jahren die Forschung vorangetrieben. In Italien und Japan sind dafür öffentliche Gelder zur Verfügung gestellt worden. In Hunderten Experimenten wird mittlerweile von der Messung von Fusionsprodukten, der Umwandlung von Elementen und einem Energiegewinn berichtet. Die Erforscher der kalten Fusion haben erreicht, dass das US-Energieministerium diese Berichte nun überprüft. Gespannt wartet die Fachwelt auf den Review. Der vorliegende Bericht schildert Forschungsergebnisse aus 15 Jahren und fragt, wie es möglich war, dass außerhalb des Internets kaum Informationen darüber bekannt geworden sind. Als Hauptgrund wird genannt, dass die kalte Fusion bisherigen Erkenntnissen widerspricht, Fusion sei nur heiß möglich. Berichtet wird auch, wie die kalte Fusion von Teilen der Politik und der Wissenschaft aktiv bekämpft worden ist. In jedem Fall ist die kalte Fusion eine Konkurrenz für die heiße Fusion, in die als Energiequelle der Zukunft bereits Milliardenbeträge investiert worden sind.
AU=Lievrouw, L. A.Lievrouw, L.A., Communication and the social representation of scientific knowledge. Crit. Stud. Mass Commun., 1990. 7: p. 1.
Lihn, C.J., et al., The influence of deposits on palladium cathodes in D2O electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 324.
CA=Wan, C. C., CA=Wan, C. M., CA=Perng, T. P.Lin, G.H., et al., Electrochemical fusion: a mechanism speculation. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 280: p. 207.
CA=Kainthla, R. C., CA=Packham, N. J. C., CA=Bockris, J.Lin, G.H., et al., On electrochemical tritium production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 15: p. 537.
CA=Kainthla, R. C., CA=Packham, N. J. C., CA=Velev, O. A., CA=Bockris, J.Lin, G.H., J.R. Bhardwa, and J. Bockris, Response to Noninski et al: Observation of beta radiation decay in low energy nuclear reaction. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 207.
CA=Bhardwa, J. R., CA=Bockris, J.Lin, G.H. and J. Bockris, Anomalous radioactivity and unexpected elements as a result of heating inorganic mixtures. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 100.
CA=Bockris, J.Lin, T.L. and C.C. Liu, Cold fusion experiment at Department of Nuclear Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 487.
CA=Liu, C. C.Lindley, D., Cold Fusion Gathering is Incentive to Collaborate. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 325.
Lindley, D., Does commercial pressure make for bad science? The World & I, 1989: p. 513.
Lindley, D., Double Blow for Cold Nuclear Fusion. Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 567.
Lindley, D., No Evidence for Neutrons at Yale/BYU. Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 106.
Lindley, D., Noncommittal Outcome. Nature (London), 1989. 341: p. 679.
Lindley, D., Official Thumbs Down. Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 215.
Lindley, D., The Embarrassment of Cold Fusion. Nature (London), 1990. 344: p. 375.
This paper is available from:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6265/pdf/344375a0.pdf
A copy is also available here:
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/inthenews/1990/Nature-Embarassment.shtml
These links along with some selected quotes from the paper are included in the version here.
Lindley, D., Utah Faculty Protest Cold Fusion Dealings. Nature (London), 1990. 345: p. 561.
Linford, R.K., Remarks of Rulon K. Linford. J. Fusion Energy, 1991. 10(1): p. 121.
Lipson, A.G., et al., Anomalous beta activity of products of mechanical working of a titanium- deuterated material. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1989. 15(10): p. 783.
CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., Deuterium-deuterium fusion initiation by friction in the system titanium- deuterated polymer. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1989. 15(17): p. 26 (in Russian).
CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., Neutron emission during the mechanical treatment of titanium in the presence of deuterated substances. JETP, 1989. 49(11): p. 675.
CA=Sakov, A. G., CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Toporov, Yu. P.Lipson, A.G., et al., Neutron generation by mechanical activation of metal surfaces. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(17): p. 54 (in Russian).
CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lipson, A.G., et al., Observation of neutrons from cavitation action on substances containing deuterium. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1990. 16(9): p. 89 (in Russian).
CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Sirotyuk, M. G., CA=Khavroshkin, O. B., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., Reproducible neutron emission by the combined effect of cavitation and electrolysis at the surface of a titanium cathode in electrolyte based on heavy water. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1991. 17(21): p. 33 (in Russian).
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Kudryavtsev, V. N., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Kolobov, M. A., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., V.A. Kuznetsov, and B.V. Deryagin, Scenarios of 'cold nuclear fusion' by concentration of elastic energy in crystals. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1991. 318(3): p. 636 (in Russian).
CA=Kuznetsov, V. A., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lipson, A.G., et al., The possibility of 'cold nuclear fusion' in deuterated ceramic YBa2Cu3O(7-x) in the superconducting state. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1991. 321(5): p. 958 (in Russian).
CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Gromov, V. V., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lipson, A.G., et al., Initiation of nuclear fusion by cavitation action on deuterium-containing media. Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1992. 62(12): p. 121 (in Russian).
CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Sirotyuk, M. G., CA=Khavroshkin, O. B., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., Neutron emission in monocrystals of KD2PO4, stimulated by ferroelectric phase transition. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fis., 1992. 18(16): p. 90 (in Russian).
CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Kalinin, V. B., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lipson, A.G., et al., On the initiation of DD reactions in the zirconium-deuterium system. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 166: p. 43.
CA=Kluev, V. A., CA=Mordovin, V. N., CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Derjaguin, B. V., CA=Toporov, Yu. P.Lipson, A.G., et al., Parallel recording of pulsed thermal effects and neutron bursts in heterostructural Au/Pd/PdO, saturated with deuterium by electrochemical means. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1992. 18(20): p. 58 (in Russian).
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., Cold nuclear fusion induced in KD2PO4 single crystals by a ferroelectric phase transition. JETP, 1993. 76(6): p. 1070.
CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Kalinin, V. B., CA=Kolovov, M. A., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Khodyakov, A. A.Lipson, A.G., et al., Is 'cold nuclear fusion' necessary to understand the anomalous thermal effects in the Pd-D(H) system? Phys. Dokl., 1993. 38: p. 286.
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., Possibilities for increasing the neutron emission in KD2PO4 crystals at the phase transition through the Curie point. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1993. 19(11): p. 729.
CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lipson, A.G., et al., The generation of nuclear fusion products by a combination of cavitation action and electrolysis at the titanioum surface in deuterated electrolyte. Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1993. 63(7): p. 187 (in Russian).
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Deryagin, B. V., CA=Toporov, Yu. P., CA=Klyuev, V. A., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., I.I. Bardyshev, and D.M. Sakov, Generation of hard gamma-radiation in KD2PO4 single crystals during the ferroelectric phase transition. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1994. 20: p. 957.
CA=Bardyshev, I. I., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G. and D.M. Sakov, Increase in the intensity of the external neutron flux in the irradiation of a KD2PO4 crystal at the point of the ferroelectric transition. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1994. 20: p. 954.
CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G. and D.M. Sakov. Amplification of the Neutron Flux Transmitted Through KD2PO4 Single-Crystal at the Ferroelectric Phase Transition State. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., Generation of the products of DD nuclear fusion in high-temperature superconductors YBa2Cu3O7-deltaDy near the superconducting phase transition. Tech. Phys., 1995. 40: p. 839.
CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E.I., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lipson, A.G., D.M. Sakov, and E.I. Saunin, Interaction of weak neutron flux with triglycine sulphate (D0.6H0.4) at the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1995. 21(24): p. 25 (in Russian).
CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Saunin, E. I.Lipson, A.G., I.I. Bardyshev, and D.M. Sakov. Possible Observation of the First Excited State of He4 Nucleus According to the g-Emission Data in KD2PO4 Crystals upon Transition Through Curie Point. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Bardyshev, I. I., CA=Sakov, D. M.Lipson, A.G., et al., The nature of excess energy liberated in a Pd/PdO heterostructure electrochemically saturated with hydrogen (deuterium). Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1995. 69: p. 1810.
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Kuznetsov, V. A., CA=Ivanova, T. S., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lipson, A.G., et al. Excess Heat Production and Nuclear Ash in PdO/Pd/PdO Heterostructure after Electrochemical Saturation with Deuterium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Kuznetsov, V. A., CA=Ivanova, T. S.Lipson, A.G., et al., Possibility of mechanically stimulated transmutation of carbon nuclei in ultradisperse deuterium-containing media. Tech. Phys., 1997. 42: p. 676.
CA=Kuznetsov, V. A., CA=Ivanova, T. S., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Ushakov, S. I.Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence for DD-Reaction and a Long-Range Alpha Emission in Au/Pd/PdO:D Heterstructure as a Result of Exothermic Deuterium Deposition. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Asami, N.Lipson, A.G., et al., Evidence for low-intensity D-D reaction as a result of exothermic deuterium desorption from Au/Pd/PdO:D heterostructure. Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 238.
CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Asami, N., CA=Shimada, R., CA=Miyashita, S., CA=Takahashi, A.Lipson, A.G., A.B. Karabut, and A.S. Roussetski. Anomalous enhancement of DD-reaction, alpha emission and X-ray generation in the high current pulsing deuterium glow-discharge with Ti-cathode at the voltages ranging from 0.8-2.5 kV. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Karabut, A. B., CA=Roussetski, A. S.
ABSTRACT
Using electronic noiseless solid state plastic track (CR-39) and Al2O3:C thermo-luminescent (TLD) detectors, the yields of charged particles (DD-reaction products and long-range α-particles) and X-ray photons are studied in the pulsing-periodic deuterium glow discharge with Ti-cathode at low discharge voltage (ranging of 0.8-2.5 kV) and high current density (300 – 600 mA/cm2). Analysis of DD-proton yields versus accelerating voltages, allowed to estimate the deuteron screening potential value US at the deuteron energy range of 0.8 < Ed < 2.45 keV. It was found that in this energy range the effective screening potential would be as high as US = 620 ±140 eV.
Lipson, A.G., et al. Anomalous thermal neutron capture and sub-surface Pd-isotopes separation in cold-worked palladium foils as a result of deuterium loading. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Kuznetsov, V. A., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Miley, G. H.
ABSTRACT
The process of thermal neutron absorption in the cold- worked Pd cathodes during electrolysis in NaOD/D2O solution under irradiation by Ultraweak Thermalized Neutron Field (UTNF) was studied. It was found that during deuterium loading the probability of thermal neutron absorption in a strained Pd is increased by a factor 8 compared to the unstrained (annealed) sample or sample where loading is not carried out. Symmetric separation of Pd isotope pairs of Pd108-Pd105 and Pd110-Pd104 occurring in the subsurface layer down to 500 A depth in the cold worked Pd foil loaded with deuterium is observed. It is established that observed Pd isotope separation is solely defined by a strong plastic deformation (mechanical strain), induced by deuterium loading in Pd-matrix. The effect of Pd-isotopes separation is strongly enhanced under UTNF irradiation
Lipson, A.G., et al. In-Situ Charged Particles And X-Ray Detection In Pd Thin Film-Cathodes During Electrolysis In Li2SO4/H2O. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Castano, C. H.Measurements of energetic charged particle and soft X-ray emissions have been performed using calibrated CR-39 plastic track and LiF/Al2O3:C-Thermo-Luminescent (TLD) detectors. It was found that during the electrolysis of thin Pd-film cathodes on the dielectric substrates, the alpha-particles ranging from 11.0-16.0 MeV and protons near 1.7 MeV are emitted. No significant X-ray emission with upper dose limit of ~ 1 mrem (corresponding to ~ 5.0 X-ray photon/s´cm2 with Ex=10 keV) was detected.
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G., et al. Phenomenon of an Energetic Charged Particle Emission From Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Saunin, E. I.
Abstract
The new phenomenon of energetic alpha (up to 16.0 MeV) and proton (~1.7 MeV) emissions has been discovered from a metal surface possessing a large affinity for hydrogen and loaded/excited by electrolysis, glow discharge or powerful laser. These various experiments on charged particle detection show a remarkable feature, namely all exhibit a similar specific energy yield of long-range alphas (1 alpha particle per 10-15 eV input energy/Pd(Ti) target atom) independent of the excitation power of delivering method (electrolysis, glow discharge or laser irradiation). This result suggests the mechanism of energy transfer causing the energetic particle emissions in hydrogen loaded metal targets is similar despite the seemingly dissimilar excitation techniques.
Lipson, A.G., et al. Strong Enhancement of DD-reaction Accompanied by X-ray Generation in a Pulsed Low Voltage High-Current Deuterium Glow Discharge with a Ti-Cathode. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Karabut, A. B., CA=Miley, G. H.Using noiseless solid state plastic track (CR-39) and Al2O3:C thermo-luminescent (TLD) detectors, the yields of 3.0 MeV protons (from DD-reaction) and soft X-ray photons emitted from the cathode are studied in the pulsing-periodic deuterium glow discharge with Ti-cathode at low discharge voltages (ranging of 0.8-2.5 kV) and high current density (300 – 600 mA/cm2). Analysis of DD-proton yield versus accelerating voltages, allowed to estimate the deuteron screening potential value US at the deuteron energy range of 0.8 < Ed < 2.45 keV. It was found a strong DD-reaction enhancement in glow discharge (the effective screening potential Ue = 610 ±150 eV) compared to that for accelerator experiments at higher deuteron energies (Elab ł2.5 keV) and lower beam current density (50- 500 mA/cm2). X-ray measurements showed an intensive (Ix = 1013-1014 s-1-cm-2) soft X-ray emission (with a mean energy of quantum Ex = 1.2-1.5 keV) directly from the Ti cathode. The X-ray yield is strongly dependent on a deuterium diffusivity in the near –the –surface layer of cathode.
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G., G.H. Miley, and H. Momota. Enhancement of First Wall Damage in ITER Type TOKAMAK Due to LENR Effects (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Momota, H.Lipson, A.G., G.H. Miley, and H. Momota. Enhancement of First Wall Damage in ITER Type TOKAMAK Due to LENR Effects. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Momota, H.Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence of Supersoichiometric H/D LENR Active Sites and High Temperature Superconductivity in a Hydrogen-Cycled Pd/PdO (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Castano, C. H., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Tsivadze, A., CA=Mitin, A.PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same title.
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence of Supersoichiometric H/D LENR Active Sites and High Temperature Superconductivity in a Hydrogen-Cycled Pd/PdO. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Castano, C. H., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Tsivadze, A., CA=Mitin, A.Lipson, A.G., et al. Generation of DD-Reactions in a Ferroelectric KD2PO4 Single Crystal During Transition Through Curie Point (Tc = 220 K) (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Miley, G. H.PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same title.
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G., et al. Generation of DD-Reactions in a Ferroelectric KD2PO4 Single Crystal During Transition Through Curie Point (Tc = 220 K). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Miley, G. H.A new approach to develop a source of 2.45 MeV neutrons caused by polarization reversal in KD2PO4 single crystal (DKDP) during its passage through the Curie point (Tc = 220 K) is presented. The background of this approach is referred to observation of neutron/proton emission in DKDP during paraelectric - ferroelectric phase transition to spontaneous polarization state (and vice versa) upon the heating/cooling of crystal through Curie point Tc = 220 K. The proposed source is based on earlier established proof of deuteron acceleration and neutron generation in the crystalline lattice of ferroelectrics during their transition to spontaneously polarized state (polarization reversal). In order to obtain neutron yield for practical application, the proposed solution foresees a separate DKDP crystals serving as cathode and anode and undergo to simultaneous ferroelectric phase transition in low-pressure deuterium atmosphere.
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G., et al. Reproducible Nuclear Emissions from Pd/PdO:Dx Heterostructure during Controlled Exothermic Deuterium Desorption (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I.Lipson, A.G., et al. Reproducible Nuclear Emissions from Pd/PdO:Dx Heterostructure during Controlled Exothermic Deuterium Desorption. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I.Lipson, A.G. Edge plasma effects in ITER-type TOKAMAK caused by an enhancement of DD/DT reaction in metals at high currentlow energy deuteron bombardment. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.
LENR effects could also affect the processes at the first wall and divertor of TOKAMAK. Now LENR are not taken into account as a possible source of radiation damage in thermonuclear reactors.
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G., A.S. Roussetski, and E.I. Saunin. Analysis of #2 Winthrop Williams' CR-39 detector after SPAWAR/Galileo type electrolysis experiment. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Saunin, E. I.Lipson, A.G., et al. Analysis of the CR-39 detectors from SRI's SPAWAR/Galileo type electrolysis experiments #7 and #5. Signature of possible neutron emission. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Earle, B., CA=McKubre, M. C. H.Lipson, A.G., et al. Charged Particle Emissions Upon Electron Beam Excitation of Deuterium Subsystem in the Pd and Ti- Deuteride Targets. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Chernov, I. P., CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Chardantsev, Y., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Melich, M. E.Energetic charged particle emissions accompanying deuterium desorption from specially prepared Pd/PdO:Dx and TiDx targets in vacuum, stimulated by electron beam (J ~ 0.6 mA/cm2, U = 30 keV) have been studied using a set of CR-39 plastic track detectors covered with various metal foil filters. It was found that the electron bombardment of those targets is caused by statistically significant emissions of DD-reaction product (3 MeV protons), as well as high energy alpha particles (11-20 MeV). At the same time the Pd/PdO:Dx and the TiDx samples show no sign of nuclear emissions during vacuum exposure without e-beam stimulation. Extrapolation of both the DD-reaction cross section and the enhancement factor (consistent with calculated screening potential Ue = 750 eV) to very low deuteron energy allowed us to satisfactorily describe the detected DD-reaction yield in Pd/PdO:Dx target, assuming “hot” deuteron (Ed ~ 3.0 eV) generation under e-beam bombardment. This result strongly supports the theoretical prediction with regards to electron excitation of the D- subsystem in Pd- deuterides
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G. and I.P. Chernov. Status of Russian research on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in non-equilibrium condensed matter, based on publications in peer-reviewed journals. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Chernov, I. P.Lipson, A.G., et al. Charged Particle Emissions in Metal Deuterides Upon e-Beam Excitation of Their Deuterium Subsystem (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Chernov, I. P., CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Tsivadze, A., CA=Cherdantsev, Yu. P., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Melich, M. E.Recent ab-initio study of hydrogen desorption from metal hydrides with a high hydrogen solubility [V.M., Silkin, I.P Chernov et. al, Phys. Rev., B 76, 245105 (2007)], showed that excitation of the hydrogen subsystem in those deuterides results in plasmon formation leading to generation of strong electric fields (F ~ 10E8V/cm) within at a lattice parameter scale (a ~ 0.3-0.4 nm). As a result, the mean energy of desorbed protons/deuterons (Ed) escaping from the hydride surface would effectively be increased from kT ~ 1/40 eV to several eV (Ed= F x a ~ 3-4 eV) or two orders of magnitude increase, effectively producing "hot" deuterons
AU=Lipson, A. G.Lipson, A.G., et al. Evidence for Fast Neutron Emission During SRI’s SPAWAR/Galileo-Type Electrolysis Experiments #7 and #5, Based on CR-39 Track Detector Record (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=McKubre, M. C. H.
Objectives
Verify reported nuclear emissions using Pd electrodeposition technique and CR-39 detectors (P. Boss et al).
* Ag(or other metal)-wire cathodes
* 107-108pits/cm2where the cathode meets the CR-39.
* Identify pits caused by mechanical defects -electric discharge
* Test the applicability of our track identification technique (A. Roussetski et al, ICCF-12, Yokohama, 2005)
* successive etching of CR-39
* plot track diameter evolution vs. removed depth
* Simultaneous CR-39 exposure and in-situ neutron detection.
* Compare Live (D2O) to Blank (H20)
* Compare Background (CR-39 2m from cell) to Foreground
* Compare to BF3 proportional detector count rate.
Lipson, A.G., et al., Hot Deuteron Generation and Charged Particle Emissions on Excitation of Deuterium Subsystem in Metal Deuterides, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 95-117.
CA=Chernov, I. P., CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Cherdantsev, Yu. P., CA=Tsivadze, A., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Melich, M. E.Lipson, A.G., et al. Surface Morphology of Metal Deuterides Upon e-Beam Excitation of Their Deuterium Subsystem (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Chernov, I. P., CA=Roussetski, A. S., CA=Sokhoreva, V., CA=Mironchik, V., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I., CA=Melich, M. E.Recent ab-initio theoretical study of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and metal deuterides indicate a new mechanism for deuteron acceleration, which along with possible large electron screening in the metal targets could potentially strongly enhance the yield of DD-reaction in metal deuterides at room temperature. In this research we continue our study with regards to the role of electromagnetic excitation of hydrogen subsystem in metal deuterides to enhance the yield of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). To this aim we have carried out 5 series of experiments on charged particle detection using plastic track detectors CR-39, under in-vacuum electronbeam stimulation of various metal deuterides during spontaneous deuterium desorption (if any) from the deuterated samples.
AU=Lisowski, W.Lisowski, W., et al., Atomic H Desorption from Thin Palladium Hydride Films. Appl. Surf. Science, 1988. 31: p. 157.
CA=Nowicka, E., CA=Wolfram, Z., CA=Dus, R.Little, S., G. Luce, and M. Little. MOAC - A High Accuracy Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Studies. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Luce, G., CA=Little, M.Liu, B., et al. Triggering A Deuterium Flux In Pd Wire Using Electromagnetic Field. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Yan, L., CA=Ge, L.An electromagnetic field is applied on a long-thin Pd wire to test the effect of an electrical potential on the loading of the deuterium gas into the palladium, which was proposed by Del Giudice, De Ninno and their group during ICCF-9. The preliminary experimental results showed that this electromagnetic field triggered not only the loading, but also the “excess heat” because of the deuterium flux effect as proposed by Xing Z. Li and his group.
AU=Liu, B.Liu, B., et al. "Excess Heat" Induced by Deuterium Flux in Palladium Film. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Mueller, N., CA=Schoch, P., CA=Orhre, H.Liu, B., et al. "Excess heat" in a Gas-Loading D/Pd System with Pumping inside Pd Tube. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Zheng, S.Liu, B., et al. Wave Nature of Deuterium Flux Permeating through Palladium Thin Film with Nanometer Coating Layers ---(I) Experimental Observation---- (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Tian, J., CA=Ren, X. Z., CA=Li, J., CA=Wei, Q., CA=Liang, C. L., CA=Yu, J. Z., CA=Li, X. Z.Wave nature of deuterium flux permeating through the palladium thin film is revealed using nanometer coating layers. Three sets of experimental data[1,2,3] agree with wave in multiple-layer theory quantitatively or qualitatively. Other than granular particle diffusion model and surface catalyst model, the wave nature of deuterons inside the coating layers must be included in order to explain the experimental phenomena.
AU=Liu, F. S.Liu, F.S., The phonon mechanism of the cold fusion. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1996. 10: p. 1129.
Liu, F., et al., Nature of short range interaction between deuterium atoms in palladium. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72: p. 891.
CA=Rao, B. K., CA=Khanna, S. N., CA=Jena, P.Liu, R., et al., Measurement of neutron energy spectra from the gas discharge facility. Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao, 1994. 11(2): p. 115 (in Chinese).
CA=Wang, D., CA=Chen, S., CA=Li, Y., CA=Fu, Y., CA=Zhang, X., CA=Zhang, W.-S.Liu, Z., et al., Photoemission studies of Pd/D system with high deuterium content. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1990. 7: p. 125.
CA=Xie, K., CA=Qi, S., CA=Cao, J., CA=Li, N., CA=Yu, X., CA=Lin, Z.Lo, S.Y., Enhancement of nuclear fusion in a strongly coupled cold plasma. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3(16): p. 1207.
Lobanov, V.V., et al., Studies of neutron emission from TiFe alloy loaded with deuterium at room temperature. Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1991. 17(23): p. 22 (in Russian).
CA=Zetkin, A. S., CA=Kagan, G. E., CA=Demin, V. E., CA=Mil'man, I. I., CA=Syurdo, A. I.Lochak, G. and L. Urutskoev. Low-energy nuclear reactions and the leptonic monopole. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Urutskoev, L.Our report surveys the experimental and theoretical studies carried out at the RECOM since 1998 and the theoretical studies of leptonic monopoles by Georges Lochak (Fondation Louis de Broglie). We will outline briefly all the results to give the overall picture of our research.
AU=Loebich, Jr., D.Loebich, J., D. and C.J. Raub, Das Zustandsdiagramm Lithium-Palladium und die Magnetischen Eigenschaften der Li-Pd Legierungen. J. Less-Common Met., 1977. 55: p. 67.
CA=Raub, C. J.Lohr, L.L., Electronic structure of palladium clusters: implications for cold fusion. J. Phys. Chem., 1989. 93: p. 4697.
Lomovskii, O.I., A.F. Eremin, and V.V. Boldyrev, Isotope heat effect in reactions with libreration of hydrogen on palladium catalytic particles. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 309: p. 879 (In Russian).
CA=Eremin, A. F., CA=Boldyrev, V. V.Lonchampt, G., L. Bonnetain, and P. Hieter. Reproduction of Fleischmann and Pons Experiments. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Bonnetain, L., CA=Hieter, P.
Abstract
The objective of this work is to check the reliability of the initial Fleischmann and Pons calorimeter for studying cold fusion from ambient to boiling temperature. After describing our experimental set up, the assessment of excess heat from the enthalpy balance is discussed. We have observed deposits on the electrodes after electrolysis, which, in our opinion, have a determining role in the excess heat generation. We show raw data from three runs. It is concluded that this calorimeter is well adapted for such cold fusion investigation.
Lonchampt, G., et al. Excess Heat Measurement with Patterson Type Cells. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Biberian, J. P., CA=Bonnetain, L., CA=Delepine, J.We have measured excess heat in a Patterson type cell doing electrolysis of light water in Li2SO4 with a cathode made of 0.6 mm nickel palladium beads and a platinum anode. The cell employed is similar to the CETI cell, the main difference being its increased diameter, allowing the use of more beads and a larger current with a relatively low current density. The experiment lasted 90 days. We show that a total excess energy of 800 kJ is produced, and cannot be explained by a chemical reaction. No nuclear ashes have been searched for at this stage.
AU=Lonchampt, G.Lonchampt, G., et al. Excess Heat Measurement with Pons and Fleischmann Type Cells. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Biberian, J. P., CA=Bonnetain, L., CA=Delepine, J.
Abstract
In experiments similar to the original Pons and Fleischmann description, we have done runs with palladium and platinum cathodes up to boiling in LiOD and Li2SO4. We show that up to 29% excess heat is produced at boiling, in accordance with our previous work, and in qualitative agreement with data obtained by Pons and Fleischmann but with lower magnitude. In addition we show that after boiling when the electrolyte is neutralized with sulfuric acid, excess heat is systematically observed at low temperature, even with platinum cathodes.
Long, H.Q., et al. Anomalous Effects in Deuterium/Metal Systems. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Sun, S. H., CA=Liu, H. Q., CA=Xie, R. S., CA=Zhang, X.-W., CA=Zhang, W.-S.Long, H.Q., et al. The Anomalous Nuclear Effects Inducing by the Dynamic Low Pressure Gas Discharge in a Deuterium/Palladium System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Xie, R. S., CA=Sun, S. H., CA=Liu, H. Q., CA=Gan, J. B., CA=Chen, B. R., CA=Zhang, X.-W., CA=Zhang, W.-S.Long, H., et al. New Experimental Results of Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Metal Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Yin, W., CA=Zhang, X.-W., CA=Wu, J., CA=Zhang, W.-S., CA=Tang, Z. H., CA=Shen, Q., CA=Zhou, Z., CA=Qi, B., CA=Liu, Y., CA=Wang, X., CA=Yang, Y.Longhurst, G.R., T.J. Dolan, and G.L. Henriksen, An investigation of energy balances in palladium cathode electrolysis experiments. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 337.
CA=Dolan, T. J., CA=Henriksen, G. L.Lopez Garcia, A.R., et al., Gamma-radiation detection limits for electrochemically induced deuterium cold-fusion rates. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 105: p. 987.
CA=Vucetich, H., CA=Bolzan, A. E., CA=Arvia, A. J.Lopez, E., et al. Search for Charged-Particle d-d Fusion Products in an Encapsulated Pd Thin Film. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Neuhauser, B., CA=Ziemba, F., CA=Jackson, J., CA=Mapoles, E., CA=McVittie, J., CA=Powell, R.Lorenzini, E., P. Tartarini, and M. Trentin, Cold fusion: status of the research. Tec. Ital., 1990. 55(1): p. 1 (in Italian).
CA=Tartarini, P., CA=Trentin, M.Louis, E., et al., Calculation of hydrogen-hydrogen potential energies and fusion rates in palladium hydride (PdxH2) clusters (x=2,4). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 42: p. 4996.
CA=Moscardo, F., CA=San-Fabian, E., CA=Perez-Jorda, J. M.Louthan, J., M. R., et al., Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals. Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1972. 10: p. 357.
CA=Caskey, Jr, G. R., CA=Donovan, J. A., CA=Rawl, Jr., D. E.Lowther, J.E., Hot spots in palladium hydride and cold fusion. Suid-Afrik. Tydskr. Wetenskap, 1991. 87: p. 17.
Lpson, A.G., et al., Yield of nuclear fusion products from absorption of elastic energy in deuterated metals. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1992. 323(6): p. 1097 (in Russian).
CA=Kutsnetsov, V. A., CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Deryagin, B. V.Lu, R., X-ray emission and cold nuclear fusion in glow discharge process of a kind of gas. Trends Nucl. Phys., 1995. 12(1): p. 44 (in Chinese).
Lu, R., Electron-ion bound state and it initiating a little nuclear fusion. High Power Laser Part. Beams, 1998. 10(2): p. 315 (in Chinese).
Lu, R. Some Problems in Solar Physics and Astrophysics. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Lu, R. A kind of new physical process and it role in solar physics amdastrophysics. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Ludecki, C.M., G. Deublein, and R.A. Huggins, Thermodynamic Characterization of Metal Hydrogen Systems by Assessment of Phase Diagrams and Electrochemical Measurements. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1987. 12: p. 81.
CA=Deublein, G., CA=Huggins, R. A.Luo, N., et al. In-Situ Charactorization of Sputtered Pd Thin-Films Undergoing Electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Castano, C. H., CA=Kim, S-O., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Woo, T., CA=Miley, G. H.
Abstract
In-situ measurements on the resistance and temperature variations of Pd thin films are carried out during electrolysis. The measurement is made possible by covering parts of the Pd films with a protective layer of thermal and electric insulators. Electrical contacts are made by using either silver epoxy or indium soldering. The resistance-loading curve deviates somewhat from the typical curve for a bulk Pd/H(D) system. The initial resistance increase shows a much faster hydrogen diffusion rate along the film axis than that observed in bulk systems. The characteristic resistance-loading curve is explained by the electronic band structures of Pd loaded with different H(D) fractions. An excess heat of 30% during the electrolysis process was detected using an open calorimeter and a novel circuit switching methodology. The corresponding excess power density reaches 100 W/cm3.
Luo, N., G.H. Miley, and A.G. Lipson. Modeling of Surface and Bulk Effects in Thin-Film Pd Cathodes and High Proton Loading. in AVS, ICMSC Conference. 2002. Cleveland, Ohio.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Lipson, A. G.
Abstract
Electronic structure modeling is carried out for bulk PdH system with implications for some surface effects. The calculation is performed under the frame work of density functional theory. The results provide new insight into the charge state of H inside Pd. The H is slightly negatively charged over the composition range studied in this paper, and the negative charge around the proton increases with an increasing loading in hydrogen. By studying the behavior of H at the “bridging” site, which is also important to surface configuration, this paper helps explain why the effective charge observed in H drift experiments is different from the static charge state.
Luo, N., et al. Enhancement Of Nuclear Reactions Due To Screening Effects Of Core Electrons. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Shrestha, P., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Violante, V.Recent progress in understanding the screening effects of core level atomic electrons is summarized in this paper. Some preliminary results on core electron screening were reported before [1]. The studies focus on two types of nuclear reactions in some metal lattices: fusion between deuterons and also proton capture by medium and heavy lattice nuclei. In both reactions the energy of the light nuclear species, proton or deuteron, is on the KeV (1000 electron volts) scale, while that of heavy nuclei is essentially zero. A standard atomic code is used to obtain the core electron charge density and the potential profile in the metal atom. This Hartree-Fock-Slater type code was originally written by Herman and Skillman and later modified by others and available online. For the D-D reaction, the charge density obtained then gives an estimate on the screening length. The corresponding enhancement in Coulomb barrier tunneling can be obtained from this data. For the proton capture reaction, an ion dynamic code written to simulate the motion of KeV protons in Pd/Ni lattice, CLAIRE, was modified to take into account the realistic atomic potential, including core electron contributions. In both cases, our result shows a significant nuclear reaction enhancement. The reaction rate calculated roughly matches the scale of excess heat observed in some metal hydride/deuteride experiments.
AU=Luo, N.Luo, N. and G.H. Miley. First-Principles Studies Of Ionic And Electronic Transport In Palladium Hydride. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Miley, G. H.The transport properties of palladium hydride/deuteride are investigated using state-of-the-art density functional computational tools. This aspect of loaded hydride is important in that the resistance-loading curve is often used as a diagnostic in experiments to estimate the loading ratio. Understanding transport provides other important insights into some features of the nuclear reaction mechanism. This research involves both ionic and electronic degrees of freedom. For the ionic part, the focus is on the charge state of hydrogen/deuteron, in both a static and a dynamic (hopping) situation. Experiments show that hydrogen hops as fractional-charged positive ion in Pd lattice [1,2] while previous band structure calculations [3-5] always gave a negatively charged H in the ground state. This discrepancy is addressed in the current research and some results are already published [6]. The collective motion of ions is studied in the phonon structure and electron-phonon coupling constant using a perturbation density functional theory. The electronic part focuses on the density of state and the Fermi surface, which when combined with the electron-phonon coupling constant, determine the temperature and the H/D loading dependant resistivity curves. Our numerical results [7] qualitatively match experimental trends. The possible connections between this transport theory/mechanism and the non-equilibrium conditions required for excess heat are discussed.
AU=Lyakhov, B. F.Lyakhov, B.F., et al., Anomalous heat release in the Pd/PdO system electrolytically saturated with hydrogen. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1993. 67: p. 491.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Sakov, D. M., CA=Yavich, A. A.Lynch, D.L., et al., Spectroscopic studies of surface and subsurface hydrogen/metal systems. J. Chem. Phys., 1992. 97(7): p. 5177.
CA=Rick, S. W., CA=Gomez, M. A., CA=Spath, B. W., CA=Doll, J. D., CA=Pratt, L. R.Lynch, J.F. and T.B. Flanagan, An investigation of the dynamic equilibrium between chemisorbed and absorbed hydrogen in the palladium/hydrogen system. J. Phys. Chem., 1973. 77: p. 2628.
CA=Flanagan, T. B.Lynch, J.F., J.D. Clewley, and T.B. Flanagan, The Formation of Voids in Palladium Metal by the Introduction and Removal of Interstital Hydrogen. Philos. Mag. A, 1973. 28: p. 1415.
CA=Clewley, J. D., CA=Flanagan, T. B.Ma, Q., et al. The Analysis of the Neutron Emission from the Glow Discharge in Deuterium Gas Tube. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Chen, Y., CA=Huang, G., CA=Yu, W., CA=Mo, D. W., CA=Li, X. Z.Ma, Q., et al. The Analysis of the Neutron Emission from the Glow Discharge in Deuterium Gas Tube. in ICCF4, Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Chen, Y., CA=Huang, G., CA=Yu, W., CA=Mo, D., CA=Li, X. Z.Ma, Y.L., H.X. Yang, and X.X. Dai, A theoretical study of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys., 1992. 12: p. 171 (in Chinese).
CA=Yang, H. X., CA=Dai, X. X.Ma, Y.L., H.X. Yang, and X.X. Dai, Nuclear-fusion enhancement in condensed matter with impacting and screening. Europhys. Lett., 1993. 24: p. 305.
CA=Yang, H. X., CA=Dai, X. X.Macy, M., ICCCF15 in Rome, Italy. Infinite Energy, 2009(88): p. 11.
The Fifteenth International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF15) took place in Italy on October 5-9, 2009 at Angelicum University. Angelicum resides in the heart of Rome just behind Trajan’s Markets, at the opposite end to the Colosseum and between the Roman Forums -- the central area around which the ancient Roman civilization developed -- and the Quirinale Palace, the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.
AU=Macy, M.Macy, M., Defkalion Press Conference in Athens Introduces Rossi Energy Catalyzer. Infinite Energy, 2011.
Defkalion Green Technologies held a press conference and went online with a new website (http://www.defkalion-energy.com) to formally introduce themselves as the Greek, Balkan and worldwide representatives of Andrea Rossi’s Energy Catalyzer (E-Cat), which they plan to market as Hyperion. Ampenergo is the North and South American representative.
AU=Macy, M.Macy, M., Specifics of Andrea Rossi's "Energy Catalyzer" Test, University of Bologna, January 14, 2011. 2011, LENR-CANR.org.
On January 14, 2011, Andrea Rossi submitted his "Energy Catalyzer" reactor, which burns hydrogen in a nickel catalyst, for examination by scientists at the University of Bologna and The INFN (National Institute of Nuclear Physics). The test was organized by Dr. Giuseppe Levi of INFN and the University of Bologna and was assisted by other members of the physics and chemistry faculties. This result was achieved without the production of any measurable nuclear radiation. The magnitude of this result suggests that there is a viable energy technology that uses commonly available materials, that does not produce carbon dioxide, and that does not produce radioactive waste and will be economical to build.
AU=Maddox, J.Maddox, J., End of Cold Fusion in Sight. Nature (London), 1989. 340: p. 15.
Maddox, J., Farewell (not fond) to cold fusion. Nature (London), 1990. 344(6265): p. 365.
This paper is available from:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6265/pdf/344365a0.pdf
A copy is also available here:
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/inthenews/1990/Nature-Farewell.shtml
These links along with some selected quotes from the paper are included in the version here.
Maeland, A.J. and T.R.P. Gibb, X-Ray Diffraction Observations of The Pd-H system Through the Critical Region. J. Phys. Chem., 1961. 65: p. 1270.
CA=Gibb, T. R. P.Magnouche, A. and R. Fromageau, Hydrogen Dissolution in Palladium: A Resistometric Study Under Pressure. J. Appl. Phys., 1984. 56: p. 1617.
CA=Fromageau, R.Maizza, G., et al., Study on deuterium absorption of Pd at high-pressure D2 gas and low temperatures. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 14D: p. 27.
CA=Nakamura, K., CA=Fujitsuka, M., CA=Kitajima, M.Malakoff, D., DOE to Review Nuclear Grant. Science, 1999. 285: p. 505.
Malhotra, S.K., M.S. Krishnan, and H.K. Sadhukhan, Material Balance of Tritium in Electrolysis of Heavy Water. 1989.
CA=Krishnan, M. S., CA=Sadhukhan, H. K.Mallove, E., MIT Urgent Media Advisory,. 1989.
Mallove, E., Fire From Ice. 1991, NY: John Wiley.
Here is the Preface and Prologue to the book Fire From Ice: Searching for the Truth Behind the Cold Fusion Furor by Eugene F. Mallove, a reprint of 1991 Edition, 338 pp., Paperback. It is available from Infinite Energy Press, P.O. box 2816, Concord, NH 03302-2816, www.infinite-energy.com
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., Cold Fusion: Still a Hot Topic? Phys. Today, 1994. March: p. 93.
Letter to Physics Today, with a response by Williams. Letter begins:
David Williams's review of John R. Huizenga's unrepentantly negative book Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century (January 1993, page 73) contains disturbing and false assertions. Williams says, "now investigations on so-called cold fusion are confined to only a few laboratories,” a claim that is entirely without foundation . . .
Mallove, E., Alchemy Nightmare: Skeptic Finds Heavy Element Transmutation Cold Fusion Experiment! Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(2): p. 30.
At ICCF5 in April, EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) cold fusion program director Dr. Tom Passell gave an overview of the cold fusion field. The biggest news from his talk, however, was the first public revelation of the results of the EPRI-funded work of physicist Dr. Kevin Wolf at Texas A&M University. This research occurred back in 1992, but others—including Dr. Wolf—have since tried to keep these results from surfacing. Why?
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., Excess heat in cavitation devices: World-wide testing reports. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(3): p. 16.
Mallove, E., Carl Sagan and Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 1997. 13,14(3).
Astronomer and science popularizer Dr. Carl Sagan, who lost his battle against a virulent disease this year, could have been a major force for truth about cold fusion research. Unfortunately, despite my sending him scientific articles on cold fusion since 1991, plus Infinite Energy Magazine since its inception, Carl chose to remain undecided.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., Reproducible Catalytic Fusion Process Announced by Dr. Les Case. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(19).
Dr. Leslie C. Case, an experienced chemical engineer with four degrees from MIT, surprised all of us at ICCF-7 by revealing his process of gasphase “catalytic fusion,” which he has developed over the past six years or so. He was inspired by the 1992 work at NTT labs by E. Yamaguchi --helium production and excess heat evolution from Pd in gas-phase cold fusion. (Ironically, Yamaguchi at ICCF-7 was less sanguine about the implications of his own work that can reproducibly generates excess heat from deuterium gas loading of thin-film palladium foil “sandwiches.” Yamaguchi is no longer of the opinion that his excess energy is a nuclear effect, but this conclusion may not be correct.)
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., CSICOP: "Science Cops" at War with Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): p. 54.
The collective wisdom of the so-called Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) is that cold fusion --and any other claim about an anomalous energy source not taught in the sacred halls of academe'is scientific heresy worthy of mockery and rebuke. That is the message, by commission and omission, that is conveyed in CSICOP’s ritualistic debunking of cold fusion and related low-energy transmutation discoveries.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., MIT Special Report. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 64.
MIT has played an extraordinary role in the history of cold fusion. By acts of commission and omission it continues to do so. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the startling announcement by Drs. Fleischmann and Pons on March 23, 1989, it is imperative that Infinite Energy explore the major role of MIT in shaping the history of the investigation of cold fusion.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., Progress in catalytic fusion. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): p. 9.
To the delight of many at the Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion (ICCF-7) in Vancouver, BC last April, a new approach to cold fusion emerged. Dr. Les Case, an experienced chemical engineer with four degrees from MIT, announced what he is calling “catalytic fusion” -- to distinguish it somewhat from the original electrochemical approach. He had concluded that the electrochemical method of Fleischmann and Pons was going to continue to be limited by materials issues -- palladium cracking, composition, etc. -- and the inherent difficulties of working with electrochemical systems. Furthermore, he wanted to achieve the higher temperatures that are allowed by gas-phase systems.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E. and J. Rothwell, The pseudoscientists of APS. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(25): p. 23.
CA=Rothwell, J.Not all attendees at the American Physical Society’s Centennial Meeting, held March 20-26 in Atlanta, Georgia, were scientists in the true sense of that word. Many of them were pseudoscientists, as their behavior proved. Some 1,000 physicists, including, we are informed, President Clinton’s Science advisor, were present as three pseudoscientists took turns mocking cold fusion at a session dubbed, “Science, Junk Science, and Pseudoscience,” Monday afternoon, March 22.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., Book Review: Biological Transmutations (Kervran). Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(34): p. 56.
Reading this translation and compilation of a number of Prof. Louis Kervran’s pre-1970 works is very disturbing, producing the disorientation that accompanies a possible deep paradigm shift in science. Kervran (1901-1983), a medical scientist and engineer with a high official position in the French research and occupational health community, had a life-long interest in the possibility of biological transmutations. His curiosity apparently began in his youth when he watched the hens pecking at specks of mica in the farmyard. His later professional observations concerned (in one small part) the anomalous reappearance of robust calcium-bearing eggshells in calcium-deprived chickens that had been administered dietary mica (a potassium-rich mineral). Over a century earlier (in 1799), French chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin had noted this. The Kervran bio-transmutation story and its background is summarized eloquently in "Alchemists in the Garden," a chapter of the best-selling book The Secret Life of Plants by Peter Tompkins and the late Christopher Bird.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., The strange birth of the water fuel age: The cold fusion "miracle" was no mistake. Infinite Energy, 2000.
Mallove, E., The triumph of alchemy: Professor John Bockris and the transmutation crisis at Texas A&M. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(32): p. 9.
Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Texas A&M University, John O’M. Bockris, is one of the top two or three electrochemists of the twentieth century. He must be counted as a lineal intellectual descendant of one of the greatest scientists of all time, Michael Faraday, who was of humble birth but became a towering figure of nineteenth century science. Like Bockris, Faraday was raised in England and came to love many facets of science. In addition to his fundamental discoveries in electromagnetism, Faraday had much to do with the birth of electrochemistry. . . .
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., Ethics in the Cold Fusion Controversy. Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(35): p. 4.
Long time Infinite Energy readers are aware that we have repeatedly and vigorously discussed ethical issues that attend the multifaceted cold fusion controversy, a battle within the scientific community that has been roiling and boiling since March 1989. Thus, we were happy to receive a copy of the academic journal Accountability in Research (Vol. 8, Nos. 1-2, 2000), in which eight essays assess, in the words of Editor-in-Chief Dr. Adil E. Shamoo, "The Ethical Import of the Cold Fusion Controversy." This material makes up 90% of this journal issue and is a worthwhile 162-page collection of comment and history. Unfortunately, the journal is not widely available except in specialized libraries.
NOTE: All of the Accountability in Research papers were later added to the LENR-CANR.org library.
Mallove, E. LENR and "Cold Fusion" Excess Heat: Their Relation to Other Anomalous Microphysical Energy Experiments and Emerging New Energy Technologies. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
This paper is at:
http://www.infinite-energy.com/resources/iccf10.html
It begins:
During the past 15 years, indisputable experimental evidence has built up for substantial excess heat (far beyond ordinary chemical energy) and low-energy nuclear reaction phenomena in specialized heavy hydrogen and ordinary hydrogen-containing systems.1 The primary theorists in the field that is properly designated Cold Fusion/LENR have generally assumed that the excess heat phenomena is commensurate with nuclear ash (such as helium), whether already identified or presumed to be present but not yet found. That was an excellent initial hypothesis. However, the commensurate nuclear ash hypothesis has not been proved, and appears to be approximately correct in only a few experiments. During this same period, compelling evidence— although not as broadly verified as data from cold fusion/LENR— has also emerged for other microphysical sources of energy that were previously unexpected by accepted physics. . . .
Mallove, E., Intimations of Disaster: Glenn Seaborg, the Scientific Process, and the Origin of the "Cold Fusion War". Infinite Energy, 2004. 10(55): p. 40.
Almost seven years ago in an issue of Infinite Energy (#15/16, July-November 1997), we discussed some of the material that follows. But in 2004, with the U.S. Department of Energy’s impending review of the past fifteen years of evidence for low-energy nuclear reactions (a.k.a. "cold fusion"), it is an appropriate time to review -- in a fresh light -- a most critical turning point in the saga of cold fusion. In an episode which occurred in the spring of 1989, we find the seeds of the disastrous DOE response to cold fusion. Upon further investigation, I later found that the false premises that gave rise to the "Cold Fusion War" were evident as far back as 1964.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., New Energy and Early Aeronautics: The Perils and Rewards of Visionaries. Infinite Energy, 2004. 9(54): p. 51.
Last December the world celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Wright brothers’ triumph: the first controlled flight of a heavier-than-air craft on December 17, 1903. In honor of that now well-recognized historic event, we are reprinting a reflection by Wilbur Wright himself, which appeared in the Aero Club of America Bulletin in April 1912. The great aviation pioneer was celebrating the work of the now (2004) and then (1912) little-known Louis Pierre Mouillard, whose 1881 book, Empire of the Air, apparently played a seminal role in the history that led to the Wrights’ accomplishment. It is a fascinating story that offers lessons for the struggling New Energy community. Sad to say, the very next month, on May 30, 1912, Wilbur Wright died of typhoid fever. His brother, Orville, who had piloted the first flight, lived on to 1948.
AU=Mallove, E.Mallove, E., Historic Perspective on ICCF1: Dr. Mallove's Commentary on the Conference. Infinite Energy, 2008. 14(80): p. 18.
Infinite Energy founding editor, the late Dr. Eugene Mallove, attended the First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion (ICCF1), unofficially representing the MIT News Office and also in part conducting research for his "on again/off again" book contract from John Wiley & Sons (the publisher cancelled, then reinstated the contract for Fire from Ice: Searching for the Truth Behind the Cold Fusion Furor, which was ultimately released in May 1991).
The conference ended on March 30; on April 1, Gene recorded notes to himself about the event. We present here excerpted portions of the transcript, which are testament to Gene’s commitment to and excitement for the cold fusion field from the very start.
Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 307.
CA=Vavra, J.Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Response to 'Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I''. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 112.
CA=Vavra, J.Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Electron Transitions on Deep Dirac Levels II. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 59.
CA=Vavra, J.Maly, J.A. and J. Vavra, Reply to 'Letter to the Editor' Fusion Technol. 27, 348 [1995]". Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 386.
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Review in Italian.
L'articolo espone, in linguaggio non strettamente specialistico, i risultati piů recenti di una parte dell’attivitŕ sperimentale effettuata presso i Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell'Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare.
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CA=Isobe, Y., CA=Ueda, S., CA=Yabuta, K., CA=Ohishi, T., CA=Mori, H., CA=Takahashi, A.In order to induce coherent deuteron fusion in metal-deuteride, three kinds of experiments have been performed. In the closed type D2O /Pd electrolysis experiment, significant amount of helium-4 atom was detected in upper gas of electrolysis cell and inside the palladium cathode by QMS analysis. In the discharge type electrolysis experiment, anomalous elements were detected on the surface of cathode palladium by PIXE analysis after experiment. The detected elements are iron and zinc. Under electron beam irradiation to highly D-loaded palladium, anomalous spectra were taken in X-ray measurement.
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In experiments carried out in 1990 to investigate the application of the gas phase as a medium for cold fusion, a Pd vessel was exposed to deuterium gas, dissociated in an electric discharge at between -10 and -20 degrees C. The thickness of the metal was about one millimeter. In the first of a number of experiments positive indications of fusion were observed but these could not be repeated in subsequent experiments. The inability to repeat results has been found to occur in other cold fusion experiments and signifies that the processes involved are not understood (1). Since 1990, a number of results have been obtained which may put these earlier failures in a new light. In particular, the discovery by Miles (2), who reported positive results during electrolysis from 6mm thick rod after failure with Pd electrodes one mm thick. This introduces the bulk of the metal as a possible factor in the occurrence of cold fusion. Another noticeable feature of the absorption of deuterium in Pd is the obvious signs of cold work done on the metal. The surface is roughened, cracks appear and measurements show an apparent 15% increase in volume. With these factors in mind, a hypothesis has been formulated which seeks to explain how this might influence the process of cold fusion.
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CA=Smith, G. R., CA=Durocher, J. J. G., CA=Johnston, H. L., CA=Mathur, M. S., CA=Mayer, J. K., CA=Mirzai, A., CA=Yeo, Y. H., CA=Hempel, A., CA=Hnatiuk, H., CA=King, S.McKee, S.G., J.P. Magennis, and F.A. Lewis, Hydrogen Isotope Distribution Equilibria in the Pd/H2-H2O System. Surf. Technol., 1982. 16: p. 175.
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McKibben, J.L., Catalytic behavior of one (or two) subquarks bound to their nuclear hosts. Infinite Energy, 1997. 3(13/14): p. 103.
McKibben, J.L., Recent observations that yield information on catalytic particles. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 70.
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McKibben, J.L., Explanation of low-intensity cold fusion. 1990.
McKibben, J.L., Passed-Over Evidence for Fractionally-Charged Particles with Associated Color Change. 1990.
McKibben, J.L., Particles as Standing Waves in a Superdense Aether. 1994.
McKibben, J.L., Can Cold Fusion be Catalyzed by Fractionally-Charged Ions that have Evaded FC Particle Searches. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(4): p. 14.
McKibben, J.L., The missed fractionally-charged particles. 1995.
McKibben, J.L., Design of a nuclear-powered steam engine or jet for space propulsion. 1998.
McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Calorimetry and Electrochemistry in the D/Pd System. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Rocha-Filho, R. C., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Chao, J., CA=Chexal, B., CA=Passell, T. O., CA=Santucci, J.
Experiments have been performed to examine the anomalous effects associated with the D/Pd system, and to discover some of the experimental variables that might be important to the effects. Experiments were concerned with calorimetry of the D/Pd system, but also monitored those experimental variables that might be important in causing the effects: the D/Pd ratio and its rate of change, interfacial phenomena such as the reduction of D2O, or reduction of contaminant species.
Two types of calorimeters were employed: a differential calorimeter and a flow calorimeter. In both of these instruments the electrochemical cell was pressurized with D2 gas to 60 atm. The calorimeters were designed to facilitate on-line measurement of the resistance of the Pd cathode, and for high quality measurements of the interfacial impedance. In both calorimeters the electrochemical system has produced evidence of heat output appearing in bursts, apparently in excess of known input power source. . . .
McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Isothermal Flow Calorimetric Investigations of the D/Pd System. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Rocha-Filho, R. C., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Passell, T. O., CA=Santucci, J.
INTRODUCTION
An experimental program was undertaken to explore the central idea proposed by Fleischmann et al. that heat, and possibly nuclear products, could be created in palladium lattices under electrolytic conditions
McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Excess Power Observations in Electrochemical Studies of the D/Pd System; The Influence of Loading. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Riley, A. M., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L.
ABSTRACT
Excess power measurements have been carried out on a deuterium-based electrochemical system of novel design. The excess power generation is reported as a function of electrochemical current and cathode loading. A phenomenological model for excess power production is introduced and briefly discussed.
McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Loading, Calorimeteric and Nuclear Investigation of the D/Pd System. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Bush, B. F., CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Hauser, A., CA=Jevtic, N., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Williams, M., CA=Wing, S.McKubre, M.C.H., et al. An overview of excess heat production in deuterated palladium system. in IECEC Conference. 1994. Monterey, CA.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Hauser, A., CA=Jevtic, N., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L.McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Development of Advanced Concepts for Nuclear Processes in Deuterated Metals, TR-104195. 1994, Electric Power Research Institute.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Williams, M., CA=Wing, S., CA=Maly-Schreiber, M., CA=Rocha-Filho, R. C., CA=Searson, P. C., CA=Pronko, J. G., CA=Kohler, D. A.
Abstract
The excess heat generated in electrochemical cells with palladium cathodes and heavy water electrolyte appears to be far too large to result from chemical or metallurgical transformation. The evidence implies that the heat source is a nuclear reaction of some as yet undetermined nature.
This book is available here:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104195
The LENR-CANR.org version is searchable.
McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Isothermal Flow Calorimetric Investigations of the D/Pd and H/Pd Systems. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 368: p. 55.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Rocha-Filho, R. C., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Passell, T. O., CA=Santucci, J.
Abstract
Isothermal calorimetric studies of the D/Pd and H/Pd systems have been carried out at high deuterium (hydrogen) loadings (i.e. [D(H)]/[Pd] > 0.9) at approximately 30°C. Under these conditions, the generation of “excess power” was observed in a series of deuterium-based experiments, but not in a hydrogen-based experiment. The results of these experiments enable several (tentative) conclusions to be reached concerning the conditions necessary for the reproducible observation of this anomalous thermal effect.
McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Concerning Reproducibility of Excess Power Production. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Hauser, A. K., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Williams, M. S., CA=Wing, S.McKubre, M.C.H., et al. New Hydrogen Energy Research at SRI. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Williams, M., CA=Wing, S.McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Energy Production Processes In Deuterated Metals. 1998, EPRI: Palo Alto.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Hauser, A., CA=Jevtic, N., CA=Smedley, S. I., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Williams, M., CA=Wing, S., CA=Bush, B. F., CA=McMahon, F., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Wark, A. W., CA=Warren, D.McKubre, M.C.H. and F.L. Tanzella. Materials Issues of Loading Deuterium into Palladium and the Association with Excess Heat Production. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Tanzella, F. L.
Abstract
The ability of palladium cathodes to attain and maintain high loading levels, at high current density and for long times, is controlled by two factors: the condition of the electrochemical interface which allows the attainment of high deuterium activity; the defect density and mechanical condition of the bulk material which permits the Pd lattice to withstand and contain high bulk deuterium activities when these equilibrate to produce extreme pressures of deuterium gas inside closed incipient voids within the metal.
Examples are given from a set of 26 intentionally similar current ramps which show three distinct Modes of loading performance: Mode A - a linear decrease of Pd resistance, beyond the resistance maximum, with logarithmic increase in electrochemical current; Mode B - an initial log-linear decrease on the Mode A trajectory, followed by a rapid increase in resistance when the resistance falls below a critical value; Mode C - a shallow decrease in resistance with approximately symmetric increase as the [log] current density is increased beyond a threshold value similar to that for Mode B. Mode A is most frequently associated with the appearance of calorimetrically determined excess heat.
McKubre, M.C.H., S. Crouch-Baker, and F.L. Tanzella, Conditions for the observation of excess power in the D/Pd system. 1999.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=Tanzella, F. L.McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Finite Element Modeling of the Transient Colorimetric Behavior of the MATRIX Experimental Apparatus: 4He and Excess of Power Production Correlation through Numerical Results. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Violante, V.McKubre, M.C.H., et al. The Emergence of a Coherent Explanation for Anomalies Observed in D/Pd and H/Pd System: Evidence for 4He and 3He Production. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Hagelstein, P. L.
Introduction
Numerous observations have been made of apparent anomalies in carefully performed experimental studies of D/Pd and H/Pd systems. Such anomalies include: prompt emission of electrons and charged particles; unexplained heat in excess of known input sources; the residual presence of light elements (notably 3H, 3He and 4He); the possible occurrence of isotope anomalies in higher mass elements (including the host metal); unusual electrical conductance effects both stable and transient (not discussed in this paper). The features that unify these apparently disparate observations are the common elements of the needed experimental stimuli, and the requirement for extended lattice coherent processes in any obvious explanation.
McKubre, M.C.H. Closing comments summerizing the status and progress of experimental studies. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
McKubre summarizes his impressions and reports on experiments at the ICCF-9 conference, Beijing, China, 2002.
AU=McKubre, M. C. H.McKubre, M.C.H., et al. Progress towards replication. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Violante, V.
ABSTRACT
A collaborative effort has been established formally between SRI International in Menlo Park, California, and ENEA (Frascati) in Italy. In addition to providing a framework for an International replication effort, this collaboration is intended to focus the complementary skills of the two laboratories on carefully selected problems of Pd/D studies.
McKubre, M.C.H. Review of experimental measurements involving dd reactions (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
PowerPoint slides presented at the Short Course on LENR for ICCF-10, August 25, 2003.
AU=McKubre, M. C. H.McKubre, M.C.H. The Need for Triggering in Cold Fusion Reactions. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
It has long been recognized that initiation of the cold fusion heat effect observed in heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes requires simultaneous attainment of three conditions: (i) high loading or chemical potential of D within the Pd lattice; (ii) an initiation time at least ten times larger than the D diffusion time constant: (iii) a minimum or threshold electrochemical surface current or current density that is not correlated to the bulk D loading. In 1995 a fourth condition was added with the recognition [5] that (iv) deuterium flux plays an important role in determining the excess heat power density.
AU=McKubre, M. C. H.McKubre, M.C.H. and F.L. Tanzella. Using resistivity to measure H/Pd and D/Pd loading: method and significance. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Tanzella, F. L.The resistance ratio method is the most frequent technique used to determine the extent of interstitial loading of hydrogen or deuterium atoms into palladium electrodes, or extended structures used in electrolytic or gas phase cold fusion experiments. Specifically, advantage is taken of an empirical relationship between the measured resistance, R, normalized to that of the same body at the same temperature in the absence of hydrogen isotope, R°, hence R/R°, and the atomic fraction occupancy of octahedral interstitials, x = H/Pd or D/Pd. This method was first suggested and employed in cold fusion studies by the present authors [1], and received immediate and widespread acceptance because of the ease with which this experimental technique could be used to make insitu, real-time measurements of a parameter, D/Pd, anticipated [2] or hypothesized [3-6] at that time to relate to cold fusion heat excess or nuclear production.
AU=McKubre, M. C. H.McKubre, M.C.H. Cold Fusion at SRI (PowerPoint slides). in APS March Meeting. 2007. Denver, CO.
Cold Fusion at SRI
An 18 Year Retrospective
(and brief Prospective)
McKubre, M.C.H. and F.L. Tanzella. Mass Flow Calorimetry. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Tanzella, F. L.
Discussion of the Mass Flow first principles calorimeter in this paper is based primarily on the analysis and experience gained at SRI in answering the question: “is there a Fleischmann Pons heat effect (FPE)”? Subsequently other mass flow calorimeters, or more generically heat balance calorimeters, were designed to answer this same question and some comment will be directed to the technical differences resulting from different design philosophies, specifically those designed and operated by ENEA, and Energetics Technologies.
Discussion will be undertaken of ideal and non-ideal calorimeter operation, design principles and practical implementation including long and short term accuracy and sensitivity as well as limitations of heat balance calorimeters as the vehicle chosen to study the FPE.
McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Replication of Condensed Matter Heat Production, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 219-247.
CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Dardik, I., CA=El-Boher, A., CA=Zilov, T., CA=Greenspan, E., CA=Sibilia, C., CA=Violante, V.McKubre, M.C.H. The Importance of Replication. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Much discussion in the Condensed Matter Nuclear Science or “Cold Fusion” fields centers on the subject of replication. It is a topic that comes up in essentially every conversation about the Fleischmann Pons Effect (FPE). Assembled here is a set of essentially personal views on this subject of replication.
AU=McKubre, M. C. H.McKubre, M.C.H., F.L. Tanzella, and V. Violante. The Significance of Replication (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Violante, V.What have we learned in 18 years of experiments performed at SRI, about the experimental conditions for success and reasons for failed replication?
AU=McKubre, M. C. H.McKubre, M.C.H. COLD FUSION, LENR, the Fleischmann-Pons Effect; ONE PERSPECTIVE on the STATE of the SCIENCE (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
* March 23rd1989 Fleischmann and Pons reported results of: an anomalous heat effect resulting from the extensive, electrochemical insertion of deuterium into palladium cathodes occurring over an extended period of time by means of electrolysis of heavy water in alkaline electrolytes.
* This heat effect was at a level consistent with Nuclear but not Chemical energy or known lattice Storage effects, but occurred (mostly) without penetrating radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons) or activation (3H).
* Nuclear level heat effects have been observed in the D/Pd system with energies 100ˇ¦s or 1,000ˇ¦s times known chemical effects.
McKubre, M.C.H., What Happened to Cold Fusion (PowerPoint slides). 2011, Cafe Scientifique, SRI International Building.
These are the PowerPoint slides from a lecture by Michael McKubre of SRI, Inc.
A look at McKubre's own work and at some of the major trends in the field, especially the gas-loading approach pioneered by Arata and Piantelli, which and now the focus of the field, especially with Rossi. It is available as an 8-part video on YouTube:
1. Introduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtweR_qGHEc
2. Major Segments http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeikEgjC1qg
3. Department of Energy Reference http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqeA8n37XFg
4. Necessary but Not Sufficient Conditions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_XN52jXl78
5. Gas-Loading Experiments http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYZfgvSFYDM
6. Experiments by Italian Scientists http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3N3dWlIPUQ
7. Recap http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QhIWrA4pGI
8. Q&A Discussion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWkVyg_iul4
McNally, J.R., On the possibility of a nuclear mass-energy resonance in deuterium + deuterium reactions at low energy. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 237.
McNeil, J.A. Relativistic Hyperfine Interaction and the Spence-Vary Resonance. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Mebrahtu, T., et al., Observations on the surface composition of palladium cathodes after D2O electrolysis in LiOD solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 267: p. 351.
CA=Rodriguez, J. F., CA=Bothwell, M. E., CA=Cheng, I. F., CA=Lawson, D. R., CA=McBride, J. R., CA=Martin, C. R., CA=Soriaga, M. P.Melendez, L., et al., Titanium deuteration with neutron emission through electrical discharges. Fusion Technol., 1998. 35: p. 71.
CA=Chavez, E., CA=Lopez, R., CA=Cruz, G. J., CA=Olayo, M. G.Melich, M.E. and W.N. Hansen. Some Lessons from 3 Years of Electrochemical Calorimetry. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Hansen, W. N.An analysis of the time series data from the 16 Harwell FPH electrochemical cells is being conducted. Using generally accepted calorimetric principles and detailed numerical analysis, the behavior of “cold fusion” output data is used to estimate the instrumental sensitivity and the time varying accuracy of the results of the experiments. In Harwell’s D2O Cell 3 there are more than ten time intervals where an unexplained power source or energy storage mechanism may be operating. A comparison to a previous analysis of Pons and Fleischmann data is made.
AU=Melich, M. E.Melich, M.E. and W.N. Hansen. Back to the Future, The Fleischmann-Pons Effect in 1994. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Hansen, W. N.
Abstract
From its initial public announcement on 23 March 1989, the Fleischmann-Pons Effect (FPE) has been attributed to:
nuclear fusion
nuclear fission
exotic chemistry
some previously unidentified law of nature
instrumental error.
Highly public as well as private efforts were made in 1989 to decide if an FPE existed and if so, what caused it. This paper reevaluates some of the factual bases for the scientific and management judgments of 1989 with the advantage of what has been learned after four years of worldwide experimentation and analysis. We conclude that there is an FPE and its signature is heat. Data existed in 1989 that could have lead to this conclusion. The source of the excess heat is still not understood. Scientific progress was not made through this debate, which was largely uninformed by appropriate experimentation, and patent considerations may have played a determining role in the scientific progress associated with the FPE.
Mellican, R.E., From fusion frenzy to fraud: Reflections on science and its cultural norms. Bull. Sci. Tech. Soc., 1992. 12: p. 1.
Mendes, R.V., Ergodic motion and near collisions in a Coulomb system. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1991. 5: p. 1179.
Mengoli, G., et al., The observation of tritium in the electrolysis of D2O at palladium sheet electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 304: p. 279.
CA=Fabrizio, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Zannoni, G., CA=Riccardi, L., CA=Veronesi, F., CA=Buffa, A.Mengoli, G., et al. Tritium and Neutron Emission in Conventional and Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis of D2O at Pd and Ti Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Fabrizio, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Zannoni, G., CA=Riccardi, L., CA=Buffa, A.Mengoli, G., et al., Tritium and neutron emission in D2O electrolysis at Pd and Ti cathodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 322: p. 107.
CA=Fabrizio, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Zannoni, G., CA=Riccardi, L., CA=Buffa, A.Mengoli, G., et al., Surface and bulk effects in the extraction of hydrogen from highly loaded Pd sheet electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 350: p. 57.
CA=Fabrizio, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Zannoni, G.Mengoli, G., et al., Absorption-desorption of deuterium at Pd95%-Rh5% alloy. I: Environment and temperature effects. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 390: p. 135.
CA=Fabrizio, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Milli, E., CA=Zannoni, G.Mengoli, G., et al., Absorption-desorption of deuterium at Pd95%-Rh5% alloy. II: Neutron emission. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 395: p. 249.
CA=Fabrizio, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Milli, E., CA=Zannoni, G.Mengoli, G., et al. The nickel-K2CO3, H2O system: an electrochemical and calorimetric examination. in Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 1997: Societa Italiana Di Fisica.
CA=Bernardini, M., CA=Comisso, N., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Zannoni, G.Mengoli, G., et al., Anomalous heat effects correlated with electrochemical hydriding of nickel. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1998. 20 D: p. 331.
CA=Bernardini, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Zannoni, G.Mengoli, G., et al., Calorimetry close to the boiling temperature of the D2O/Pd electrolytic system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 444: p. 155.
CA=Bernardini, M., CA=Manduchi, C., CA=Zannoni, G.Menlove, H.O., et al. Measurement of Neutron Emission From Cylinders Containing Titanium With Pressurized Deuterium Gas. in Workshop on Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989. Santa Fe, NM,.
CA=Fowler, M. M., CA=Garcia, E., CA=Mayer, A., CA=Miller, M. C., CA=Ryan, R. R.Menlove, H.O. High-Sensitivity Measurements of Neutron Emission From Ti Metal in Pressurized D2 Gas. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Menlove, H.O., et al., Measurement of neutron emission from Ti and Pd in pressurized D2 gas and D2O electrolysis cells. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 495.
CA=Fowler, M. M., CA=Garcia, E., CA=Miller, M. C., CA=Paciotti, M. A., CA=Ryan, R. R., CA=Jones, S. E.Menlove, H.O. and M.C. Miller, Neutron-burst detectors for cold-fusion experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1990. 299: p. 10.
CA=Miller, M. C.Menlove, H.O., et al. Reproducible Neutron Emission Measurements From Ti Metal in Pressurized D2 Gas. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Paciotti, M. A., CA=Claytor, T. N., CA=Maltrud, H. R., CA=Rivera, O. M., CA=Tuggle, D. G., CA=Jones, S. E.
ABSTRACT
During the past year, we have measured neutron emission from samples of titanium (Ti) metal and sponge in pressurized D2 gas. In January 1990, we improved our sample preparation procedure and our detector sensitivity level so that the neutron-emission measurements are now reproducible, but not yet predictable. We have measured excess neutron emission from the majority of our most recent samples using our high-sensitivity neutron detectors. The improved sensitivity in our new detector system was obtained by using low-radioactive-background stainless steel tubes, a small detector volume with high efficiency, and additional cosmic-ray shielding. Our most sensitive detector consists of two independent segments making up inner and outer rings of 3He tubes. The combined total efficiency is 44%. In addition to inner and outer ring segments, we have three separate detector systems operating in parallel control experiments to monitor environmental change. We have measured neutron bursts from a variety of samples containing Ti metal and D2 gas. The low-multiplicity bursts, emitting from 2 to 10 n, occur much more frequently than the higher multiplicity bursts. By measuring high-mass samples (300 g Ti) over several weeks, with many liquid nitrogen temperature cycles, we have detected neutron emission above the background from most of the samples with a significance level of 3 to 9 σ.
Menlove, H.O., et al., The measurement of neutron emission from Ti plus D2 gas. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 215.
CA=Fowler, M. M., CA=Garcia, E., CA=Mayer, A., CA=Miller, M. C., CA=Ryan, R. R., CA=Jones, S. E.Menlove, H.O., et al. Low-background Measurements of Neutron Emission from Ti Metal in Pressurized Deuterium Gas. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Paciotti, M. A., CA=Claytor, T. N., CA=Tuggle, D. G.
ABSTRACT
A wide variety of neutron detector systems have been used at various research facilities to search for anomalous neutron emission from deuterated metals. Some of these detector systems are summarized here together with possible sources of spurious signals from electronic noise. During the past two years, we have performed experiments to measure neutron emission from pressurized D2 gas mixed with various forms of titanium metal chips and sponge. Details concerning the neutron detectors, experimental procedures, and results have been reported previously. Our recent experiments have focused on increasing the low-level neutron emission and finding a way to trigger the emission. To improve our detection sensitivity, we have increased the shielding in our counting laboratory, changed to low-background 3He tubes, and set up additional detector systems in deep underground counting stations. This report is an update on this experimental work.
Merriman, B. and P. Burchard, An attempted replication of the CETI cold fusion experiment. 1996.
CA=Burchard, P.Meulenberg, A. and K.P. Sinha. Tunneling Beneath the 4He Fragmentation Energy (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Sinha, K. P.
Abstract
At ICCF-14, we presented the means whereby the repulsive Coulomb barrier between hydrogen (deuterium) nuclei is reduced in length, perhaps by orders of magnitude. This mechanism, involving optical phonons and electric fields (internally or externally generated) in a lattice that induce the formation of H- H+ (D- D+) pairs, increases the tunneling probability by more than 100 orders of magnitude. It has additional major consequences.
The lattice constraints and collision processes force the ions into a temporary, but cyclic, 1-D configuration that greatly deepens the electron ground-state potential well. The tightly-bound and energetic electron pair (a local-charged Boson - the lochon) becomes more than strong screening, it becomes a binding force between the nuclei. Thus, the Coulomb-barrier height is reduced as well as its length. With this greatly enhanced barrier-penetration probability, the energy level of nuclei with reasonable tunneling probability drops from the multi-100 keV range down into the eV range. . . .
Meyerhof, W.E. Statistical Analysis of a Cold Fusion Experiment. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Meyerhof, W.E., Statistical Analysis of a 'Cold Fusion' experiment. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1991. 153: p. 391.
Miao, B., Experimental exploration on possible mechanism of D-D cold fusion in titanium lattice. Xibei Shifan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1994. 30: p. 44 (in Chinese).
Miao, B., Experimental exploration on the possible mechanism of D-D cold fusion in titanium lattice. Xibei Shifan Xuebao. Ziran Kexueban, 1994. 30(1): p. 39 (in Chinese).
Michrowski, A., Advanced transmutation processes and their application for the decontamination of radioactive nuclear waste. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 122.
Middleton, R., J. Klein, and D. Fink, Tritium measurements with a tandem accelerator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 1990. 47: p. 409.
CA=Klein, J., CA=Fink, D.Miles, M., K.H. Park, and D.E. Stilwell, Electrochemical calorimetric evidence for cold fusion in the palladium-deuterium system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 296: p. 241.
CA=Park, K. H., CA=Stilwell, D. E.Miles, M., K.H. Park, and D.E. Stilwell. Electrochemical Calorimetric Studies of the Cold Fusion Effect. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Park, K. H., CA=Stilwell, D. E.Several types of calorimetric cell designs were used in attempts to measure excess enthalpy during the electrolysis of LiOD/D2O using palladium cathodes. Control experiments were run by using light water in place of D2O or by using platinum cathodes in place of palladium. Initial experiments using thin palladium cathodes of an unknown purity gave no significant differences between the Pd/D2O cells and the controls. For example, the ratio of heat out to Joule heat in was 1.00 ±0.04 for one study and 1.065 ±0.04 for another study in LiOD/D2O compared to 1.075 ±0.07 in LiOH/H2O. The use of a much thicker palladium rod (99.96%, d = 0.635 cm) from Johnson Matthey, however, resulted in calorimetric evidence for excess enthalpy in five out of six cells. The excess rate of heating averaged 0.39 W/cm3 over a 9-day period in one experiment. The total excess enthalpy observed was 110,000 J. This excess enthalpy is difficult to explain by chemical reactions. Similar experiments conducted in H2O did not produce significant amounts of excess enthalpy. Possible experimental errors in these calorimetric studies are being investigated.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M. and R.E. Miles, Theoretical neutron flux levels, dose rates, and metal foil activation in electrochemical cold fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 295: p. 409.
CA=Miles, R. E.Miles, M., et al. Heat and Helium Production in Cold Fusion Experiments. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Bush, B. F., CA=Ostrom, G. S., CA=Lagowski, J. J.Miles, M. and B.F. Bush. Calorimetric Principles and Problems in Pd-D2O Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Bush, B. F.
ABSTRACT
Most of the laboratories involved with the question of excess enthalpy in Pd-D2O electrolysis experiments have employed isoperibolic calorimetric techniques. A careful re-examination of earlier results from several laboratories (California Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harwell Laboratory) is needed in terms of our present understanding of electrochemical calorimetry. Error sources in their experiments are discussed. There is possible evidence for excess power production in the Pd-D2O electrolysis experiments at one of these laboratories.
A significant experimental problem in many isoperibolic calorimetric studies is the fact that the decrease in the electrolyte level due to electrolysis produces a significant decrease in the calorimetric cell constant if the temperature is measured in the electrolyte of the electrochemical cell. Furthermore, heat conduction pathways out of the top of the cell can produce large errors, especially at low power levels. There is no steady state in electrochemical calorimetry, hence accurate results require the evaluation of all terms in the differential equation governing the calorimeter.
Miles, M. and C.P. Jones, Cold fusion experimenter Miles responds to critic. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 1992. Spring: p. 75.
CA=Jones, C. P.Miles, M. and B.F. Bush. Search for Anomalous Effects Involving Excess Power and Helium During D2O Electrolysis Using Palladium Cathodes. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Bush, B. F.Miles, M., et al., Correlation of excess power and helium production during D2O and H2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 346: p. 99.
CA=Hollins, R. A., CA=Bush, B. F., CA=Lagowski, J. J., CA=Miles, R. E.
Abstract
A critical issue in determining whether or not the anomalous effects that occur during D2O electrolysis are of nuclear origin is the measurement of nuclear products in amounts sufficient to explain the rate of excess enthalpy generation. Calorimetric evidence of excess power up to 27% was measured during the electrolysis of heavy water using palladium cathodes. Maximum excess power was 0.52 W (1.5 W/cm3) at 250 mA/cm2. Eight electrolysis gas samples collected during episodes of excess power production in two identical cells and analysed by mass spectrometry showed the presence of 4He. Furthermore, the amount of helium detected correlated qualitatively with the amount of excess power and was within an order of magnitude of the theoretical estimate of helium production based upon fusion of deuterium to form 4He. Any production of 3He or neutrons in these experiments was below our detection limits. However, the exposure of dental X-ray films placed outside the cells suggests the emission of radiation. Control experiments performed in exactly the same way but using H2O + LiOH in place of D2O + LiOD gave no evidence of helium, excess power or radiation.
Miles, M. and B.F. Bush. Heat and Helium Measurements in Deuterated Palladium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Bush, B. F.Miles, M., Letter to Steven E. Jones. 1993.
Miles, M., B.F. Bush, and J.J. Lagowski, Anomalous effects involving excess power, radiation, and helium production during D2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 478.
CA=Bush, B. F., CA=Lagowski, J. J.Miles, M., B.F. Bush, and D.E. Stilwell, Calorimetric principles and problems in measurements of excess power during Pd-D2O electrolysis. J. Phys. Chem., 1994. 98: p. 1948.
CA=Bush, B. F., CA=Stilwell, D. E.Miles, M. and B.F. Bush, Heat and Helium Measurements in Deuterated Palladium. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 156.
CA=Bush, B. F.Miles, M. The Extraction of Information From an Integrating Open Calorimeter in Fleischmann-Pons Effect Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Miles, M. and K.B. Johnson, Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Systems, Final Report. 1996, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division.
CA=Johnson, K. B.
ABSTRACT
Excess power was measured in 28 out of 94 electrochemical experiments conducted using palladium or palladium‑alloy cathodes in heavy water. Reproducibility continues to be the major problem in this controversial research area. Based on our experiments, this lack of reproducibility stems from unknown variables in the palladium metal. The best reproducibility for excess power was obtained using palladium‑boron materials supplied by the Naval Research Laboratory. Our basic isoperibolic calorimeters were capable of measuring excess power with a sensitivity of "1% of the input power or "20 mW, whichever was larger. Calorimeters that are capable of detecting excess power levels of 1 watt per cubic centimeter of palladium are essential for research in this field. Results from our laboratory indicate that helium‑4 is the missing nuclear product accompanying the excess heat. Thirty out of 33 experiments showed a correlation between either excess power and helium production or no excess power and no excess helium. The collection of the electrolysis gases in both glass and metal flasks place the helium production rate at 1011 to 1012 atoms per second per watt of excess power. This is the correct magnitude for typical deuteron fusion reactions that yield helium‑4 as a product. Anomalous radiation was defected in some experiments by the use of X‑ray films, Geiger‑Mueller counters, and by the use of sodium iodide detectors. There was never any significant production of tritium in any of our experiments.
Miles, M. and K.B. Johnson, Electrochemical insertion of hydrogen into metals and alloys. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5 & 6): p. 68.
CA=Johnson, K. B.
ABSTRACT
Hydrogen in metals has possible applications in various energy storage devices. For the palladium-deuterium system, excess power production and other anomalous effects have been reported. This study focused on hydrogen and deuterium insertion into palladium and deuterium insertion into various palladium-boron alloys. The condition of the metal surface is a major factor in the insertion of hydrogen or deuterium into palladium or palladium-boron alloys. Cracks or other surface defects prevent high loading levels of hydrogen in metals. The addition of boron to palladium does not affect the initial loading rate but slows further loading to higher levels. The presence of boron in the palladium significantly slows the rate of the deloading process.
Miles, M., K.B. Johnson, and M.A. Imam. Electrochemical loading of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium and palladium-boron alloys. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Johnson, K. B., CA=Imam, M. A.
Abstract
Excess power production and other anomalous effects have been observed during the electrolysis of heavy water using palladium and palladium-boron alloys as the cathode materials. This study focused on hydrogen and deuterium loading into palladium and palladium-boron alloys. Improved calorimetry provided for the detection of the exothermic heat of absorption of deuterium into palladium and palladium-alloy cathodes. The addition of boron to palladium does not significantly affect the initial loading rate but slows further loading to higher levels. The presence of boron in the palladium significantly slows the rate of the deloading process. Cracks or other surface defects prevent high loading levels of hydrogen or deuterium into palladium or palladium-boron alloys.
Miles, M., K.B. Johnson, and M.A. Imam. Heat and Helium Measurements Using Palladium and Palladium Alloys in Heavy Water. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Johnson, K. B., CA=Imam, M. A.Miles, M. and K.B. Johnson. Improved, Open Cell, Heat Conduction, Isoperibolic Calorimetry. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Johnson, K. B.Miles, M., Electrochemical calorimetric studies of palladium and palladium alloys in heavy water. 1998: Sapporo, Japan.
Miles, M. and B.F. Bush. Radiation Measurements at China Lake:Real or Artifacts? in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Bush, B. F.
ABSTRACT
Anomalously high radiation counts were observed using several different Geiger-Mueller (GM) detectors as well as sodium iodide (NaI) detectors during electrolysis experiments with palladium cathodes in heavy water. These high radiation counts were often observed in co-deposition experiments where palladium metal is deposited from a D2O solution onto a copper cathode in the presence of evolving deuterium gas. The anomalous radiation counts reached values as high as 73 sigma above normal background counts. The anomalous radiation would appear within a few hours in the co-deposition experiments where the palladium is loaded with deuterium as it deposits from solution. In contrast, the appearance of anomalous radiation required days of electrolysis for the palladium rods that load much slower. The real or artifact question stems mainly from the fact that two similar GM detectors often gave different results in monitoring the excess radiation. A few experiments, nevertheless, gave simultaneous anomalous effects from two different radiation detectors.
Miles, M., Reply to 'An assessment of claims of excess heat in cold fusion calorimetry'. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998. 102: p. 3648.
Miles, M., Reply to 'Examination of claims of Miles et al. in Pons-Fleischmann-type cold fusion experiments'. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998. 102: p. 3642.
Miles, M. Production of helium in the cold. in 18th Annual Meeting of the Society for Scientific Exploration. 1999. Albuquerque, NM.
Miles, M., M.A. Imam, and M. Fleischmann. "Case Studies" of Two Experiments Carried Out With the ICARUS Systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Imam, M. A., CA=Fleischmann, M.Miles, M. Calorimetric Studies of Palladium Alloy Cathodes Using Fleischmann-Pons Dewar Type Cells. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
New experiments in sensitive calorimeters displayed the characteristics of the excess power effect during seven different occasions. These measurements clearly show the anomalous increase in the cell temperature despite the steadily decreasing electrical input power during Pd/D2O+LiOD/Pt electrolysis. This strange behavior can be modeled by the use of an anomalous excess power term in the calorimetric equations. Two thermistors used in each calorimetric cell always show nearly identical temperature changes, thus errors due to temperature gradients within the cell are unlikely. The onset of the excess power apparently develops in a gradual manner. There were never any large, abrupt increases in the excess power. The addition of D2O with its sudden cooling of the cell generally dissipated the excess power effect. No clear triggering events for the excess power could be identified. Possible chemical explanations for the excess power are discussed. Normal behavior was always observed for a similar experiment conducted as a control.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M., Calorimetric studies of Pd/D2O+LiOD electrolysis cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2000. 482: p. 56.
My first three experiments conducted at NHE using the Fleischmann-Pons (F-P) Dewar type cells investigated the Pd-Ce-B, Pd-B, and Pd-Ce alloy cathodes. Significant excess power was produced from the cells using the Pd-B and Pd-Ce alloy cathodes. The Pd-Ce-B alloy, in contrast, showed no measureable excess power effects. Previous experiments at China Lake using similar Pd-B alloy cathodes prepared by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) produced excess heat in seven out of eight experiments. The same Pd-Ce cathode that was used at NHE also produced significant excess power in previous experiments at China Lake. Due to the controversy over methods of data analysis for the F-P cells (see ICCF-5 Proceedings, 1995, pp. 105-115), I developed my own methods while at NHE. As I refined my methods for evaluating the calorimetric measurements, they approached more closely the methods outlined by Fleischmann and Pons in their Icarus Systems handbooks available at NHE. The method previously developed by NHE for the analysis of the F-P cells showed no excess heat for any of these same three experiments. The major problem with the NHE method is that a single calibration was used in determining the effective radiative heat transfer coefficient for the cell. An incorrect heat transfer coefficient can readily confuse the excess heat effect with the calorimetric error for the system. Calorimetric results for the same experiment using the NHE method, my method, and the F-P method for data analysis are compared. The fact that the alternative NHE method showed no excess heat for F-P cells illustrates the problem in transferring calorimetric methods from one laboratory to another. The second laboratory often fails to follow directions and makes changes that compromise the calorimetry. Similar problems were encountered in the attempt to transfer the China Lake calorimetry to NRL, hence excess heat was not observed.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M., Report on Calorimetric Studies at the NHE Laboratory in Sapporo, Japan. Infinite Energy, 2000. 5(30): p. 22.
Experiments using China Lake type calorimetric cells produced excess power in three out of three experiments and no excess power in three control studies. A detailed analysis is presented for two experiments using the China Lake cells. Anomalous thermistor signals in Cell A suggest the emission of electromagnetic radiation from the active palladium cathode. Experiments in Fleischmann-Pons type calorimetric cells produced excess power in six out of eight experiments. These studies involved palladium alloy cathodes, co-deposition of palladium and deuterium from the solution, and electromigration using thin palladium wires.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M., M.A. Imam, and M. Fleischmann, Calorimetric analysis of a heavy water electrolysis experiment using a Pd-B alloy cathode. Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 2001. 2001-23: p. 194.
CA=Imam, M. A., CA=Fleischmann, M.Miles, M., M. Fleischmann, and M.A. Imam, Calorimetric Analysis of a Heavy Water Electrolysis Experiment Using a Pd-B Alloy Cathode. 2001: Washington. p. 154.
CA=Fleischmann, M., CA=Imam, M. A.Miles, M., et al. The Elevation of Boiling Points in H2O and D2O Electrolytes. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University.: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Arman, H. D., CA=Carrick, J. D., CA=Gren, C. K., CA=Haggerty, K. A., CA=Kim, H. Y., CA=Ky, A. G., CA=Markham, J. E., CA=Meeks, C. F., CA=Noga, D. E.
ABSTRACT
The excess enthalpy effect in cold fusion experiments for Pd/D2O + LiOD systems is subject to positive feedback, i.e., increasing the cell temperature increases the excess enthalpy. Therefore, the largest excess enthalpy effects are often observed near or at the boiling point corresponding to that of the electrolyte solution in the cell. The exact boiling temperatures at different electrolyte concentrations are needed for cold fusion experiments. These studies of LiOH in H2O and LiOD in D2O both show boiling point elevations at higher concentrations that are significantly lower than theoretical calculations based on ideal solutions. Activity coefficients of LiOD in D2O at the boiling point of D2O (101.42°C) are also reported. These boiling point measurements suggest a purity problem with heavy water samples that may contribute to the reproducibility problem for excess enthalpy.
Miles, M., et al. Thermal Behavior of Polarized Pd/D Electrodes Prepared by Co-deposition. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Fleischmann, M.
ABSTRACT
The thermal behavior of a polarized Pd+D electrode prepared by the co-deposition technique and serving as the cathode in the Fleischmann-Pons (F/P) Dewar-type electrochemical cell/calorimeter was investigated at the NHE Laboratory in Sapporo, Japan. These measurements show that (i) excess enthalpy is generated during and after the completion of the co-deposition process, (ii) rates of excess enthalpy generation are somewhat higher than when Pd wires or other forms of Pd electrodes are used and (iii) positive feedback and heat-after-death effects were present in this system.
Miles, M. Correlation Of Excess Enthalpy And Helium-4 Production: A Review. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Three different sets of experiments conducted in the Navy Laboratory (NAWCWD) at China Lake, California (1990-1994) clearly established that helium-4 is the main fusion product in the Pd/D2O+LiOD electrolysis system. A correlation between excess enthalpy and excess helium-4 was measured in 18 out of 21 experiments. The observation of no excess enthalpy was correlated with no excess helium-4 in 12 out of 12 experiments. Thus 30 out of 33 experiments agree with the hypothesis that the excess enthalpy produced in cold fusion studies is correlated with helium-4 production: D + D ® 4He + 23.8 MeV. Furthermore, the measured rate of helium-4 production was always in the appropriate range of 1010 to 1012 atoms per second per watt of excess power.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M. Fluidized Bed Experiments Using Platinum And Palladium Particles In Heavy Water. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
These experiments were designed to give the dynamic electrolysis conditions of fluidized beds by the use of small palladium particles. Both direct current electrolysis and pulse power electrolysis methods were used in this study. The excess power observed was 90 mW for direct current electrolysis in D2O + 0.1 M LiOD (I=0.300 to 0.400 A). For pulse electrolysis (pulse width 1.0 ms, pulse frequency 5 KHZ, peak voltage 98 V), the excess power increased to 250 mW. No excess power was observed for similar experiments using platinum particles in D2O + 0.1 M LiOD.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M., NEDO Final Report - Electrochemical Calorimetric Studies Of Palladium And Palladium Alloys In Heavy Water. 2004, University of La Verne.
The main feature of the Fleischmann–Pons effect is excess heat production. My experiments designed to measure excess heat focused on the use of two types of isoperibolic calorimeters. Cells A and B transfer heat mainly by conduction while the three Fleischmann–Pons type cells transfer heat mainly by radiation. The first set of experiments in cells A and B used palladium cathodes. Small levels of excess power were observed in Cell A but none in Cell B. This result is in agreement with previous experiments at China Lake, California using the same two palladium cathodes. There were also periods of unusual fluctuations in the temperature readings in Cell A for the thermistor closest to the cathode that persisted for several weeks. These sudden temperature increases occurred during the same time period as when the excess heat was observed. The switching of these experiments to pulse electrolysis also produced an excess heat effect in Cell A but not in Cell B.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M. Simultaneous Excess Power and Anomalous Radiation (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
Miles, M. and M. Fleischmann. Precision and Accuracy of Cold Fusion Calorimetry (paper and PowerPoint slides). in 233rd ACS National Meeting. 2007. Chicago, IL.
CA=Fleischmann, M.The cold fusion controversy centers on the precision and accuracy of the calorimetric systems used to measure excess enthalpy generation. For open, isoperibolic calorimetric systems, there is no true steady state during D2O+LiOD electrolysis. Exact calorimetric measurements, therefore, require modeling by a differential equation that accounts for all heat flow pathways into and out of the calorimetric systems. The improper use and misunderstanding of this differential equation is a major source of confusion concerning cold fusion calorimetric measurements.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M. and M. Fleischmann, Accuracy of Isoperibolic Calorimetry Used in a Cold Fusion Control Experiment, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 153-171.
CA=Fleischmann, M.Miles, M. and M. Fleischmann. Isoperibolic Calorimetric Measurements of the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Fleischmann, M.Important advantages exist for selecting a Dewar type isoperibolic calorimeter for measurements of anomalous excess enthalpy produced by the Fleischmann-Pons Effect (FPE). These advantages include a wide dynamic range for both the cell temperature and cell input power, direct visual observations inside the cell during calorimetric experiments, relative low cost, self-purification of the system, the safety of an open system, and heat transfer mainly by electromagnetic radiation. Various generations of this calorimetry are described along with the mathematical modeling. The use of control or “blank” experiments, such as replacing palladium by platinum, show that anomalous excess power is measurable to within ±0.1 mW using this electrochemical calorimetry. The application of this Dewar isoperibolic calorimetry at other laboratories such as NHE (Japan), Grenoble (France) and Harwell (U.K.) is discussed. Variations of isoperibolic calorimetry used by China Lake, Caltech, and M.I.T. are also examined where the main heat transfer pathway is by conduction. An improved version of the China Lake isoperibolic calorimeter is capable of measuring the small excess power (6.5 mW) produced at the beginning of an experiment by the exothermic absorption of deuterium into palladium.
AU=Miles, M.Miles, M. and M. Fleischmann. Twenty Year Review of Isoperibolic Calorimetric Measurements of the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Fleischmann, M.Miles, M. and M. Fleischmann. New approaches to isoperibolic calorimetry (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Fleischmann, M.
Desired Features of Isoperibolic Calorimeters
* Simple Construction / Low Costs
* Wide Dynamic Range
- Cell Temperature (20°C --> Boiling)
- Cell Input Power (0 --> 10 Watts)
* Required kc= 0.13 W/K or kR= 0.83 x 10-9W/K^4
* Self-Purifying (H Removed Preferentially to D)
* Inherent Safety (D2, O2 Exit Cell)
* Direct Visual Observation Inside Cell (Dewar Cell)
* High Accuracy (±1 mW, ±0.1%)
* Heat Transfer Mainly By Conduction or Radiation
* Stable Cell Constants Independent of Electrolyte Level
Miley, G.H., Book Review: Cold Fusion,The Making of a Scientific Controversy by F. D. Peat. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 730.
Miley, G.H., O. Barnouin, and B. Temple. Detection of Reaction Products Induced in Plasma Focus Electrodes. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Barnouin, O., CA=Temple, B.Miley, G.H., M. Ragheb, and H. Hora. On Aspects of Nuclear Products. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Ragheb, M., CA=Hora, H.Miley, G.H., et al. Multilayer Thin Film Electrodes for Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Patel, J. U., CA=Javedani, J., CA=Hora, H., CA=Kelly, J. C., CA=Tompkins, J.Miley, G.H. Comments About Nuclear Reaction Products. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Miley, G.H., et al., Electrolytic Cell with Multilayer Thin-Film Electrodes. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 313.
CA=Hora, H., CA=Batyrbekov, E. G., CA=Zich, R. L.Miley, G.H., et al. Energy Amplifier with Multilayer Thin Film Electrodes. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Batyrbekov, E. G., CA=Hora, H., CA=Patel, J. U., CA=Tompkins, J., CA=Zich, R. K.Miley, G.H. and J.A. Patterson, Nuclear transmutations in thin-film nickel coatings undergoing electrolysis. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 5.
CA=Patterson, J. A.
ABSTRACT
Experiments using 1-mm plastic and glass microspheres coated with single and multilayers of thin films of various metals such as palladium and nickel, used in a packed-bed electrolytic cell (Patterson Power Cell ™ configuration), have apparently produced a variety of nuclear reaction products. The analysis of a run with 650-Ĺ film of Ni is presented here. Following a two-week electrolytic run, the Ni film was found to contain Fe, Ag, Cu, Mg, and Cr, in concentrations exceeding 2 atom % each, plus a number of additional trace elements. These elements were at the most, only present in the initial film and the electrolyte plus other accessible cell components in much smaller amounts. That fact, combined with other data, such as deviations from natural isotope abundances, seemingly eliminates the alternate explanation of impurities concentrating in the film.
Miley, G.H., et al. Quantitative observations of transmutation products occuring in thin-film coated microspheres during electrolysis. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Narne, G., CA=Williams, M. J., CA=Patterson, J. A., CA=Nix, J., CA=Cravens, D., CA=Hora, H.Miley, G.H., Possible Evidence of Anomalous Energy Effects in H/D-Loaded Solids-Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRS). J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 6.
Miley, G.H. Product Characteristics and Energetics in Thin-Film Electrolysis Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Miley, G.H. Emerging physics for a breakthrough thin-film electrolytic power unit. in Space Technol. Applic. Int. Forum. 1999.
Miley, G.H., et al. Advances in Thin-Film Electrode Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Selvaggi, G., CA=Tate, A., CA=Okuniewski, M., CA=Williams, M. J., CA=Chicea, D., CA=Horn, H., CA=Kelly, J.Miley, G.H. On the Reaction Product and Heat Correlation for LENRs. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract
“Low Energy Nuclear Reactions”, or LENRs, typically involve electrolytes containing light water along with electrodes made of metals such as Ni, Ti and Pd. In these experiments a variety of reaction products (isotopes), with masses both higher and lower than that of the host electrode material, have been observed at the University of Illinois (U of IL). Related results, often termed “transmutation” studies, have been reported by other researchers. These observations suggest that proton-metal initiated reactions occur in such LENR cells. This paper discusses evidence that the production of these reaction products is correlated with the excess heat also frequently observed in LENR cells. Such a correlation for LENR reactions would be equivalent, in principle, to the correlation of He-4 with excess heat that is reported for heavy water-Pd experiments where a D-D reaction is postulated.
Miley, G.H., Some personal reflections on scientific ethics and the cold fusion 'episode'. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 121.
This note was prepared in response to Dr. Scott Chubb’s invitation to discuss issues concerning ethics in scientific research that I may have observed during the hectic period following the public announcement of “Cold Fusion” (CF) by Drs. Pons and Fleischmann in 1989. I would like to preface this note with some reflections on select “events” I was personally involved in as editor of Fusion Technology (FT) and as one of the early researchers in CF (who has persistently kept going!). Then I will discuss several ethical “issues” relating to scientific conduct from my viewpoint as an editor and researcher in the field.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H., et al. Progress in Development of a Low Energy Reaction Cell for Distributed Power Applications. in 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. 2002. Arlington, Virginia, USA: ASME.
CA=Castano, C. H., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Kim, S-O., CA=Luo, N.Miley, G.H., et al. Progress in thin-film LENR research at the University of Illinois. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Hora, H., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Kim, S-O., CA=Luo, N., CA=Castano, C. H., CA=Woo, T.
ABSTRACT
The research described here includes work on fabrication techniques for reproducible thin-film electrodes. Runs with these electrodes in a newly fabricated high sensitivity calorimetry bank is shown to provide added support for earlier excess heat production observed with ultra-high proton loadings in thin film electrodes. In addition, new in-situ radiation emission studies have discovered MeV alpha-proton emission, supporting earlier reaction product evidence of the nuclear origin of the excess heat. Recent experiments and lattice simulation studies have provided added insight into highly loaded thin film phenomena, including possible H- effects associated with anomalous resistivity effects at ultra-high loadings. . . .
Miley, G.H. and P. Shrestha. Review Of Transmutation Reactions In Solids. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Shrestha, P.Transmutation reactions in highly loaded hydrides have been reported by a number of research groups. These studies are briefly summarized with emphasis on common systematics and key “signatures”. Transmutations divide into two types: heavy intermediate compound nucleus reactions yielding an array of products with a large spectrum of masses; direct reactions between H/D and the electrode metal or impurity atoms yielding isolated “single” products. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the products and the ability to overcome the extremely large Columbic repulsion of the high-Z elements involved. Here we briefly consider a model involving orbital mixing and virtual neutron formation associated with charge accumulation and hydrogen/deuteron flow at highly loaded interfaces.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H., et al. Intense non-linear soft x-ray emission from a hydride target during pulsed D bombardment (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Helgeston, W., CA=Hora, H., CA=Luo, N., CA=Yang, Y., CA=Romer, M., CA=Smith, R.PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same title.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H., et al. Intense non-linear soft x-ray emission from a hydride target during pulsed D bombardment. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Helgeston, W., CA=Hora, H., CA=Luo, N., CA=Yang, Y., CA=Romer, M., CA=Smith, R.Radiation emission from Low Energy Nuclear Radiation (LENR) electrodes (both charged-particle and x-rays) represents an important feature of LENR in general. Here, calibration, measurement techniques, and soft x-ray emission results from deuterium bombardment of a Pd target (cathode) placed in a pulsed deuterium glow discharge (PGD) are described. An x-ray intensity of 13.4 mW/cm2 and a dose of 3.3 μJ/cm2 were calculated over a 0.5 ms pulse time from AXUV photodiode radiation detector measurements. A most striking feature is that x-ray energies > 600 V are observed with a discharge voltage only about half of that value. To further investigate this phenomenon, emission during room temperature D-desorption from electrolytically loaded Pd:Dx cathodes was also studied. The x-ray emission energy observed was quite similar to the PGD case. However, the intensity in this case was almost 13 orders of magnitude lower due to the much lower deuterium fluxes involved.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H., et al. On Aspects of Complex Nuclei in LENR Relative to Transmutation Reactions and X-ray Emission from Localized Clusters. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Yang, Y., CA=Romer, M., CA=Hora, H.Miley, G.H. and P. Shrestha. Overview of Light Water/Hydrogen-based Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Shrestha, P.This paper reviews light water and hydrogen-based Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) including the different methodologies used to study these reactions and the results obtained. Reports of excess heat production, transmutation reactions and nuclear radiation emission are cited. An aim of this review is to present a summary of the present status of light water LENR research and provide some insight into where this research is heading.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H. and P. Shrestha. Overview of Light Water/Hydrogen-based Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Shrestha, P.PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same name.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H., G. Narne, and T. Woo, Use of combined NAA and SIMS analyses for impurity level isotope detection. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 2005. 263(3): p. 691-696.
CA=Narne, G., CA=Woo, T.Miley, G.H., et al. Cluster Reactions in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs). in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Hora, H., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Leon, H., CA=Shrestha, J.Miley, G.H., et al. Future Power Generation by LENR with Thin-Film Electrodes (PowerPoint slides). in 233rd ACS National Meeting. 2007. Chicago, IL.
CA=Hora, H., CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Luo, N., CA=Shrestha, J.PowerPoint slides from the ACS 233rd Annual Meeting, Chicago, Il March 29, 2007
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H. Preparata Medal Lecture - A Tribute to Giuliano Preparata, a TRUE Pioneer in Cold Fusion Theory. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Miley, G.H., A Fascinating Review of the Emerging Science of LENRs. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 2008. 61.
World Scientific’s advertisement for this book explains that, “One of the most important discoveries of this century -- cold fusion -- was summarily rejected by science and the media before sufficient evidence had been accumulated to make a rational judgment possible. Enough evidence is now available to show that this rejection was wrong and that the discovery of a new source of clean energy may help solve some serious problems currently facing mankind. The book catalogues and evaluates this evidence and shows why the initial reaction was driven more by self-interest than fact.”
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H., H. Hora, and X. Yang. Condensed Matter "Cluster" Reactions in LENRs. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Hora, H., CA=Yang, X.In this paper we first point out evidence for condensed matter cluster formation based on thin-film electrolysis. Next, measurements of superconductivity in condensed matter deuterium “clusters” in dislocation sites loaded-deloaded palladium thin films are briefly reviewed, followed by a discussion of techniques under study to increase the number of such sites per unit volume of the electrodes. Estimates for resulting “cluster reaction” rates -- flow enhanced Pycnonuclear fusion are given. If successful, this approach offers a “Roadmap” for future power unit based on thin films and clusters.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H. Summary of the Transmutation Workshop held in association with ICCF-14. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Miley, G.H. and J. Shrestha, Transmutation Reactions and Associated Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Effects in Solids, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 173-218.
CA=Shrestha, J.Miley, G.H., et al. Clusters with Picometer Distance of Deuterons and LENR (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Yang, X., CA=Hora, H., CA=Andersson, L., CA=Holmlid, L., CA=Lipson, A.The probability of pm-Ms reactions for low energy nuclear reactions LENR and the semiempirical derivation of 2 pm deuteron screening on palladium with a reduction factor 14 in Coulomb repulsion compared with a usual plasma factor 5 was confirmed later by direct experiments. Generation of 2pm distance clusters of about 150 deuterons based on this screening and possibly by a Casimir force permitted understanding of compound reactions as measured with the 155 nucleon minimum measured at LENR. These kinds of deuteron clusters were directly measured by SQUID. Based on screening and comparable values of a Wigner-Seitz radius for very dense deuteron clusters of stable Rydberg matter in defects of iron oxide with measured 2.3 pm nuclear distance is another access which may lead to an understanding of the LENR processes.
AU=Miley, G. H.Miley, G.H., et al., Radiochemical Comparisons on Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Uranium, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 235-252.
CA=Hora, H., CA=Philberth, K., CA=Lipson, A., CA=Shrestha, P. J.Miljanic, S., et al., An attempt to replicate cold fusion claims. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 340.
CA=Jevtic, N., CA=Pesic, S., CA=Ninkovic, M., CA=Nikolic, D., CA=Josipovic, M., CA=Petkovska, L. J., CA=Bacic, S.Miller, R.J., T.O. Brun, and C.B. Satterthwaite, Magnetic Susceptibility of Pd-H and Pd-D at Temperatures Between 6 and 150 K. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1978. 18: p. 5054.
CA=Brun, T. O., CA=Satterthwaite, C .B.Mills, R.L. and J.J. Farrell, A New Atomic Theory. 1990.
CA=Farrell, J. J.Mills, R.L. and P. Kneizys, Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 65.
CA=Kneizys, P.Mills, R.L., Reply to 'Comments on "Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion"'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 96.
Mills, R.L., W.R. Good, and R.M. Shaubach, Dihydrino molecule identification. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 103.
CA=Good, W. R., CA=Shaubach, R. M.Mills, R.L. and W.R. Good, Fractional quantum energy levels of hydrogen. Fusion Technol., 1995. 28: p. 1697.
CA=Good, W. R.Mills, R.L., Comments on 'Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope'. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 384.
Mills, R.L. and W.R. Good, various papers. 1999: Blacklight Power.
CA=Good, W. R.Mills, R.L., Lower-energy hydrogen methods and structures. 2000: US 6,024,935.
Mills, R.L., Novel Hydrogen Compounds from a Potassium Carbonate Electrolytic Cell. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 157.
Mills, R.L., et al., Identification of compounds containing novel hydride ions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2001. 26: p. 965.
CA=Dhandapani, B., CA=Nansteel, M., CA=He, J., CA=Voigt, A.Mills, R.L., et al., Comparison of excessive Balmer alpha line broadening of glow discharge and microwave hydrogen plasmas with certain catalysts. J. Appl.Phys., 2002. 92: p. 7008.
CA=Ray, P. C., CA=Dhandapani, B., CA=Mayo, R. M., CA=He, J.Mills, R.L. and P. Ray, Spectral Emission of Fractional Quantum Energy Levels of Atomic Hydrogen from a Helium-Hydrogen Plasma and the Implications for Dark Matter. J. Hydrogen Eng., 2002. 27: p. 301.
CA=Ray, P.Mills, R.L. and P. Ray, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics. J. Hydrogen Eng., 2002. 27: p. 565.
CA=Ray, P.Mills, R.L. and P. Ray, Vibrational Spectral Emission of Fractional-Principal-Quantum-Energy-Level Hydrogen Molecule Ion. J. Hydrogen Eng., 2002. 27: p. 533.
CA=Ray, P.Mills, R.L., Author's Response to a Letter to the Editor. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2003. 28: p. 359.
Milton, R., Forbidden science. Suppressed research that could change our lives. 1994, London: Fourth Estate.
Minari, T., et al. Experiments on Condensed Matter Nuclear Events in Kobe University. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Nishio, R., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y., CA=Kitamura, A.We review three kinds of experimental work underway in our laboratory to investigate nuclear events in solid or liquid materials. The largest effort has been given to experiments to confirm the 7Li(d,n2a) reaction rate enhancement reaching 1015 in liquid lithium which was reported by H. Ikegami et al. [4] Li liquid droplets are formed as targets, and to keep them as pure as possible, we built a liquid Li loop. Thus far, in all cases of irradiation at the temperature from 520 to 570 K with 10 - 24 keV deuterons, we have not been able to reproduce the Ikegami enhancement for the 7Li(d,n2a) reaction.
AU=Minato, J.Minato, J., et al. Materials/Surface Aspects of Hydrogen/Deuterium Loading into Pd Cathode. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monac: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Nakata, T., CA=Denzumi, S., CA=Yamamoto, Y., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Aida, H., CA=Tsuchida, Y., CA=Akita, H., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Mintmire, J.W., et al., Chemical forces associated with deuterium confinement in palladium. Phys. Lett. A, 1989. 138(1,2): p. 51.
CA=Dunlap, B. I., CA=Brenner, D. W., CA=Mowrey, R. C., CA=Ladouceur, H. D., CA=Schmidt, P. P., CA=White, C. T., CA=O'Grady, W. E.Miskelly, G.M., et al., Analysis of the published calorimetric evidence for electrochemical fusion of deuterium in palladium. Science, 1989. 246: p. 793.
CA=Heben, M. J., CA=Kumar, A., CA=Penner, R. M., CA=Sailor, M. J., CA=Lewis, N. S.Mitsuishi, N., T. Yuki, and I. Ichihara, Characteristics of the Permeation of Hydrogen-Inlet Gas Mixtures Through a Palladium Alloy Tube Wall. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 89: p. 415.
CA=Yuki, T., CA=Ichihara, I.Miura, H. Study On Formation Of Tetrahedral Or Octahedral Symmetric Condensation By Hopping Of Alkali Or Alkaline-Earth Metal (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Miura, H. Study On Formation Of Tetrahedral Or Octahedral Symmetric Condensation By Hopping Of Alkali Or Alkaline-Earth Metal. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Formation of tetrahedral or octahedral condensation related to the experiments on electrolysis or deuterium permeation was studied. We obtained the scenario about the formation that alkali or alkaline-earth metal ions infiltrating into the host metal made cavities there when they hopped onto the other sites of the crystal lattice of it, then through squeezing of H+/D+ ions in the cavity tetrahedral or octahedral condensation of protons/deuterons is caused.
AU=Miyake, M.Miyake, M., et al. Absorption and Desorption Behavior of Hydrogen by Neutron Irradiated Titanium. in 2nd Topical Meeting on Fusion Reactor Materials. 1981. Seattle.
CA=Hirooka, Y., CA=Shinmura, H., CA=Yamanaka, S., CA=Sano, T., CA=Higashiguchi, Y.Miyamaru, H. and A. Takahashi. Periodically Current-Controlled Electrolysis of D2O/Pd System for Excess Heat Production. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Takahashi, A.Miyamaru, H., et al. Search for Nuclear Products of Cold Fusion. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Chimi, Y., CA=Inokuchi, T., CA=Takahashi, A.Miyamoto, M., et al. Deuterium ion beam irradiation of palladium under in situ control of deuterium density. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Awa, Y., CA=Kubota, N., CA=Tamiike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y., CA=Kitamura, A.Miyamoto, S., et al. Measurement of Protons and Observation of the Change of Electrolysis Parameters in the Galvanostatic Electrolysis of the 0.1M-LiOD/D2O Solution. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Sueki, K., CA=Iwai, H., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Shirakawa, T., CA=Miura, H., CA=Watanabe, T., CA=Toriumi, H., CA=Uehara, T., CA=Nakamitsu, Y., CA=Chiba, M., CA=Hirose, T., CA=Nakahara, H.Miyamoto, S., et al. Movement of Li During Electrolysis of 0.1M-LiOD/D2O Solution. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Sueki, K., CA=Kobayashi, K., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Chiba, M., CA=Nakahara, H., CA=Shirakawa, T., CA=Kobayashi, T., CA=Yanokura, M., CA=Aratani, M.Mizuno, T., T. Akimoto, and N. Sato, Neutron evolution from annealed palladium cathode in LiOD-D2O solution. Denki Kagaku, 1989. 57: p. 742.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Sato, N.Mizuno, T., et al., Tritium evolution during cathode polarization of palladium electrode in D2O solution. Denki Kagaku, 1991. 59: p. 798 (in Japanese).
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Sato, N.Mizuno, T., et al. Cold Fusion Reaction Products and Behavior of Deuterium Absorption in Pd Electrode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Enyo, M.Mizuno, T., et al., Diffusion rate of deuterium in Pd during cathodic charging. Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku, 1992. 60: p. 405 (Japanese, with English abstract).
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Enyo, M.Mizuno, T., et al. Anomalous Heat Evolution from SrCeO3-Type Proton Conductors during Absorption/Desorption in Alternate Electric Field. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Enyo, M., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K.Mizuno, T., et al., Formation of 197Pt radioisotopes in solid state electrolyte treated by high temperature electrolysis in D2 gas. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(4): p. 9.
CA=Inoda, K., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Kitaichi, M., CA=Kurokawa, K., CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Enyo, M.Mizuno, T., Analysis of Elements for Solid State Electrolyte in Deuterium Atmosphere during Applied Field. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 79.
ABSTRACT
A proton conductor, the solid state electrolyte, made from oxide of strontium, cerium, niobium and yttrium can be charged in a hot D2 gas atmosphere to produce excess heat. Anomalous heat evolution was observed for 12 in 80 cases of the samples charged by alternating current for 5 to 45 Volts at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700(C. Several kinds of alkali metals, Ca, Mg, Bismuth, Lantanides and Aluminum were locally segregated and distributed around the melted and swelled parts of the samples that generated an excess heat.
Mizuno, T., et al., Anomalous heat evolution from a solid-state electrolyte under alternating current in high-temperature D2 gas. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 385.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Kitaichi, M., CA=Kurokawa, K.Mizuno, T., T. Ohmori, and M. Enyo, Anomalous Isotopic Distribution in Palladium Cathode After Electrolysis. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 37.
CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Enyo, M.Mizuno, T., et al., Anomalous isotopic distribution of elements deposited on palladium induced by cathodic electrolysis. Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku, 1996. 64: p. 1160 (in Japanese).
CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Kurokawa, K., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Kitaichi, M., CA=Inoda, K., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Shimokawa, S., CA=Enyo, M.
ABSTRACT
It was confirmed by several analytic methods that reaction products with mass number ranging from 20 to 28, 46 to 54, and 72 to 82 are produced in palladium cathodes subjected to electrolysis in a heavy water solution at high pressure, high temperature, and high current density for one month. Isotopic distributions were radically different from the natural ones.
Mizuno, T., T. Ohmori, and M. Enyo, Isotopic changes of the reaction products induced by cathodic electrolysis in Pd. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 31.
CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Enyo, M.
ABSTRACT
It was confirmed by several analytic methods that reaction products with mass numbers ranging from 6 to 220 are deposited on palladium cathodes subjected to electrolysis in a heavy water solution at high pressure, high temperature, and high current density for one month. These masses were composed of many elements ranging from hydrogen to lead. Isotopic distributions for the produced elements were radically different from the natural ones.
Mizuno, T., et al., Anomalous gamma peak evolution from SrCe solid state electrolyte charged in D2 gas. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1997. 22: p. 23.
CA=Inoda, K., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Kitaichi, M., CA=Kurokawa, K., CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Enyo, M.Mizuno, T., et al., Confirmation of the changes of isotopic distribution for the elements on palladium cathode after strong electrolysis in D2O solutions. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 45.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Enyo, M.Mizuno, T. and T. Ohmori, Neutron and Heat Generation Induced by Electric Discharge. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 33.
CA=Ohmori, T.Mizuno, T., Nuclear Transmutation: The Reality of Cold Fusion. 1998, Concord, NH: Infinite Energy Press.
The announcement of cold fusion in March 1989 at the University of Utah was greeted with worldwide hysteria. Drs. Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons had claimed that an electrochemical cell with heavy water electrolyte and a palladium cathode put out so much excess energy that the mysterious phenomenon had to be nuclear, and was probably a process related to nuclear fusion. Newspapers and magazines said it might be a major scientific discovery with the potential to end the energy crisis and revolutionize society. For a few heady weeks the public took it seriously and waited anxiously for laboratories to replicate the results. Many scientists quickly took sides for or against cold fusion – mostly against. Then, by the end of the summer of 1989 the official word came, in an authoritative report written by a select panel of experts under the auspices of the Department of Energy: cold fusion was a bust. It did not exist. It was an experimental error. It could not be reproduced. Nearly every scientific journal, magazine and newspaper on earth reported this, and cold fusion abruptly dropped out of the headlines. The story, it seemed, was over. Actually, it had barely begun. Only a few thousand electrochemists in the world were qualified to do the experiments, and most of them were too busy or not interested in trying. In that autumn as public interest faded and the U.S. Department of Energy pronounced a death sentence, a small number of experienced scientists prepared serious, full-scale experiments. One of them was Tadahiko Mizuno, an assistant professor who had been doing similar electrochemical experiments for more than twenty years.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., T. Ohmori, and T. Akimoto. Probability of Neutron and Heat Emission from Pt Electrode Induced by Discharge in Alkaline Solution. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Akimoto, T.Mizuno, T., et al. Confirmation of Heat Generation and Anomalous Element Caused by Plasma Electrolysis in the Liquid. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Takahashi, A.
Abstract
Plasma was formed on the electrode surface in a liquid electrolyte when a metal cathode was polarized in high voltage electrolysis in the solution. During the plasma electrolysis large amounts of heat are sometimes generated. The heat can exceed input substantially, in some cases by up to 200 percent of input power. At the same time, anomalous elements are detected in the electrolyte and on the electrode surface. Based on the heat and the product, we hypothesize a nuclear reaction can be induced by photon activation on the cathode element.
Mizuno, T. Experimental Confirmation of the Nuclear Reaction at Low Energy Caused by Electrolysis in the Electrolyte. in Proceedings for the Symposium on Advanced Research in Energy Technology 2000. 2000. Hokkaido University.
Section 1. Confirmation with a palladium electrode in the heavy water electrolyte.
1.1 Summary
Many elements on Pd electrodes were confirmed by several analytic methods; reaction products with the mass number up to 208 are deposited on palladium cathodes, which were subjected to electrolysis in a heavy water solution at high pressure, temperature, and current density for prolonged time. These masses were composed of many elements ranging from hydrogen to lead. Extraordinary changes of their isotopic distributions in the produced elements were observed; these were radically different from the ones found in nature. Essentially the same phenomenon was confirmed eight times with high reproducibility at high cathodic current density, above 0.2 A/cm2. All the possibilities of contamination had been carefully eliminated by several pretreatments for the sample and electrolysis system. It means that a nuclear reaction had taken place during the electrochemical treatment. To explain the production of radiation-less fission-like foreign elements claimed by several electrolysis experiments with Pd cathodes, a selective channel fission model by low-energy multi-photon excitation and collective deformation is proposed. Channel-dependent fission barriers are calculated based on liquid drop model potentials for about 530 scission channels of 6 Pd isotopes with positive Q-values. Mass-distribution, Z-distribution and unnatural isotopic ratios of fission fragments as stable isotopes by the present theory have shown qualitative agreements with the experiments.
Mizuno, T., et al., Production of Heat During Plasma Electrolysis. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2000. 39: p. 6055.
CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Takahashi, A.Plasma was formed on the surface of an electrode in a liquid solution when metal cathodes underwent high-voltage electrolysis. A real-time heat calibration system was designed for detecting the amount of heat generated during plasma electrolysis. The measured heat exceeded the input power substantially, and in some cases 200% of the input power. The heat generation process depended on the conditions for electrolysis. There was no excess heat at the beginning of plasma electrolysis. However, after plasma electrolysis for a long time, a large amount of heat was generated. The reproducibility would be 100% if all factors such as temperature, voltage and duration were optimized. Based on the heat and the products, we hypothesize that some unique reaction occurs on the cathode surface. This reaction may not occur at energy levels available during electrochemical electrolysis.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., et al., Neutron Evolution from a Palladium Electrode by Alternate Absorption Treatment of Deuterium and Hydrogen. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2001. 40(9A/B): p. L989-L991.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Yamada, H., CA=Numata, H.We observed neutron emissions from palladium after it absorbed deuterium from heavy water followed by hydrogen from light water. The neutron count, the duration of the release and the time of the release after electrolysis was initiated all fluctuated considerably. Neutron emissions were observed in five out of ten test cases. In all previous experiments reported, only heavy water was used, and light water was absorbed only in accidental contamination. Compared to these deuterium results, the neutron count is orders of magnitude higher, and reproducibility is much improved.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., et al. Relation Between Neutron Evolution and Deuterium Permeation With a Palladium Electrode. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Takahashi, A.
Abstract
We observed neutron emissions from palladium after it absorbed deuterium from heavy water followed by hydrogen from light water. The neutron count, the duration of the release and the time of the release after electrolysis was initiated all fluctuated considerably. Neutron emissions were observed in five out of ten test cases. In all previous experiments reported, only heavy water was used, and light water was absorbed only in accidental contamination. Compared to these deuterium results, the neutron count is orders of magnitude higher, and reproducibility is much improved.
Mizuno, T., T. Akimoto, and T. Ohmori. Confirmation of anomalous hydrogen generation by plasma electrolysis. in 4th Meeting of Japan CF Research Society. 2003. Iwate, Japan: Iwate University.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Ohmori, T.Abstract: Direct decomposition of water is very difficult in normal conditions. Hydrogen gas is usually obtained by the electrolysis. Pyrolysis decomposition of water occurs at high temperatures, starting at ~3000şC. As we have already reported, anomalous hydrogen is sometimes generated during plasma electrolysis. Excess hydrogen usually appears once certain difficult conditions during high temperature glow discharge electrolysis are met. Here, we show that anomalous amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gas are generated during plasma electrolysis excess gas generation, presumably from pyrolysis. This is indirect proof that exceptionally high temperatures have been achieved. (Direct measurement of the reaction temperature has proved difficult.) Continuous generation of hydrogen above levels predicted by Faraday’s law is observed when temperature, current density, input voltage and electrode surface meet certain conditions. Although only a few observations of excess hydrogen gas production have been made, production is sometimes 80 times higher than normal Faradic electrolysis gas production.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., T. Ohmori, and T. Akimoto. Generation of Heat and Products During Plasma Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Akimoto, T.Abstract: Direct decomposition of water is very difficult to achieve in normal conditions. Hydrogen gas can be usually obtained by electrolysis and a pyrolysis reaction at high temperatures above 3700 degrees Celsius. However, as we have already reported, anomalous heat generation during plasma electrolysis is relatively easy to obtain under the right simultaneous conditions of high temperature and electrolysis. In this paper we discuss the anomalous amount of hydrogen and oxygen gas generated during plasma electrolysis. The generation of hydrogen in amounts exceeding Faraday’s law is continuously observed when the conditions such as temperature, current density, input voltage and electrode surface are suitable. Non-Faradic generation of hydrogen gas is sometimes 80 times higher than the gas from normal electrolysis. Excess hydrogen has proved difficult to replicate by other laboratories, although we are able to reproduce it regularly.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., et al. Generation of Heat and Products During Plasma Electrolysis. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Chung, D., CA=Sesftel, F., CA=Aoki, Y.Abstract: Direct decomposition of water is very difficult in normal conditions. Hydrogen gas can be usually obtained by electrolysis or by a pyrolysis reaction at high temperatures, starting at approximately 3700şC. However, as we have already reported, anomalous heat generation can occur during plasma electrolysis, and this process makes it rather easy to achieve both electrolysis and pyrolysis simultaneously. In this paper we describe anomalous amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gas generated during plasma electrolysis. The generation of hydrogen far in excess of amounts predicted by Faraday’s law is continuously observed when conditions such as temperature, current density, input voltage and electrode surface are suitable. Non-Faraday generation of hydrogen gas sometimes produces more than 80 times as much hydrogen as normal electrolysis does. Unfortunately there have been few claimed replications of excess hydrogen, even in rare cases in which excess heat is claimed. In most cases, no excess heat or hydrogen is observed. The reaction products found after electrolysis were different after excess heat generation.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., et al. Neutron emission from D2 gas in magnetic fields under low temperature. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Celani, F.
Summary
We observed neutron emissions from pure deuterium gas after it was cooled in liquid nitrogen and placed in a magnetic field. Neutron emissions were observed in ten out of ten test cases. Neutron burst of 5.5 c/s were 1000 times higher than the background counts. These bursts occurred one or two times within a 300 second interval. The total neutron emission can be estimated from the counting efficiency, and it was 104 ~ 105 c/s. The reaction appears to be highly reproducible, reliably generating high neutron emissions. We conclude that the models proposed heretofore based upon d-d reactions are inadequate to explain the present results, which must involve magnetic field nuclear reactions.
Mizuno, T. and Y. Toriyabe. Anomalous energy generation during conventional electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Toriyabe, Y.We experienced an explosive energy release during a conventional electrolysis experiment. The cell was a 1000 cc Pyrex glass vessel that has been in use for 5 years. It contained 700 cc of 0.2 M K2CO3 electrolyte; a platinum mesh anode; and a tungsten cathode wire 1.5 mm in diameter, 29 cm long, with 3 cm exposed to the electrolyte. The estimated heat out was 800 times higher than input power, based on the data recorded up to the moment of the event. There were many elements deposited on the electrode surface. The major elements were Ca and S and the total mol was roughly estimated as 10-6.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., et al., Hydrogen Evolution by Plasma Electrolysis in Aqueous Solution. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2005. 44(1A): p. 396-401.
CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Azumi, K., CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Aoki, Y., CA=Takahashi, A.Hydrogen has recently attracted attention as a possible solution to environmental and energy problems. If hydrogen should be considered an energy storage medium rather than a natural resource. However, free hydrogen does not exist on earth. Many techniques for obtaining hydrogen have been proposed. It can be reformulated from conventional hydrocarbon fuels, or obtained directly from water by electrolysis or high-temperature pyrolysis with a heat source such as a nuclear reactor. However, the efficiencies of these methods are low. The direct heating of water to sufficiently high temperatures for sustaining pyrolysis is very difficult. Pyrolysis occurs when the temperature exceeds 4000şC. Thus plasma electrolysis may be a better alternative, it is not only easier to achieve than direct heating, but also appears to produce more hydrogen than ordinary electrolysis, as predicted by Faraday’s laws, which is indirect evidence that it produces very high temperatures. We also observed large amounts of free oxygen generated at the cathode, which is further evidence of direct decomposition, rather than electrolytic decomposition. To achieve the continuous generation of hydrogen with efficiencies exceeding Faraday efficiency, it is necessary to control the surface conditions of the electrode, plasma electrolysis temperature, current density and input voltage. The minimum input voltage required induce the plasma state depends on the density and temperature of the solution, it was estimated as 120V in this study. The lowest electrolyte temperature at which plasma forms is ~75şC. We have observed as much as 80 times more hydrogen generated by plasma electrolysis than by conventional electrolysis at 300 V.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., Jyouon kakuyuugou purojekuto (cold fusion project). 2006: LENR-CANR.
An e-book in Japanese reviewing the field. Describes Mizuno's own research, as well as projects at Osaka University, NTT, Iwate University, Nagoya University and the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T. and S. Sawada. Anomalous Heat Generation during Hydrogenation of Carbon (Phenanthrene). in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Sawada, S.When phenanthrene (a heavy oil fraction) is subjected to high pressure and heat in a reactor with a metal catalyzer, it produces a markedly anomalous reaction. It produces excess heat and weak radiation, specifically x-rays and gamma-rays. Furthermore, after the reaction finishes, mass spectroscopy reveals what appears to be 13C. It is very difficult to explain the total energy generation as a conventional chemical reaction. After the experiment, almost all phenanthrene and hydrogen gas remains in the same condition they were initially. There are few reaction products such as other chemical compounds. However, the formation enthalpies for these compounds are all negative. The heat generation sometimes reaches 0.1 kW and has continued for several hours. There is a reasonably significant correspondence between the heat generation and the gamma emission. We have confirmed the same result with high reproducibility by controlling temperature and pressure.
AU=Mizuno, T.Mizuno, T., Transmutation Reactions in Condensed Matter, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 271-294.
Mizuno, T. Confirmation of Heat Generation during Hydrogenation of Oil (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
* Anomalous heat generation was confirmed during the heating of phenanthrene in high-pressure H2 gas.
* Sporadic radiation emissions (probably gamma rays) were confirmed during the high temperature experiments.
* A weak correlation was observed between the anomalous heat generation and the radiation emissions.
Mizuno, T., Heat and Radiation Generation during Hydrogenation of CH Compound. J. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2011. 5(8): p. 1017.
Mo, D.W., et al. Real Time Measurements of the Energetic Charged Particles and the Loading Ratio (D/Pd). in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Zhang, L., CA=Chen, B. X., CA=Liu, Y. S., CA=Doing, S. Y., CA=Yao, M. Y., CA=Zhou, L. Y., CA=Huang, H. G., CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Shen, X. D., CA=Wang, S. C., CA=Kang, T. S., CA=Huang, N. Z.Mo, D.W., et al. The Evidence of Nuclear Transmutation Phenomeno in Pd-H System Using NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Cai, Q. S., CA=Wang, L. M., CA=Wang, S. Z.Mo, W., et al. Search for Precursor and Charged Particles in "Cold Fusion". in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Liu, Y. S., CA=Zhou, L. Y., CA=Dong, S. Y., CA=Wang, K. L., CA=Wang, S. C., CA=Li, X. Z.Moagar-Poladian, G. A Possible Mechanism For Cold Fusion. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
We describe a mechanism for cold fusion that is able to explain how two hydrogen ions may come close enough so as to fusion as well as many of the different and independent experimental observations made during years of experiments. We present the mechanism, its weak points, the way it explains the respective phenomena and suggest some experiments that may validate further the model described by us.
AU=Moffatt, W. G.Moffatt, W.G., Pd-Li Phase Diagram. 1978: General Electric.
Moir, R.W., Application of Muon-Catalyzed Fusion in Metal Hydrides For Isotope Production. 1989: Los Alamod.
Moizhes, B.Y., Formation of a compact D2 molecule in interstitial sites - a possible explanation for cold nuclear fusion. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1991. 17: p. 540.
Montereali, R., et al. A Novel LiF-Based Detector For X-Ray Imaging In Hydrogen Loaded Ni Films Under Laser Irradiation. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Almaviva, S., CA=Marolo, T., CA=Vincenti, M., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Sibilia, C., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Violante, V.A novel soft X-ray imaging film detector, based on optically stimulated luminescence of active color centers in lithium fluoride, LiF, has been used to obtain the image of radiation emitted from a nickel film hydride loaded by electrolysis, under light coupling with an He-Ne laser.
AU=Montereali, R.Montereali, R., et al. Lithium Fluoride X-Ray Imaging Film Detectors for Condensed Matter Nuclear Measurements (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Almaviva, S., CA=Bonfigli, F., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Vincenti, M., CA=Violante, V.
Lithium Fluoride, LiF, is a radiation sensitive alkali halide material well known as dosimeter and as active medium in light-emitting devices and lasers. Point defects can be produced in LiF crystals and films by different kinds of radiation. Some of these electronic defects, known as colour centres, are optically active, with broad absorption and emission bands in the visible spectral range. Novel thin-film imaging detectors for soft X-rays, based on photoluminescence from aggregate colour centres in LiF, have been proposed and are
currently under development, successfully extending their operation also in the hard X-ray region, up to 10 keV. Recently their use was proposed and preliminarily tested to obtain
the image of radiation emitted from a nickel film hydride loaded by electrolysis, under light coupling with an He-Ne laser.
Montgomery, J.R., et al. Correlated Nuclear and Thermal Measurements in D/Pd and H/Pd Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Jeffery, R., CA=Amiri, F., CA=Adams, J.Monti, R.A., Low energy nuclear reactions: Experimental evidence for the alpha extended model of the atom. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 131.
Monti, R.A. Nuclear Transmutation Processes of Lead, Silver, Thorium, Uranium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Moon, D., A Cold Fusion Theory. 1993.
Moon, D., Addendum to "Mechanisms of a disobedient science". Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5/6): p. 89.
Moon, D., Review of a cold fusion theory: Mechanisms of a disobedient science. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(28): p. 33.
Moon, D. The Nucleovoltaic Cell. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Described in this paper is a cold fusion device that is conceptually designed to convert the energy release, from deuteron-deuteron fusion, directly to electricity at an efficiency worthy of commercial development. The working element is an N-type semiconductor which has been coated with a thin film (a few hundred angstroms) of hydrogen-active metal, for example palladium, and which is joined to a P-type semiconductor at the PN-junction. The working element is not an “electrode,” as such, but an “electron pump.”
AU=Moore, A.Moore, A., The Comportment of Palladium-Hydrogen System Toward Alternating Electric Current. Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1939. LXXV: p. 237.
Moore, G.A. and D.P. Smith, The Occlusion and Diffusion of Hydrogen in Metals. A. Metallographic Study of Nickel-Hydrogen. Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1937. LXXI: p. 545.
CA=Smith, D. P.Morgan, J.D., Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 1990. 93: p. 6115.
Morgan, J.D. and H.J. Monkhurst, Simple model for accurate calculation of Coulomb-barrier penetration factors in molecular fusion rates. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1990. 42(9): p. 5175.
CA=Monkhurst, H. J.Morioka, S., Nuclear fusion triggered by positron annihilation at vacancies in deuterated metals. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107A: p. 2755.
Morrey, J.R., et al., Measurements of helium in electrolyzed palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 659.
CA=Caffee, M. W., CA=Farrar IV, H., CA=Hoffman, N. J., CA=Hudson, G. B., CA=Jones, R. H., CA=Kurz, M. D., CA=Lupton, J., CA=Oliver, B. M., CA=Ruiz, B. V., CA=Wacker, J. F., CA=van Veen, A.Morrison, D.R.O., A view from CERN. Physics World, 1989. 2: p. 17.
Morrison, D.R.O. Review of Cold Fusion. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Morrison, D.R.O., The Rise And Decline of Cold Fusion. Physics World, 1990: p. 35.
Morrison, D.R.O., Review of cold fusion. Sov. Phys. Usp., 1991. 34: p. 1055.
Morrison, D.R.O., Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by Fleischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 185: p. 498.
Morrison, D.R.O., Review of Progress in Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 48.
Mosier-Boss, P.A. and S. Szpak, The Metal Hydrogen System: Interphase Participation in H-Transport. 1995, Naval Control, Command and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division.
CA=Szpak, S.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
The metal/hydrogen system is a key element in the construction of ecologically preferred energy conversion/storage devices. Although reduced to practice decades ago, its effectiveness requires further examination of a number of issues, among them the role that the electrode/electrolyte interphase plays during the charging/discharging processes. In this communication the following topics are considered: Thermodynamics and kinetics of the structure of the interphase, the identity and components of the driving force(s) for the absorption/desorption of hydrogen, and the discussion of the applicable transport equation. Agreement between theoretical results and observed behavior is illustrated and selected design approaches affecting cell performance are explored.
Mosier-Boss, P.A. and S. Szpak, The Pd/(n)H system: transport processes and development of thermal instabilities. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112: p. 577.
CA=Szpak, S.Summary. -- Surface temperature distribution associated with excess enthalpy production during the codeposition process is presented. The interpretation is sought via the multilayer concept of the electrode/electrolyte interphase. The effect of gas evolution on activities within the interphase is considered.
AU=Mosier-Boss, P. A.Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System (1), ed. S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss. Vol. 1 A Decade of Research at Navy Laboratories. 2002: SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, U.S. Navy.
CA=Chubb, S. R., CA=Fleischmann, M., CA=Imam, M. A., CA=Miles, M., CA=Szpak, S.
Twelve years have passed since the announcement on 23 March 1989 by professors Fleischmann and Pons that the generation of excess enthalpy occurs in electrochemical cells when palladium electrodes, immersed in D2O + LiOH electrolyte, are negatively polarized. The announcement, which came to be known as “Cold Fusion,” caused frenzied excitement. In both the scientific and news communities, fax machines were used to pass along fragments of rumor and “facts.” (Yes, this was before wide spread use of the internet. One can only imagine what would happen now.) Companies and individuals rushed to file patents on yet to be proven ideas in hopes of winning the grand prize. Unfortunately, the phenomenon described by Fleischmann and Pons was far from being understood and even factors necessary for repeatability of the experiments were unknown. Over the next few months, the scientific community became divided into the “believers” and the “skeptics.” The “believers” reported the results of their work with enthusiasm that at times overstated the significance of their results. On the other hand, many “skeptics” rejected the anomalous behavior of the polarized Pd/D system as a matter of conviction, i.e., without analyzing the presented material and always asking “where are the neutrons?” Funding for research quickly dried up as anything related to “Cold Fusion” was portrayed as a hoax and not worthy of funding. The term “Cold Fusion” took on a new definition much as the Ford Edsel had done years earlier.
Dr. Frank E. Gordon, Head, Navigation and Applied Sciences Department, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego
Mosier-Boss, P.A. and M. Fleischmann, Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System (2), ed. S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss. Vol. 2. Simulation of the Electrochemical Cell (ICARUS) Calorimetry. 2002: SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, U.S. Navy.
CA=Fleischmann, M.
FOREWORD
The calorimetry of any electrochemical cell involves two types of activities: data collection and data evaluation. The required data are the cell potential–time and cell temperature–time series. The evaluation is based on conservation laws subject to constraints dictated by cell design and the adapted experimental procedure. Volume 2 of this report deals with the modeling and simulation of the Dewar-type calorimeter. It was written by Professor Fleischmann to provide an authoritative discussion of the calorimetry of electrochemical cells. The emphasis is on the interpretation of data and the accuracy of the determination of the excess enthalpy generation via the appropriate selection of heat transfer coefficients. The discussion of the calorimetry of the Dewar-type cells is presented in the form of technical report for a number of reasons,
among them: (i) its length would likely prohibit publication in topical journals, (ii) to clarify misunderstandings regarding the principles of calorimetry as applied to electrochemical cell in general and to the cell employed by Fleischmann and his collaborators, in particular.
S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier–Boss, eds.
Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al. Pd/D Co-Deposition: Excess Power Generation and Its Origin (paper and PowerPoint slides). in 233rd ACS National Meeting. 2007. Chicago, IL.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L., CA=Phillips, G.
Early Pd/D co-deposition experiments demonstrated excess enthalpy, formation of hot spots, emission of low intensity radiation, and production of tritium.
Excess enthalpy is generated by highly energetic fast reactions that resemble “mini-explosions”. This view is supported by IR imaging (hot spots) and by the response of the pressure/temperature sensitive substrates (piezoelectric material) onto which the Pd/D films are co-deposited.
An external electric/magnetic field changes the shape of the individual globules of the “cauliflower” structure of the Pd/D co-deposited material.
New elements are observed that are associated with the morphological features formed by the action of the external E/B fields.
Using CR-39 detectors, tracks are obtained that are consistent with both nuclear charged particles and neutron knock-on tracks.
Mosier-Boss, P.A., S. Szpak, and F. Gordon. Production of High Energy Particles Using the Pd/D Co-Deposition Process (PowerPoint slides). in APS March Meeting. 2007. Denver, CO.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F.PowerPoint slides from the American Physical Society March 2007 conference.
AU=Mosier-Boss, P. A.Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Use of CR-39 in Pd/D co-deposition experiments. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2007. 40: p. 293-303.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L.The use of CR-39, a solid state nuclear track detector, to detect the emission of energetic charged particles during Pd/D co-deposition is demonstrated. The pits observed in the CR-39 are attributed to the Pd/D cathode and are not due to radionuclide contamination in the cell components; nor to the impingement of D2 bubbles on the surface of the CR-39; nor to chemical attack by D2, O2, or Cl2. The features (i.e., optical contrast, shape, and bright spot in the center of the pit) of the pits generated during Pd/D co-deposition are consistent with those observed for pits that are of a nuclear origin.
AU=Mosier-Boss, P. A.Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Detection of Energetic Particles and Neutrons Emitted During Pd/D Co-Deposition, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 311-334.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L.Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Reply to Comment on 'The Use of CR-39 in Pd/D Co-deposition Experiments': A Response to Kowalski. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2008. 44: p. 287-290.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L.Earlier we reported, in this journal, that the pits generated in CR-39 detectors during Pd/D co-deposition experiments are consistent with those observed for pits that are of a nuclear origin. Recently, that interpretation has been challenged. In this communication, additional experimental data and further analysis of our earlier results are provided that support our original conclusions.
AU=Mosier-Boss, P. A.Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Triple tracks in CR-39 as the result of Pd–D Co-deposition: evidence of energetic neutrons. Naturwiss., 2008. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0449-x(96): p. 135-142.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L.Mosier-Boss, P.A., F. Gordon, and L. Forsley, Characterization of Energetic Particles Emitted During Pd/D Co-Deposition for Use in a Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG), in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 119-135.
CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L.Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Characterization of tracks in CR-39 detectors obtained as a result of Pd/D Co-deposition. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2009. 46.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L.Earlier we reported that the pits generated in CR-39 detectors during Pd/D co-deposition experiments are consistent with those observed for pits that are of a nuclear origin. Spacer experiments and track modeling have been done to characterize the properties of the particles that generated the tracks in the CR-39 detectors. The effect of water on the energetics of the particles and their resultant tracks is discussed.
AU=Mosier-Boss, P. A.Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Comparison of Pd/D co-deposition and DT neutron generated triple tracks observed in CR-39 detectors. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2010. 51.
CA=Szpak, S., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Forsley, L.Mueller, D. and L.R. Grisham, Nuclear reactions products that would appear if substantial cold fusion occurred. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 379.
CA=Grisham, L. R.Muguet, F.F. and M.P. Bassez-Muguet, Ab initio computations of one and two hydrogen or deuterium atoms in the palladium tetrahedral site. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 383.
CA=Bassez-Muguet, M. P.Mukherjee, D. and A. Wordsworth, Stress relieving of palladium foils, controls its electro-catalytic properties. Tool & Alloy Steels, 1994: p. 323.
CA=Wordsworth, A.Mukhopadhyay, R., et al., Real time deuterium loading investigation in palladium using neutron diffraction. Solid State Commun., 1990. 75: p. 359.
CA=Dasannacharya, B. A., CA=Nandan, D., CA=Singh, A. J., CA=Iyer, R. M.Muller, W. and F. Besenbacher, A Note on the 3He+D Nuclear-Reaction Cross Section. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1980. 168: p. 111.
CA=Besenbacher, F.Muromtsev, V., V. Platonov, and I. Savvatimova. Neutrino-Dineutron Reactions (Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Induced By D2 Gas Permeation Through Pd Complexes. Y. Iwamura Effect). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Platonov, V., CA=Savvatimova, I.Anomalous elemental changes have been observed on the Pd complexes after D2 gas permeation. This effect -- effect Y. Iwamura -- belongs to a new category of nuclear reactions. The effect of Y. Iwamura can stimulate development of physics of electromagnetic interaction neutrino including physics of relic neutrino and physics of the dineutrons. It is possible to suggest that low-energy neutrino and even relic neutrino can initiate effect of transmutation in special cases. The suggested hypothesis application about new class ν− nuclear reaction existence can be useful for the problems: alternative energetic, radioactive isotopes reducing and rare isotopes production.
AU=Murr, L. E.Murr, L.E., Palladium metallurgy and cold fusion: some remarks. Scr. Metallurg. Mater., 1990. 24: p. 783.
Murthy, T.S., et al., Tritium Analysis of Samples Obtained from Various Electrolysis Experiments at BARC, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 9.
CA=Iyengar, T. S., CA=Sen, B. K., CA=Joseph, T. B.
The report summarises the methodology and techniques adopted for the determination of tritium content in various samples obtained during the initial sets of experiments conducted at Trombay in connection with studies on the feasibility of ‘Cold Fusion’.
The analyses were carried out at the Isotope Division and Health Physics Division.
Musket, G., Effects of Contamination on the Interaction of H Gas with Pd : A Review. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 45: p. 173.
Myers, S.M., et al., Ion-Beam Studies of Hydrogen-Metal Interactions. J. Nucl. Mater., 1989. 165: p. 9.
CA=Richards, P. M., CA=Wampler, W. R., CA=Besenbacher, F.Myers, S.M., et al., Search for Cold Fusion in Superstoichiometric Palladium Deuteride Using Ion Implantation. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 263.
CA=Follstaedt, D. M., CA=Schirber, J. E., CA=Richards, P. M.Myers, S.M., et al., Superstoichiometry, accelerated diffusion, and nuclear reactions in deuterium-implanted palladium. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 9503.
CA=Richards, P. M., CA=Follstaedt, D. M., CA=Schirber, J. E.Nace, D.M. and J.G. Aston, Palladium Hydride. I. The Thermodynamic Properties of Pd2H Between 273 and 345 K. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957. 79: p. 3619.
CA=Aston, J. G.Nace, D.M. and J.G. Aston, Palladium Hydride. III. The Thermodynamic Study of Pd2H Between 15 and 303Ă… K. Evidence for the Tetragonal PdH4 Structure in Palladium Hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957. 79: p. 3627.
CA=Aston, J. G.Nace, D.M. and J.G. Aston, Palladium Hydride. III. The Thermodynamic Study of Pd2H Between 15 and 303Â K. Evidence for the Tetragonal PdH4 Structure in Palladium Hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957. 79: p. 3627.
CA=Aston, J. G.Nagasaki, T., R. Yamada, and H. Ohno, Ion-driven Permeation and Surface Recombination Coefficients of Deuterium for Silver. J. Nucl. Mater., 1992. 195: p. 324.
CA=Yamada, R., CA=Ohno, H.Nagel, D.J., The status of 'cold fusion'. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1998. 51: p. 653.
Nagel, D.J., Fusion Physics and Philosophy. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 137.
INTRODUCTION
The advancement of science and technology normally occurs through evolutionary research and development. These activities and their fruits, knowledge and capabilities, might be very interesting and useful, but they normally do not challenge our overall view of the world. When something revolutionary comes to light, the potential paradigm shift, then we are forced to examine both our knowledge and our beliefs, which are intertwined. The topic called “cold fusion” caused reexamination of the physics of nuclear reactions and some aspects of the philosophy of science. We will consider these factors after a brief introductory survey of the complex experiments and results reported in the field, and the motivations for continued attention. “Cold fusion” is used here as an accepted label for the arena of interest, and not a statement about whatever processes might be involved.
Nagel, D.J. and M.A. Imam. Energetics Of Defects And Strains In Palladium. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Imam, M. A.Pd employed as cathodes in cold fusion experiments contains various defects, each of which has an associated energy. In principle, some of the energy in Pd due to defects that exist before a cold fusion experiment could be released as apparent excess heat during the experiment. Energy densities were computed for high concentrations of vacancies, impurities (both substitutional and interstitial atoms), dislocations and grain boundaries, as well as for strains. It is concluded that pre-existing defects and strains cannot account for the energies released during cold fusion experiments. Nonetheless, defects may play other supporting or central roles in cold fusion.
AU=Nagel, D. J.Nagel, D.J. Powers, Materials and Radiations from Low Energy Nuclear Reactions on Surfaces. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.
Nuclear reactions that occur at low kinetic energies produce thermal energy at some rate (powers), nuclear reaction products (materials) and, in some cases, energetic photons or particles (radiations). Experimental evidence indicates that low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) occur on or very near to the surfaces of solid lattices. The rates of such reactions depend on the total area of the lattices in an LENR experiment, the fraction of that area which is active and the number of reactions per area per second. The powers further depend on the energy per reaction. The production rates of materials are related to the masses of the reaction products. And, the fluxes of radiations depend on the fraction of the reactions that produce energetic quanta. These factors are examined in this paper. A simple, but useful graphical method to relate surface areas to output nuclear powers is presented. It is used to make the first estimate of the active fraction of a surface in LENR experiments. Optimization of power outputs from LENR experiments is discussed in relation to the various factors cited above and to past work. The several intersections between LENR and both nano-science and nanotechnology are examined. A new engineering discipline will be required to turn the current science of LENR into practical sources of energy, materials and maybe radiations.
AU=Nagel, D. J.Nagel, D.J. The Case for LENR At or Near Surfaces: More Experimental Evidence (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
Introduction and Agenda
There is much experimental evidence, which indicates that LENR occur on surfaces of solid materials.
Simple equations relate the reaction rates to the surface area, the active fraction & the number of reactions per active area per second.
The equations are used to compute energy production rates (power) and the production rates for nuclear ash or energetic radiations.
This talk provides numerical and graphical means to compute power production at surfaces in LENR experiments.
Nagel, D.J., Scientific Overview of ICCF15. Infinite Energy, 2009(88): p. 21.
The research topic which was first and poorly called “cold fusion” has been of international interest since its beginning in 1989. Hence, a series of International Conferences on Cold Fusion (ICCF) has been held on three continents during the past two decades. In recent years, the topic has come to be viewed as part of the larger field of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science; therefore conferences during the last few years have been called the International Conference on
Condensed Matter Nuclear Science even though the moniker of ICCF has been maintained. At present, the key reactions are often called Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), with the main scientific website on the topic being www.lenr.org. But there remains confusion not only about
what to call the field, but about the several scientific riddles at the heart of the field.
Nagel, D.J., et al., eds. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF-14). Vol. 1. 2010.
CA=Melich, M. E., CA=Johnson, R., CA=Chubb, S. R., CA=Rothwell, J.As a result of the empirical knowledge now in hand, it is not unreasonable to imagine safe and green sources of nuclear power for homes, free of carbon emissions, which also will relieve stress on the power grid, because they might be small and distributed. LENR could be the basis for portable nuclear power sources, maybe even batteries. The production of clean drinking water by desalination or by purification of polluted river waters is one of the many, and perhaps the most attractive potential applications of LENR. The world health implications of clean water would be momentous. Those of us who work on the Fleischmann-Pons Effect find it an exciting and challenging field of research with remarkable practical potential. As a scientific effect, it is already historic. It remains to be seen if it will turn out to be a “game changing” practical source of energy. The field is indeed EXCITING NEW SCIENCE and it offers POTENTIAL CLEAN ENERGY.
AU=Nagel, D. J.Nagel, D.J., et al., eds. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF-14). Vol. 2. 2010.
CA=Melich, M. E., CA=Johnson, R., CA=Chubb, S. R., CA=Rothwell, J.Proceedings continued from Volume 1.
AU=Nagel, D. J.Nagel, D.J., Check List for LENR Validation Experiments. 2011, LENR-CANR.org.
Focardi and Rossi demonstrated a boiler device on 14 January 2011, which converted water at about 13°C to steam at 101°C. It was said to involve nuclear reactions between nickel built into the device and input hydrogen gas. An electrical heater in the device consumed about 1000 W at startup. Later, once the reactions started and provided heat, the input power was reduced to about 400 W. Consumption of hydrogen gas was essentially negligible.
AU=Nager, U.Nager, U., et al., High Precision Calorimetric Apparatus for Studying Electrolysis Reactions. Rev. Sci. Instr., 1990. 61(5): p. 1504.
CA=Hayden, M. E., CA=Booth, J. L., CA=Hardy, W. N., CA=Whitehead, L. A., CA=Carolan, J. F., CA=Balzarini, D. A., CA=Wishnow, E. H., CA=Blake, C. C.Nakada, M., et al. A Role of Lithium for the Neutron Emission in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kusunoki, T., CA=Okamoto, M., CA=Odawara, O.Nakada, M., T. Kusunoki, and M. Okamoto. Energy of the Neutrons Emitted in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kusunoki, T., CA=Okamoto, M.Nakamitsu, Y., et al., Study of cold nuclear fusion with electrolysis at low-temperature range. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107: p. 117.
CA=Chiba, M., CA=Fukushima, K., CA=Hirose, T., CA=Kubo, K., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Nakahara, H., CA=Seimiya, T., CA=Sueki, K., CA=Katada, M., CA=Baba, N., CA=Kamasaki, S., CA=Ikuta, S., CA=Endo, K., CA=Shirakawa, T.Nakamura, K., T. Kawase, and I. Ogura, Possibility of element transmutation by arcing in water. Kinki Daigaku Genshiryoku Kenkyusho Nenpo, 1996. 33: p. 25 (in Japanese).
CA=Kawase, T., CA=Ogura, I.Nakamura, K., Y. Kishimoto, and I. Ogura, Element Conversion by Arcing in Aqueous Solution. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 53.
CA=Kishimoto, Y., CA=Ogura, I.Nakata, T., Y. Tsuchida, and K. Kunimatsu. Absorption of Hydrogen into Palladium Foil Electrode: Effect of Thiourea. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Tsuchida, Y., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Nakata, T., et al. Excess Heat Measurement at High Cathode Loading by Deuterium During Electrolysis of Heavy Water using Pd Cathode. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kobayashi, M., CA=Nagahama, M., CA=Akita, H., CA=Hasegawa, N., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Nakazawa, M., et al., Cold fusion and low level neutron measurements. Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi, 1990. 32: p. 114 (In Japanese).
CA=Shibata, T., CA=Iguchi, T., CA=Akimoto, T., CA=Niimura, N., CA=Oyama, Y., CA=Aizawa, O.Nakazawa, M., Urtra low-level neutron counting. Hoshasen, 1990. 16(3): p. 8 (in Japanese).
Narita, S., et al. Gamma Ray Detection and Surface Analysis on Palladium Electrode in DC Glow-like Discharge Experiment. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Yamada, H., CA=Arapi, A., CA=Sato, N., CA=Kato, D., CA=Yamamura, M., CA=Itagaki, M.We performed glow-like discharge experiments using deuterated palladium cathode in deuterium atmosphere to investigate the possibility of inducing low-energy nuclear reaction. Anomalous gamma ray emissions in the 80 - 230keV region were sometimes observed. It was assumed that a nuclear reaction took place during the experiment, producing short-lived radioisotopes, and these radioisotopes emitted the gamma rays in their decay processes. Elements and their isotopic abundance on the palladium cathodes were investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to find evidence of a nuclear reaction.
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CA=Mitra, S. K., CA=Raghunathan, P., CA=Krishnan, M. S., CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Gaonkar, D. G., CA=Sikka, S. K., CA=Shyam, A., CA=Chitra, V.
Introduction
In their first cold fusion paper Fleischmann et al. suggested that an electrolytic cell with large volume and surface area and high current density may cause fusion reactions resulting in the production of significant amounts of heat and nuclear particles. The experiments reported in this paper present the results of our early efforts to design and operate a high current modular Pd-Ni electrolytic cell and look for cold fusion reactions.
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CA=Sano, T.Nicholson, J.P., A search for particle emission from a gas-loaded deuterium-palladium system in the alpha-beta phase. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 383.
Niedra, J.M. and I.T. Myers, Replication of the apparent excess heat effect in light water-potassium carbonate-nickel-electrolytic cell. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(7): p. 62.
CA=Myers, I. T.
ABSTRACT
Replication of experiments claiming to demonstrate excess heat production in light water-Ni-K2CO3 electrolytic cells was found to produce an apparent excess heat of 11 W maximum, for 60 W electrical power into the cell. Power gains ranged from 1.06 to 1.68. The cell was operated at four different dc current levels plus one pulsed current run at 1 Hz, 10% duty cycle. The 28 liter cell used in these verification tests was on loan from a private corporation whose own tests with similar cells are documented to produce 50 W steady excess heat for a continuous period exceeding hundreds of days. The apparent excess heat can not be readily explained either in terms of nonlinearity of the cell's thermal conductance at a low temperature differential or by thermoelectric heat pumping. However, the present data do admit efficient recombination of dissolved hydrogen-oxygen as an ordinary explanation. Calorimetry methods and heat balance calculations for the verification tests are described. Considering the large magnitude of benefit if this effect is found to be a genuine new energy source, a more thorough investigation of evolved heat in the nickel-hydrogen system in both electrolytic and gaseous loading cells remains warranted.
Nigmatulin, R.I., R.P. Taleyarkhan, and R.T. Lahey, Evidence for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation revisited. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A J. Power Eng., 2004. 218.
CA=Taleyarkhan, R. P., CA=Lahey, R. T.Nigmatulin, R.I., et al., Theory of supercompression of vapor bubbles and nanoscale thermonuclear fusion. Phys. Fluids, 2005. 17.
CA=Akhatov, I., CA=Topolnikov, A., CA=Bolotnova, R., CA=Vakhitova, N., CA=Lahey, R. T., CA=Taleyarkhan, R. P.Nimtz, G. and P. Marquardt, A proposal for a lukewarm nuclear fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 518.
CA=Marquardt, P.Nishimiya, N., et al., Hyperstoichiometric Hydrogen Occlusion by Palladium Nanoparticles Included in NaY Zeolite. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2001. 319: p. 312.
CA=Kishi, T., CA=Mizushima, T., CA=Matsumoto, A., CA=Tsutsumi, K.Nishizawa, K., Radiation Protection Aspects of cold fusion. Hoken Butsuri, 1990. 25: p. 288 (in Japanese).
Nishizawa, K., Neutron measurements in cold fusion. Hoshasen, 1991. 17(1): p. 4 (in Japanese).
Noble, G., J. Dash, and L. McNasser. Electrolysis of Heavy Water with a Palladium and Sulfate Composite. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Dash, J., CA=McNasser, L.Nohmi, T., et al. Basic Research On Condensed Matter Nuclear Reaction Using Pd Powders Charged With High Density Deuterium. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Sasaki, Y., CA=Yamaguchi, T., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Kitamura, A., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.We have constructed an experimental system to replicate the phenomenon of heat and 4He generation by D2 gas absorption in nano-sized Pd powders reported by Arata, and to investigate the underlying physics. We performed calorimetry during D2 or H2 absorption with micronized powders of Si, Pd and Pd-black. With D2, after the palladium deuteride formed, the cell produced 8.3 ±4.5 kJ (or 2.6 ±1.4 kJ/g), which is somewhat larger than the systematic error of 4.0 kJ estimated from an H2 blank.
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CA=Noninski, C. I.Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, Determination of the excess energy obtained during the electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 364.
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CA=Ciottone, J. L., CA=White, P. J.Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on claimed beta-particle emission decay. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 317.
CA=Ciottone, J. L., CA=White, P. J.Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, Experiments on claimed transmutation of elements caused by a chemical process. J. Sci. Expl., 1996. 10: p. 249.
CA=Ciottone, J. L., CA=White, P. J.Noninski, V.C., J.L. Ciottone, and P.J. White, On an experimental curiosity that if undetected may lead to erroneous far-reaching conclusions. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 248.
CA=Ciottone, J. L., CA=White, P. J.Norberg, R.E., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Hydrogen Absorbed into Palladium Wire. Phys. Rev., 1952. 86: p. 745.
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CA=Noerskov, J. K., CA=Besenbacher, F., CA=Myers, S. M.Notoya, R. and M. Enyo. Excess Heat Production in Electrolysis of Potassium Carbonate Solution with Nickel Electrodes. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Enyo, M.Notoya, R. Alkali-Hydrogen Cold Fusion Accompanied by Tritium Production on Nickel. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Notoya, R., Cold fusion by electrolysis in a light water-potassium carbonate solution with a nickel electrode. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 202.
Notoya, R., Current status of cold fusion research. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1993. 39(9): p. 34 (in Japanese).
Notoya, R., Y. Noya, and T. Ohnishi, Tritium generation and large excess heat evolution by electrolysis in light and heavy water-potassium carbonate solutions with nickel electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 179.
CA=Noya, Y., CA=Ohnishi, T.Notoya, R. Nuclear Products of Cold Fusion Caused by Electrolysis in Alkali Metallic Ions Solutions. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Notoya, R., Cold fusion arising from hydrogen evolution reaction on active metals in alkali metallic ions' solutions. Environ. Res. Forum, 1996. 1-2: p. 127.
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Notoya, R., T. Ohnishi, and Y. Noya, Nuclear Reaction Caused by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water Solutions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 40.
CA=Ohnishi, T., CA=Noya, Y.Notoya, R., T. Ohnishi, and Y. Noya. Products of Nuclear Processes Caused by Electrolysis on Nickel and Platinum Electrodes in Solutions of Alkali-Metallic Ions. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Ohnishi, T., CA=Noya, Y.Nowicka, E. and R. Du•s, H2 dissociative adsorption on palladium hydride and titanium hydride surfaces: Evidence for weakly bound state of hydrogen adatoms. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 506.
CA=Du•s, R.NREL, Energy Overview from NREL. 2006, NREL. p. 17.
This document has no connection to cold fusion, but it is valuable public domain information, it is no longer in print, and it does not appear to be available elsewhere on the Internet.
Pages 2 – 16 are from the U.S. DoE Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (NREL), Hydrogen Program Plan--FY 1993--FY 1997, June 1992, Appendixes A and C.
Page 17 shows a graph published by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2001. The graph shows that most energy is lost as “rejected energy” (waste heat), especially in Electricity generation (70% waste) and Transportation (80% waste). Better technology would greatly reduce this waste. Most generators convert only 33% of the heat from burning coal or gas into electricity; advanced generators convert 40%. Most automobiles convert only 15% of the heat from gasoline into useful vehicle propulsion; hybrid and electric automobiles convert 30% or more. This graph is based on the DoE Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review. This review is an excellent, comprehensive source of online information. See:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html
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CA=Takagi, R., CA=Ohno, I., CA=Kawamura, K., CA=Haruyama, S.Numata, H. and I. Ohno. In situ potentio, resisto and dilatomic measurement of repeated hydrogen absorption in Pd electrode by electrochemical cathodic loading method. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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CA=Iida, T., CA=Beppu, N., CA=Maruta, K., CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Takahashi, A.Ochiai, K., et al. Measurement of High-Energetic Particles from Titanium Sheets Implanted with Deuterium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
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CA=Yoshida, S., CA=Yoshinaga, Y., CA=Aida, M., CA=Okamoto, M.To investigate the dominant factors that allow a reproducible nuclear reaction in D-Pd systems, the initial electric resistance and the hardness of the Pd cathode have been examined for excess heat generation and the excess neutron emission in LiOD-Pd electrolysis cells. Two background (control) runs and one foreground run with the Pd cathode of high electric resistance and high hardness gave no nuclear effects, while one foreground run with low electric resistance and low hardness gave appreciable excess neutron emission and the excess heat generation. Reversed correlation was found between the two nuclear effects.
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CA=Enyo, M.Ohmori, T. and M. Enyo, Iron Formation in Gold and Palladium Cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 15.
CA=Enyo, M.
ABSTRACT
Investigation of some reaction products possibly produced by electrolyzing with Au and Pd electrodes in Na2SO4, K2CO3, and KOH light water solutions was made. The electrolysis was performed for 7 days with a constant current of 1 A. After the electrolysis the elements accumulated in the electrode were analyzed by means of AES. In every case a notable amount of Fe atoms were detected together with a certain amount of excess energy evolution, being in the range of 9 x 1015 to 1.8 x 1016 atoms/cm2 for Au and of 1.2 x 1015 to 4.0 x 1016 atoms/cm2 for Pd. The isotopic abundance of these Fe atoms was measured by means of SIMS, which was 6.5, 77.5, and 14.5% for 54Fe, 56Fe and 57Fe, respectively, at the top surface of Au electrode, obviously different from the natural values. For Pd electrode, a considerable increase in the contents of 54Fe and 57Fe was observed.
Ohmori, T., T. Mizuno, and M. Enyo, Isotopic distributions of heavy metal elements produced during the light water electrlysis on gold electrodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 90.
CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Enyo, M.Ohmori, T., T. Mizuno, and M. Enyo, Isotopic distributions of heavy metal elements produced during the light water electrolysis on gold electrodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 90.
CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Enyo, M.Ohmori, T., et al., Low temperature nuclear transmutation forming iron on/in gold electrode during light water electrolysis. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1997. 22: p. 459.
CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Minagawa, H., CA=Enyo, M.Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Nuclear transmutation occurring in the electrolysis on several metal electrodes. Curr. Topics Electrochem., 1997. 5: p. 37.
CA=Mizuno, T.Ohmori, T., et al., Transmutation in the electrolysis of lightwater - excess energy and iron production in a gold electrode. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 210.
CA=Enyo, M., CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Nodasaka, Y., CA=Minagawa, H.Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Excess energy evolution and transmutation. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 14.
CA=Mizuno, T.Ohmori, T., et al., Nuclear transmutation reaction occurring during the light water electrolysis on Pd electrode. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 35.
CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Kurokawa, K., CA=Enyo, M.Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno. Strong Excess Energy Evolution, New Element Production, and Electromagnetic Wave and/or Neutron Emission in the Light Water Electrolysis with a Tungsten Cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
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CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Nodasaka, Y., CA=Enyo, M.Ohmori, T. and T. Mizuno, Nuclear transmutation reaction caused by light water electrolysis on tungsten cathode under incandescent conditions. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(27): p. 34.
CA=Mizuno, T.Ohmori, T., Reply to 'Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system''. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 243.
Ohmori, T., Letter to the Editor: 'Reply to 'Comments on "Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system". Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 274.
Ohmori, T., Recent development in solid state nuclear transmutation occurring by the electrolysis. Curr. Topics Electrochem., 2000. 7: p. 101.
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CA=Takahashi, A.Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis on nuclear transmutation by MPIF/SCS method. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Takahashi, A.Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis of Nuclear Transmutation Induced from Metal Plus Multibody-Fusion-Products Reaction. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Takahashi, A.Nuclear transmutation is analyzed by the selective channel scission model. The fission product yields for Pd plus a or 8Be reactions are calculated as secondary reactions of the multi-body fusion. And an anomalous isotopic ratio of Fe, which is reported by many researchers, is also analyzed and the analytical result shows good consistency with experimental results.
AU=Ohta, M.Ohta, M. and A. Takahashi. Analysis Of Nuclear Transmutation Induced From Metal Plus Multibody-Fusion-Products, Reaction (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Takahashi, A.ICCF-10 PowerPoint presentation.
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CA=Nezu, S.Okamoto, H., et al. Approach to Obtain Higher Deuterium Loading Ratios of Palladium Cathodes. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Sano, T., CA=Oyabe, Y., CA=Terazawa, T., CA=Ohi, T.Okamoto, M., et al. Behavior of Key Elements in Pd for the Solid State Nuclear Phenomena Occurred in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Ogawa, H., CA=Yoshinaga, Y., CA=Kusunoki, T., CA=Odawara, O.Okamoto, M., et al. Excess Heat Generation, Voltage Deviation, and Neutron Emission in D2O-LiOD Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Yoshinaga, Y., CA=Aida, M., CA=Kusunoki, T.Okamoto, M., et al., Excess Heat Generation, Voltage Deviation, and Neutron Emission in D2O-LiOD Systems. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 176.
CA=Yoshinaga, Y., CA=Aida, M., CA=Kusunoki, T.
ABSTRACT
To elucidate the mechanism of the excess heat generation (EHG), the correlation of the EHG with the nuclear effects, especially the excess neutron emission (ENE), and electrochemical effects, especially the cell voltage (CV) change, is discussed based on the data obtained in a series of electrolysis of heavy water or light water in D2(H2)O-LiOD(H)-Pd systems.
Okoye, S., Cold Fusion, The Unlimited Energy Source: A Myth Or Reality?, in NigeriaWorld. 2005.
Olayo, M.G., et al., Absorption of deuterium in titanium plates induced by electric discharges. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998. 23: p. 885.
CA=Cruz, G. J., CA=Balderas, L., CA=Melendez, L., CA=Chavez, A., CA=Valencia, R., CA=Chavez, E., CA=Flores, A., CA=Lopez, R.Oleari, L. On the Probability of Collisions of the Nuclei in H2 and D2 Molecules. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Olemskoj, A.I. and E.A. Toropov, On the fluctuation theory of cold fusion. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1990. 35(11): p. 1619 (in Russian).
CA=Toropov, E. A.Oliphant, M.L., P. Harteck, and Rutherford, Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen. Nature (London), 1934. 133: p. 413.
CA=Harteck, P., CA=RutherfordOlofsson, G., I. Wadsoe, and L. Eberson, Design and testing of a calorimeter for measurements on electrochemical reactions with gas evolution. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1991. 23: p. 95.
CA=Wadsoe, I., CA=Eberson, L.Ono, H., et al., Absorption and desorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium. Denki Tsushin Daigaku Kiyo, 1991. 4: p. 235 (in Japanese).
CA=Takahashi, S., CA=Morisaki, H., CA=Yazawa, K.Oppenheimer, J.R. and M. Phillips, Note on the Transmutation Function for Deuterons. Phys. Rev., 1935. 48: p. 500.
CA=Phillips, M.Oriani, R.A., et al., Calorimetric measurements of excess power output during the cathodic charging of deuterium into palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 652.
CA=Nelson, J. C., CA=Lee, S. K., CA=Broadhurst, J. H.A Seebeck-effect calorimeter was used to establish that generation of energy, in excess of the electrical energy input, can occur during the electrolysis of D2O. The magnitude of the excess power is measured with respect to the electrolysis of H2O as the baseline. The excess power levels of >60 W/cm3 palladium and excess energies of 74 kJ cannot be understood in terms of recombination of D2 and O2 within the calorimeter, other chemical reactions, or a storage-and-relaxation mechanism.
AU=Oriani, R. A.Oriani, R.A. The Physical and Metallurgical Aspects of Hydrogen in Metals (translation into Chinese). in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Translated by W.-S. Zhang.
AU=Oriani, R. A.Oriani, R.A. The Physical and Metallurgical Aspects of Hydrogen in Metals. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Abstract
To attempt to optimize the anomalous phenomena that today go under the label “cold fusion” the experimentalist should be aware of the many aspects of the behavior of hydrogen in metals and of its entry into and egress from metals. This paper discusses the equilibrium characteristics of the isotopes of hydrogen in metals. The first section discusses the thermodynamics of the terminal solutions of metal-hydrogen systems including the enthalpies of solutions, H-H interactions, effect of third elements, distribution of isotopes between the phases, site occupation, and the molar volume of hydrogen in metallic solutions.
Oriani, R.A. A Brief Survey of Useful Information About Hydrogen in Metals. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
introduction
Because cold fusion phenomena are notoriously erratic, and the parameters necessary to obtain reproducible and consistent results are poorly understood it is important to be aware of what is known about the state of hydrogen in metals and of the dynamics of its entry into and release from a metal. This short paper cannot do more than indicate some of the important areas; the interested reader can obtain more information by reading the references (1-3).
Oriani, R.A., An investigation of anomalous thermal power generation from a proton-conducting oxide. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 281.
Abstract
A high-temperature Seebeck effect calorimeter, in which the thermoelectric emf across a large-area enveloping thermopile is a measure of the heat flux from a power source, has been constructed to examine the claimed generation of excess thermal energy from a proton-conducting oxide immersed in deuterium gas. The claim has been confirmed in a few experiments out of many unsuccessful ones.
Oriani, R.A., Anomalous heavy atomic masses produced by electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 76.
Oriani, R.A. Anomalous Heavy Atomic Masses Produced by Electrolysis. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
abstract
By applying to electrolysis cathodes a technique that produces essentially only oxides that are volatile at room temperature, spectroscopically determined masses between 222 and 351 are found that cannot be ascribed to known compounds. In particular the masses found between 231 and 240 AMU cannot be ascribed to random signals but do correspond to CO2 the carbon of which is a neutron-rich nuclide as predicted by a recent theory of polyneutron nuclear reactions.
Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher, Generation of Nuclear Tracks during Electrolysis. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41: p. 6180-6183.
CA=Fisher, J. C.
PLEASE NOTE! The printer made a major error in this paper. The version in our library is correct. The abstract begins:
We show that energetic charged particles are produced during electrolysis of a D2O solution of Li2SO4 in a cell with a platinum anode and a palladium cathode. CR-39 plastic detectors, designed for recording alpha particles from radon decay, were immersed in the electrolyte during electrolysis. They recorded significantly larger numbers of energetic particle tracks than were recorded by control detectors not subject to electrolysis. Statistical analysis shows only a 3 * 10-6 probability that the electrolysis tracks and the control tracks could have arisen from a common population. We conclude that there is a causal relationship between electrolysis and the production of energetic charged particles. Because track formation requires particle energies substantially greater than thermal or electrochemical energies it seems inescapable that a nuclear reaction was responsible.
Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Detection of Energetic Charged Particles During Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Fisher, J. C.By the use of Cr-39 particle track detectors immersed in the electrolyte, we confirm that a nuclear reaction of as-yet unknown nature can take place during electrolysis. With Li2SO4 dissolved in D2O or H2O and either Pd or Ni as cathodes, a very large statistical difference in nuclear track generation is found between detector chips immersed during electrolysis and the control chips immersed in similar solutions not subjected to electrolysis. The probability that the electrolysis tracks and the control tracks could have by chance arisen from a common population is 2.5 x 10-5, 1.2 x 10-6, and 5.8 x 10-4 for the systems Pd/D2O, Pd/H2O, and Ni/D2O, respectively. We conclude that there is a causal relationship between electrolysis and energetic charged particles and that neither Pd nor D2O is essential for the generation of a nuclear reaction. Some implications for theoretical considerations are presented.
AU=Oriani, R. A.Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Energetic Charged Particles Produced in the Gas Phase by Electrolysis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Fisher, J. C.
abstract
CR-39 plastic detector chips suspended in the vapor over the electrolytic solution during electrolysis record the tracks of highly energetic charged particles. The probability that the track densities found in these detector chips and the generally smaller track densities found in controls belong to a common population is 3 x 10-10 by the Mann-Whitney statistical test. It is therefore concluded that a nuclear reaction that originates in the vapor phase can accompany electrolysis. Occasionally huge numbers of nuclear tracks are recorded by detector chips in the vapor over active electrolysis cells. One such experiment is analyzed in which two contiguous detector chips recorded approximately 40,000 tracks. Analysis of track orientations shows that the shower of charged particles originated in a compact source in the vapor between the chips at about 2 mm from one of the chips. A new type of nuclear reaction is indicated.
Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Energetic particle shower in the vapor from electrolysis. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Fisher, J. C.Approximately 40,000 energetic charged particles were recorded in a pair of plastic detector chips suspended in the vapor over an active electrolysis cell. Particle track locations and orientations were revealed by examining the etch pits produced by chemical etching. Analysis of track orientations indicates that the shower originated in a compact source in the vapor between the chips. The total magnitude of the shower is estimated to have been 150,000 particles and its duration is estimated to have been a few seconds. A previously unknown type of nuclear reaction is indicated.
AU=Oriani, R. A.Oriani, R.A. and J.C. Fisher. Nuclear reactions produced in an operating electrolysis cell. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Fisher, J. C.We report the results of experiments in which CR-39 plastic particle-detection chips were exposed in various environments within and surrounding operating electrolysis cells. Because CR-39 detectors record only particles with energies in excess of about 0.2 MeV the detected particles must have arisen in nuclear reactions. Evidence for such reactions was found in deuterium gas behind a palladium cathode that served as part of the cell enclosure, in air behind a similarly disposed nickel cathode, in air beyond the glass wall of the electrolysis cell, and in oxygen gas above the anode when anode and cathode were placed in separate arms of a U-tube cell. These results, augmented by earlier work indicating nuclear reactions within the electrolyte and in the hydrogen-oxygen gas over the electrolyte, cannot be understood in terms of conventional nuclear theory.
AU=Oriani, R. A.Oriani, R.A. Reproducible Evidence For The Generation Of A Nuclear Reaction During Electrolysis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Past work in this laboratory has shown that nuclear particles generated during electrolysis can be registered by CR39 plastic detectors held within the electrolyte solution, suspended in the vapor above the solution, or placed just below the metal cathode that serves as the bottom of the electrolyte compartment of the electrolysis cell. However, not every electrolysis experiment produced nuclear particles so that total reproducibility was not achieved. Therefore another experimental technique has been developed which has shown the generation of nuclear particles in each of twenty five consecutive electrolysis experiments using heavy or light water solutions of lithium salts. The damage trails caused by the nuclear particles are made visible by etching in hot concentrated caustic solution, and the electrolysis experiments are accompanied by suitable blank, or control, experiments. The damage trails begin either at the surface of the CR39 chip that faces toward the electrolyte, at the opposite surface, or totally within the 0.83 mm thickness of the plastic detectors. It is demonstrated that the nuclear damage trails could not have been caused by ordinary radionuclides contaminating anything involved in the experimental procedure. The described phenomena pose a formidable challenge to nuclear theory.
AU=Osman, F.Osman, F., et al., Supporting the Josephson Interpretation of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Stabilization of Nuclear Waste. Am. J. Applied Sci. 2, 2005. 6: p. 1049-1057.
CA=Hora, H., CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Kelly, J.Abstract: Brian Josephson appealed at the meeting of the Nobel Laureates July 2004 against the ignorance of physicist to the phenomenon of cold fusion. Though there are good reasons against many publications to this topic but not to all what was reported. It seems to be indicated to summarize the following serious, reproducible and confirmed observations on reactions of protons or deuterons incorporated in host metals such as palladium, nickel and other metals. We underline the confusing discovery by Cockroft and Oliphant with the anomalously low energy for nuclear reactions which was hundred times lower than in the usual cases when smashing nuclei against their Coulomb potential. A similar unexpected result was that of Otto Hahn’s-the chemist!-discovery of fission that had changed the world. A significant result for cold fusion was seen in gaseous atmosphere or discharges between palladium targets, rather significant and fully reproducible, e.g. from the “life after death” heat production of such high values per host atom that only nuclear reactions can be involved. This supports the earlier evaluation of neutron generation in fully reversible experiments with gas discharges hinting that a reasonable screening effect-preferably in the swimming electron layer-may lead to reactions at nuclear distances d of picometers with reaction probability times U of about megaseconds similar to the K-shell capture radioactivity. Further electrolytic experiments led to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) where the involvement of pollution could be excluded from the generation of very seldom rare earth elements. A basically new theory for DD cross sections is used to confirm the picometer-megasecond reactions of cold fusion. Other theoretical aspects are given from measured heavy element distributions similar to the standard abundance distribution, SAD, in the Universe with consequences on endothermic heavy nuclei generation, magic numbers and to quarkgluon plasmas. One application may be the elimination of long lived nuclear waste by transmutation into stable nuclei.
AU=Osterwalder, J.Osterwalder, J. and L. Schlapbach, Unoccupied Electronic States in Cerium Hydrides. Physica B, 1985. 130: p. 524.
CA=Schlapbach, L.Ota, K., et al. Heat Production at the Heavy Water Electrolysis Using Mechanically Treated Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kuratsuka, M., CA=Ando, K., CA=Iida, Y., CA=Yoshitake, H., CA=Kamiya, N.Ota, K., et al. Heat Measurement of Water Electrolysis Using Pd Cathode and the Electrochemistry. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Yoshitake, H., CA=Yamazaki, O., CA=Kuratsuka, M., CA=Yamaki, K., CA=Ando, K., CA=Iida, Y., CA=Kamiya, N.Ota, K., H. Yoshitake, and N. Kamiya, Present status of cold fusion. Hyomen Kagaku, 1993. 14(9): p. 570 (in Japanese).
CA=Yoshitake, H., CA=Kamiya, N.Ota, K., et al. Effect of Boron for the Heat Production at the Heavy Water Electrolysis using Palladium Cathodes. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Yamaki, K., CA=Tanabe, S., CA=Yoshitake, H., CA=Kamiya, N.Ota, K. and T. Kobayashi, Cold fusion and calorimetry. Netsu Sokutei, 1997. 24(3): p. 138 (Japan., Engl. abstr.).
CA=Kobayashi, T.Ota, K., et al., Effect of boron for the heat production during the heavy water electrolysis using palladium cathode. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 26.
CA=Kobayashi, T., CA=Motohira, N., CA=Kamiya, N.Ota, K., et al. Heat Measurement During the Heavy Water Electrolysis using Pd Cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Kobayashi, T., CA=Motohira, N., CA=Kamiya, N.Ota, K., et al. Some Experimental Results on Heat Measurement During Water Electrolysis. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Okabe, T., CA=Kudoh, H., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Motohira, N., CA=Kamiya, N.Oya, Y., et al. Hydrogen Isotope Effect Induced by Neutron Irradiation in Pd-LiOD(H) Electrolysis. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Ogawa, H., CA=Ono, T., CA=Aida, M., CA=Okamoto, M.Oya, Y., et al. Material Conditions to Replicate the Generation of Excess Energy and the Emission of Excess Neutrons. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Ogawa, H., CA=Aida, M., CA=Iinuma, K., CA=Okamoto, M.
Abstract
The key parameters for occurrence of the anomalous phenomena, especially excess heat generation and emission of excess neutrons, have been investigated through a series of electrolytic experiments in Pd-LiOD(H) systems. Seven key parameters are identified. In the present work, a series of systematic experiments has been carried out with some parameters fixed. By controlling the key parameters completely, the anomalous phenomena with appreciable correlation between the excess heat generation and the excess neutron emission can be replicated successfully.
Oya, Y., et al. The Role of Alkaline Ions in Dynamic Movement of Hydrogen Isotopes in Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Aida, M., CA=Iinuma, K., CA=Okamoto, M.
ABSTRACT
Electrolysis in Pd-LiOD(H), NaOD(H) and KOD(H) systems was carried out to clarify the specific role of the lithium for tremendously high density and the dynamic movement of the deuterium on the surface of the Pd cathode. Only for LiOD system with pulse mode current electrolysis, anomalous high density of deuterium and lithium and the dynamic movement of deuterium are observed on the surface of the Pd cathode. A clear difference in absorption, desorption and depth profiles between LiOD(H) and NaOD(H) or KOD(H) system with the pulse mode current electrolysis is identified. This difference is attributed to the lithium accumulation structure on the Pd surface; only the pulse mode current electrolysis of Pd-LiOD system brings about the anomalous phenomena.
Oyama, N., et al., Electrochemical calorimetry of D2O electrolysis using a palladium cathode - an undivided, open cell system -. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1990. 63: p. 2659.
CA=Ohsaka, T., CA=Hatozaki, O., CA=Kurasawa, Y., CA=Yamamoto, N., CA=Kasahara, S., CA=Ohta, N., CA=Imai, Y., CA=Oyama, Y., CA=Nakamura, T., CA=Shibata, T., CA=Imamura, M., CA=Uwamino, Y., CA=Shibata, S.Oyama, N., et al., Probing absorption of deuterium into palladium cathodes during D2O electrolysis with an in situ electrochemical microbalance technique. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1990. 29(5): p. L818.
CA=Yamamoto, N., CA=Hatozaki, O., CA=Ohsaka, T.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
The in situ observation of the absorption of deuterium (or hydrogen) into the Pd cathode during D2O (or H2O) electrolysis was made by an electrochemical microbalance technique which is based on the quartz-crystal electrode. The resonant frequency of the Pd-coated quartz-crystal electrode decreased with increasing amount of charge passed during electrolysis, and the frequency change for the D2O electrolysis was about twice that for the H2O electrolysis. The atom ratios of H/Pd and D/Pd of the H-Pd and D-Pd compounds resulting from the electrolysis were estimated to be 0.59 and 0.57, respectively.
Oyama, N. and O. Hatozaki, Present and future of cold fusion - nuclear fusion induced by electrochemical reaction. Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 60: p. 220 (in Japanese).
CA=Hatozaki, O.Oyama, N., et al. Electrochemical Calorimetry of D2O Electrolysis Using a Palladium Cathode in a Closed Cell System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Terashima, T., CA=Kasahara, S., CA=Hatozaki, O., CA=Ohsaka, T., CA=Tatsuma, T.Oyama, N., N. Yamamoto, and T. Tatsuma. In-Situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Studies of Water Electrolysis at a Palladium Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Yamamoto, N., CA=Tatsuma, T.Oyama, N., et al. In situ interferometric microscopy of Pd electrode surfaces and calorimetry during electrolysis of D2O solution containing sulfur ion. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Ozaki, M., CA=Tsukiyama, S., CA=Hatozaki, O., CA=Kunimatsu, K.Oyama, Y., Very low level flux neutron measurement with an NE213 liquid scintillator. Hoshasen, 1990. 16: p. 15 (in Japanese).
Ozdemir, P., The Energy Release Mechanism of Newley-Formed Alpha Bosons in a Quantum Crystal Lattice. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 45.
Packham, N.J.C., et al., Production of tritium from D2O electrolysis at a palladium cathode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 270: p. 451.
CA=Wolf, K. L., CA=Wass, J. C., CA=Kainthla, R. C., CA=Bockris, J.
INTRODUCTION
In the present communication, we report data that may be relevant to the phenomenon of room temperature fusion. It is the contention of the authors that the alleged phenomenon is better characterized by the production of nuclear particles than by the measurement of bursts of heat. Here, we describe the observation of tritium produced in eleven D2O electrolysis cells at levels 102-105 times above that expected from the normal isotopic enrichment of electrolysis. Particular attention has been paid to possible sources of contamination.
Page, W.S. and D. Page. Two-dimensional Proton Conductors. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Page, D.Palamalai, A., et al., Preliminary experimental studies on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium. Trans. SAEST, 1990. 25: p. 73.
CA=Ahmed, A., CA=Sampath, M., CA=Chinnusamy, A., CA=Prasad, G. N., CA=Krishna Rao, K. S., CA=Sreedharan, O. M., CA=Raman, V. R., CA=Balasubramanian, G. R.Paleschi, V., et al., A plasma model of the process of cold nuclear fusion in metals. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 148: p. 345.
CA=Harith, M. A., CA=Salvetti, G., CA=Singh, D. P., CA=Vaselli, M.Palibroda, E. and P. Gluck, Cold nuclear fusion in thin foils of palladium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1991. 154: p. 153.
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CA=Peters, K.Paneth, F., K. Peters, and P. Guenther, On the transmutation of hydrogen into helium. Ber., 1927. 60: p. 808 (in German).
CA=Peters, K., CA=Guenther, P.Paneth, F., The transmutation of hydrogen into helium. Nature (London), 1927. 119: p. 706.
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Pappas, P.T. The Electrically Induced Nuclear Fusion in a living Cell. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
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CA=Ducati, U., CA=Sangiust, V., CA=Cavallotti, P. L., CA=Bortignon, P. F.Parish, T.A., R.T. Perry, and W.B. Wilson, Neutron sources and spectra from cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 479.
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CA=Lamb, W. E.Parmenter, R.H., A possible scenario for the onset of cold fusion in deuterated metals. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 41.
It is suggested that a pair of deuterons in a deuterated metal may resonant-tunnel through the Coulomb barrier separating them and form a helium isomer characterized by L = 1, S = 1 and odd parity. . . .
AU=Parmenter, R. H.Parmenter, R.H., Enhancement of Cold Fusion Processes in Palladium by Catalytic Agents. Infinite Energy, 2002. 8(43): p. 66.
The process of fusion of a pair of deuterons into an α particle in palladium metal can be enhanced by the presence of free protons. The process of fusion of lithium 6 and a deuteron into a pair of α particles can be enhanced by the presence of free neutrons. . . .
AU=Parmigiani, F.Parmigiani, F. and P.G. Sona, Theoretical considerations on the cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(6): p. 913.
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CA=Vondrak, J.Passell, T.O. Overview and Status of the EPRI Program on Deuterated Metals. in ASME Joint International Power Generation Conference. 1994. Phoenix, AZ.
Passell, T.O. Charting the Way Forward in the EPRI Research Program on Deuterated Metals. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Passell, T.O., Radiation data reported by Wolf at Texas A&M as transmitted by T. Passell. 1995, EPRI.
ABSTRACT
Three cells were electrolyzed in series at constant low current 42 days near a neutron detector of low background (40 counts/hr) using a protocol of adding boron and aluminum at 0.001 molar to the 0.1 molar LiOD electrolyte at ~18th day. Cathodes were loaded with deuterium at a few 10’s of milliamps/cm2, with a 12-hour cryogenic treatment at day 17. Cathodes were sanded and replaced in the cell every 7 days. On the ~21st & 22nd days two successive fast neutron episodes were observed at about 2 times background. The neutron detector is minimally sensitive to gamma rays but gammas were observed near the end of the 20-hour neutron episode. When the cells were dismantled in late Sept 1992, all three cathodes (6 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were observed to be mildly radioactive. Analysis by germanium gamma detectors revealed presence of 100 billion atoms of Ag, Pd, Rh, and (one) Ru isotopes having ratios unlike those from bombardment by high-energy deuteron or proton beams.
Passell, T.O., Overview of EPRI Program in Deuterated Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 3(4): p. 1.
Passell, T.O. Search for nuclear reaction products in heat-producing palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Passell, T.O. Search for Nuclear Reaction Products in Heat-Producing Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Passell, T.O. and R. George. Trace Elements Added to Palladium by Exposure to Gaseous Deuterium. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=George, R.
ABSTRACT
This is an experimental program to investigate possible trace element changes brought about in palladium (Pd) after extensive electrolysis in heavy water electrolytes as well as long time contact of particulate Pd with gaseous deuterium. Of particular interest are cathodes and particulate Pd which had experienced episodes of excess heat production beyond all electrical and other inputs. This paper details the careful analysis by neutron activation analysis (NAA) of a set of three samples of finely powdered Pd exposed to high deuterium pressures (hundreds of atmospheres) near room temperature at the core of hollow cylindrical Pd cathodes. A fourth sample of unused Pd powder from the same batch used in the cathodes was analyzed as a control. The most prominent change observed in the three active samples versus the virgin Pd was the Zn-64 content. The active samples showed an increase in the Zn-64 isotope of 6 to 14 times that in the virgin Pd. Speculation regarding the source of this increased zinc varies from contamination during electron beam welding (used to seal off the hollow core) to nuclear reactions generated by high pressure deuterium gas on the large surface area Pd particles in the core.
Passell, T.O. Evidence for Lithium-6 Depletion in Pd Exposed to Gaseous Deuterium and Hydrogen. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Passell, T.O. Pd-110/Pd108 Ratios and Trace Element Changes in Particulate Palladium Exposed to Deuterium Gas (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
PowerPoint slides for this paper.
AU=Passell, T. O.Passell, T.O. Pd-110/Pd108 Ratios and Trace Element Changes in Particulate Palladium Exposed to Deuterium Gas. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
ABSTRACT
Changes in Pd-110/Pd-108 ratios as well as the concentration of silver, gold, zinc, cobalt, iridium and lithium-7/6 ratios have been measured using neutron activation analysis (NAA) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) on a set of four samples of particulate palladium exposed to high-pressure deuterium gas in the hollow core of Arata-Zhang cathodes. Three samples were from cathodes producing excess heat (10’s of megajoules) over a period of several-months electrolysis, while the fourth was virgin powder from the same batch as that of the active samples. If a nuclear process is the source of these changes, then multi-isotope elements such as silver, zinc, and iridium should show significant deviations in their isotopic ratios from the natural terrestrial values. Surface trace lithium did indeed show such differences from that of the virgin material. The Ag-109/107 ratio is currently under study by accelerator mass spectroscopy (AMS) for the one sample showing the greatest difference in Ag-109 content from that of the virgin material. Since these variations may have explanations unrelated to nuclear reactions, these results are not yet definitive. The 8% increase in the Pd-110/108 ratio for one of the four samples relative to the virgin material is one of the most difficult for which to find a conventional explanation.
Passell, T.O. and T. Benson. Glow Discharge Calorimetry (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Benson, T.Passell, T.O. ICCF-14 Summary. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
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Pemberton, S., J. Mace, and D. Tasker. Quantum Mechancial Study of the Fleischmann-Pons Effect (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Mace, J., CA=Tasker, D.
The Fleischmann-Pons Effect [1] (FPE) was swiftly rejected when published in 1989, yet a significant number of researchers have since reported energy gains in similar experiments; for a review see ref. [2]. These gains have been associated with "cold fusion" or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) where energy is released from a deuterium-deuterium (d-d) fusion. Clearly, this raises fundamental questions because the probability of a d-d fusion, under the conditions of the FPE cell, is extremely small. As stated in ref. [1], "it is necessary to reconsider the quantum mechanics of electrons and deuterons in such host lattices."
The goal of this paper is to predict possible changes in the probability of d-d fusion, caused by perturbations to the energy barriers or positive interference caused by the effects of adjacent atoms in a lattice. We report preliminary work on formulating quantum-mechanical models of the behavior of deuterium atoms trapped in a lattice.
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Platt, C., The Wired 25, in Wired. 1998.
This article is available at:
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.11/wired25.html
Life is short.
Especially when you’re determined to break all the rules.
In any age, there are a few people who give the rest of us something we can truly aspire to - and never more so than today. Meet the Wired 25, class of 1998. They are actively, even hyperactively, inventing tomorrow. From a wide range of professions, they have one thing in common: devotion to a singular ambition. They are attempting the impossible, and whether they succeed or fail, they will have a lasting impact on your life (and the lives of your kids).
Platt, C., What If Cold Fusion Is Real?, in Wired. 1998.
This article is available at:
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.11/coldfusion.html
It was the most notorious scientific experiment in recent memory - in 1989, the two men who claimed to have discovered the energy of the future were condemned as imposters and exiled by their peers. Can it possibly make sense to reopen the cold fusion investigation? A surprising number of researchers already have.
Plotkin, H., Power To The People. The return of cold fusion, in SF Gate. 1999.
This news article is archived here:
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/technology/archive/1999/03/15/coldfusion.dtl
On Friday, March 26, 1999, the director of Menlo Park-based SRI International's Energy Research Center, Dr. Michael McKubre, will present the results of SRI's 10-year, $6 million-dollar effort to replicate the cold-fusion experiments of chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann.
McKubre's startling conclusion: Pons and Fleischmann were on to something.
Plotkin, H., The war against cold fusion. What's realy behind it?, in SF Gate. 1999.
This news article is archived here:
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/technology/archive/1999/05/17/coldfusion2.dtl
Two months ago, I reported that Dr. Michael McKubre, an electrochemist at Menlo Park-based SRI, was, like other researchers, generating unaccounted-for heat in a carefully-controlled cold fusion experiment. . . .
Plotkin, H., Cold Fusion Rides Again. Science magazine publishes more evidence of tabletop nuclear reactions, in SF Gate. 2002.
This news article is archived here:
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2002/03/25/tbltpfusion.DTL
Science magazine dropped a bombshell earlier this month: The prestigious journal published a paper by a team of researchers at Tennessee's Oak Ridge National Laboratory who say they have discovered evidence of what looks like nuclear fusion taking place in a relatively inexpensive tabletop device.
The findings bear striking similarities to the controversial cold-fusion claims made by chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann in 1989, although the particular experiment is different.
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CA=Fleischmann, M.
Abstract
We have described elsewhere . . . that Pd and Pd-alloy electrodes cathodically polarised in D2O solutions under extreme conditions can drive the calorimetric cells to the boiling point. We have then adopted the procedure of allowing the cells to boil to dryness. For these conditions the galvanostats are driven to the rail voltage (100 V) but the cell current is reduced to zero. We have then found that cells which contained D2O frequently remain at high temperatures (in the vicinity of 100°C) before cooling rapidly to the bath temperature. Cells containing H2O can also be driven to the boiling point but such cells cool immediately on terminating the experiments.
This phenomenon has become known as “Heat after Death” (the death referring to cessation of polarisation). Calibrations of the cells for such conditions show the generation of high levels of enthalpy at zero enthalpy input.
Methods of investigating such systems will be outlined.
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This is the complete proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion, April 9-13, 1995, Monte-Carlo, Monaco.
The printed book is in one volume, but this version has been split into two parts to facilitate downloading. This is Part 1, cover page to page 200.
This file is in image-over-text Acrobat format, so it is large.
Pons, S., ed. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion (Part 2). 1995, IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France: Monte-Carlo, Monaco. 640.
This is the complete proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion, April 9-13, 1995, Monte-Carlo, Monaco.
The printed book is in one volume, but this version has been split into two parts to facilitate downloading. This is Part 2, page 201 to page 640.
This file is in image-over-text Acrobat format, so it is large.
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CA=Sundaresan, R., CA=Gangadharan, S., CA=Sen, B. K., CA=Murthy, T. S.In continuation of the earlier R&D work carried out in connection with the investigations for electrochemically induced fusion of deuterons using palladium cathode and platinum anode, a series of experiments was carried out.
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CA=Harley, D., CA=Shin, G. R., CA=Rafelski, J.Rafelski, J. and S.E. Jones, Cold Nuclear Fusion. Scientific American, 1987. July: p. 84.
CA=Jones, S. E.Rafelski, J., et al., Limits on Cold Fusion in Condensed Matter: A Parametric Study. 1989.
CA=Gajda, M., CA=Harley, D., CA=Jones, S. E.Rafelski, J., et al., How cold fusion can be catalyzed. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 136.
CA=Sawicki, M., CA=Gajda, M., CA=Harley, D.Rafelski, J., et al., Nuclear reactions catalyzed by a massive negatively charged particle. How Cold Fusion Can Be Catalyzed. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 136.
CA=Sawicki, M., CA=Gajda, M., CA=Harley, D.Ragheb, M. and G.H. Miley, On the possibility of deuteron disintegration in electrochemically compressed deuterium ion (D+) in a palladium cathode. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 243.
CA=Miley, G. H.Ragheb, M. and G.H. Miley, Deuteron disintegration in condensed media. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 429.
CA=Miley, G. H.Ragland, E., Triode cell experiments for controlled Fleischmann/Pons effect. 1990.
Ragland, E. A Physical Description of Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Ragland, E., A cold fusion technology assessment. Part I - Preliminary Report. 1994.
Raj, P., et al., Search for Nuclear Fusion in Gas Phase Deuteriding of Titanium Metal, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. B 1.
CA=Suryanarayana, P., CA=Sathyamoorthy, A., CA=Datta, T.
The possibility of D-D nuclear fusion in some deuterium-metal systems, under ambient conditions, has aroused feverish worldwide interest. Most of the work reported, so far, concerns deuterium charging of Pd metal through electrolysis of D2O.
In the Chemistry Division, we have carried out some experiments on the deuteriding behaviour of Ti metal, through gaseous route, in the absorption as well as desorption modes, with the view to look for the fusion products, neutrons in the present case. These kinds of experiments have been reported by Frascatti Group in Italy. These authors detected neutron emission lasting over a period of several hours.
Rajagopalan, S.R., Cold fusion produces more tritium than neutrons. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 1059.
Rajan, K.G., et al., Electromigration approach to verify cold fusion effects. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 100.
CA=Mudali, U. K., CA=Dayal, R. K., CA=Rodriguez, P.Ramamurthy, H., et al. Further Studies on Excess Heat Generation in Ni-H2O Electrolytic Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Mukherjee, U. K., CA=Adi Babu, P.Rambaut, M., Double screened Coulomb barrier accounts for neutrons productions in cluster and other fusion experiments. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 164: p. 155.
Rambaut, M. Lawson Criterion Made Obsolete by Cold Fusion through the Double Screening Process. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Rambaut, M., Account of Cold Fusion by Screening and Harmonic Oscillator Resonance. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 486.
Rambaut, M. Experimental Evidences for the Harmonic Oscillator Resonance and Electron Accumulation Model of Cold Fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monac: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Rambaut, M. Electrons clusters and magnetic monopoles. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Rangarajan, S.K., Electrochemically induced cold fusion? A commentary. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 598.
Ransford, H.E. and S.J. Pike. Apparatus for Safely ExtendingCold Fusion Investigations to High Temperature, Pressure and Input Power Regimes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Pike, S. J.Ransford, H.E., Apparatus for Safely Extending Cold Fusion Investigations to High Temperature, Pressure and Input Power Regimes. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 78.
Ransford, H.E., Non-Stellar nucleosynthesis: Transition metal production by DC plasma-discharge electrolysis using carbon electrodes in a non-metallic cell. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): p. 16.
Rant, J., et al., Methods for in-situ detection of cold fusion in condensed matter. Kerntechnik, 1990. 55: p. 165.
CA=Ilic, R., CA=Skvarc, J., CA=Sutej, T., CA=Budnar, M., CA=Miklavzic, U.Rao, K.A., Technique for Concentration of Helium in Electrolytic Gases for Cold Fusion Studies, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 11.
Rao, K.R. and S.L. Chaplot, Computer experiments concerning palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium lattices - implications to phenomenon of low-energy nuclear reaction. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 355.
CA=Chaplot, S. L.Ratkje, S.K. and B. Hafskjold, Local heat effects by electrolysis of heavy water. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 273: p. 269.
CA=Hafskjold, B.Raub, E. and W. Plate, ĂŁber das verhalten der edelmetalle und ihrer legierungen zu sauerstoff bei hoher temperatur im festen zustand. Z. Metallkde, 1957. 48: p. 529.
CA=Plate, W.Raub, E. and W. Plate, ‹ber das verhalten der edelmetalle und ihrer legierungen zu sauerstoff bei hoher temperatur im festen zustand. Z. Metallkde, 1957. 48: p. 529.
CA=Plate, W.Ray, M.K.S., et al., The Fleischmann-Pons phenomenon - a different perspective. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 395.
CA=Saini, R. D., CA=Das, D., CA=Chattopadhyay, G., CA=Parthasarathy, R., CA=Garg, S. P., CA=Venkataramani, R., CA=Sen, B. K., CA=Iyengar, T. S., CA=Kutty, K. K., CA=Wagh, D. N., CA=Bajpai, H. N., CA=Iyer, C. S. P.Redey, L., et al., Calorimetric measurements on electrochemical cells with Pd-D cathodes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 249.
CA=Myles, K. M., CA=Dees, D., CA=Krumpelt, M., CA=Vissers, D. R.Rees, L.B., Cold Fusion: What Do We Know? What Do We Think? J. Fusion Energy, 1991. 10(1): p. 111.
Rehm, K.E., W. Kutschera, and G.J. Perlow, Search for protons from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction in an electrolytic cell with palladium-platinum electrodes. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 41(1): p. 45.
CA=Kutschera, W., CA=Perlow, G. J.Reifenschweiler, O., Reduced radioactivity of tritium in small titanium particles. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 184: p. 149.
By heating a TiT0.0035 preparation consisting of extremely small monocrystalline particles (diameter ≈ 15 nm) a decrease of the radioactivity by 40% was observed. In further experiments the concentration of tritium in such preparations was varied (TiTx experiments) showing that the radioactivity of the tritium increased less than proportionally to its concentration. Careful analysis of the experiments seems to rule out the possibility of trivial errors. A provisional hypothetical explanation is formulated. Our experiments may point to a connection with cold DD-fusion.
AU=Reifenschweiler, O.Reifenschweiler, O. Some Experiments on the Decrease of Radioactivity of Tritium Sorbed by Titanium. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Abstract
A sharp decrease of the radioactivity of tritium was observed when the hydrogen isotope is sorbed by small monocrystalline particles of titanium and the preparation is heated to several hundred degrees centigrade. In other experiments the concentration of tritium in such preparations was varied, showing that the radioactivity of the tritium increased less than proportionally to its concentration. A first attempt is presented to explain these remarkable effects in terms of a “nuclear pair hypothesis”.
Reifenschweiler, O., Some experiments on the decraease of tritium radioactivity. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 261.
Reifenschweiler, O., Some experiments on the decrease of tritium radioactivity. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 261.
Reifenschweiler, O., About the possibility of decreased radioactivity of heavy nuclei. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 291.
Reifenschweiler, O., Cold Fusion and Decrease of Tritium Radioactivity, in LENR-CANR.org. 2003.
In recent papers (1, 2, 3, 4) the author has deduced from experiments with tritium (5) that during heating of a TiT0.0035 -preparation and of a TiT0.0035-preparation the radioactivity of the tritium decreased strongly. This strange effect was distinctly confirmed by the observation that with the TiT0.0035-preparation the radioactivity decreased 12.5 times stronger than the release of tritium (2,3,4). A quite independent proof of the strong decrease of λ of tritium could be obtained by a thermodynamic evaluation of the heating experiment with the TiT0.0035-preparation: Assuming that λ of tritium decreases to zero or nearly zero in a part of the tritons enables the determination of the number of tritons with normal λ, nT and the number of tritons with λ ≈ 0 nTo, both as a function of temperature. Then quite surprising nT and nTo follow the laws of chemical equilibria in distinct parts of the experimental A = f(T)-function. From this unexpected result the decrease of tritium radioactivity is definitely proved once again (6).
AU=Reifenschweiler, O.Reifenschweiler, O., Further Evidence of the Decrease of Tritium Radioactivity by a Thermodynamic Evaluation of a Heat Experiment. Infinite Energy, 2004. 9(54): p. 14.
Ren, X.Z. and X.Z. Li. Factors affecting hydrogen (deuterium) flux through a thin palladium film. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Li, X. Z.Ricco, G., et al. A Large Solid Angle MultiParameter Neutron Detector. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Anghinolfi, M., CA=Corvisiero, P., CA=Prati, P., CA=Taiuti, M., CA=Boragno, C., CA=Eggenhoffner, R., CA=Valbusa, U.Rice, R.A., et al., The Effect of Velocity Distribution on Cold Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion. 1989.
CA=Chulick, G. S., CA=Kim, Y. E., CA=Yoon, J.Rice, R.A., G.S. Chulick, and Y.E. Kim. The Effect of Velocity Distribution and Electron Screening on Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Chulick, G. S., CA=Kim, Y. E.Rice, R.A., et al., The role of velocity distribution in cold deuterium-deuterium fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 147.
CA=Chulik, G. S., CA=Kim, Y. E., CA=Yoon, J. H.Rice, R.A. and Y.E. Kim, Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I'. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 111.
CA=Kim, Y. E.Rice, R.A., et al. Comments on exotic chemistry models and deep Dirac states for cold fusion. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Kim, Y. E., CA=Rabinowitz, M., CA=Zubarev, A. L.Several models are examined in which it is claimed that cold fusion is the result either of tight binding of the electrons in H isotope atoms or molecules, or of an electron-H isotope resonance which allows a higher probability of Coulomb barrier penetration. In the case of models in which the electron is tightly bound to the H isotope atom, we show that states below the most deeply bound (-16.39 eV) are impossible in principle. We also present evidence against the possibility of the existence of electron-H isotope resonances. Finally, a lower bound is found for the binding energy of H isotope molecules which is above that calculated in the tightly bound electron-H isotope models.
AU=Rice-Evans, P.Rice-Evans, P. and H. Evans, Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion. Eur. J. Phys., 1990. 11: p. 251.
CA=Evans, H.Richards, P.M., Molecular-Dynamics Investigation of Deuterium Separation in PdD1.1. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(11): p. 7966.
Richards, P.M., Molecular-dynamics investigation of deuteron separation in PdD1.1. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40: p. 7966.
Rieker, A., et al., Potential error sources in combined electrochemistry/neutron detection experiments. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1991. 46B: p. 1125.
CA=Speiser, B., CA=Mangold, K. M., CA=Hanack, M.Riesterer, T., On the Hydrogen Site Occupation in Hydrides of Intermetallics. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 103: p. 219.
Riesterer, T., J. Osterwalder, and L. Schlapbach, Inverse Photoemission from PdH0.65. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1985. 32: p. 8405.
CA=Osterwalder, J., CA=Schlapbach, L.Riley, A.M., J.D. Seader, and D.W. Pershing, An in-situ volumetric method for dynamically measuring the absorption of deuterium in palladium during electrolysis. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1992. 139: p. 1342.
CA=Seader, J. D., CA=Pershing, D. W.Riley, D. and M. McLaughlin, Turning thre corner: Energy solutions for the 21st century. 2001, Tahoe City, CA: Alternative Energy Institute, Inc.
CA=McLaughlin, M.Ritley, K.A., et al. A Search for Cold Fusion Signatures in Cathodically Charged Palladium. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Wiesmann, H., CA=Dull, P. M., CA=Lynn, K. G., CA=Weber, M.Ritley, K.A., et al., The behavior of electrochemical cell resistance: a possible application to cold fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 699.
CA=Dull, P. M., CA=Weber, M. H., CA=Carroll, M., CA=Hurst, J. J., CA=Lynn, K. G.Ritley, K.A., et al., A search for tritium production in electrolytically deuterided palladium. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19(1): p. 192.
CA=Lynn, K. G., CA=Dull, P. M., CA=Weber, M. H., CA=Carroll, M., CA=Hurst, J. J.Rittner, E.S. and A. Meulenberg, A chemical interpretation of heat generated in 'cold fusion'. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 377.
CA=Meulenberg, A.Roberts, D.A., et al., Energy and flux limits of cold fusion neutrons using a deuterated liquid scintillator. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 42: p. R1809.
CA=Becchetti, F. D., CA=Ben-Jacob, E., CA=Garik, P., CA=Musser, J., CA=Orr, B., CA=Tarle, G., CA=Tomasch, A., CA=Holder, J.S., CA=Redina, D., CA=Heuser, B., CA=Wicker, G.Roberts, D.A., et al., Deuterated liquid scintillator (NE230) as a fast neutron detector for cold- fusion and other research. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1992. 39(4): p. 532.
CA=Becchetti, F. D., CA=Ashktorab, K., CA=Stewart, D., CA=Jaenecke, J., CA=Gustafson, H. R., CA=Dueweke, M. J.Robinson, G.W., Could cold fusion be caused by non-maxwell distributions? 1998.
Rock, P.A., et al., Energy balance in the electrolysis of water with a palladium cathode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 293: p. 261.
CA=Fink, W. H., CA=McQuarrie, D. A., CA=Volman, D. H., CA=Hung, Y. F.Rodionov, B. and I. Savvatimova. Unusual Structures On The Material Surfaces Irradiated By Low Energy Ions. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Savvatimova, I.
Some unusual structures on the surface of metals and films (various x-ray films and nuclear emulsions) caused by exposure to bombardment by low-energy ions in glow discharge plasma, in electrolysis and other low-energy processes (when energy of particles doesn’t exceed several keV) have been found. The mechanism and model of the strange tracks formations and explanation of their structure change are suggested.
Neutrino–Dineutron Reactions (Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Induced By D2 Gas
Permeation Through Pd Complexes. Y. Iwamura Effect)
Roessler, O.E., et al., Fermi Gas Like Hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons Experiment. Z. Nature. A, 1989. 44: p. 329.
CA=Becker, J., CA=Hoffmann, M., CA=Nadler, W.Roessler, O.E., et al., Fermi Gas Like Hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons Experiment. Z. Nature. A, 1989. 44: p. 329.
CA=Becker, J., CA=Hoffmann, M., CA=Nadler, W.Roessler, O.E., et al., Fermi gas like hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons experiments. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1989. 44: p. 329.
CA=Becker, J., CA=Hoffmann, M., CA=Nadler, W.Rogers, V.C., G.M. Sandquist, and K.K. Nielson, Deuterium concentration and cold fusion rate distributions in palladium. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 523.
CA=Sandquist, G. M., CA=Nielson, K. K.Rogers, V.C. and G.M. Sandquist, Isotopic hydrogen fusion in metals. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 254.
CA=Sandquist, G. M.Rogers, V.C. and G.M. Sandquist, Cold fusion reaction products and their measurement. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 483.
CA=Sandquist, G. M.Rogers, V.C. and G.M. Sandquist, Isotopic Hydrogen Fusion in Metals. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 483.
CA=Sandquist, G. M.Rolison, D.R., et al. Anomalies in the Surface Analysis of Deuterated Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=O'Grady, W. E., CA=Doyle, Jr., R. J., CA=Trzaskoma, P. P.The surface and near-surface analytical characterization of thin palladium foils after the electrolysis of H2O or D2O was performed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution mass spectrometry, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These surface characterizations revealed a number of anomalous results, as summarized below.
AU=Rolison, D. R.Rolison, D.R. and P.P. Trzaskoma, Morphological differences between hydrogen-loaded and deuterium-loaded palladium as observed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 287: p. 375.
CA=Trzaskoma, P. P.Rolison, D.R. and W.E. O'Grady, Observation of elemental anomalies at the surface of palladium after electrochemical loading of deuterium or hydrogen. Anal. Chem., 1991. 63: p. 1697.
CA=O'Grady, W. E.Romodanov, V.A., et al. Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Skuratnik, Ya. B., CA=Timofeev, Yu.Romodanov, V.A., et al. Concept of Target Material Choice for Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Media. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Korneev, S., CA=Skuratni, Y.Romodanov, V.A., et al. Reproducibility of Tritium Generation From Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Elksnin, V., CA=Skuratnik, Ya. B.Romodanov, V.A., et al. The nuclear reactions in condensed media for interaction of charge particles in energy region is forming by maximum elastic losses. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Skuratnik, Ya. B., CA=Majorov, V. N.Romodanov, V.A., et al. High-Temperature Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Media. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Skuratnik, Y., CA=Yuriev, M.Romodanov, V.A., et al. Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Media and X-ray. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Skuratnik, Y., CA=Yuriev, M.Romodanov, V.A., et al. Tritium Generations in Metals at Thermal Activation. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Savin, V. I., CA=Skuratnik, Y., CA=Majorov, V. N.Romodanov, V.A., Y.B. Skuratnik , and A.K. Pokrovsky. Generation of Tritium for Deuterium Interaction with Metals. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Skuratnik , Ya. B., CA=Pokrovsky, A. K.Romodanov, V.A., N.I. Khokhlov, and A.K. Pokrovsky. Registration of Superfluous Heat at Sorbtion-Desorbtion of Hydrogen in Metals. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Khokhlov, N. I., CA=Pokrovsky, A. K.Romodanov, V.A. Tritium Generation From The Interaction Of A Glow Discharge Plasma With Metals And With A Magnetic Field. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
ABSTRACT
This paper describes research into tritium generation arising during bombardment by accelerated ions of a mix of hydrogen isotopes from low-energy plasma of the glow discharge at surfaces of various metals, while imposing a magnetic field. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of a sample during the interaction of hydrogen isotopes with metals in plasma of the glow discharge, and it results in an increase test activity and tritium generation rate of almost two orders of magnitude compared to the same experiments without the magnetic field.
Rosamilia, J.M., J.A. Abys, and B. Miller, Electrochemical hydrogen insertion into palladium and palladium-nickel thin films. Electrochim. Acta, 1991. 36: p. 1203.
CA=Abys, J. A., CA=Miller, B.Rosen, G., Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 1989. 91(7): p. 4415.
Rosen, G., Groundstate thermalization of hydrogen isotopes in certain metals: enhancement of p+d and d+d nuclear fusion rates by Bethe-Bloch polarization. Hadronic J., 1990. 13: p. 255.
Ross, K. and S.M. Bennington, Solid state fusion (?). Physics World, 1989. 2: p. 15.
CA=Bennington, S. M.Rossi, A., Method And Apparatus For Carrying Out Nickel And Hydrogen Exothermal Reactions WO 2009/125444. 2009: World Intellectual Property Organization.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for carrying out highly efficient exothermal reaction between nickel and hydrogen atoms in a tube, preferably, though not necessary, a metal tube filled by a nickel powder and heated to a high temperature, preferably, though not necessary, from 150 to 5000C are herein disclosed. In the inventive apparatus, hydrogen is injected into the metal tube containing a highly pressurized nickel powder having a pressure, preferably though not necessarily, from 2 to 20 bars.
AU=Rossi, A.Rossi, A., Method And Apparatus For Carrying Out Nickel And Hydrogen Exothermal Reactions US 2011/0005506. 2011: United States Patent Application Publication.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for carrying out highly efficient exothermal reaction between nickel and hydrogen atoms in a tube, preferably, though not necessary, a metal tube filled by a nickel powder and heated to a high temperature, preferably, though not necessary, from 150 to 5000C are herein disclosed. In the inventive apparatus, hydrogen is injected into the metal tube containing a highly pressurized nickel powder having a pressure, preferably though not necessarily, from 2 to 20 bars.
AU=Rotegard, D.Rotegard, D., Fusion, cold fusion, and space policy. Space Power, 1991. 10: p. 205.
Roth, J.R., Ball Lightning: What Nature is Trying to Tell the Plasma Research Community. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 255.
Roth, J., et al., Fusion reactions during low energy deuterium implantation into titanium. Nucl. Fusion, 1990. 30: p. 441.
CA=Behrisch, R., CA=Moeller, W., CA=Ottenberger, W.Rothwell, J., Highlights of the Fifth International Conference on Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(2): p. 8.
Rothwell, J., Very hot cold fusion: Dr. Mizuno's ceramic proton conductors. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 14.
Rothwell, J., CETI's 1 kilowatt cold fusion device denonstrated. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5&6): p. 18.
Rothwell, J., Review of McKubre, M. C. H., et al., Development of Advanced Concepts for Nuclear Processes in Deuterated Metals, EPRI TR-104195. Infinite Energy, 1996(11).
A review of McKubre, M.C.H., et al., Development of Advanced Concepts for Nuclear Processes in Deuterated Metals. 1994. Selected pages from this report are available here:
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/McKubreMCHdevelopmen.pdf
Comprehensive, Meticulous and Definitive
This is one of the most comprehensive descriptions of a set of cold fusion experiments ever published. The only reports I know of that rival it are from F.G. Will et al., and M. H. Miles et al. This EPRI book describes the research paid for by EPRI and performed at SRI International between 1989 and 1994 by M. McKubre, S. Crouch-Baker, F. Tanzella and eight other principal investigators. These are among the most careful cold fusion experiments ever done. The results are unequivocal.
Rothwell, J., Introduction to the Cold Fusion Experiments of Dr. Melvin Miles. Infinite Energy, 1997. 3(15/16): p. 27.
From 1989 until his funding was terminated in 1995, Melvin Miles performed some of the best cold fusion experiments on record. His goal was to answer two critical questions: Does cold fusion produce helium along with excess heat, like a plasma fusion reaction? And if so, does it produce roughly as much helium per joule of energy as a plasma fusion reaction does? He answers both questions affirmatively. When a cold fusion palladium cathode becomes active, it releases helium into the electrolyte. The helium leaves the cell in the effluent deuterium and oxygen gas. Cathodes that produced more excess heat produced greater amounts of helium. The ratio of helium to energy is roughly comparable to that of hot fusion, within an order of magnitude. This is strong evidence that cold fusion really is some form of nuclear fusion, and not fission, zero point energy, or something else.
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., Dieter Britz: A Knowledgeable Skeptic. Infinite Energy, 1998. 3(18).
Rothwell, J. and E. Mallove, Review of Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible, By Arthur C. Clarke. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(22).
CA=Mallove, E.How did Arthur C. Clarke come to believe that cold fusion is real, and why should anyone care? The answer can be found in an unforgettable nonfiction book he wrote in 1963. It is Profiles of the Future, one of the best books about the future ever written, and one of the finest short overviews of science and technology. . . .
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., Comparisons from the History of Technology. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): p. 39.
This paper was delivered at the Cold Fusion and New Energies Symposium held in Manchester, New Hampshire October 11, 1998. This version was modified and expanded in May 2003.
Earlier at this conference Ed Storms said, “cold fusion is on life-support.” Will it survive? Can an unpopular scientific discovery be forgotten? Ed thinks that cold fusion is endangered. In a lecture titled “Cold Fusion – Does It Have a Future?” Nobel Laureate Julian Schwinger said that science itself is at risk . . .
Rothwell, J., The Wright Brothers and Cold Fusion. Infinite Energy, 1999. 2(9): p. 37.
History is not inevitable. If the Wrights had not built the airplane, man would not have flown for another ten or twenty years, most experts agree. History is a product of free will. People make decisions, take actions, and shape events. Things do not get invented just because they are needed. We learn to live with awkward machines like the automobile transmission. If Bell Labs had not come up with the transistor, by now we would have computers with a million "vacuum tubes on a chip." (This kind of chip was fabricated for a special application years ago. Technology is flexible; transistors are not the only things you can miniaturize.)
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., Transistors and Cold Fusion - Part I. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(25): p. 32.
The history of transistors teaches many lessons about how cold fusion might develop and what should be done to help it along.
Transistors are physically similar to cold fusion devices. In fact, some of the earliest experimental transistors were immersed in electrolyte with a counter electrode to neutralize the surface barrier. . . .
Rothwell, J., Transistors and Cold Fusion - Part II. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(26): p. 46.
Part 1 closed with the questions: Was the transistor truly inevitable? Where would we be without it? Is any innovation inevitable and unstoppable? I conclude that fundamental breakthroughs, like the transistor, are not inevitable, but once they are made, contingent, derivative or follow‑up breakthroughs like integrated circuits become inevitable. The discovery of cold fusion was not inevitable by any means, and cold fusion technology may never be developed because of technical difficulties or political opposition, but if it is developed and it becomes established, many contingent breakthroughs, like home power generators, will become inevitable.
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., Butter Side Down: How Cold Fusion Researchers Battle the Innate Perversity of Inanimate Objects and Exploding Parameter Space. Infinite Energy, 2001. 7(37).
A brief introduction to some calorimeter types, and to some of the difficulties in cold fusion experiments.
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., Cold Fusion, the Titanic Disaster Aftermath, and the Internet. Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(36).
“News is the first rough draft of history.”
—Newspaper publisher Philip L. Graham (1915-1963)
Newspapers are indeed the first draft of history and, in many cases, the last draft as well. This has been one of the reasons behind cold fusion’s bad press over the years. Researchers made initial assessments of the phenomenon back in April 1989 and offered up their gut-reaction opinions to the media. Many of these erroneous, off-the-cuff ramblings are still widely quoted today. The three famous “negative” experiments at Caltech, MIT, and Harwell are often cited as proof that cold fusion does not exist, although careful reexaminations have subsequently shown that the tests conducted at all three establishments did, in fact, yield positive results. Reporters, commentators, and historians seldom look beyond immediate impressions formed in the earliest days of a major event, when confusion is rampant and detailed investigations have not yet begun. . . .
Rothwell, J., et al., Appeal to Readers and Correspondence with the Scientific American. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Storms, E., CA=Rennie, J., CA=Piel, J.
An appeal to LENR-CANR readers to help spread the word and help bring about a
rebirth of interest in cold fusion. This document also contains correspondence with the past and present editors of the Scientific American.
Rothwell, J. and E. Storms. The LENR-CANR.Org Website, Its Past And Future. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Storms, E.The LENR-CANR-org website has proven to be a popular source of information about cold fusion. This site has distributed more full text papers about LENR than any other source. In addition, it contains many features that allow easy search and insertion of the discovered references into a document.
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., Cold Fusion And The Future. 2004: LENR-CANR.org.
The purpose of this book is to show that with cold fusion we can accomplish marvelous things. This is not a review or history of the field. It is not meant to convince the reader that cold fusion exists. If you doubt that, please read original sources. The book describes how many nightmare problems that seem beyond any present solution, such as global warming, elimination of invasive species, and providing clean drinking water and sanitation to billions of poor people might be eliminated. The future might be better than you think.
This book is not copyright. It is distributed for free at LENR-CANR.org, here:
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/RothwellJcoldfusiona.pdf (6 MB)
If you would like to print a copy, we suggest you download the high-resolution version:
http://lenr-canr.org/ColdFusionAndTheFuturehires.pdf (17 MB)
Rothwell, J. Introducing The Book "Cold Fusion and the Future". in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Rothwell, J., A FusĂŁo a Frio e o Futuro. 2006: LENR-CANR.org.
The book “Cold Fusion and the Future” translated into Brazilian Portuguese by Sergio Bacchi.
O livro "A Fusăo a Frio e o Futuro" traduzido ao portuguęs brasileiro por Sergio Bacchi. Uma visăo das aplicaçőes possíveis da fusăo a frio do hidrogęnio pesado. Um livro com muita imaginaçăo e humanidade.
Rothwell, J., Mirai o kizuku jyouonkakuyuugou. 2007: LENR-CANR.org.
The book “Cold Fusion and the Future” translated into Japanese.
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J. and E. Storms, Report on Arata's Paper and Lecture about his "Solid Fusion" Reactor. 2008, LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Storms, E.This paper describes the recent demonstration (May 2008) of anomalous heat and helium production, presented by Prof. Yoshiaki Arata, when two different materials are exposed to D2 near room temperature.
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., Tally of Cold Fusion Papers. 2009, LENR-CANR.org.
This document contains a tally of cold fusion papers from two sources: the list maintained by Dieter Britz at Aarhus U., and the EndNote database used to generate the indexes at LENR-CANR.org. Various tallies such as the number of peer-reviewed experimental papers are presented.
AU=Rothwell, J.Rothwell, J., ed. Brief Technical Description of the Leonardo Corporation, University of Bologna, and INFN Scientific Demonstration of the Andrea Rossi ECat (Energy Catalyzer) Boiler. 2011, LENR-CANR.org.
Dr. Andrea Rossi, President of Leonardo Corporation, prepared in cooperation with scientists from the University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna an experimental demonstration of his ECat boiler for about 50 people, mostly scientists the afternoon of 14 January 2011.
AU=Roulette, T.Roulette, T., J. Roulette, and S. Pons. Results of ICARUS 9 Experiments Run at IMRA Europe. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Roulette, J., CA=Pons, S.
INTRODUCTION
We describe herein the construction, testing, calibration and use of a high power dissipation calorimeter suitable for the measurements of excess enthalpy generation in Pd / Pd alloy cathodes during the electrolysis of heavy water electrolytes at temperatures up to and including the boiling point of the electrolyte. With the present design, power dissipation up to about 400W is possible. Excess power levels of up to ~250% of the input power have been observed with these calorimeters in some experiments. Extensions of the design to include recombination catalysts on open and pressurized cells will be the subject of a future report.
Rousseau, D.L., Case studies in pathological science. Am. Sci., 1992. 80: p. 54.
Roussetski, A.S. Investigation of Nuclear Emissions in the Process of D(H) Escaping from Deuterized (Hydrogenized) PdO-Pd-PdO and PdO-Ag Samples. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Roussetski, A.S. Observation of (DD)-Fusion Reaction Products in Electrolyticaly Deuterized PdO/Pd Structures. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Roussetski, A.S. Application of CR-39 Plastic Track Detector for Detection of DD and DT-Reaction Products in Cold Fusion Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract
The results of application of CR-39 plastic track detector in Cold Fusion experiments are presented. According to the calibration, this detector registered not only dd-fusion reaction products, but also dT ones. The procedures for identifying different particles of dd and dT-reaction are recommended. According to these procedures the possible levels of dd and dT-reactions in different experiments have been estimated.
Roussetski, A.S. and E.I. Saunnin. Long-range a-particle emission from PuNi2 structure. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Saunnin, E. I.Roussetski, A.S., A.G. Lipson, and V.P. Andreanov. Nuclear Emissions from Titanium Hydride/Deuteride, Induced by Powerful Picosecond Laser Beam. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Andreanov, V. P.The emission of nuclear particles (protons, deuterons, neutrons and alphas) was detected during irradiation of different targets, including 30 mm thick Ti-metal and Ti-deuteride foils as well as CH2- film, by picosecond laser beam (I= 2.0x1018 W/cm2, l=1.053 mm). The nominally pure Ti-metal target contained some amount of adsorbed hydrogen (TiHx).
AU=Roussetski, A. S.Roussetski, A.S. Cr-39 Track Detectors In Cold Fusion Experiments: Review And Perspectives. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Introduction
Earlier experiments [1,2] have showed emissions of DD-reaction products (3-MeV protons) and energetic charged particle emission (a-particles) during exothermic D(H) desorption from the Pd/PdO:D(H) heterostructures. The occurrence of these emissions was confirmed by independent experiments using both Si-surface barrier and CR-39 plastic track detectors [3, 4].
Roussetski, A.S., et al. Correct identification of energetic alpha and proton tracks in experiments on CR-39 charged particle detection during hydrogen desorption from Pd/PdO:Hx heterostructure (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I.
Earlier experiments have showed emissions of energetic charged particles (α-particles and protons) during exothermic H desorption from the Pd/PdO:Hx heterostructures. The occurrence of these emissions was confirmed by independent experiments using both Si-surface barrier and CR-39 plastic track detectors. Earlier we already showed that purified CR-39 plastic track detectors can be considered as an adequate scientific instrument, which suitable for detection of
individual uniformly distributed charged particles and also for the groups of these particles being emitted from the active spots (“hot zones”) attributed to the maximum internal strain area at the surface of PdDx and TiDx samples. The analysis of CR-39 data showed that in some cases energetic charged particle tracks (α-particles and protons) concentrated inside the small spots of detector. The typical “hot zone” with ~200 tracks within the area with the size of 0.2 × 0.5 mm2 were found to be appeared during the hydrogen desorption experiments with Pd/PdO:Hx samples.
Roussetski, A.S., et al. Correct identification of energetic alpha and proton tracks in experiments on CR-39 charged particle detection during hydrogen desorption from Pd/PdO:Hx heterostructure. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Lipson, A. G., CA=Lyakhov, B. F., CA=Saunin, E. I.Rout, R.K., M. Srinivasan, and A. Shyam, Autoradiography of Deuterated Ti and Pd Targets for Spatially Resolved Detection of Tritium Produced by Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. B 3.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Shyam, A.
Introduction
For the last few months, hectic activity has been underway in various laboratories to study the Cold Fusion phenomenon. De Ninno et al. reported emission of neutrons from titanium metal loaded with deuterium gas under pressure. Similar experiments have been conducted at Trombay. We report here evidence of cold fusion in D2 gas loaded Ti and Pd targets through the use of autoradiography for spatially resolved detection of tritium. Our study employed three different techniques to observe tritium:
(i) Autoradiography using X-ray films.
(ii) Characteristic X-ray measurement of titanium, excited by the tritium β.
(iii) Liquid scintillation method for tritium β counting.
Rout, R.K., et al., Copious low energy emissions from palladium loaded with hydrogen or deuterium. Indian J. Technol., 1991. 29: p. 571.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Bansal, A.Palladium samples were loaded with deuterium and hydrogen using plasma focus and other loading techniques. Each sample, loaded so far, was observed to be emitting low energy, low intensity radiations. These radiations have been detected and analyzed by autoradiography and other supporting techniques.
AU=Rout, R. K.Rout, R.K., et al., Detection of high tritium activity on the central titanium electrode of a plasma focus device. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 391.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Shyam, A., CA=Chitra, V.A 2-kJ Mather plasma focus device is used to deuterate the top end surface (or tip) of its central titanium electrode to investigate the occurrence of anomalous nuclear reactions in the context of the “cold fusion” phenomenon. The tip of the central titanium electrode is found to develop at least a few tens of microcuries of tritium after several plasma focus discharges. Neither the tritium impurity level in the deuterium gas used in the experiment nor the tritium branch of the d-d reactions that are known to occur in plasma focus devices can account for such activity in the electrode. Anomalous nuclear reactions in the deuterated titanium lattice appear to be the most probable source of this high activity.
AU=Rout, R. K.Rout, R.K., et al. Phenomenon of Low Energy Emission from Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Garg, A. B.Palladium loaded with either hydrogen or deuterium is found to give a clear autoradiograph on exposure to X-ray film. The phenomena is found to be 100% reproducible and is independent of the technique of loading, be it electrolytic, gas loading, plasma discharge or ion implantation. It appears only if the exposure to X-ray film is done in atmosphere of hydrogen, oxygen or air. These emissions are also detected by TLD measurements. Investigations seeking to identify the nature/energy of the radiation through transmission measurements using various filters tentatively indicate that the radiations could be low energy electrons having an energy of around 300 to 400 eV.
AU=Rout, R. K.Rout, R.K., et al., Update on observation of low-energy emissions from deuterated and hydrated palladium. Indian J. Technol., 1993. 31: p. 551.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Krishnan, M. S.Rout, R.K., et al., Reproducible, anomalous emissions from palladium deuteride/hydride. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 273.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Garg, A. B., CA=Shrikhande, V. K.Each and every palladium sample loaded/reloaded either with hydrogen or deuterium was observed to fog radiographic films kept in its close proximity in air. Strangely, even with ten layers of black paper (thickness ≈63 mg/cm2) as a filter between film and sample, fogging was observed. On the other hand, no fogging could be observed even when thin beryllium foil (≈1.4 mg/cm2), three layers of transparent polyester foils (≈10 mg/cm2), or thin aluminized polycarbonate (0.3 mg/cm2) were employed as filters. Several experiments have been performed to identify the phenomenon responsible for fogging. These experiments appear to rule out any of the known mechanisms, suggesting a new, strange, and unknown phenomena.
AU=Rudesill, J.Rudesill, J., An Interview with Dr. Edmund Storms. Infinite Energy, 2007(75).
An interview with Edmund Storms and a discussion of the book “The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of Evidence and Explanations About Cold Fusion.”
AU=Rugari, S. L.Rugari, S.L., et al., Upper limits on emission of neutrons from Ti in pressurized D2 gas cells: A test of evidence for 'cold fusion'. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 1298.
CA=France, R. H., CA=Lund, B. J., CA=Smolen, S. D., CA=Zhao, Z., CA=Gai, M., CA=Lynn, K. G.Rusov, V.D., et al., Fast neutron recording by dielectric track detectors in a palladium-deuterated-tritated water system in an electrolytic cell. Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1989. 15(19): p. 9 (In Russian).
CA=Zelentsova, T. N., CA=Semenov, M. Yu., CA=Radin, I. V., CA=Babikova, Yu. F., CA=Kruglyak, Yu. A.Russell, J.L., Plausibility argument for a suggested mechanism for cold fusion. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1990. 17(10): p. 545.
Russell, J.L., Proposed heat producing nuclear reaction for cold fusion. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1991. 18: p. 305.
Russell, J.L., Virtual electron capture in deuterium. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1991. 18: p. 75.
Russell, J.L., On the nature of the cold fusion process. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 1993. 20: p. 227.
Ruzic, D.N., K. Schatz, and P.L. Nguyen, A novel apparatus to investigate the possibility of plasma-assisted cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 251.
CA=Schatz, K., CA=Nguyen, P. L.Ryan, R.R., et al., Exploration of the Possibility of Fracturing Processes of Metal Deuterides (or Tritides) as a Mechanism for Nuclear Fusion. 1989.
CA=Garcia, E., CA=Dickinson, J. T., CA=Schmidt, S., CA=Fowler, M., CA=Wilhelmy, J., CA=Voter, A., CA=Agnew, S., CA=Swanson, B.Sada, H., Theory of nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 107.
Sahni, V.C., Comment on 'Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible?'. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 4(7): p. 497.
Saito, N., et al., Search for cold-fusion neutrons from palladium breathing deuterons. Denshi Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Iho, 1990. 54(9): p. 986 (in Japanese).
CA=Sakuta, K., CA=Sawata, S., CA=Tanimoto, M., CA=Takata, N.Saito, N., et al., Measurement of neutrons from cold fusion. Hoshasen, 1991. 17(1): p. 31 (in Japanese).
CA=Sakuta, K., CA=Sawata, S., CA=Tanimoto, M., CA=Takata, N.Saito, T., et al. Studies on Fleishmann-Pons Calorimetry with ICARUS 1. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Sumi, M., CA=Asami, N., CA=Ikegami, H.Sakaguchi, H., G. Adachi, and K. Nagao. Helium Isotopes from Deuterium Absorbed in LaNi5. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Adachi, G., CA=Nagao, K.Sakamoto, S. Observations of Cold Fusion Neutrons from Condensed Matter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Sakamoto, Y., et al., Thermodynamic properties for solution of hydrogen in palladium-based binary alloys. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1995. 99(6): p. 807.
CA=Chen, F. L., CA=Ura, M., CA=Flanagan, T. B.Sakamoto, Y., et al., Calorimetric enthalpies for palladium-hydrogen (deuterium) systems at H(D) contents up to about [H]([D])/[Pd] = 0.86. J. Phys.: Condens. Mater., 1996. 8: p. 3229.
CA=Imoto, M., CA=Takai, K., CA=Yanaru, T., CA=Ohshima, K.Sakamoto, Y., et al. Calorimetric Enthalpies in the b-phase Regions of Pd Black-H(D) Systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Imoto, M., CA=Takai, K., CA=Yanaru, T.Sakamoto, Y., et al., Thermodynamic properties for solutions of hydrogen in Pd-Pt-Rh alloys. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 212.
CA=Ohira, K., CA=Kokubu, M., CA=Flanagan, T. B.Salamon, M.H., et al., Limits on the emission of neutrons, gamma-rays, electrons and protons from Pons/Fleischmann electrolytic cells. Nature (London), 1990. 344: p. 401.
CA=Wrenn, M. E., CA=Bergeson, H. E., CA=Crawford, K. C., CA=Delaney, W. H., CA=Henderson, C. L., CA=Li, Y. Q., CA=Rusho, J. A., CA=Sandquist, G. M., CA=Seltzer, S. M.Salomons, E.M., et al., Pressure-Composition Isotherms of Thin Pd-H Films. J. Less-Common Met., 1987. 130: p. 415.
CA=Feenstra, R., CA=de Groot, D. G., CA=Rector, J. H., CA=Griessen, R.Salvarezza, R.C., et al., Electrochemical study of hydrogen absorption in polycrystalline palladium. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1991. 313: p. 291.
CA=Montemayor, M. C., CA=Fatas, E., CA=Arvia, A. J.Samgin, A.L., et al. The Influence of Conductivity on Neutron Generation Process in Proton Conducting Solid Electrolytes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Baraboshkin, A. N., CA=Murigin, I., CA=Tsvetkov, S. A., CA=Andreev, V. S., CA=Vakarin, S. V.Samgin, A.L., et al. Cold Fusion and Anomalous Effects in Deuteron Conductors During Non-Stationary High-Temperature Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Finodeyev, O., CA=Tsvetkov, S. A., CA=Andreev, V. S., CA=Khokhlov, V. A., CA=Filatov, E. S., CA=Murygin, I. V., CA=Gorelov, V. P., CA=Vakarin, S. V.Samsonenko, N.V., D.V. Tahti, and F. Ndahayo, On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 220: p. 297.
CA=Tahti, D. V., CA=Ndahayo, F.Samsonenko, N.V., D.V. Tahti, and F. Ndahayo, Reply to the comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 229: p. 133.
CA=Tahti, D. V., CA=Ndahayo, F.Sanchez, C., et al. Cold Fusion During Electrolysis of Heavy Water With Ti and Pt Electrodes. in Understanding Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989. Varenna.
CA=Sevilla, J., CA=Escarpizo, B., CA=Fernandez, F., CA=Canizares, J.Sanchez, C., et al., Nuclear products detection during electrolysis of heavy water with titanium and platinum electrodes. Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 1039.
CA=Sevilla, J., CA=Escarpizo, B., CA=Fernandez, F. J., CA=Canizares, J.Sandquist, G.M. and V.C. Rogers, Enhancement of cold fusion reaction rates. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 351.
CA=Rogers, V. C.Sankaranarayanan, M., et al. Investigation of Low Level Tritium Generation in Ni-H2O Electrolytic Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Bajpai, M., CA=Gupta, D. S.Sankaranarayanan, M., et al. Investigation of Low Level Tritium Generation in Ni-H2O Electrolytic Cells. in ICCF4, Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Bajpai, M., CA=Gupta, D. S.Sankaranarayanan, T.K., et al. Evidence for Tritium Generation in Self-Heated Nickel Wires Subjected to Hydrogen Gas Absorption/Desorption Cycles. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Bajpai, M. B., CA=Gupta, D. S.
Abstract
The loading characteristics of hydrogen gas in electrically self-heated nickel wires was investigated with a view to maximise hydrogen absorption and thereafter "trigger" it to generate anomalous excess heat as reported by Focardi et. al in early 1994. The nickel wires were found to absorb substantial quantity of hydrogen following several alternate cycles of absorption/desorption. But calorimetric studies conducted with the system so far indicate that we have not succeeded in triggering excess heat generation. However on dissolution and counting using standard liquid scintillation techniques, a number of hydrogen loaded nickel wires were found to contain tritium in the range of 3 Bq to 2333 Bq. This finding corroborates the detection of tritium in light water solutions electrolysed by nickel cathodes reported by the authors first at ICCF - 3 (Nagoya, 1992) and again at ICCF - 4 (Hawaii, 1993), confirming the occurrence of anomalous nuclear reactions in nickel-hydrogen systems.
Sankaranarayanan, T.K., et al., Investigation of low-level tritium generation in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 349.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Bajpai, M. B., CA=Gupta, D. S.Sannikov, V.I., et al., Emission of neutrons and gamma-quanta from a titanium electrode polarised by a current in the gas phase over LiD. Rasplavy, 1991(4): p. 86 (in Russian).
CA=Gorodetskii, V. G., CA=Sulimov, E. M., CA=Polosukhin, B. G., CA=Kudyakov, V. Ya.Sano, T., et al. Preparation of Pd Electrodes and Their Hydrogen Loading Rates. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Terasuwa, T., CA=Ohi, T., CA=Nezu, S.Santandrea, R.P. and R.G. Behrens, A review of the thermodynamics and phase relationships in the palladium- hydrogen, palladium-deuterium and palladium-tritium systems. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 1986. 7: p. 149.
CA=Behrens, R. G.Santhanam, K.S.V., et al., Electrochemically initiated cold fusion of deuterium. Indian J. Technol., 1989. 27: p. 175.
CA=Ragarajan, J., CA=Braganza, O'N., CA=Haram, S. K., CA=Limaye, N. M., CA=Mandal, K. C.Santhanam, K.S.V., et al., Excess enthalpy during electrolysis of D2O. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 1139.
CA=Rangarajan, J., CA=Mandal, K. C., CA=Haram, S. K.Santucci, A., F. Borgognoni, and S. Tosti. Electrical resistivity and linear expansion of a hydrogenated Pd/Ag permeator tube (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Borgognoni, F., CA=Tosti, S.
* Pd-25% wt. Ag alloy is considered for manufacturing hydrogen separators
* The linear expansion and resisitivity of Pg-Ag membranes have been measured under operating conditions typical of hydrogen separation processes
* Membrane module design (finger-like tube assembly, ohmic heating) has been based on the results of the experimental tests
Santucci, A., et al. Synthesis and characterization of BaCe1-xYxO3-delta protonic conductor (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Esposito, V., CA=Licoccia, S., CA=Traversa, E.In recent years, doped perovskite such as barium cerates (BaCeO3), strontium cerates (SrCeO3) and barium zirconates (BaZr03) have been studied as ceramic proton conductors for several technological applications: protonic membranes, hydrogen separation, catalytic support and solid oxides fuel cell components. Among those compounds, yttrium doped barium cerates have the best performances in terms of protonic conductivity at lowest temperature.
AU=Sapogin, L. G.Sapogin, L.G. I. Deuterium Interaction in Unitary Quantum Theory. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Sapogin, L.G. II. On the Mechanism of Cold Nuclear Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Sapogin, L.G. and I.V. Kulikov, Cold nuclear fusion in the unitary quantum theory. Chin. J. Nucl. Phys., 1995. 17: p. 360.
CA=Kulikov, I. V.Sapogin, L.G. On One of Energy Generation Mechanism in Initary Quantum Theory. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Sapogin, L.G., Energy generation processes and cold nuclear fusion in terms of Schroedinger equation. Chin. J. Nucl. Phys., 1997. 19(2): p. 115.
Sapogin, L.G. The Theory of Excess Energy in PAGD Reactor (Correa Reactor). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Sarto, F., E. Castagna, and V. Violante. Microscopic characterization of palladium electrodes for cold fusion experiments. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Castagna, E., CA=Violante, V.Sarto, F., et al. Electrode Surface Morphology Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Castagna, E., CA=Sansovini, M., CA=Lecci, S., CA=Violante, V., CA=Knies, D., CA=Grabowski, K. S., CA=Hubler, G. K.The introduction of hydrogen into a metal during electrolysis of water involves primarily the metallic surface. The effect of surface morphology on electrochemical reaction kinetics is well described in the literature 1 therefore it seems to be reasonable to assume that the surface morphology of the cathodes could play a role in the electrochemical metal-hydride formation. Actually, a wide variety of surface features and profiles have been observed in the Pd cathodes typically employed in excess heat production experiments. These features are noted in both the as-prepared samples and the electrolyzed ones. In order to establish a correlation between the occurrence of a particular surface morphology and calorimetric results, it is necessary to identify a useful metric with which to describe and compare the different surface morphologies. In this work an approach based on Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been investigated. The method is oriented toward the identification of parameters suitable for a pre-screening of the materials.
AU=Sarto, F.Sarto, F., et al. The Role of Cathode's Surface Properties in the Electrochemical Deuterium Loading of Pd Foils (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Castagna, E., CA=Lecci, S., CA=Sansovini, M., CA=Violante, V.Recent experimental evidences clearly indicate that the reproducibility of excess heat production is correlated with the cathode surface properties. To support the results, a theoretical frame has been also developed, that suggests that a relevant role in the excess heat production is played by the electrodynamics processes at the cathode interface. In particular, one of the mechanisms involved is the enhancement and spatial localization of the electro-magnetic field at the metal/electrolyte interface, promoted by proper surface roughness and morphology.
AU=Sasaki, A.Sasaki, A., An approach to cold fusion. Kenkyu Kiyo - Miyagi Kogyo Koto Senmom Gakko, 1990. 26: p. 47.
Sasaki, K., Report of my transmutation experiment. 1998.
Sasaki, Y., et al. Anomalous Heat Generation in Charging of Pd Powders with High Density Hydrogen Isotopes (I) Results of absorption experiments using Pd powders (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Kitamura, A., CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.
Aim
It has been reported that charging of highly pure D2 gas into Pd nano-powders in the form of Pd/ZrO2 nano-composite contained in a stainless-steel vacuum vessel has induced significant excess heat.
We have constructed an experimental system to confirm the phenomenon of heat and 4He generation by calorimetry and investigate the underlying physics.
Sasaki, Y., et al. Deuterium Gas Charging Experiments with Pd Powders for Excess Heat Evolution (I) Results of absorption experiments using Pd powders. in The 9th Meeting of Japan CF-Research Society. 2009. Shizuoka, Japan.
CA=Kitamura, A., CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.A twin system for hydrogen-isotope absorption experiments has been constructed to replicate the phenomenon of heat and 4He generation during D2 gas absorption in nano-sized Pd powders reported by Arata and Zhang, and to investigate the underlying physics. For PdZr oxide nano-powders, anomalously large energies of hydrogen isotope absorption, 2.4 ±0.2 eV/D-atom and 1.8 ±0.4 eV/H-atom, as well as large loading ratios of D/Pd =1.1 ±0.0 and H/Pd =1.1 ±0.3, respectively, were observed during deuteride/hydride formation. The sample charged with D2 also showed significantly positive output energy in the second phase after deuteride formation. Results for 0.1-μm diameter Pd powder samples and Pd-black samples are also shown, for comparison.
AU=Sastry, K. S. R.Sastry, K.S.R., Fusion reaction. Science, 1989. 244: p. 904 (Letters).
Sato, T., et al., Detection of neutrons in electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 357.
CA=Okamoto, M., CA=Kim, P., CA=Fujii, Y., CA=Aizawa, O.Savinell, R.F. and H.S. Burney Jr., Report of the electrolytic industries for the year 1989. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990. 137: p. 485C.
CA=Burney Jr., H. S.Savvatimova, I., Y. Kucherov, and A.B. Karabut. Cathode Material Change after Deuterium Glow Discharge Experiments. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Kucherov, Y., CA=Karabut, A. B.
Abstract
The results of impurity concentration measurements in a palladium cathode by different methods before and after deuterium glow discharge experiments are presented. The concentration of some impurities increases up to 104 times. Elements appear which cannot be found in the discharge environment. Autoradiography of cathode samples shows that isotopes with different radiation energy (less than 20 keV and more 100 keV) exist in the cathode after experiment. The obtained results cannot be explained by the existence of a conventional fusion reaction, but may be explained by a more complex fusion-fission reaction.
Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut. Nuclear Reaction Products Registration on the Cathode after Glow Discharge. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Karabut, A. B.Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut. Radioactivity of the Cathode Samples after Glow Discharge. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Karabut, A. B.Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut, Nuclear reaction products detected at the cathode after a glow discharge in deuterium. Poverkhnost, 1996(1): p. 63 (in Russian).
CA=Karabut, A. B.Savvatimova, I. and A.B. Karabut, Radioactivity of palladium cathodes after irradiation in a glow discharge. Poverkhnost, 1996(1): p. 76 (in Russian).
CA=Karabut, A. B.Savvatimova, I. and V.U. Korolev. Comparative Analysis of Heat Effect in Various Cathode Materials Exposed to Glow Discharge. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Korolev, V. UI.Savvatimova, I. Transmutation Effects in the Cathode Exposed Glow Discharge, Nuclear Phenomena or Ion Irradiation Results? in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Savvatimova, I. Reproducibility of Experiments in Glow Discharge and Processes Accompanying Deuterium ions Bombardment. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
ABSTRACT
The problems of reproducibility of experiments in glow discharge (GD) and electrolysis are considered. The difficulty in estimation of nuclear and non-nuclear processes contribution in isotopic and elemental composition change in material irradiated by ions is noted.
The post-experimental charged particles flow from samples in Deuterium GD was measured. The current ranging ~ 10-6A·cm-2 - ~10-13A·cm-2 was registered in the first 1 - 3 post-experimental minutes for different materials (Pd, Pd alloys, Ag and Mo) and experimental parameters. The emissions duration lasted 30-100 minutes and depended upon experimental parameters.
Analysis of tracks on X-ray films placed inside and outside of a metal GD chamber has shown existence of tracks varying from several to tens of millimeters. The tracks were of various shapes: round and curvilinear, and also rotating including double spirals.
Savvatimova, I. and J. Dash. Emission registration on films during glow discharge experiments. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Dash, J.Deuterium and protium experiments in the glow discharge apparatus were conducted with U, W, Zr, Pd foils placed on the cathode. The glow discharge apparatus contains two concentric quartz tubes, each with about five mm wall thickness. Kodak BioMax MR-2 films (13x18 cm) contained in individual packets are intended to detect gamma and x-ray emission in the energy range from 150 to 260 keV. The films were placed against the outer quartz tube about 70 mm from the electrodes during glow discharge operation time ranging from 1-25 hours. The applied glow discharge voltage during was 200-700 V, the current was 5-25 mA/cm2, and the gas pressure was 2-5 torr.
AU=Savvatimova, I.Savvatimova, I. and D. Gavritenkov. Results Of Analysis Of Ti Foil After Glow Discharge With Deuterium. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Gavritenkov, D.
ABSTRACT
In this study we report on the surface structure, distribution and isotopic composition of elements found on Ti cathodes before and after glow discharge in plasma, during which excess heat was produced. Irradiation was carried out with deuterium ions with a discharge voltage below 1000 volts, with a current of 10 to 20 mA.
The analysis of the surface structure and of elemental composition of the Ti sample was carried out with a scanning electronic microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), which can detect impurities at concentrations as low as 0.2 atomic %. New metallic phase formation and newly present elements were revealed by the EDS method in several different, separate active spots on the cathode surface, with concentrations ranging from 0.3% up to 10 or 20% or more . . .
Savvatimova, I. and D. Gavritenkov. Influence Of Parameters Of The Glow Discharge On Change Of Structure And The Isotope Composition Of The Cathode Materials. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Gavritenkov, D.Results of examinations of changes in structure, element, and isotope composition of cathodes after the glow discharge exposure in hydrogen, deuterium, argon, and xenon are submitted. The voltage of the discharge was less than 1000 V and the current was 5–150 mA. Samples before and after ions bombardment in the glow discharge were explored by the methods of mass spectrometry: the secondary ions (SIMS), the secondary ions with additional ionization of neutral sprayed particles (SNMS), spark (SMS), and thermo-ionization (TIMS), and also methods of energy dispersion X-ray spectral analysis (EDX). The alpha-, beta-, gamma- emission, and gamma- spectrometry for radioactive uranium specimens were also carried out before and after experiments in the glow discharge. Changes in structure, isotope, and element composition of the cathode samples depend on current density, integrated ions flow (fluence of ions), kind of irradiating ions and other experimental conditions. Attempts are made to estimate qualitatively and quantitatively the role of each of the parameters on intensity of the observed changes in cathode composition. It is shown that the maximum changes in structure, chemical and isotope composition of the cathode material occur in “hot points,” such as craters from microexplosions, phase segregations, blisters and other new formations. . . .
AU=Savvatimova, I.Savvatimova, I., G. Savvatimova, and A.A. Kornilova. Gamma Emission Evaluation in Tungsten Irradiated By Low Energy Deuterium Ions. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Savvatimova, G., CA=Kornilova, A. A.Savvatimova, I. Transmutation in Tungsten Irradiated by Low Energy Deuterium Ions. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
Scalia, A., The Nuclear Fusion for the Reactions 2H (d,n) 3He, 2H (d,p) 3H, 3H (d,n) 4 He. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101(5): p. 795.
Scalia, A. and P. Figuera. The Cross Section Factor for the Reactions 2H(d,p)3H + 2H(d,n) 3He at Very Low Temperature. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Figuera, P.Scaramuzzi, F. Survey of Gas Loading Experiments. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Scaramuzzi, F. Cold Fusion Research in Italy. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Scaramuzzi, F., La fusione fredda quattro anni dopo (Cold fusion four years later). Chim. Ind. (Milan), 1993. 75(5): p. 425 (in Italian).
Scaramuzzi, F., Ten Years of Cold Fusion: An Eye-witness Account. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 77.
INTRODUCTION
The name of Cold Fusion (CF) comes from the interpretation given to certain phenomena taking place in a metal lattice roughly at room temperature, in terms of nuclear fusion, say between two deuterium nuclei: cold in comparison with the high temperatures of thermonuclear fusion (108 K). The first time this was suggested was in the Spring of 1989, ten years ago, by Fleischmann and Pons (1): their experiment gave rise to much turmoil all over the world, ending within a few months with the scientific community rejecting the experiment and thus this interpretation. Research in CF continued nevertheless in a few laboratories, mostly in the USA, Japan, Italy, Russia and China; International Conferences were held regularly, roughly every 1.5 years. However, after ten years, in spite of undeniable (although not overwhelming) progress in the field, there is hardly any communication between this small CF community and the scientific world at large.
Scaramuzzi, F., Gas loading of deuterium in palladium at low temperature. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2004. 385: p. 19.
The experimental technique presented in this article is aimed at measuring the absorption of hydrogen or deuterium gas in a thin palladium sample while the system is at low temperature. A result for deuterium is described, consisting in the measurement of the equilibrium loading ratio X (called also D/Pd ratio, atomic), as a function of pressure, on a palladium film 3.6 μm-thick at 150 K. Values of X up to 1 have been measured at pressures lower than 1 bar. The electric resistance of the palladium sample also has been measured as a function of temperature and of X, and the results are reported.
AU=Scaramuzzi, F.Scaramuzzi, F. Low Temperature Gas Loading Of Deuterium In Palladium (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
Objectives of the experiment
The idea is to realize a conceptually simple experiment, reproducible, and with a straightforward answer:
* To start with, measuring the D/Pd ratio, aiming to high values.
* Possibly detecting excess heat.
* Analyze the gas, looking for 4He.
* Studying the loading dynamics.
Schaffer, M., What is the current scientific thinking on cold fusion? Scientific American, 1997. on line.
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Schaller, C., Scientist Convinced Process is Nuclear, in Los Alamos Monitor. 1990: Los AlamosEditor. p. 1.
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CA=Gippner, P., CA=Seidel, W., CA=Stary, F., CA=Wohlfarth, D.Schirber, J.E. and C.J.M. Northrup, Concentration Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature In Pd-H and Pd-D. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1974. 10: p. 3818.
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CA=Morosin, B.Schirber, J.E., et al., Search for cold fusion in high-pressure deuterium-loaded titanium and palladium metal and deuteride. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 397.
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CA=Seiler, A., CA=Stucki, F., CA=Siegmann, H. C.Schlapbach, L. and J.P. Burger, A New XPS/UPS Study of the Electronic Structure of PdH0.6. J. Phys., Lett., 1982. 43: p. L-273.
CA=Burger, J. P.Schlapbach, L. and T. Riesterer, The Composition of the Surface Properties of FeTi and Fe2Ti4Ox in View of the Different Hydrogen Sorption Behaviours. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 101: p. 453.
CA=Riesterer, T.Schlapbach, L., et al., Low Temperature Electronic Properties of Cerium Hydrides. J. Less-Common Met., 1986(130): p. 239.
CA=Ott, H. R., CA=Felder, E., CA=Rudigier, H., CA=Thiry, P., CA=Bonnet, J. E., CA=Petroff, Y., CA=Burger, J. P.Schlapbach, L., et al., Surface Semiconductor-Metal Transition in Rare Earth Hydrides at Low Temperatures. Surf. Sci., 1987. 189-190: p. 747.
CA=Burger, J. P., CA=Bonnet, J. E., CA=Thiry, P., CA=Petroff, Y.Schlapbach, L. Hydrogen and Its Isotopes in and on Metals. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Schmidt, S., Cold Fusion Conundrum. Analog Science Fiction and Fact, 1995. Jan: p. 5.
Schneider, J.H., How a rectangular potential in Schroedinger's equation could explain some experimental results on cold nuclear fusion. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 377.
Schober, T., et al., The Observation of Cylindrical Cavities at Dislocations in Dilute Tritium-Charged Vanadium. Scr. Metall., 1984. 18: p. 255.
CA=Thomas, G. J., CA=Lasser, R., CA=Jâger, W.Schober, T., et al., The Observation of Cylindrical Cavities at Dislocations in Dilute Tritium-Charged Vanadium. Scr. Metall., 1984. 18: p. 255.
CA=Thomas, G. J., CA=Lasser, R., CA=J‰ger, W.Schommers, W. and C. Politis, Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible? Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3(8): p. 597.
CA=Politis, C.Schreiber, M., et al. Recent Experimental Results on the Thermal Behavior of Electrochemical Cells in the Hydrogen-Palladium and Deuterium-Palladium Systems. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Gur, T. M., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Ferrante, J. A., CA=Chao, J., CA=Huggins, R. A.Schreiber, M., et al. Recent Measurements of Excess Energy Production in Electrochemical Cells Containing Heavy Water and Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Gur, T. M., CA=Lucier, G., CA=Ferrante, J. A., CA=Chao, J., CA=Huggins, R. A.
Abstract
This paper reports calorimetric experiments related to the energy breakeven issue during heavy water electrolysis using a Pd cathode in thermodynamically closed cells. A comparison with light water electrolysis under the same conditions is also given. Excess power has been observed in a number of cases in which the overall energy balance becomes positive after a short period, leading to the generation of significant amounts of excess energy. In one case, excess power was maintained over a period of ten days, and produced over 23 MJ of excess energy per mole of palladium.
Schrieder, G., H. Wipf, and A. Richter, Search for cold nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium. Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 1989. 76: p. 141.
CA=Wipf, H., CA=Richter, A.Schuldiner, S., G.W. Castellan, and J.P. Hoare, Electrochemical Behavior of the Palladium-Hydrogen System. I. Potential-Determining Mechanisms. J. Chem. Phys., 1958. 28: p. 16.
CA=Castellan, G. W., CA=Hoare, J. P.Schulte, U., Die 'Kalte Kernfusion' - ein wissenschaftlicher Artifakt [in German] ('Cold fusion' - a scientific artifact). Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung, 2002. 142(14): p. 77.
Schultz, R. and J.P. Kenny, Electronuclear catalysts and initiators: The di-neutron model for cold fusion. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(29): p. 58.
CA=Kenny, J. P.Schultze, J.W., et al., Prospects and problems of electrochemically induced cold nuclear fusion. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1289.
CA=Koenig, U., CA=Hochfeld, A., CA=Van Calker, C., CA=Kies, W.Schwinger, J., Cold fusion: a hypothesis. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1990. 45A: p. 756.
Schwinger, J. Nuclear Energy in an Atomic Lattice. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
Schwinger, J., Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice. 1. Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters, 1990. 15: p. 221.
The distinct nature of the cold fusion regime is emphasized: electromagnetic selection rules suppress radiation, permitting excess energy transference to the lattice; the coherent nature of the wave-function is at variance with the standard separation between barrier penetration and nuclear reactivity. The discussion is restricted to tritium production, based on the dd reaction that populates the first excited state of 4He, which decays into t+p, whereas the formation of 3He+n is energetically forbidden. Production rates compatible with the broad range of experimental results are realized within a narrow parametric interval. The great sensitivity to the physical circumstances is reminiscent of the reproducibility problems that have plagued this field.
AU=Schwinger, J.Schwinger, J., Cold fusion: Does it have a future? Evol. Trends Phys. Sci., Proc. Yoshio Nishina Centen. Symp., Tokyo 1990, 1991. 57: p. 171.
Abstract. The case against the reality of cold fusion is outlined. It is based on preconceptions inherited from experience with hot fusion. That cold fusion refers to a different regime is emphasized. The new regime is characterized by intermittency in the production of excess heat, tritium and neutrons. A scenario is sketched, based upon the hypothesis that small segments of the lattice can absorb released nuclear energy.
AU=Schwinger, J.Schwinger, J., Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice. Prog. Theor. Phys., 1991. 85: p. 711.
Schwinger, J. Cold Fusion, A Brief History of Mine. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
As Polonius might have said: “Neither a true-believer nor a disbeliever be.” From the very beginning in a radio broadcast on the evening of March 23, 1989, I have asked myself—not whether Pons and Fleischmann are right—but whether a mechanism can be identified that will produce nuclear energy by manipulations at the atomic-the chemical-level. Of course, the acceptance of that interpretation of their data is needed as a working hypothesis, in order to have quantitative tests of proposed mechanisms.
AU=Schwinger, J.Schwinger, J., Cold Fusion, A Brief History of Mine. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. xiii.
Schwinger, J., Energy Transfer In Cold Fusion and Sonoluminescence. 1994.
Scott, C.D., et al., A preliminary investigation of cold fusion by electrolysis of heavy water. 1989: Oak Ridge.
CA=Mrochek, J. E., CA=Newman, E., CA=Scott, T. C., CA=Michaels, G. E., CA=Petek, M.Scott, C.D., et al., Measurement of excess heat and apparent coincident increases in the neutron and gamma-ray count rates during the electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 103.
CA=Mrochek, J. E., CA=Scott, T. C., CA=Michaels, G. E., CA=Newman, E., CA=Petek, M.Scott, C.D., et al., Preliminary Investigation of Possible Low-Temperature Fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 115.
CA=Greenbaum, E., CA=Michaels, G. E., CA=Mrochek, J. E., CA=Newman, E., CA=Petek, M., CA=Scott, T. C.Scott, C.D., et al. The Initiation of Excess Power and Possible Products of Nuclear Interactions During the Electrolysis of Heavy Water. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Mrochek, J. E., CA=Scott, T. C., CA=Michaels, G. E., CA=Newman, E., CA=Petek, M.The electrolysis of heavy water is being investigated with an insulated flow calorimetric system. In each of a series of tests, the electrolyte was 0.1 to 1.0 LiOD in D2O and cylindrical palladium cathodes surrounded by wire-wound platinum anodes were used at cathode current densities of 100 to 800 mA/cm2. The most recent test was made with a "closed system" without off-gas in which the electrolysis gases were internally recombined. Fast neutrons and gamma rays were measured continuously during each test. It was shown that certain system perturbations could initiate and extend the generation of excess power. In one test, an apparent increase in the neutron count rate was also coincident with system perturbations.
AU=Searson, P. C.Searson, P.C., Hydrogen evolution and entry in palladium at high current density. Acta metall. Mater., 1991. 39: p. 2519.
Seeliger, D., et al., Search for DD-fusion neutrons during heavy water electrolysis. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34(7): p. 991.
CA=Wiesener, K., CA=Meister, A., CA=Marten, H., CA=Ohms, D., CA=Rahner, D., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Wuestner, P.Seeliger, D., Physical problems of the investigations into nuclear fusion in condensed media. Isotopenpraxis, 1990. 26: p. 384 (in German).
Seeliger, D. and A. Meister, A simple plasma model for the description of d-d fusion in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2114.
CA=Meister, A.Seeliger, D., et al. Evidence of Neutron Emission From a Titanium Deuterium System. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Bittner, M., CA=Meister, A., CA=Schwierz, R., CA=Streil, T.Seeliger, D., Theoretical limits of nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Acta Phys. Hung., 1991. 69: p. 257.
Segre, S.E., et al., A Search for Neutron Emission from Deuterated Palladium. 1989.
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Seifritz, W., Ein neuer Weg zur Nutzbarmachung der Kernfusion?["A new way of using nuclear fusion?"]. Atomwirtsch. Atomtech., 1996. 41: p. 729 (in German).
Seifritz, W., Letter to the Editor. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2003. 28: p. 357.
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CA=Baranov, R. V., CA=Khodryev, Y. P., CA=Imamov, R. M.Senjuh, T., et al. Study of Material Processing and Treatment for High Deuterium-Loading. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kamimura, H., CA=Uehara, T., CA=Asami, N., CA=Mori, K., CA=Sigemitsu, T.Senjuh, T., et al., Experimental study of electrochemical deuterium loading of Pd cathodes in the LiOD/D2O system. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 617.
CA=Kamimura, H., CA=Uehara, T., CA=Sumi, M., CA=Miyashita, S., CA=Sigemitsu, T., CA=Asami, N.Seo, M. and M. Aomi, Piezelectric response to surface stress change of a palladium electrode in sulfate aqueous solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1992. 139(4): p. 1087.
CA=Aomi, M.Service, A.W., New Tomorrow Dawns As LANL Confirms Cold Fusion, in The New Mexican. 1989: Santa FeEditor.
Sevilla, J., et al., Some characteristics of titanium and palladium samples used in cold fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 188.
CA=Fernandez, F., CA=Escarpizo, B., CA=Sanchez, C.Sevilla, J., et al. Time-Evolution of Tritium Concentration in the Electrolyte of Prolonged Cold Fusion Experiments and its Relation to Ti Cathode Surface Treatment. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
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Shaheen, M., et al. Anomalous Deuteron to Hydrogen Ratio in Oklo Samples and Possibility of Deuteron Disintegration. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Ragheb, M., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Hora, H., CA=Kelly, J.Shaheen, M. and M. Ragheb, Anomalous deuteron to hydrogen ratio in naturally occurring fission reactions and the possibility of deuteron disintegration. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1992. 158: p. 323.
CA=Ragheb, M.Shamoo, A.E., Editorial. Accountability Res., 2000. 8.
Before 1996, when I gave lectures on responsible conduct of research or research ethics, I used to emphasize the importance of ensuring in biomedical research the quality and integrity of research data. My reason for emphasizing this point was that, as opposed to situations associated with maintaining comparable standards in clinical trials, in which existing funding levels allow for the possibility that particular experiments will be repeated, in biomedical research, one cannot obtain funding to repeat research experiments that are large and expensive. For this reason, it was (and has remained) imperative that instances of possible fraud, misconduct and sloppy work be reduced from the outset. Because of limited funding, as a consequence, the self-correcting process of science may not be operative in these areas. I then used to end this part of my discussion by citing how in cold fusion research, and because of the potential significance and impact of the particular claims associated with this area, the self-correcting nature of science worked. The cold fusion experiments have been repeated dozens of times without success. The conclusion was that they were proven to be wrong. However, I was basing my conclusion on the numerous reports in newspapers and scientific magazines but not on any readings of the original literature.
AU=Shanahan, K.Shanahan, K., A Possible Calorimetric Error in Heavy Water Electrolysis on Platinum. Thermochim. Acta, 2002. 387(2): p. 95-101.
Abstract
A systematic error in mass flow calorimetry calibration procedures potentially capable of explaining most positive excess power measurements is described. Data recently interpreted as providing evidence of the Pons-Fleischmann effect with a platinum cathode are reinterpreted with the opposite conclusion. This indicates it is premature to conclude platinum displays a Pons and Fleischmann effect, and places the requirement to evaluate the error’s magnitude on all mass flow calorimetric experiments.
Shanahan, K., A Critique of the Student’s Guide To Cold Fusion. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.
Dr. Edmund Storms has just released a new paper on cold fusion (CF, aka LENR, or CANR) that contains a section (in Chapter 8) that purports to address the issues I raise with cold fusion calorimetry in my paper and spf comments. I would like to address those comments dealing with my "calibration constant shift" (CCS) proposal to illustrate why they are incorrect.
AU=Shanahan, K.Shanahan, K., Comments on Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition. Thermochim. Acta, 2005. 428: p. 207.
Shanahan, K., Reply to 'Comment on papers by K. Shanahan that propose to explain anomalous heat generated by cold fusion,' E. Storms. Thermochim. Acta, 2005. 441: p. 210.
Shani, G., et al., Evidence for a background neutron enhanced fusion in deuterium absorbed palladium. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72(1): p. 53.
CA=Cohen, C., CA=Grayevsky, A., CA=Brokman, A.Shankland, S., Storms: Interest in cold fusion resurging, in Los Alamos Monitor. 1994: Los AlamosEditor. p. 31.
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CA=Shin, M., CA=Bland, R. W., CA=Fonda, L., CA=Matis, H. S., CA=Pugh, H. G., CA=Slansky, R.Sheldon, E., An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion. Contemporary Physics, 2008. 49(5).
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CA=Imamura, M., CA=Shibata, S., CA=Uwamino, Y., CA=Ohkubo, T., CA=Satoh, S., CA=Yamakoshi, K., CA=Oyama, N., CA=Ohsaka, T., CA=Yamamoto, N., CA=Hatozaki, O., CA=Niimura, N.Shikano, K., H. Shinojima, and H. Kanbe. D2 Release Process From Deuterated Palladium in a Vacuum. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Shinojima, H., et al. Studies of d-d Reactions in Deuterated Palladium by Using Low-Energy Deuterium Ion Bombardment. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Hishioka, T., CA=Shikano, K., CA=Kanbe, H.Shinojima, H., et al. Detection for Nuclear Products in Transport Experiments of Deuterium through Palladium Metals. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Nishioka, T., CA=Shikano, K., CA=Kanbe, H.Shioe, Y., et al., Measurement of neutron production rate regarding the quantity of LiNbO3 in the fracturing process under D2 atmosphere. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112 A: p. 1059.
CA=Mondal, N. N., CA=Chiba, M., CA=Hirose, T., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Nakahara, H., CA=Sueki, K., CA=Shirakawa, T., CA=Utsumi, M.Shirai, O., et al., Some experimental results relating to cold nuclear fusion. Bull. Inst. Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ., 1991. 69: p. 550.
CA=Kihara, S., CA=Sohrin, Y., CA=Matsui, M.Shirakawa, T., et al. Neutron Emission from Crushing Process of High Piezoelectric Matter in Deuterium Gas. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Chiba, M., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Sueki, K., CA=Miyamoto, S., CA=Nakamitsu, Y., CA=Toriumi, H., CA=Uehara, T., CA=Miura, H., CA=Watanabe, T., CA=Fukushima, K., CA=Hirose, T.Shirakawa, T., et al., A neutron emission from lithium niobate fracture. Chem. Lett., 1993: p. 897.
CA=Chiba, M., CA=Fujii, M., CA=Sueki, K., CA=Miyamoto, S., CA=Nakamitsu, Y., CA=Toriumi, H., CA=Uehara, T., CA=Miura, H., CA=Watanabe, T., CA=Fukushima, K., CA=Hirose, T., CA=Seimiya, T., CA=Nakahara, H.Shirakawa, T., et al. Particle Acceleration and Neutron Emission in a Fracture Process of a Piezoelectric Material. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Fujii, M., CA=Chiba, M., CA=Sueki, K., CA=Ikebe, T., CA=Yamaoka, S., CA=Miura, H., CA=Watanabe, T., CA=Hirose, T., CA=Nakahara, H., CA=Utsumi, M.Shkedi, Z., et al., Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. Fusion Technol., 1995. 28: p. 1720.
CA=McDonald, R. C., CA=Breen, J. J., CA=Maguire, S. J., CA=Veranth, J.Shkedi, Z., Response to "Comments on 'Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'". Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: p. 133.
Shohoji, N., Unique features of hydrogen in palladium metal lattice: hints for discussing the possible occurrence of cold nuclear fusion. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1990. 9: p. 231.
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CA=Shoulders, S.Shoulders, K.R. and S. Shoulders. Charge clusters in action. in Conference on Future Energy. 1999. Bethesda, MD: Integrity Research Institute.
CA=Shoulders, S.Shoulders, K.R., Permittivity Transitions. J. New Energy, 2001. 5(2): p. 121.
Shrikhande, V.K. and K.C. Mittal, Deuteration of Machined Titanium Targets for Cold Fusion Experiments, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. B 2.
CA=Mittal, K. C.Cold fusion experiments were initiated with solid targets made from titanium loaded with deuterium gas on receipt of reports of the successful Frascati experiments1. The absorption of deuterium by Ti is a reversible process and when titanium is heated in a deuterium atmosphere, the reaction will continue until the concentration of deuterium in the metal attains an equilibrium value. This equilibrium value depends on the specimen temperature and the pressure of the surrounding deuterium atmosphere. Any imposed temperature or pressure change causes rejection or absorption of deuterium until a new equilibrium state is achieved. If the surface of titanium is clean, the rate of absorption increases rapidly with temperature. At temperatures above 500°C, the equilibrium is achieved in a matter of a few seconds. However deuterium absorption is considerably reduced if the surface of Ti is contaminated with oxygen. Keeping in view these facts, a procedure was evolved for titanium target preparation and subsequent deuteration. The following sections describe the details of preparation of the targets, their chemical cleaning and degassing followed by deuteration process.
AU=Shrikhande, V. K.Shrikhande, V.K., et al. Preliminary Results on the Variation of Electrical Resistance of TiDx Wire With Deuterium Concentration. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Kaushik, T. C., CA=Auluck, S. K. H., CA=Shyam, A., CA=Srinivasan, M.Shunjin, W., Effect of Coulomb screening on deuterium-deuterium fusion cross section. Gaoneng Wuli Yu Hewuli, 1991. 15(8): p. 761 (in Chinese).
Shyam, A., et al., Multiplicity Distribution of Neutron Emission in Cold Fusion Experiments, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 4.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Degwekar, S. B., CA=Kulkarni, L. V.Shyam, A., et al. Observation of High Multiplicity Bursts of Neutrons During Electrolysis of Heavy Water with Palladium Cathode Using the Dead-Time Filtering Technique. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Srinivasan, M., CA=Kaushik, T. C., CA=Kulkarni, L. V.
Abstract
A series of experiments were carried out to detect production of neutrons from a commercial (Milton Roy) palladium—nickel electrolytic cell operated with 0.1 M LiOH or LiOD as the electrolyte at a current density of ~ 80 mA/cm2. Neutron emission was monitored using a bank of 16 BF3 detectors embedded in a cylindrical moderator assembly. A dead—time filtering technique was employed to detect the presence of neutron “bursts” if any and characterize the multiplicity distribution of such neutron bursts. It was found that with an operating Pd—D2O cell located in the centre of the neutron detection set—up, the daily average neutron count rate increased by about 9% throughout a one month period, over the background value of ~ 2386 counts/day indicating an average daily neutron production of ~ 2220 neutrons/day by the cell. In addition analysis of the dead—time filtered counts data indicated that about 6.5% of these neutrons were emitted in the form of bursts of 20 to 100 neutrons each. On an average there were an additional 6 burst events per day during electrolysis with LiOD over the daily average background burst rate of 1.7 bursts/day. The frequency of occurrence of burst events as well as their multiplicity was significantly higher with D20 + LiOD in the cell when compared with background runs as also light water “control” runs.
Shyam, A. and T.C. Kaushik, Absence of neutron emission during interaction of deuterium with metal at low energies. Pramana, 1998. 50: p. 75.
CA=Kaushik, T. C.Shyam, A., Strange behavior of tritiated natural water. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 264.
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CA=Schlapbach, L., CA=Brundle, C. R.Silver, D.S., J. Dash, and P.S. Keefe, Surface topography of a palladium cathode after electrolysis in heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 423.
CA=Dash, J., CA=Keefe, P. S.Silver, D.S. and J. Dash. Surface Studies of Palladium After Interaction with Hydrogen Isotopes. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
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CA=Moshary, E.Simanek, E., Quantum tunnelling through a fluctuating barrier. Enhancement of cold-fusion rate. Physica A, 1990. 164: p. 147.
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CA=Flanagan, T. B.Singh, M., et al., Verification of the George Oshawa Experiment for Anomalous Production of Iron From Carbon Arc in Water. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 266.
CA=Saksena, M. D., CA=Dixit, V. S., CA=Kartha, V. B.Sinha, B., et al., Observations of neutron bursts in electrolysis of heavy water. Indian J. Technol., 1989. 27: p. 275.
CA=Viyogi, Y. P., CA=Chattopadhyaya, S., CA=Mazumdar, M. R. D., CA=Murthy, G. S. N., CA=Muthukrishnan, G., CA=Bandyopadhyaya, T., CA=Trivedi, M. D., CA=Ghosh, D., CA=Srivastava, D. K., CA=Sen, P.Sinha, K.P. and D.C. Albright, The role of local electron pairing in facilitating fusion, fission and other mechanisms in reproducible experiments. 1999.
CA=Albright, D. C.Sinha, K.P. and P.L. Hagelstein. Electron Screening in Metal Deuterides. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Hagelstein, P. L.Sinha, K.P. and A. Meulenberg. A model for enhanced fusion reaction in a solid matrix of metal deuterides. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Meulenberg, A.Our study shows that the cross-section for fusion improves considerably if d-d pairs are located in linear (one-dimensional) chainlets or line defects. Such non-equilibrium defects can exist only in a solid matrix. Further, solids harbor lattice vibrational modes (quanta, phonons) whose longitudinal-optical modes interact strongly with electrons and ions. One such interaction, resulting in potential inversion, causes localization of electron pairs on deuterons. Thus, we have attraction of D+ – D- pairs and strong screening of the nuclear repulsion due to these local electron pairs (local charged bosons: acronym, lochons). This attraction and strong coupling permits low-energy deuterons to approach close enough to alter the standard equations used to define nuclear-interaction cross-sections. These altered equations not only predict that low-energy-nuclear reactions (LENR) of D+ – D- (and H+ – H-) pairs are possible, they predict that they are probable.
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CA=Goryachev, V. A., CA=Salyuk, A. N., CA=Sergeev, F.Sona, P.G., et al., Preliminary tests on tritium and neutrons in cold nuclear fusion within palladium cathodes. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 713.
CA=Parmigiani, F., CA=Barberis, F., CA=Battaglia, A., CA=Berti, R., CA=Buzzanca, G., CA=Capelli, A., CA=Capra, D., CA=Ferrari, M.Sona, P.G. and M. Ferrari, The possible negative influence of dissolved O2 in cold nuclear fusion experiments. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 678.
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CA=Liu, J.Soriaga, M.P., Surface Electrochemical Studies of Pd in Alkaline D2O Solutions. 1990.
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CA=Stark, J. W., CA=Vogel, J. S., CA=Waddington, J. C.Soyfer, V.N., et al., Neutron emission during heavy water electrolysis. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 1992. 43: p. 1041.
CA=Goryachev, V. A., CA=Salyuk, A. N., CA=Sergeyev, A. F.Spallone, A., et al. New Electrolytic Procedure for the Obtainment of Very High H/Pd Loading Ratios. Preliminary Attempts for its Application to the D/Pd System. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Celani, F., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V.Spallone, A., et al. Experimental studies to achieve H/Pd loading ratio close to 1 in thin wires, using different electrolytic solutions. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Celani, F., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V.
ABSTRACT
Systematic studies have been performed in order to achieve very high concentration of Hydrogen (or Deuterium) into a Palladium lattice.
In a very diluted acid electrolytic cell a thin Pd cathode wire (100 mm) and tick anode Pt wires (0.5 mm) has been used as electrodes in a coaxial geometry. Normalised resistance (R/Ro) of Pd-H wire system has been measured on-line and used as reference of H/Pd values.
Alcoholic solution (95%) and electrolytic solution (5%) has been used with addition of a very low amount of Sr and Hg ions; high loading results have been achieved with a satisfactory grade of reproducibility.
Spallone, A., et al. An Overview Of Experimental Studies On H/Pd Over-Loading With Thin Pd Wires And Different Electrolytic Solutions. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Celani, F., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V.
ABSTRACT
Hundreds of electrolytic loading tests of thin Pd wires in different experimental conditions have been performed in order to find out the best procedures for stable, high hydrogen overloading into the palladium lattice.
In a very dilute acid solution thin Pd cathodes (50 or 100 mm in diameter) and thick Pt anodes (0.5 mm in diameter) were used in a parallel or coaxial geometry. Normalised resistance (R/Ro) of the Pd cathode was on-line and continuously measured in order to determine the actual H/Pd values.
Different electrolytic solutions have been tested by adding to the acid solution very low amounts of Ca, Sr, Li and Hg ions; high loading H/Pd ratios have been achieved with a satisfactory grade of reproducibility.
Several loading procedures have been performed in a wide range of electrolysis current (from a few mA up to one hundred mA) and at different Hg ion concentrations.
The obtained results allowed for the definition of a loading protocol that ensures very high H/Pd over-loading. Stable R/Ro ≤ 1.2 values (corresponding to H/Pd ratios ≥ 1) can be currently achieved with an extremely low power electrolytic supply (10 V, 5 mA).
Spallone, A., et al. Measurements Of The Temperature Coefficient Of Electric Resistivity Of Hydrogen Overloaded Pd. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Celani, F., CA=Marini, P., CA=Di Stefano, V.
As reported in previous papers, we performed many electrolytic loading tests using thin Pd wires, achieving loading ratios of H/Pd 0.95 (H/Pd over-loading). In particular, we defined a reproducible “loading protocol” suitable for achieving such an over-loading level, based on the use of very diluted acid electrolytic solutions (with additions of tenths of micro-moles of Ca or Sr or Li cations and some hundred nano-moles of Hg ions) and operating with electrolytic current cycles from a few mA up to one hundred mA.
By observing the day/night cyclic fluctuations of electrical resistance, as a function of the corresponding temperature variations, of stable, long term, H/Pd loadings we were able to calculate the temperature coefficient of resistivity (K) of the Pd-H system at very high H/Pd loadings. . . .
Spallone, A., et al. A Review of Experimental studies about Hydrogen over-loading within Palladium wires (H/Pd > 1). in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Marmigi, A., CA=Celani, F., CA=Marini, P., CA=Stefano, V.Speiser, B. and A. Rieker, Energy from electrochemically induced nuclear fusion? Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab., 1989. 37: p. 616 (in German).
CA=Rieker, A.Spinrad, B.I., On cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 343.
Srinivasan, M., et al. Observation of Tritium in Gas/Plasma Loaded Titanium Samples. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Kaushik, T. C., CA=Rout, R. K., CA=Kulkarni, L. V., CA=Krishnan, M. S., CA=Malhotra, S. K., CA=Nagvenkar, V. G., CA=Iyengar, P. K.The observation of significant neutron yield from gas loaded titanium samples at Frascati in April 1989 opened up an alternate pathway to the investigation of anomalous nuclear phenomena in deuterium/solid systems, complimenting the electrolytic approach. Since then atleast six different groups have successfully measured burst neutron emission from deuterated titanium shavings following the Frascati methodology, the special feature of which was the use of liquid nitrogen to create repeated thermal cycles resulting in the production of non-equilibrium conditions in the deuterated samples. At Trombay several variations of the gas loading procedure have been investigated including induction heating of single machined titanium targets in a glass chamber as well as use of a plasma focus device for deuteriding its central titanium electrode.
AU=Srinivasan, M.Srinivasan, M., et al. Statistical Analysis of Neutron Emission in Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Degwekar, S. B., CA=Kulkarni, L. V.
ABSTRACT
The paper discusses two techniques for studying the multiplicity spectrum of neutron emission in cold fusion experiments. In the first method the multiplicity distribution of counts in 20 ms time intervals is analysed to give information about the statistics of neutron emission in cold fusion. The results of six such experiments indicate that about 10 to 25% of the neutrons produced in cold fusion are emitted in the form of bunches 400 to 600 neutrons each. The other method discussed is an adaptation of the Artificial Dead Time method developed originally for reactor noise analysis as well as for the passive neutron assay of plutonium. An expression for the fractional loss of counts in the presence of dead time is derived. It is shown that a neutron detection efficiency of ~ 1% is adequate to estimate the average multiplicity as well as the fraction of bunched neutron emission in the presence of a Poisson background.
Srinivasan, M., Nuclear fusion in an atomic lattice: An update on the international status of cold fusion research. Curr. Sci., 1991. 60: p. 417.
It is now two years since the first reports of the occurrence of nuclear reactions at ambient temperatures in deuterated metals such as Pd or Ti were published. ‘Cold fusion’, as this phenomenon has now come to be known, has, however, become embroiled in intense controversy with the scientific community becoming sharply polarized into ‘believers’ and ‘non-believers’ of this novel phenomenon. This ambivalence is primarily because of the non-reproducibility of the claimed results by many reputed research groups that have often used sophisticated experimental equipment. However, as the present review clearly shows, a large number of laboratories in many different countries have now obtained very reliable experimental evidence confirming the generation of 2.45-MeV neutrons, tritium, charged particles, X-rays, etc., both in electrolysis experiments and in a variety of other D2-/plasma-/ion-beam-loading experiments, thereby confirming the nuclear origin of the phenomenon. . . .
AU=Srinivasan, M.Srinivasan, M., et al. Tritium and Excess Heat Generation During Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions of Alkali Salts With Nickel Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Shyam, A., CA=Sankaranarayanan, T. K., CA=Bajpai, M. B., CA=Ramamurthy, H., CA=Mukherjee, U. K., CA=Krishnan, M. S., CA=Nayar, M. G., CA=Naik, Y. P.Srinivasan, M., et al., preprint Excess heat and tritium measurements in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. 1994.
CA=Babu, P. A., CA=Bajpai, M. B., CA=Gupta, D. S., CA=Mukherjee, U. K., CA=Ramamurthy, H., CA=Sankarnarainan, T. K., CA=Sinha, A., CA=Shyam, A.Srinivasan, M., Meeting Report -- Energy Concepts for the 21st Century. Curr. Sci., 2008. 94(7): p. 842.
A one-day discussion meeting on the emerging new energy concepts for the 21st century was held at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore. B. V. Sreekantan and S. Ranganathan (NIAS) and M. Srinivasan (formerly of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai) served as co-conveners for this meeting. There were about 40 participants at the meeting, majority of whom had a scientific background. Two of the participants represented an Indian venture capitalist firm.
AU=Srinivasan, M.Srinivasan, M. Hot Spots, Chain Events and Micronuclear Explosions (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
Speculations on Characteristics of NAE
* Two decades into the CF/LENR/CMNSera, the mechanism behind these reactions still eludes us!
* General agreement that phenomenon occurs on surface, in "special" regions -NAEs by Storms.
* One could speculate that spatial extant of the NAE could possibly be a single nano particle or a grain.
* Reasonable to expect that all NAEs wont be created simultaneously all over cathode surface.
* Similarly, once formed, NAEs cant be expected to continue catalyzing reactions for "ever & ever".
* The NAEs must have a finite "active" lifetime !
* Could this be ns, microseconds, seconds, hours, days?
Srinivasan, M., Wide-Ranging Studies on the Emission of Neutrons and Tritium by LENR Configurations: An Historical Review of the Early BARC Results, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 35-57.
Srinivasan, M. and L.V. Krishnan, eds. ICCF16, 16th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Abstracts. 2011, ISCMNS.
CA=Krishnan, L. V.Book of Abstracts for ICCF-16 conference, 16th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, February 6 – 11, 2011, Chennai, India
AU=Srinivasan, M.Srinivasan, M., G.H. Miley, and E. Storms, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: Transmutations, in Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology and Applications. 2011, Wiley. p. 503-540.
CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Storms, E.
Preprint of review article distributed to participants of ICCF 16 Conference held in Chennai during Feb 2011
This article describes different aspects of the phenomenon called “Low Energy Nuclear Reactions” (LENR) which investigate the occurrence of various types of nuclear reactions in certain “host” metals such as Palladium, Titanium, Nickel, etc. when they are “loaded” or “charged” with deuterium (or hydrogen) to form the corresponding metallic deuterides (or hydrides).
Srivastava, O.N., et al. On the Formation of Palladium Deuteride and its Relationship to Suspected Cold Fusion. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Babu, K. S. C., CA=Lalla, N. P., CA=Tiwari, R. S.Srivastava, Y.N., A. Widom, and L. Larsen, A Primer for Electro-Weak Induced Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 253-270.
CA=Widom, A., CA=Larsen, L.In a series of papers, cited in the main body of the paper below, detailed calculations have been presented which show that electromagnetic and weak interactions can induce low energy nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a variety of processes. A common element in all these applications is that the electromagnetic energy stored in many relatively slow-moving electrons can, under appropriate circumstances, be collectively transferred into fewer, much faster electrons with energies sufficient for the latter to combine with protons (or deuterons, if present) to produce neutrons through weak interactions. The produced neutrons can then initiate low energy nuclear reactions through further nuclear transmutations. The aim of this paper is to extend and enlarge on various examples analyzed previously, present simplified order-of-magnitude estimates for each and illuminate a common unifying theme among them. PACS numbers: 12.15.Ji, 23.20.Nx, 23.40.Bw, 24.10.Jv, 25.30.-c
AU=Stacey Jr., W. M.Stacey Jr., W.M., Reactor prospects of muon-catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium concentrated in transition metals. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 268.
Stachurski, J. and A. Frackiewicz, A New Phase in the Pd-C System Formed During the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetylene. J. Less-Common Met., 1985. 108: p. 249.
CA=Frackiewicz, A.Steinert, C., Laser-induced 'semicold' fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 206.
Stella, B., et al. Evidence for Stimulated Emission of Neutrons in Deuterated Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Corradi, M., CA=Ferrarotto, F., CA=Milone, V., CA=Celani, F., CA=Spallone, A.Stella, B., et al. The FERMI Apparatus and a Measurement of Tritium Production in an Electrolytic Experiment. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Alessio, M., CA=Carradi, M., CA=Croce, F., CA=Ferrarotto, F., CA=Improta, S., CA=Iucci, N., CA=Milone, V., CA=Villoresi, G., CA=Celani, F., CA=Spallone, A.Stella, B., et al., A high efficiency, low background neutron and gamma detector for cold fusion experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1995. 355: p. 609.
CA=Celani, F., CA=Corradi, M., CA=Ferrarotto, F., CA=Iucci, N., CA=Milone, V., CA=Spallone, A., CA=Villoresi, G.Stiff, D., Theories on Cold Fusion Abound, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: New YorkEditor. p. B4.
Stilwell, D.E., K.H. Park, and M. Miles, Electrochemical Calorimetric Studies on the Electrolysis of Water and Heavy Water (D2O). J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 333.
CA=Park, K. H., CA=Miles, M.Stoljarov, P., L. Urutskoev, and H. Lehn. Interaction Of Magnetic Monopoles On Polar Molecules. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Urutskoev, L., CA=Lehn, H.Stoppini, G., Coulomb screening in superconducting PdH. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1991. 13D: p. 1181.
Stoppini, G., Nuclear processes in hydrogen-loaded metals. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 81.
Storms, E. and C.L. Talcott. A Study of Electrolytic Tritium Production. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
CA=Talcott, C. L.
ABSTRACT
Tritium production is being investigated using cathodes made from palladium and its alloys (with Li, C, S, B, and Be) to which are applied various surface treatments. Three anode materials (Pt, Ni and stainless steel), and various impurities in the electrolyte have also been used. Tritium has been produced in about 10% of the cells studied, but there is, as yet, no pattern of behavior that would make the effect predictable.
Storms, E. and C.L. Talcott, Electrolytic tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 680.
CA=Talcott, C. L.
Abstract
Fifty-three electrolytic cells of various configurations and electrode compositions were examined for
tritium production. Significant tritium was found in eleven cells at levels between 1.5 and 80 times the
starting concentration after enrichment corrections are made.
Storms, E., Review of experimental observations about the cold fusion effect. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 433.
Storms, E. and C. Talcott-Storms, The effect of hydriding on the physical structure of palladium and on the release of contained tritium. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 246.
CA=Talcott-Storms, C.
ABSTRACT
The behavior of tritium released from a contaminated, palladium cathode has been determined and compared to the pattern found in cells claimed to produce tritium by a cold fusion reaction.
Void space is produced in palladium when it is subjected to hydrogen adsorption and desorption cycles. This void space can produce channels through which hydrogen can be lost from the cathode, thereby reducing the hydrogen concentration. This effect is influenced, in part, by impurities, the shape of the electrode, the charging rate, the achieved concentration of hydrogen and the length of time the maximum concentration is present.
Storms, E. Measurement of Excess Heat from a Pons_Fleischmann Type Electrolytic Cell. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Storms, E., Measurements of excess heat from a Pons-Fleischmann-type electrolytic cell using palladium sheet. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 230.
Two pieces of palladium sheet similar to that used by Takahashi were loaded with deuterium in a Pons-Fleischmann-type electrolytic cell, and heat production was measured. One sheet produced a steady increase in excess power that reached 7.5 W (20% of input power) before the study was interrupted. A second similar sheet from a different batch of palladium did not produce any measurable excess power. There were differences in the loading behavior, the maximum stoichiometry, and the presence of excess volume in the deuteride made from these materials. The first sheet contained 0.8% excess volume after having been deloaded from its maximum deuterium/palladium (D/Pd) ratio of 0.82 to 0.73, and the second sheet contained 13.5% excess volume while at its maximum ratio of 0.75. The high excess volume in the latter case is an indication of internal escape paths that reduce the required high D/Pd ratio.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. Some Characteristics of Heat Production Using the "Cold Fusion" Effect. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Abstract
Additional evidence is presented to show that heat production resulting from the Pons-Fleischmann Effect has a positive temperature coefficient, has a critical onset current density, and originates at the palladium cathode.
Storms, E. The Status of "Cold Fusion". in 28th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1993. Atlanta, GA,.
Storms, E., Chemically-Assisted Nuclear Reactions. Cold Fusion, 1994. 1(3): p. 42.
Storms, E. Methods Required for the Production of Excess Energy Using the Electrolysis of Palladium in D2O-Based Electrolyte. in International Symposium, ÏCold Fusion and Advanced Energy SourcesÓ. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
Storms, E., Some Characteristics of Heat Production Using the "Cold Fusion" Effect. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 96.
Storms, E., Cold fusion, a challenge to modern science. J. Sci. Expl., 1995. 9: p. 585.
Storms, E., Cold Fusion: From reasons to doubt to reasons to believe. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 23.
Storms, E. Status of "Cold Fusion". in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Storms, E., A Review of the Cold Fusion Effect. J. Sci. Expl., 1996. 10(2): p. 185.
Storms, E., A Study of Those Properties of Palladium That Influence Excess Energy Production by the "Pons-Fleischmann" Effect. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(8): p. 50.
ABSTRACT
A large collection of palladium plates having different treatments were examined to determine the composition limit produced after electrolysis in LiOD-D2O electrolyte, the amount of excess volume produced by the contained deuterium, the open circuit voltage generated by the material referenced to a platinum electrode, and the deloading rate in air. The influence of these properties on the ability to produce excess power from the “Pons-Fleischmann” effect was explored.
The palladium was found to be very nonuniform with respect to the measured properties. Excess power production was associated with a minimum amount of excess volume and an open circuit voltage above 1.0 V. Samples capable of producing excess energy can be reactivated even after deloading or removal of the surface.
Storms, E., How to produce the Pons-Fleischmann effect. Fusion Technol., 1996. 29: p. 261.
ABSTRACT
Conditions required for producing excess energy in PdD created in an electrolytic cell are described and reasons for their importance are discussed. This difficult to accept effect can now be produced with a high probability for success using the described procedures.
Storms, E. Some Thoughts on the Nature of the Nuclear-Active Regions in Palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
ABSTRACT
A large collection of palladium samples, supplied by IMRA Materials (Japan), were studied to determine the relationship between energy production and various properties including the amount of excess volume, the open-circuit-voltage, and the maximum D/Pd ratio. The following conclusions result from the work:
1. Palladium, no matter how well prepared, is very inhomogeneous with respect to the properties relevant to cold fusion. Therefore, most general conclusions can not be based on the behavior of one or a few samples.
2. The bulk properties do not represent the properties of the nuclear-active-regions. Theoreticians need to take special note of this observation.
3. Energy active palladium will continue to produce excess energy even after being subjected to acid treatment or physical removal of the surface. Therefore, “good” palladium is difficult to ruin.
4. A pretest method has been developed to identify “good” palladium.
Storms, E., Cold Fusion Revisited (translation into Chinese). Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 16.
Translated by W.-S. Zhang.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., Cold Fusion Revisited. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 16.
Storms, E., Formation of b-PdD Containing High Deuterium Concentration Using Electrolysis of Heavy-Water. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1998. 268: p. 89.
ABSTRACT
The limiting composition of beta-PdD obtained during electrolytic loading results from a complex competition between diffusion of D atoms through any surface barrier, diffusion within the bulk sample, and loss of deuterium gas from surface-penetrating cracks. Reductions in surface crack concentration and surface-barriers are essential steps to achieve high compositions. The highest compositions within any sample are located within the surface region as a complex patch-work of values. The open circuit voltage (OCV), referenced to platinum, is useful in understanding changes in the surface composition and structure. Values as high as -1.35 V have been observed for highly loaded beta-PdD. Evidence for several new, possibly impurity stabilized structures is given.
Storms, E. Relationship Between Open-Circuit-Voltage and Heat Production in a Pons-Fleischmann Cell. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
INTRODUCTION
Lack of reproducibility is still the major reason CANR is not generally accepted and has not advanced into commercial use. The ability to reproduce any phenomenon depends on knowing the major variables and conditions required for the events to operate. In the case of cold fusion, even fundamental factors such as the D/Pd ratio and the crystal structure of the nuclear-active regions are not known. It is the intent of this paper to demonstrate several techniques for obtaining such information and the results obtained from their application to the Pons-Fleischmann Effect.
Storms, E. A New Method for Initiating Nuclear Reactions. in First International Conference on Future Energy. 1999. Washington, DC: Unpublished.
ABSTRACT
Energy from present sources has proven to have serious limitations. Fortunately for the future of mankind, several new but controversial sources of energy have been discovered. This talk will describe a method to initiate nuclear reactions within solid materials, so-called Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR) when the environment is the focus or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) if the process is to be emphasized. Proposed is a new field of study which combines the electron environment (chemistry) with the nuclear environment (nuclear physics), two environments which are thought not to interact. The method generates energy without producing serious amounts of radiation or radioactive waste. In addition, the method is suggested as a means to reduce the radioactivity associated with previously generated nuclear waste. A wide range of experience obtained world-wide over the last ten years will be described and the controversial nature of the method will be discussed.
Storms, E. Anomalous Heat Generated by Electrolysis Using a Palladium Cathode and Heavy Water. in American Physical Society Meeting. 1999. Atlanta, GA.
ABSTRACT
Samples of palladium sheet supplied by IMRA Japan were tested for anomalous energy production using electrolysis in heavy water and a sensitive calorimeter. Several samples were found to produce significant power above that being applied to produce electrolysis. This behavior was found to correlate with certain properties of the palladium metal. In addition, the anomalous heat was shown to originate at the cathode.
Storms, E., My life with cold fusion as a reluctant mistress. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 42.
Over 9 years have passed since many of us were lured into believing that the Pons-Fleischmann effect would solve the world’s energy problems and make us all rich. Things have not yet worked out as we had hoped. Each of us have followed a different path through the labyrinth of this expectation. I would like to share with you my particular path and show you how I came to believe that problems of reproducibility are caused solely by the properties of the materials in which the nuclear reactions are proposed to occur.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., A critical evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann effect: Part 1. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(31): p. 10.
NOTE: This file contains both Parts 1 and 2.
ABSTRACT
Many new studies are available to make an objective evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann effect possible. The phenomenon is conventionally known as “cold fusion,” or chemically assisted nuclear reactions (CANR)” when the environment is emphasized, or “low-energy nuclear-reactions (LENR)” if emphasis is placed on the process. A wide range of observations involving anomalous production of energy as well as nuclear products have been published. While many of the claims are still open to interpretation, the general conclusion is that an important, novel phenomenon has been discovered which deserves renewed interest.
Storms, E., A critical evaluation of the Pons-Fleischmann effect: Part 2. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(32): p. 52.
Storms, E., Description of a dual calorimeter. Infinite Energy, 2000. 6(34): p. 22.
ABSTRACT
A dual calorimeter is described which can be used to study electrolytic processes. Experience with this instrument has revealed several deficiencies inherent in the isoperibolic calorimeter design that apply to all calorimeters of this type when used to study the cold fusion effect.
Storms, E. Excess Power Production from Platinum Cathodes Using the Pons-Fleischmann Effect. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
ABSTRACT
Excess power was produced using a platinum cathode. Efforts to produce active cathodes by plating palladium onto various metals were largely unsuccessful.
Storms, E., The present status of chemically-assisted nuclear reactions. Infinite Energy, 2000. 5(29): p. 26.
Storms, E., Cold Fusion: An Objective Assessment. 2001.
Many people still believe that cold fusion is the result of bad science. In contrast, numerous laboratories in at least 10 countries have now claimed production of anomalous energy using a variety of methods, many of which are now reproducible. This energy is proposed to result from nuclear reactions initiated within a special periodic array of atoms at modest temperatures (energy). Evidence for nuclear reactions involving fusion of deuterium, transmutation involving both light and heavy hydrogen, and nuclear interaction between heavy nuclei has been published. The claims, if true, reveal a new method to release nuclear energy without harmful radiation and without the radioactivity associated with conventional methods. This paper examines published evidence describing this new phenomenon in order to test its reality and to extend an understanding of the process.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. Ways to Initiate a Nuclear Reaction in Solid Environments. in American Physical Society Meeting. 2001. Seattle, WA.
ABSTRACT
A large data base now exists to support the claim for nuclear reactions, including fusion, being initiated in solid environments at modest temperatures. This phenomenon is called Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR) or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) or “cold fusion”. Detailed information supporting the claims can be obtained from the website (http://home.netcom.com/~storms2/index.html) as well as from any scientific data base. These claims provide the incentive for this study. In this work, methods to produce anomalous energy are studied using electrolytic loading in D2O of various materials (the Pons-Fleischmann method). Past work has concentrated on using palladium as the active material. This paper will demonstrate that energy-producing reactions can be made to occur in materials other than palladium. A unique method is proposed to explore many of the variables associated with the phenomenon.
Storms, E., The Nature of the Nuclear-Active-Environment Required for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. Infinite Energy, 2002. 8(45): p. 32.
ABSTRACT
A collection of observations is used to characterize the nuclear-active environment required to initiate low energy nuclear reactions (LENR).
Storms, E., Ways to Initiate a Nuclear Reaction in Solid Environments. Infinite Energy, 2002. 8(45): p. 45.
Storms, E., A Student's Guide to Cold Fusion. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.
Please note: an HTML version of this document with hyperlinked footnotes and references is available at http://www.lenr-canr.org/StudentsGuide.htm
General Introduction
The controversial phenomenon called "Cold Fusion" (CF), "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions" (LENR) or Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions" (CANR) involves the proposed ability to initiate a wide variety of nuclear reactions in solid materials using much lower energies than thought possible. Rather than using brute force to move nuclei to within reaction distance, apparently a mechanism exists in a lattice structure that is capable of circumventing any Coulomb barrier, allowing certain nuclei to interact. This paper will address the major observations that are used to support the claimed anomalous behavior. To help the reader obtain a quick overview of the claims, minimal detail is provided in the text. All of the many omitted papers are available in the website LIBRARY where dedicated readers can browse to their heart’s content. . . .
Storms, E., Estudio de la Fusion en Frio. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.
The Student's Guide to Cold Fusion translated into Spanish.
Mi interés en la fusión en frío comenzó poco después que los Profesores Pons y Fleischmann anunciaran su descubrimiento en 1989. Entonces, yo era un científico más trabajando en la investigación convencional acostumbrada en el LANL (Laboratorio Nacional Los Álamos). Entre los numerosos intentos por duplicar lo ya anunciado, he sido afortunado en producir triterio, así como energía anómala. No hay nada como trabajar un fenómeno para hacer creer a una persona que es real, sin tener en cuenta lo que otras personas menos observadoras pudieran decir. También vemos actuar livianamente a muchos colegas científicos que adquirieron una educación adicional pero decepcionante. Desde mi jubilación en el LANL, hace 12 ańos, continué investigando el tema y escribí documentos, incluyendo varias revisiones científicas, presionando por la aceptación del fenómeno. La gran colección de referencias adquiridas en este esfuerzo, que totalizan casi 3.000, se transformó en la BIBLIOTECA disponible en http://www.LENR-CANR.org. Con la ayuda esencial de Britz Dieter y Rothwell Jed, esta colección será mantenida hasta la fecha en que crezca el campo.
Storms, E., Estudo da Fusao a Frio. 2003, LENR-CANR.org.
The Student's Guide to Cold Fusion translated into Brazilian Portuguese.
Prefácio
Meu interesse em fusăo a frio começou pouco depois dos Professores Pons e Fleischmann anunciarem sua descoberta em 1989, entăo eu era mais um cientista trabalhando em pesquisa convencional costumeiro em LANL (Los Alamos Laboratório Nacional). Das numerosas tentativas de duplicar os anúncios, eu fui afortunado em produzir tritério assim como energia anômala. Năo há nada como ver um fenômeno para fazer uma pessoa acreditar que é real, sem ter em conta o que pessoas menos observadoras possam dizer. Também, vendo muitos companheiros cientistas agindo tolamente e adquirindo uma educaçăo adicional mas decepcionante. Desde que me aposentei de LANL há doze anos continuei a investigar o assunto, escrever documentos, incluindo várias revisőes científicas, e pressionar para aceitaçăo do fenômeno. A grande coleçăo de referęncias, totalizando quase 3000, adquiridos neste esforço transformou-se na BIBLIOTECA em http://www.LENR-CANR.org. Com a ajuda essencial de Britz Dieter e Rothwell Jed, esta coleçăo será mantida até data em que o campo cresce.
Storms, E. How to Make A Cheap and Effective Seebeck Calorimeter. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
The Seebeck calorimeter is very effective in measuring heat generation over a wide range of power and with high sensitivity and stability. Such a device can be constructed cheaply and easily, although with considerable investment of time. A successful example is described.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. Use Of A Very Sensitive Seebeck Calorimeter To Study The Pons-Fleischmann And Letts Effects. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Characteristics of a commercial Seebeck calorimeter are described. This very stable instrument is applied to a study of the Pons-Fleischmann effect using a palladium anode and a platinum cathode. The use of a laser to stimulate anomalous heat production (the Letts effect) is also described. Positive results were obtained for both effects and these reveal important aspects of the nuclear-active-environment.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. What Conditions Are Required To Initiate The Lenr Effect? in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Accumulating evidence indicates that previous understanding of the environment in which the Pons-Fleischmann effect occurs is wrong. The environment is not highly loaded beta-PdD. Instead, it is a complex alloy that may or may not contain palladium. In addition, the size of the domains in which the nuclear reactions take place is critically important. This new insight requires different explanations and experimental approaches than have been previously used.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. Why Cold Fusion Has Been So Hard to Explain and Duplicate. in American Physical Society Winter Meeting. 2003. Austin Convention Center, Austin, TX: unpublished.
The nuclear active environment for the Pons-Fleischmann method is proposed to be in the complex surface layer that forms by electrodeposition, not in the bulk material. This surface is not beta-PdD as many theories and explanation have assumed. Therefore, most theories are unhelpful because they do not explain what happens in the real world.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. An Update of LENR for ICCF-11. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Storms, E., Calorimetry 101 for Cold Fusion; Methods, Problems and Errors. 2004, LENR-CANR.org.
Application of calorimetry to cold fusion or LENR presents unique problems that have not been previously summarized. This paper discusses various calorimetric methods that have been applied to the subject and evaluates each in light of what has been discovered about their limitations and errors based on experimental studies. Such information is essential to a study of the effect and to evaluate the results.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., Why I believe "Cold Fusion" is Real. LENR-CANR.org, 2004.
The process called Cold Fusion is said to produce clean energy from fusion of deuterium nuclei using very simple devices, at least compared to the “hot” fusion method. Many scientists have been outspoken in rejecting this claim based on their belief that the observations have not been replicated, are impossible, and cannot be explained. The intent of this article is to provide a brief and easily understood description of why I believe this rejection is wrong. . . .
This brief paper emphasizes the Fleischmann-Pons effect and studies done in the U.S., because it was written for and submitted to the DoE Panel that is re-evaluating the claims for cold fusion. It was submitted to the Panel on August 23, 2004.
Storms, E., A Response to the Review of Cold Fusion by the DoE. 2005, Lattice Energy, LLC.
Various critiques provided by reviewers assembled by the DOE to evaluate cold fusion are addressed. Important issues are clarified and some misunderstandings are corrected.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. Description Of A Sensitive Seebeck Calorimeter Used For Cold Fusion Studies. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
A sensitive and stable Seebeck calorimeter is described and used to determine the heat of formation of PdD. This determination can be used to show that such calorimeters are sufficiently accurate to measure the LENR effect and give support to the claims.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., The US Government Once Again Evaluates Cold Fusion. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 2005.
The US government has once again made an effort to evaluate the reality of the phenomenon call cold fusion. The first effort was made in 1989 by the ERAB Panel (Energy Research Advisory Board) shortly after Profs. Fleischmann and Pons announced their discovery. The result was a mixed message in which no support for the claims was provided. Nevertheless, an implication was made to evaluate proposals by the normal peer review process. None were funded by the DOE (Department of Energy). Now a new evaluation has been undertaken by a panel of reviewers assembled by the DOE, mainly from the physics profession.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. Why you should believe cold fusion is real (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
Storms, E., Cold Fusion for Dummies. 2006, LENR-CANR.org.
The field and the name "Cold Fusion" started in 1989 when chemists Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of the University of Southampton reported the production of excess heat in an electrolytic cell that they concluded could only be produced by a nuclear process. . . .
Three basic questions about cold fusion need answers: Why are some people so hostile to the claims; why should a person believe the claims are real; and why should anyone care if the claims are real or not?
Storms, E., Comment on papers by K. Shanahan that propose to explain anomalous heat generated by cold fusion. Thermochim. Acta, 2006. 441: p. 207-209.
Dr. Shanahan has published two papers (Thermochim. Acta 428 (2005) 207, Thermochim. Acta 382 (2002) 95) in which he argues that excess heat claimed to be produced by cold fusion is actually caused by errors in heat measurement. In particular, he proposes that unrecognized changes in the calibration constant are produced by changes in the locations where heat is being generated within the electrolytic cell over the duration of the measurement. Because these papers may lend unwarranted support to rejection of cold fusion claims, these erroneous arguments used by Shanahan need to be answered.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., FusĂŁo a Frio para Principiantes. 2006, LENR-CANR.org.
"Cold Fusion for Dummies," translated into Brazilian Portuguese by Sergio Bacchi.
O campo e o nome “Fusăo a Frio” apareceu em 1989, quando os químicos Stanley Pons da Universidade de Utah e Martin Fleischmann da Universidade de Southampton, reportaram a produçăo de excesso de aquecimento numa célula eletrolítica e concluíram que só poderia ser produzido por um processo nuclear. Este anúncio foi baseado numa extraordinária quantidade de energia que apareceu. Através dos anos anúncios adicionais de reaçőes nucleares inesperadas surgiram baseadas na produçăo de energia e produtos nucleares. Estes resultados foram e continuam sendo replicados por alguns laboratórios, mas năo por outros. Conseqüentemente, a realidade dos anúncios é freqüentemente rejeitada e fica como objeto de controvérsia. Algumas pessoas chegam mesmo ao extremo de achar que isto é o exemplo de uma pseudo-cięncia. Pode-se encontrar uma história detalhada da controvérsia em dois livros recentes sobre o assunto.
Storms, E., Anomalous Heat Produced by Electrolysis of Palladium using a Heavy-Water Electrolyte. 2007, LENR-CANR.org.
ABSTRACT
Significant heat was generated for about 740 min when a sample of palladium foil was electrolyzed as the cathode in D2O+LiOD. A very stable Seebeck calorimeter is described and used to make the measurements. The source of this anomalous energy is unknown. However, the observed energy and production of unexpected elements based on EDX examination are similar to the behaviors claimed by many people who study what is called low energy nuclear reactions.
Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Scanlan, B.Radiation produced by low-voltage discharge in a gas containing deuterium was measured using a Geiger counter located within the apparatus. This radiation was found to consist of energetic particles that were produced only when the voltage was above a critical value. In addition, the emission was very sensitive to the presence of oxygen in the gas. In the presence of the required conditions, emission occurred reliably with reaction rates in excess of 108 events/second.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., The Science Of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction. 2007: World Scientific Publishing Company.
Selected pages from the book, including the Preface and Table of Contents.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Detection of Radiation Emitted from LENR. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Scanlan, B.A study was made to detect X-radiation and energetic particle emission from nuclear reactions that may be initiated during low-voltage gas discharge in deuterium. Evidence is presented for X-radiation having an energy nearly equal to the voltage applied to the discharge and energetic particle emission similar to deuterons having energy with peaks between 0.5 and 3 MeV. A study of radiation emitted from materials exposed to deuterium gas is underway.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., How to Cause Nuclear Reactions at Low Energy and Why Should You Care (PowerPoint slides from video). 2008, Kiva Labs.
PowerPoint slides displayed during a video lecture on Google video:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9026092151512597723
Storms, E., How to Cause Nuclear Reactions at Low Energy and Why Should You Care. 2008, YouTube.com.
Storms, E., How to Explain Cold Fusion?, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 85-98.
Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation produced by glow discharge in a deuterium containing gas (Part 2). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
CA=Scanlan, B.This is the second paper in a series describing the radiation produced by the cathode during glow discharge in low-pressure gas using DC voltages between 400 V and 800 V. Evidence for energetic electrons, low-energy X-rays, and occasional proton (deuteron) emission has been obtained. The energy, intensity, and type of the radiation are sensitive to gas composition and the material used as the cathode.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. The Method and Results Using Seebeck Calorimetry. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
The characteristics of and errors associated with Seebeck calorimeters, as applied to the Fleischmann-Pons Effect, are described. This type of calorimeter as well as a flow type calorimeter were used to measured apparent excess energy from the same sample of platinum plated with palladium and other materials.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Role of cluster formation in the LENR process. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Scanlan, B.Presence and absence of expected radiation, occurrence of nuclear reactions having only one apparent product, and transmutation reactions involving addition of more than one deuteron all indicate involvement of large clusters of deuterons in the LENR process. These clusters are proposed to hide their Coulomb barrier and to react with isolated deuterons to produce fusion and to react with larger nuclei to produce transmutation. Members of the cluster not directly involved in the nuclear reaction might be scattered by the released energy, thereby allowing momentum to be conserved and the resulting energy to produce particles having energy too small to be easily detected or to cause easily detectable secondary reactions. Justification of this model is discussed. This proposed model is consistent with most observations, but raises additional questions about the nature of such super-clusters and other ways the energy may be communicated directly to the lattice that will be addressed in future papers.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., What is believed about cold fusion? 2009, LENR-CANR.org.
In 1989, Fleischmann and Pons[1-5] claimed to initiate a fusion reaction between deuterons in palladium that resulted in an unusual amount of heat. This claim was rejected because insufficient supporting experimental information was provided, the claim was very difficult to replicate, and no plausible explanation could be proposed. During the 20 years since then, studies in at least 8 countries has provided a rich collection of information, improved reproducibility, and encouraged many explanations. This work has been reviewed by Storms[6] in 2007 based on over 1000 citations and will not be repeated here. This paper provides a brief and focused summary of what is believed to be true about the effect at the present time.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., Status of cold fusion (2010). Naturwiss., 2010. 97(10): p. 861-881.
The phenomenon called cold fusion has been studied for the last 21 years since its discovery by Profs. Fleischmann and Pons in 1989. The discovery was met with considerable skepticism, but supporting evidence has accumulated, plausible theories have been suggested, and research is continuing in at least eight countries. This paper provides a brief overview of the major discoveries and some of the attempts at an explanation. The evidence supports the claim that a nuclear reaction between deuterons to produce helium can occur in special materials without application of high energy. This reaction is found to produce clean energy at potentially useful levels without the harmful byproducts normally associated with a nuclear process. Various requirements of a model are examined.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E. Examination of errors that occur when using a gas-filled calorimeter. in 16th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2011. Chennai, India: LENR-CANR.org.
Measurement of a reaction between D2 gas and a material using a calorimeter that is calibrated using H2 will show erroneous excess power production at temperatures above ambient if all energy present in the calorimeter is not totally measured, a requirement very difficult to accomplish. This insidious error is explored using a stable Seebeck calorimeter.
AU=Storms, E.Storms, E., What is now known about cold fusion? (Addendum to Student's Guide). 2011, LENR-CANR.org.
This is an addendum to the "Student's Guide to Cold Fusion." It clarifies several issues. Because this is a stand-alone summary, some of the basic information given in more detail in the Guide is briefly repeated here.
AU=Strackan, J. S.Strackan, J.S., Thermoelectric Energy Conversion. 1994: US Patent #5,288,336.
Stremmenos, C., Fusione fredda. Un dibattito che prosegue" ("Cold fusion. A debate that continues"). Chim. Ind. (Milan), 1999. 81: p. 361 [in Italian].
Stringham, R. and R. George, Cavitation induced micro-fusion solid state production of heat, 3He, and 4He. 1995.
CA=George, R.Stringham, R. Anomalous heat production by cavitation. in 1998 IEEE International Ultrasonic Symposium. 1998. Sendai, Japan.
Stringham, R., First gate energies. 1998.
Stringham, R., et al. Predictable and Reproducible Heat. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Chandler, J., CA=George, R., CA=Passell, T. O., CA=Raymond, R.Stringham, R. The Cavitation Micro Accelerator. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Stringham, R. Pinched cavitation jets and fusion events. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
ABSTRACT
The collapse of a transient cavitation bubble in deuteriumoxide produces a high density plasma jet containing 109 deuterons. The inertial compression of a jet via an electron induced magnetic field pinch effect on its plasma contents produces high to even higher deuteron densities in the order of 1025 gm/cc before implanting into a foil target. This model is parallel to the systems found in the hot plasmas of inertial systems. During the initial period of implantation of a few picoseconds, the high density deuterons in the target lattice experience reduced coulomb repulsion due to the high density charge screening. In this environment it is possible that some DD fusion events occur as evidenced by photos of the metal target foils and by the evidence of helium four and tritium production. Making some basic assumptions the smallest diameter and highest population of vent sites in the target foils are produced by events in the order of 20 Mev. When experiments were monitored there was no long range radiation detected.
Stringham, R. Cavitation and Fusion - poster session. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Natural cavitation phenomena in D2O using piezo devices, is now amplified initiating DD fusion events that produce heat and helium. We have adapted it for our use. The transient cavitation bubble, TCB, has been harnessed to produce high densities of deuterons, 1025 to 25/cc. An electrically driven piezo device filled with D2O produces acoustic field generating TCBs that are, in the final collapse stage, micro accelerators. The result is the implanting of deuterons into a target foil producing 4He originating from the Pd foil and T from the Ti foil. We are an emergent tangent technology to sonoluminescence, SL, technology, which we use to give us an environmental parameter probe into the bubble contents at the moment of its highest energy density. (Much of the SL studies center on the pulses of photons coupled to the irradiating acoustic field emanating from an oscillating single stable cavitation bubble, SSCB.)[1] The generation of these photons relates to conditions for the target implantation process. Recently we have been studying the effects of frequency on multi TCB SL conditions that produce fusion. These experiments and the analytical methods have concentrated on the mass spectroscopy of reactor gases, calorimetry of the reactor and power supply, and the scanning electron microscope photographs of target foils [2]. The results from many experiments are pieced together to reach a plausible path for the TCB that terminates with deuterons implanting into a target with the resulting fusion events. The use of SL for monitoring the bubble content’s high energy densities allows for reactor parameter management for fusion events in the target foil. Studies of multi TCBs’ SL at higher temperatures (300–450şK), external pressures (106–107.5 dynes/cm2) and frequencies (.02- 1.7 MHz) are proceeding in a search for better fusion environments. The results of these experiments will be presented.
AU=Stringham, R.Stringham, R. Cavitation and Fusion. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Stringham, R. Low Mass 1.6 MHz Sonofusion Reactor. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
ABSTRACT
We are using one of the most remarkable pulsing systems that nature offers for producing transient high energy densities and I have been fortunate enough to be involved with it for over 20 years. Over time we have increased the frequency of our piezo cavitation drivers and are now at 1.6 MHz and find that our results are the same. Even better, the Qx /(reactor gm), the energy density, is drastically increased when compared to our 40 and 20 KHz piezo systems [1,2,3]. The cost is decreased by at least an order of magnitude and the durability is greatly increased. All Q values in this paper are dQ/dt Joules/sec. or watts. The systems differ in several ways because of the 40 times increase in frequency. These 1.6 MHz systems produce more sonoluminescence, SL, and more but smaller bubbles and an energy density in the collapsing bubble system that is the same magnitude as the 40KHz systems [4,5]. . . .
Stringham, R. Ejecta Sites and DD Fusion Events. in APS March Meeting. 2006. Baltimore, MD.
A cavitation-produced jet that implants a target foil at high impact velocities produces foil damage shown in color and SEM, scanning electron microscopy, photos. The work here dates from 1989 to 2001 and was produced in several different reactors, target foils, and frequencies. The result of high density pinched implantation of D+ and e-, deuterons and electrons; plasma is a D+ cluster. The implant occurs in a picosecond time frame with a creation of D+/Pd, in a 100/1 ratio of an initially electron free D+ cluster with a diameter in the order of a hundred nm. The mobile e- react with D+ and surround the D+ cluster with D. DD fusion events occurring in the transient high-density cluster produce a gamma free heat pulse. The heat pulse reaches the lattice surface in a nanosecond expelling the vapor/liquid foil and products as ejecta. The ejecta sites are easily seen in SEM photos and are counted and plotted as MeV DD fusion events. The results have been interpreted as DD fusion events that increase in energy as they decrease in frequency (counts) exponentially.
AU=Stringham, R.Stringham, R. 1.6 MHz Sonofusion Measurement and Model. in American Physical Society Meeting. 2007. Denver, CO.
Years of data collected from First Gate’s various sonofusion systems gain fundamental support from recent extrapolations of hot fusion research. Consider the velocity, 3x104m/sec, of a high density low energy jet plasma of deuterons that originates from the collapse of the TCB, transient cavitation bubble, in D2O that implants a target foil [1 - Many ICCF & APS]. The foil generates heat via DD fusion events that produce 4He and T. We compare our sonofusion to the jet plasma of Tokamak type plasma fusion systems with all their stability problems. Since sonofusion is a compilation of billions single fusion events per second and not a continuous fusion system like Tokamak, Stellarator, and Jet fusion systems; a comparison gives sonofusion a decided advantage. . . .
AU=Stringham, R.Stringham, R. Bubble Driven Fusion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Stringham, R., Sonofusion, Deuterons to Helium Experiments, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 159-173.
Stringham, R. When Bubble Cavitation Becomes Sonofusion. in 237rd ACS National Meeting. 2009. Salt Lake City.
Experimentally, heat and 4He are the fusion products of sonofusion (SF). SF controls a naturally occurring phenomenon with cavitation-induced bubbles and their high energy density transferred to transient jets that implant deuteron clusters into a matrix or lattice. The SF path to clusters can be extrapolated from high-density experiments of inertial confined fusion, ICF, Bose Einstein Condensates, BEC, muon fusion, MF, and astrophysical phenomena, to explain our ejecta sites, Qx, 4He, and no measureable long-range radiation results. The fusion events emanate from deuteron clusters implanted into target foils. Clusters are squeezed and cooled via electromagnetic, EM, compression pressures and evaporative cooling of cluster surface deuterons producing the fusion environment. Evidence of these cluster fusion events is found in the millions of target foil ejecta sites in SF target foils.
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CA=Haakansson, P., CA=Hedin, A., CA=Bucur, R. V., CA=Johansson, B., CA=Waeppling, R.Swartz, M.R., Quasi-one-dimensional model of electrochemical loading of isotopic fuel into a metal. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 296.
Swartz, M.R. A Method to Improve Algorithms Used to Detect Steady State Excess Enthalpy. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Swartz, M.R. Some Lessons From Optical Examination of the PFC Phase-II Calorimetric Curves. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Swartz, M.R. Generalized Isotopic Fuel Loading Equations. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Swartz, M.R., Isotopic Fuel Loading Coupled to Reactions at an Electrode. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 74.
Swartz, M.R., Experiments Using Nickel Cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 68.
Swartz, M.R., Four Definitions of Power Ratio used to Describe Excess Enthalpy in Solid-State Loading Systems. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 54.
Swartz, M.R., Hydrogen Redistribution by Catastrophic Desorption in Selected Transition Metals. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 26.
Swartz, M.R., Improved calculations involving energy release using a buoyancy transport correction. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 219.
Swartz, M.R., Possible deuterium production from light water excess enthalpy experiments using nickel cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 68.
Swartz, M.R., Potential for positional variations in flow calorimetric systems. 1996.
Swartz, M.R., The Relationship between Input Power and Enthalpic Behavior of Nickel Cathodes During Light Water Electrolysis. 1996.
Swartz, M.R., The Relative Impact of Thermal Stratification of the Air Surrounding a Calorimeter. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 141.
Swartz, M.R., Codeposition of palladium and deuterium. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 126.
Swartz, M.R., Consistency of the biphasic nature of excess enthalpy in solid-state anomalous phenomena with the quasi-one-dimensional model of isotope loading into a material. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 63.
Swartz, M.R., Explanation for Some Difference Between Reports of Excess Heat in Solid State Fusion Experiments. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(1): p. 60.
Swartz, M.R., Noise Measurement in Cold Fusion Systems. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 56.
Swartz, M.R., Phusons in nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 228.
Swartz, M.R. Optimal Operating Point Characteristics of Nickel Light Water Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Swartz, M.R., The Importance of Controlling Zero-Input Electrical Power Offset. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 14.
Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner, Bremsstrahlung in Hot and Cold Fusion. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 90-101.
CA=Verner, G. M.Swartz, M.R., Further confirmation of optimal operating point behavior. 1999.
Swartz, M.R., Generality of Optimal Operating Point Behavior in Low Energy Nuclear Systems. J. New Energy, 1999. 4(2): p. 218-228.
Swartz, M.R., et al. Importance of nondimensional numbers in cold fusion. in Symposium on New Energy. 1999. Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Verner, G. M., CA=Frank, A. H., CA=Fox, H.Swartz, M.R., Optimal Operating Point Analysis of Dr. Mizuno's, Dr. Arata's and Other Data. 1999.
Swartz, M.R., Patterns of success in research involving low energy nuclear reactions- A metanalysis. 1999.
Swartz, M.R., Summary of the seventh international conference on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 99.
Swartz, M.R., G.M. Verner, and A.H. Frank. The impact of heavy water (D2O) on nickel-light water cold fusion systems. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Verner, G. M., CA=Frank, A. H.Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner. Excess Heat from Low Electrical Conductivity Heavy Water Spiral-Wound Pd/D2O/Pt and Pd/D2O-PdCl2/Pt Devices. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: in print.
CA=Verner, G. M.Swartz, M.R. Photoinduced Excess Heat from Laser-Irradiated Electrically-Polarized Palladium Cathodes in D2O. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: in print.
Swartz, M.R. and L. Forsley. Analysis of "Superwave-as-Transitory-OOP-Peak" Hypothesis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Forsley, L.Swartz, M.R. Electrical Breakeven from LANR Phusor Device Systems: Relative Limitations of Thermal Loss in Feedback Loop. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Swartz, M.R. Excess Power Gain using High Impedance and Codepositional LANR Devices Monitored by Calorimetry, Heat Flow, and Paired Stirling Engines. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Swartz, M.R., G.M. Verner, and A. Weinberg. Non-Thermal Near-IR Emission from High Impedance and Codeposition LANR Devices. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Verner, G. M., CA=Weinberg, A.Swartz, M.R. Optimal Operating Point Manifolds in Active, Loaded Palladium Linked to Three Distinct Physical Regions. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
Swartz, M.R. and G.M. Verner. The Phusor LANR Cathode is a Metamaterial which Creates Deuteron Flux for Excess Power Gain. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
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Szalewicz, K., J.D. Morgan, and H.J. Monkhurst, Fusion rates for hydrogen isotopic molecules of relevance for 'cold fusion'. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. 2824.
CA=Morgan, J. D., CA=Monkhurst, H. J.Szeflinski, Z., et al., Upper limit of neutron emission from the chemical reaction of LiD with heavy water. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 168: p. 83.
CA=Kozlowski, M., CA=Osuch, S., CA=Sawicki, P., CA=Szeflinska, G., CA=Wilhelmi, Z., CA=Starowieyski, K. B., CA=Tkacz, M.Szklarczyk, M., R.C. Kainthla, and J. Bockris, On the Dielectric Breakdown of Water: An Electrochemical Approach. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1989. 136: p. 2512.
CA=Kainthla, R. C., CA=Bockris, J.Szpak, S., et al., Electrochemical charging of Pd rods. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 309: p. 273.
CA=Gabriel, C. J., CA=Smith, J. J., CA=Nowak, R. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
A model describing the electrochemical charging of Pd rods is presented. The essential feature of this model is the coupling of the interfacial processes with the transport of interstitials in the electrode interior. It is shown that boundary conditions arise from the solution of equations governing the elementary adsorption–desorption and adsorption–absorption steps and the symmetry of the electrode. Effects of the choice of rate constants of the elementary steps and the charging current on the surface coverage, the electrode potential and the time required to complete electrode charging are examined.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 302: p. 255.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Smith, J. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
Recently, Fleischmann et al. [1] reported that nuclear events can occur when deuterium is electrochemically compressed within the Pd–lattice. These events were reported to produce excess enthalpy, tritium, and neutrons. The exact nature of these events and the conditions leading to their initiation are poorly understood. In fact, the existence of such events is questioned by many [2]. The present position among those investigating this problem [3] is as follows: enthalpy production is a non–steady state process whose rate depends on the nature of the electrode material; however, the observed steady state production arises from an averaging of small perturbations. Nuclear events are believed to occur on the electrode surface as well as within the electrode interior.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Reliable Procedure for the Initiation of the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Smith, J. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
Statistics on the initiation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect are rather poor. Reports presented at the First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion have indicated that, at best, only ca 1/10 of all attempts were successful in either producing excess enthalpy or yielding products associated with nuclear reactions. Here, we show that the Fleischmann-Pons effect can be reproducibly and rapidly initiated by employing electrodes prepared by electrodeposition from Pd2+ salts in the presence of evolving deuterium. The effectiveness of this procedure is examined in terms of tritium production.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and S.R. Scharber, Charging of the Pd/(n)H system: role of the interphase. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 337: p. 147.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Scharber, S. R.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
The dynamics of transport of electrochemically generated deuterium across the electrode/electrolyte interphase was examined by slow scan (10 mV s-1) voltammetry. The investigation covers the potential range –1.2 to +0.4 V measured vs. an Ag/AgCl reference. It was found that a coupled, twolayer model of the interphase describes the observed behavior as a function of scan rate and electrolyte composition. The effect of chemisorbing species, e.g. CN- ions, as well as reactive species, e.g. SC(NH_)2, on the transport across the interphase is also discussed. Results are contrasted with those obtained for light water.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Comments on Methodology of Excess Tritium Determination. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Smith, J. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
Three methods of tritium data analysis are considered—comparison between experimental and theoretical data, total mass balance and curve-fitting.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and C.J. Gabriel, Absorption of deuterium in palladium rods: Model vs. experiment. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 365: p. 275.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gabriel, C. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
The electrochemical charging of Pd rods by deuterium involves a complex coupling of electrochemical, interfacial and transport processes. In order to predict the overpotential, surface coverage and bulk loading of the electrode during charging, a model has been developed that incorporates the essential features of these processes and involves variables such as the electrochemical rate constants, the bulk diffusion coefficient and the charging current. Features of the computed time dependence of the bulk loading are then compared with published experimental charging curves. New microscopic observations and X-ray diffraction data provide further evidence for the details of the charging process.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and R.D. Boss, Comments on the analysis of tritium content in electrochemical cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 373: p. 1.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Boss, R. D.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
INTRODUCTION
Following the report by Fleischmann and Pons [1] in 1989 that nuclear events, including the production of tritium, can be initiated in electrochemical cells during the electrolysis of heavy water on Pd cathodes, tritium production has been claimed in a number of publications, a list of which was compiled by Storms [2] and more recently reviewed by Chien et al. [3]. However, substantial difficulties have been encountered in reproducing reported data and considerable controversy remains concerning the occurrence of such events, including tritium production.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, Deuterium uptake during Pd-D codeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 379: p. 121.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Smith, J. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
The mode of deuterium uptake during Pd–D co–deposition has been explored using galvanostatic perturbation techniques. The resultant potential relaxation curves exhibit four distinct potential—time intervals where the relaxation process is controlled by the interaction between the transport of deuterium from the lattice to the surface to form adsorbed deuterium and the reduction of palladium from solution. These interactions are discussed in terms of the palladium + electrolyte interphase.
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A.
This report includes an introduction and a number of reprinted papers. The papers are also available as individual files in this library.
INTRODUCTION
These introductory remarks illustrate the controversial climate that existed when the NRaD program investigated the anomalous effects the Pd/D system exhibited. These effects included, among others, excess enthalpy production at rates exceeding those usually associated with chemical reactions. The controversy concerns the origin of the observed excess enthalpy which, according to Fleischmann and Pons, is due to room temperature nuclear events involving deuterons present within the Pd lattice, hence, the term cold fusion. To avoid unnecessary arguments, this report refers to the phenomenon as the Fleishmann-Pons (FP) effect.
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Calorimetry of Open Electrolysis Cells. 1995, Naval Control, Command and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
A special case of calorimetry of open electrochemical cells, that employing adiabatic enclosures, is examined. Conditions for an experimental realization of such enclosures is discussed in detail. Practical arrangement and method for data collection are presented.
Szpak, S., et al., Cyclic voltammetry of Pd + D codeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 380: p. 1.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Scharber, S. R., CA=Smith, J. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
Processes associated with the Pd + D alloy codeposition are examined by cyclic voltammetry. The voltammograms cover the potential range: +0.3 to –1.3 V (measured against an Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat) reference) and indicate that the partial current due to the Pd2+ ion reduction is diffusion limited at slow scan rates. Except for the significant increase in cathodic currents due to D2O reduction at ca. –0.25 V which occurs on a freshly generated Pd surface, the shapes of the voltammograms marginally differ from those recorded in the absence of Pd2+ ions in the electrolyte phase. A discussion of the dynamics of the interphase is presented.
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Nuclear and Thermal Events Associated with Pd + D Codeposition. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 54.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A.
ABSTRACT
In the Pd+D codeposition process, palladium is electrodeposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. This process favors the initiation and propagation of nuclear and thermal events through a rapid absorption of deuterium to yield high D/Pd atomic ratios. This process results in the formation of non-equilibrium electrode structures that become the seat for localized gradients. Evidence for tritium production, X-ray emanation and generation of localized heat sources, with emphasis on experimental methodology, is provided. The active role of the electrode/electrolyte interphase in the development of these events is examined.
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: a response to Vigier's comments. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 221: p. 141.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A.Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: Search for emanating radiation. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 210: p. 382.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Smith, J. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
Evidence for the emission of low intensity X-rays during cathodic polarization of the Pd/D system(s) is presented. The Pd/D system was prepared by charging with electrochemically generated deuterium both, palladium foil and paliadium electrodeposited from D2O electrolytes. Experimental and analytical procedures are described in detail.
Szpak, S., et al., On the behavior of the Pd/D system: Evidence for tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 38.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Boss, R. D., CA=Smith, J. J.
This paper is available as a single file (below), and it is included in:
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Anomalous Behavior of the Pd/D System. 1995, Office of Naval Research.
ABSTRACT
Evidence for tritium production in the Pd/D system under cathodic polarization is presented. A comparison of the observed distribution and that calculated, based upon the conservation of mass, leads to the conclusion that tritium is produced sporadically at an estimated rate of ca 103–104 atoms per second. The results of several runs are interpreted by employing the concept of an electrode/electrolyte interphase and the accepted kinetics of hydrogen evolution. Observation of burst-like events followed by longer periods of inactivity yield poor reproducibility when distributions are averaged over the total time of electrolysis.
Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, On the release of n/1H from cathodically polarized palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 273.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A.Release paths for tritium produced during electrochemical compression of deuterium in a Pd lattice are examined. Arguments in support of the reversal of diffusion caused by gas evolution on the electrode surface are presented.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and M. Miles, Calorimetry of the Pd+D codeposition. Fusion Technol., 1999. 36: p. 234.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Miles, M.Thermal activities associated with electrochemical compression of deuterium produced on electrodes prepared by Pd D codeposition are discussed. Three cases are considered: activities during and shortly after commencement of current flow, those observed during runs of several days duration, and surface temperature distribution recorded by infrared scanning. Experimental results show excellent reproducibility, high-power outputs, and the development of thermal instabilities resulting in the formation of local hot spots.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., et al. Polarized D+/Pd-D2O System: Hot Spots and "Mini-Explosions" (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Dea, J., CA=Gordon, F.
we have pioneered the use of co-deposition as the means to prepare the electrode to investigate the F-P effect and have conducted several hundred experiments using this basic technique over the past 13+ years.
We co-deposited onto a Ni mesh that was physically placed close to a mylar film, covering a hole in the cell wall. An IR camera was positioned to focus on the electrode and recordings were made during and after the co-deposition process to monitor the temperature of the electrode and the surrounding solution.
Szpak, S., et al. Polarized D+/Pd-D2O System: Hot Spots and "Mini-Explosions". in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Dea, J., CA=Gordon, F.
Abstract
Two types of activities occurring within the polarized D+/Pd–D2O system, viz.
the presence of localized heat sources (hot spots) and associated with them mini–
explosions, are described. The “birth and death” of hot spots is monitored by IR
imaging while the mini–explosions are displayed by the voltage spikes exhibited
by a piezoelectric substrate onto which a Pd/D film was co–deposited. Processes
leading to the formation of unstable domains as a precursor to the observed
behavior is examined.
Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Precursors And The Fusion Reactions In Polarised Pd/D-D2O System: Effect Of An External Electric Field (PowerPoint slides). in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gordon, F.PowerPoint presentation for the paper of the same title.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Precursors And The Fusion Reactions In Polarised Pd/D-D2O System: Effect Of An External Electric Field. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gordon, F.The effect of an external electric field on the physical appearance of the Pd/D electrode in an operating cell is discussed. It is shown that the individual globules of the "cauliflower-like structure undergo a shape change exhibiting two distinct features, viz those that require energy expenditure that can be extracted from the applied external field (eg re-orientation, separation of individual globules, dendrite formation) and those that require energy expenditure far in excess of one that can be supplied by the electric field alone (eg exhibiting features usually associated with the solidification of a molten metal under liquid or the presence of localized catastrophic events leading to the formation of craters). It is shown, by energydispersive X-ray method, that the needed energy is provided by nuclear events occurring in the region close to the electrode surface. The nuclear events are of the type: precursor --> unstable nucleus --> stable nucleus.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., et al., Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition. Thermochim. Acta, 2004. 410: p. 101.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Miles, M., CA=Fleischmann, M.Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrode, prepared by the co-deposition technique, serving as a cathode in the Dewar-type electrochemical cell/calorimeter is examined. It is shown that: (i) excess enthalpy is generated during and after the completion of the co-deposition process; (ii) rates of excess enthalpy generation are somewhat higher than when Pd wires or other forms of Pd electrodes are used; (iii) positive feedback and heat-after-death effects were observed; and (iv) rates of excess power generation were found to increase with an increase in both cell current and cell temperature, the latter being higher.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., et al., Evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice. Naturwiss., 2005. 92(8): p. 394-397.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Young, C., CA=Gordon, F.An operating Pd//D2O, Li+, Cl-//Pt cell, placed in an external electrostatic field, yielded unexpected results, viz. (i) Morphological changes in the form of discrete sites exhibiting molten-like features, i.e. features that require substantial energy expenditure. (ii) Presence of elements (Al, Mg, Ca, Si, Zn, . . .) that could not be extracted from cell components and deposited on discrete sites. The cell design and the experimental protocol assuring reproducibility is described in detail.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Experimental Evidence for LENR in a Polarized Pd/D Lattice (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gordon, F.Recent experiments at the U.S. Navy San Diego SPAWAR Systems Center have demonstrated nuclear effects with palladium co-deposition cathodes subjected to magnetic or high voltage fields. CR-39 is used to detect high energy particles. It is placed in close proximity to the cathode because the particles do not travel far. These experiments appear to be highly reproducible.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., et al., The effect of an external electric field on surface morphology of co-deposited Pd/D films. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2005. 580: p. 284-290.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Young, C., CA=Gordon, F.The polarized PdD electrode undergoes significant morphological changes when exposed to an external electric field. These changes range from minor, e.g. re-orientation and/or separation of weakly connected globules, through forms that result from a combined action of the field as well as that connected with the evolution of gaseous deuterium, to shapes that require substantial energy expenditure.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon. Experimental Evidence for LENR in a Polarized Pd/D Lattice. in NDIA 2006. 2006. Washington, DC.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gordon, F.Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and F. Gordon, Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice: emission of charged particles. Naturwiss., 2007. DOI 10.1007.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gordon, F.
Abstract
Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D2O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report, we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D2O system.
Szpak, S., et al. LENR Research Using Co-Deposition. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Dea, J., CA=Miles, M., CA=Khim, J., CA=Forsley, L.The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include tritium and the emission of γ- and X-rays, neutrons, and energetic particles. This communication summarizes 19 years of LENR research that has focused on the Pd/D co-deposition process.
AU=Szpak, S.Szpak, S., et al. SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific Pd:D Co-Deposition Research: Overview of Refereed LENR Publications in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Mosier-Boss, P. A., CA=Gordon, F., CA=Dea, J., CA=Khim, J., CA=Forsley, L.Scientists at the US Navy SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific (SSC-Pacific), and its predecessors, have had extraordinary success in publishing LENR papers in peer-reviewed journals. This success hasn’t come easily and is due to several factors. One key reason for this success was the courage of the SSC-Pacific upper management in allowing scientists to conduct research and publish results in a controversial field. The few journal editors, who had the fortitude to consider our work, also contributed to this success. This contrasts with the majority of their peers who, taking the path of least resistance, ignored our work out of hand and returned manuscripts with, ‘the subject matter is not in the purview of the journal’. The reviewers also played a role in the successful publication of LENR-related papers. A multitude of reviewers, many outside the LENR field, had to put aside their biases and look objectively at our data. In turn, the reviewers’ relentless concerns forced us to tenaciously address their issues. Ultimately, the SSC-Pacific team published 21 refereed papers in seven journals and a book chapter, spanning 19 years beginning in 1989. This paper is a brief synopsis of those publications.
AU=Tabet, E.Tabet, E. and A. Tenenbaum, A dynamical model for cold fusion in deuterated palladium. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 143.
CA=Tenenbaum, A.Tabet, E. and A. Tenenbaum. Nuclear Effects in the Collapsing Lattice Model for Deuterated Palladium: New Results. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Tenenbaum, A.Tabet, E. and A. Tenenbaum, Nuclear reactions from lattice collapse in a cold fusion model. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 144(6,7): p. 301.
CA=Tenenbaum, A.Tachikawa, E., Outline of room temperature nuclear fusion. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 11 (in Japanese).
Tajima, T., H. Iyetomi, and S. Ichimaru, Influence of attractive interaction between deuterons in Pd on nuclear fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 437.
CA=Iyetomi, H., CA=Ichimaru, S.Takagi, R., et al., Neutron emission during a long-term electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2135.
CA=H., Numata., CA=Ohno, I., CA=Kawamura, K., CA=Haruyama, S.Takagi, R., et al., Neutron Emission During a Long-Term Electrolysis of Heavy Water. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2135.
CA=Numata, H., CA=Ohno, I., CA=Kawamura, K., CA=Haruyama, S.Takaharu, G., et al., Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion. 1990: European Patent Application, 90107987.1.
CA=Niikura, J., CA=Taniguchi, N., CA=Hatoh, K., CA=Adachi, K.Takahashi, A., Opening possibility of deuteron-catalyzed cascade fusion channel in PdD under D2O electrolysis. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1989. 26(5): p. 558.
Takahashi, A., et al., Emission of 2.45 MeV and higher energy neutrons from D2O-Pd cell under biased-pulse electrolysis. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27: p. 663.
CA=Takeuchi, T., CA=Iida, T., CA=Watanabe, M.Takahashi, A., et al. Neutron Spectra from D2O-Pd Cells with Pulsed Electrolysis. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Takeuchi, T., CA=Iida, T., CA=Watanabe, M.Takahashi, A., et al., Short Note : Emission of 2.45 MeV and Higher Energy Neutrons from D2O-Pd Cell Under Biased-Pulse Electrolysis. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1990. 27: p. 663.
CA=Takeuchi, T., CA=Iida, T., CA=Watanabe, H.Takahashi, A., et al. Neutron Spectra and Controllability by PdD/electrolysis Cell With Low-High Current Pulse Operation. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Iida, T., CA=Takeuchi, T., CA=Mega, A., CA=Yoshida, S., CA=Watanabe, M.Takahashi, A., et al., Windows of cold nuclear fusion and pulsed electrolysis experiments. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 380.
CA=Iida, T., CA=Maekawa, F., CA=Sugimoto, H., CA=Yoshida, S.Takahashi, A., et al. Anomalous Excess Heat by D2O/Pd Cell Under L-H Mode Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Mega, A., CA=Takeuchi, T., CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Iida, T.
ABSTRACT
A Pd sheet cathode centered within a Pt-wired anode in D2O/LiOD electrolyte was used with the L-H mode pulse operation. Anomalously large excess heat (32 watts in average for 2 months, 100 - 130 watts at peaks and averaged output/input power ratio 1.7) was once observed, associated with very low neutron emission (~1 n/s). To investigate the reproducibility of this experiment, a second experiment with minor changes in cell design was undertaken for 4 months. We reproduced excess heat, however at much smaller levels (8 watts on average and 15 watts at peak), but with neutron emission rates that were twice as large as measured previously. Possible changes in the conditions of the two experiments are discussed; i.e., cell voltages and over-potentials, formation of thin MOS film on the Pd cathode surface and a mechanism enhancing the D/Pd ratio. Excess power density per cm2 of cathode surface showed systematic change as a function of surface current density. This trend is consistent with results from many other authors.
Takahashi, A., Cold fusion research: Recent progress. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1992. 68(4): p. 360 (in Japanese).
Takahashi, A., et al., Excess heat and nuclear products by D2O/Pd electrolysis and multibody fusion. Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mater., 1992. 3: p. 221.
CA=Iida, T., CA=Takeuchi, T., CA=Mega, A.An excess heat of 100 W/cc level, 1.7 times the input power in average, and 160 MJ in total was observed for about two months by the L-H mode pulse electrolysis of a D2O/Pd cell with plane-symmetric configuration of D-loading into the Pd cathode. Very weak neutron emission was detected to show an inversely proportional correlation to the excess heat variation. To explain the observed anomalous results including our past results, the theoretical model of competing multibody deuteron fusions in transient PdDx lattice has been extended. It can explain most experimental results. Cold fusion may be the multibody fusion of hydrogen isotopes in the metal lattice.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. Nuclear Products by D2O/Pd Electrolysis and Multibody Fusion. in Int. Symp. Nonlinear Phenom. in Electromagnetic Fields. 1992. ISEM-Nagoya,.
Takahashi, A., Cold fusion research: present status. Koon Gakkaishi, 1993. 19(5): p. 179 (in Japanese).
Takahashi, A., Production of neutron, tritium and excess heat. Oyo Butsuri, 1993. 62: p. 707 (In Japanese).
Takahashi, A., Some Considerations of Multibody Fusion in Metal-Deuterides. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 451.
Takahashi, A., et al. Experimental Correlation Between Excess Heat and Nuclear Products. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Inokuchi, T., CA=Chimi, Y., CA=Ikegawa, T., CA=Kaji, N., CA=Nitta, Y., CA=Kobayashi, K., CA=Taniguchi, M.Takahashi, A., et al., Multibody fusion model to explain experimental results. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 71.
CA=Iida, T., CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Fukuhara, M.Takahashi, A., Recent results and activities on the new hydrogen energy ("cold fusion"). Suiso Enerugi Shisutemu, 1996. 21: p. 39 (in Japanese).
Takahashi, A., et al., Anomalous enhancement of three-body deuteron fusion in titanium-deuteride with low-energy D+ beam implantation. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 256.
CA=Maruta, K., CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Iida, T.Takahashi, A., et al., Experimental study on correlation between excess heat and nuclear products by D2O/Pd electrolysis. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 4.
CA=Fukuoka, H., CA=Yasuda, K., CA=Taniguchi, M.Takahashi, A. Results of Experimental Studies of Excess Heat vs Nuclear Products Correlation and Conceivable Reaction Model. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Takahashi, A., et al., Detection of three-body deuteron fusion in titanium deuteride under the stimulation by a deuteron beam. Phys. Lett. A, 1999. 255: p. 89.
CA=Maruta, K., CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Miyamaru, H.Takahashi, A., M. Ohta, and T. Mizuno. A Model Analysis on Low-Energy Photo-Fusion of Pd Isotopes Under Dynamic Conditions of PdH(D)x. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Ohta, M., CA=Mizuno, T.Takahashi, A., Production of Stable Isotopes by Selective Channel Photofission of Pd. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2001. 40(12): p. 7031-7046.
A conservative modeling and analysis were attempted to explain the presence of nonradioactive fission-like products with nonnatural isotopic ratios observed in some D2O/Pd electrolysis experiments. The collective deformation of a Pd nucleus by multiphoton E1 resonance absorption in a dynamic PdDx lattice was assumed to induce low-energy photofissions via the selective scission channels within the lowest band (11–20 MeV) of channel-dependent fission barriers. Values of channel dependent fission barriers were calculated by using liquid drop model potentials for Pd isotopes. Fission products were analyzed in detail. Major fission products (FPs) are stable isotopes and the isotopic ratios of FP elements are very different from those of natural abundances. The present theoretical results have shown good agreement with the experimental data of Mizuno et al. [Denki Kagaku 64 (1996) 1660] and others in terms of Z-distribution, mass distribution and isotopic ratios. Selective channel photofissions with positive Q-values are possible for A > 90 nuclei, which may provide us with a clean method for the incineration for the radio isotope (RI) waste of nuclear plants.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. Drastic Enhancement Of Deuteron-Cluster Fusion By Transient Electronic Quasi-Particle Screening. in JCF4. 2002. Morioka, Japan: Unpublished.
Takahashi, A. Mass-8-and-Charge-4 Increased Transmutation by Octahedral Resonance Fusion Model. in JCF-4. 2002. Morioka, Japan.
Takahashi, A. Tetrahedral And Octahedral Resonance Fusion Under Transient Condensation Of Deuterons At Lattice Focal Points. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
To attempt to explain the very strange claim of observation by Mitsubishi group on the mass-8-and-charge-4-transferred (increased) transmutation (Mo-96 or Pr-141) out of sample zone of Sr-88 or Cs-133 in the D-diffusion type experiment with multi-layered Pd plate, our multi-body deuteron fusion model in transient lattice focal points has been extended to hypothesize the occurrence of 4D tetrahedral and 8D octahedral resonance fusion. High energy Be-8 particles by 8D fusion can induce selectively capture process to form mass-8-and-charge-4-increased transmutation out of Sr-88 or Cs-133 near PdDx lattice.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. Mechanism Of Deuteron Cluster Fusion By EQPET Model. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
The present paper makes deepened modeling for the mechanism of transient Bose-type condensation for 4D and 8D clusters with electrons from Pd 4d-shell in PdDx lattice dynamics. Formation of quadruplet e*(4,4) electronic quasi-particle and octal-coupling e*(8,8) around lattice focal points with D-clusters which realize super screening for d-d and d-cluster Coulomb barrier is modeled for tetrahedral and octahedral symmetric condensations and discussed. Based on the electronic quasi-particle expansion theory (EQPET), modal fusion rates which are composed of 2D, 3D, 4D and 8D fusion rates with characteristic values for each mode are estimated for the tetrahedral and octahedral symmetric condensations. Based on given modal fusion rates we can estimate macroscopic cluster fusion rates (f/s/cc) by knowing time-averaged values of D-cluster densities. Several to few hundreds w/cc level fusion rates for 4D and 8D can be foreseen with major ash of 4He and a variety of secondary transmutation reactions, and neutron production rate by 2D fusion will be with 10-12 orders smaller magnitude than that of 4He production. Neutrons are therefore hardly visible in deuteron cluster fusion in condensed matter.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. Studies on 3D Fusion Reactions in TiDx under Ion Beam Implantation (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
ICCF-10 PowerPoint presentation.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A., et al. Studies on 3D Fusion Reactions in TiDx under Ion Beam Implantation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Miyamaru, H., CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Katayama, Y., CA=Hayashi, T., CA=Dairaku, T.With certain conditions for target-samples and beams, we could have identified specific particles (e.g., 4.75MeV tritons and 3He-particles, and 15.9 MeV deuterons) from 3D fusion reactions with yield ratios [3D]/[2D] to be in the order of 1E-4 to 1E-3, in contrary to the calculated [3D]/[2D] yield ratio of 1E-30 by the conventional random nuclear reaction theory2,3). The increasing trend of yield ratios in lower energy region than 100 keV for deuteron4), suggests that the enhanced 3D reactions were not attributed to the direct reactions with incident d-beam, but to the indirect 3D fusion out of the slowing down range of the beam.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. Theoretical Background for Transmutation Reactions (PowerPoint slides). in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Presented during Short Course on Cold Fusion, ICCF-10.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. 3He/4He Production Ratios By Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
The present paper treats application of the EQPET (Electronic Quasi-Particle Expansion Theory) model for TSC (Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate) of H/D mixed systems for Pd host metal. Production ratios of 3He/4He for multi-body fusion reactions in H/D mixed TSC systems are calculated as a function of H/D mixing rate. The model is further extended to treat direct nuclear interactions between host-metal nucleus and TSC of pure 4 protons (or 4 deuterons), since TSC can become very small (far less than 1 pm radius) charge-neutral pseudo-particle. Results for the case of Ni + 4p/TSC are discussed with Ni + p capture reactions and Ni + 4p fission reactions.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. A Theoretical Summary of Condensed Matter Nuclear Effects. in Siena Workshop on Anomalies in Metal-D/H Systems. 2005. Siena, Italy.
Key experimental results are compared with the results of EQPET/TSC models. Screening energy for d-d pair by theory is 360 eV and is comparable with 310 eV by Kasagi experiment for PdDx. Helium-4 production with scarce neutron is modeled by strong 4D fusion of minimum state 4d/TSC reaction. Maximum level of 4d/TSC fusion is 46 MW/cc-Pd and 23 keV/Pd, comparable to 24.8 keV/Pd by El Boher experiment. Transmutation with mass-8 and charge-4 increase is explained by 4d/TSC + host metal reactions. Fission-like products by Ni-H systems are in agreement with fission products of 4p/TSC + nickel nuclear reactions.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. Condensed Matter Nuclear Effects. in International Meeting on Frontier of Physics. 2005. Kuala Lumpur.
Under the conditions of cold fusion in PdD, the predominant reactions would be d+d-->(4)He* and (4)He*+d-->(6)Li*-->(4)He+d+23.8MeV. This cascade would explain the FPH results, giving fusion rates of up to 1E-13 f/s per D atom.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. Fusion Rate Formulas for Bosonized Condensates (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Takahashi, A. Main Scenarios of CMN-Effects (PowerPoint slides). in Sixth International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium-Loaded Metals. 2005. Siena, Italy.
Takahashi, A. Progress In Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Takahashi, A. Progress In Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Takahashi, A., F. Celani, and Y. Iwamura. The Italy-Japan Project -- Fundamental Research on Cold Transmutation Process for Treatment of Nuclear Wastes (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Celani, F., CA=Iwamura, Y.Takahashi, A., F. Celani, and Y. Iwamura. The Italy-Japan Project -- Fundamental Research on Cold Transmutation Process for Treatment of Nuclear Wastes. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Celani, F., CA=Iwamura, Y.Takahashi, A. Time-Dependent EQPET Analysis of TSC (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Takahashi, A. Time-Dependent EQPET Analysis of TSC. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Takahashi, A., Jyouon kakuyuugou 2006 - gyoushuukei kagaku e no tenkai (Cold fusion 2006 - progress in condensed matter nuclear science). 2006.
Takahashi, A. and N. Yabuuchi. D-Cluster Dynamics and Fusion Rate by Langevin Equation. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Yabuuchi, N.Takahashi, A. Deuterons-to-4He Channels (PowerPoint slides). in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.
Outline
* Two-Body d + d fusion and Out-Going Channels
* Third Interaction to d + d strong force for Changing Out-Going Channels
* D-Cluster Fusion to Produce 4He
Takahashi, A. Dynamic Mechanism of TSC Condensation Motion. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
This paper gives further discussions and explanations on the time-dependent quantum-mechanical behaviors of electron-clouds in 4D/TSC condensation motion by Langevin equation, in comparison with steady ground state electron orbits and their de Broglie wave lengths for D-atom and D2 molecule.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A. and N. Yabuuchi, Study on 4D/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate Condensation Motion by Non-Linear Langevin Equation, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 57-83.
CA=Yabuuchi, N.Takahashi, A., et al. Anomalous Heat Generation in Charging of Pd Powders with High Density Hydrogen Isotopes(II) Discussions on Experimental Results and Underlying Physics (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Kitamura, A., CA=Sasaki, Y., CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.
Aim
The Gas-Phase D(H)-Loading Method with Nano-Fabricated Metal Powders is regarded promising for repeatable CMNS experiments.
We have constructed an experimental system to replicate the phenomenon of excess-heat (and 4He generation) and investigate the underlying physics for D(H)-charged Pd powders.
Takahashi, A., et al. Deuterium Gas Charging Experiments with Pd Powders for Excess Heat Evolution (II) Discussions on Experimental Results and Underlying Physics. in The 9th Meeting of Japan CF-Research Society. 2009. Shizuoka, Japan.
CA=Kitamura, A., CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Sasaki, Y., CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.Experimental results obtained for Pd/PdO/ZrO2 nano-composite samples are summarized and the underlying physics is discussed. Arata-Zhang’s May 2008 excess heat result was replicated quantitatively. Using Pd/PdO/ZrO2 powders (produced by Santoku Co., Kobe Japan), we obtained: 1) D-gas charge in the first phase (zero pressure interval) gave 20~90% excess heat than H-gas charge. 2) In the second phase of pressure rise, significant excess heat (about 2 kJ/g-Pd) for D-gas charge was observed, while near zero level excess heat for H-gas charge was observed. We discuss the underlying surface and nano-particle physics in views of the enhanced surface adsorption potential by fractal sub-nano-scale trapping points on nano-Pd particle, the diffusion to inner shallower Bloch potential of regular Pd lattice, and the drastic mesoscopic and isotopic effect of surface and lattice rearrangement of nano-Pd particle by full D(H)-absorption to make deeper D(H) trapping potentials of surface adsorption (about 2 eV for D) and intermediate surface state trapping.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A., Dynamic Mechanism of TSC Condensation Motion. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.
This paper discusses and explains the time-dependent quantum-mechanical behavior of electron-clouds in 4D/TSC (tetrahedral symmetric condensate) condensation motion by the Langevin equation, in comparison with steady ground state electron orbits and their de Broglie wave lengths for the D-atom and D2 molecule. An electron orbit in a “d–e–d–e” quasi-molecular system of a face of 4D/TSC under time-dependent condensation makes a spiral track, finally reaching the center-of-mass point of the TSC, with a tail of time-varying effective wave length. The role and merit of the heavy mass electronic quasi-particle expansion theory (HMEQPET) method for approximating time-dependent TSC trapping potential and relating it to the estimation of time-dependent Coulomb barrier penetration probabilities of a 4D cluster is explained.
AU=Takahashi, A.Takahashi, A., The Basics of Deuteron-Cluster Dynamics as Shown by a Langevin Equation, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 193-217.
Takahashi, A., Jyouon kakuyuugou hurontia 2011 (in Japanese: "The Frontiers of Cold Fusion 2011"). JCFRS, 2011.
Extended Review Paper for JCF12 Invited Talk, December 17-18, 2011, Kobe, in Japanese.
常温核融合の研究は、2008年の拙著「常温核融合2008―凝集核融合のメカニズム、工学社」で説明した状況の以後、どのような動向となっているかと気にかけておられることと思う。2011年末の最新の状況を、理論の進展とガス系実験の進展を中心にして、この小論で紹介してみたい。 状況を簡単に把握していただくために、前書きに変えて、TEET(熱・電気エネルギー技術財団)の定期出版誌、TEET Review Vol.19 (April 2011)に掲載された著者の小拙文「まだまだ続く常温核融合研究」をそのまま以下にコピーして引用することとした。
Takahashi, A., et al. Phenomenology of Nano-Particle/Gas-Loading Experiments (PowerPoint slides). in ACS National Meeting. 2011. Anaheim, CA.
CA=Kitamura, A., CA=Miyoshi, Y., CA=Sakoh, H., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Seto, R., CA=Fujita, Y.
[Part-I] Brief Summary of the Kobe Group Experiments
Anomalous data for D(H) absorption and heat-evolution by nano-Pd/ZrO2 and Pd-Ni/ZrO2 dispersed samples
Recovery of Loading Ratio and Heat-level by Forced Oxidization (MO) and deoxidization of Used Samples
Role of PdO surface coating of Pd nano-particle and Pd ad-atoms on binary nano-particle (Pd-Ni); what happens under D(H) charging
[Part-II] Modeling Anomalies
Phenomenological Model for anomalous “chemical + nuclear” heat evolution
Anomalous Chemical Heat by “Mesoscopic Catalyst”
Link to D-cluster formation and 4D/TSC fusion
Takahashi, H., Dynamical screening of potential by mobile deuteron and fusion rate of accelerated deuteron in PdDx. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 441.
Takahashi, H. The Roles of Coherency and Intermittency on D-D Fusion Reaction in PdDx Deuteride. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
Takahashi, R. Synthesis of Substance and Generation of Heat in Charcoal Cathode in Electrolysis of H2O and D2O Using Various Alkalihydrooxides. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Takahashi, R. Excess Heat Caused by Electrolysis for Drilled Charcoal Cathode and Heat Without Power Imput by Immersion of Charcoal in Heavy or Light Water at Elevated Temperatures. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Takahashi, R. Proposal of Microdrops-in-Bubble Model for Excess Heat, Cold Fusion and Related Phenomena. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Takahashi, Y., Present status and future problems of cold nuclear fusion. Kagaku Kogaku, 1989. 53: p. 608 (In Japanese).
Takata, N., et al., A preliminary attempt to measure neutrons from cold fusion. Denshi Gijutsu Kenkyusho Iho, 1989. 53: p. 1438 (in Japanese).
CA=Kaneko, H., CA=Nozaki, K., CA=Sakuta, K., CA=Tanimoto, M.Takeda, T. and T. Takizuka, Fractofusion mechanism. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1989. 58(9): p. 3073.
CA=Takizuka, T.Takeda, T., Theory of room temperature nuclear fusion. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 1991. 37(4): p. 40 (in Japanese).
Talcott, C.L., et al. Tritium Measurements: Methods, Pitfalls, and Result. in EPRI/NSF Planning Workshop. 1989. Washington, DC.
CA=Storms, E., CA=Jalbert, R. A., CA=Hoffman, N., CA=David, M. A.Talcott, C.L. and E. Storms. An Overview of "Cold Fusion". in JOWOG-12 Meeting, Atomic Weapons Estab. 1990. Aldermaston, England.
CA=Storms, E.Talcott, C.L. Palladium Lattice Dimension Changes Associated With the Two Legs of the Hystersis Loop. in JOWOG-12 Meeting, Atomic Weapons Estab. 1990. Aldermaston.
Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Comments on Shapira and Saltmarsh report. 2002, Purdue U.
CA=Block, R. C., CA=West, C. D., CA=Lahey, R. T.Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavation (Supplemental #1 for Science Online). Science, 2002. 295: p. 1868.
CA=West, C. D., CA=Cho, J. S., CA=Lahey, R. T., CA=Nigmatulin, R. I., CA=Block, R. C.Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavation (Supplemental #2 for Science Online). Science, 2002. 295: p. 1868.
CA=West, C. D., CA=Cho, J. S., CA=Lahey, R. T., CA=Nigmatulin, R. I., CA=Block, R. C.Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavation. Science, 2002. 295: p. 1868.
CA=West, C. D., CA=Cho, J. S., CA=Lahey, R. T., CA=Nigmatulin, R. I., CA=Block, R. C.Taleyarkhan, R.P., et al., Recent Advances and Results in Acoustic Inertial Confinement Bubble Nuclear Fusion, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 139-157.
CA=West, C. D., CA=Lahey, R. T., CA=Nigmatulin, R. I., CA=Block, R. C., CA=Cho, J. S., CA=Xu, Y.Talley, T.L., Importance of Tritium Experiments. 1989.
Talley, T.L. Nuclear weapon Implications of "Cold" Fusion. in The 7th Biennial Nuclear Design Phys. Conf. 1989. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
Tamaki, M. and K. Tasaka. Field Formation of the Condensed Matter Fusion by Electro-Transport of Deuterium in Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Tasaka, K.Tamayo, J.M.M., et al., Experiments on cold fusion at IMP. Rev. Inst. Mex. Pet., 1990. 22: p. 42 (in Spanish).
CA=Rivas, J. M., CA=Celis, B. Z., CA=Garcia, F. P. R., CA=Penaloza, O. N.Tanaka, M., Parametric enhancement of the tunneling transmission through a potential barrier. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 1992. 29: p. 1129.
Tanaka, T. and S. Himeno. A possible enhancement mechanism. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Himeno, S.
ABSTRACT
An enhancing mechanism of nuclear fusions is presented, most part of which is within the framework of the traditional theories. In this mechanism, electron currents play an important role, which are induced by an externally applied field or counterstreams of free electrons which naturally exist inside, surface and outside of bulk metals. At places of electron currents, the electric potential becomes negative and there relevant nuclei gather and collide. Then, if electrons exist in close vicinities in addition, there the electric potential barriers are lowered further and the tunneling effects which bring about nuclear fusions drastically increase. Resultantly, the rate of nuclear fusions enhances as a whole. Then, if shape of the current can be sufficiently fine and strong the increase is more drastic. It is not clear that at present the mechanism can make enhance the fusion to any extent
Tani, T. and Y. Kobayashi. Tunnel Disintegration and Neutron Emission Probability. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kobayashi, Y.Tani, T. and Y. Kobayashi. A model for neutron emission from condensed matter. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kobayashi, Y.Taniguchi, M., N. Kaji, and A. Takahashi. Search for Anomalous Nuclear Reactions in PdDx by Detection of Nuclear Products in Vacuum/Gas System. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Kaji, N., CA=Takahashi, A.Taniguchi, N., et al., Conditions for cold nuclear fusion. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1990(9): p. 992 (in Japanese).
CA=Baba, S., CA=Kawamura, K., CA=Gamo, T.Taniguchi, R., T. Yamamoto, and S. Irie, Detection of charged particles emitted by electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1989. 28(11): p. L2021.
CA=Yamamoto, T., CA=Irie, S.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
We have tried to obtain evidence for electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion by detecting charged particles associated with the nuclear reaction. Charged particles were detected by a conventional silicon surface barrier detector attached close to the thin foil cathode which formed the bottom of an electrolysis cell. The efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio of this system are higher than those of neutron detection systems, which made it easy to determine whether the fusion occurred or not. The energy spectrum measured with the electrolysis of D2O suggested that the nuclear reaction took place in palladium cathode.
Taniguchi, R., T. Yamamoto, and S. Irie, Fine structure of the charged particle bursts induced by D2O electrolysis. Bull. Univ. Osaka Prefect., Ser A, 1990. 39(2): p. 233.
CA=Yamamoto, T., CA=Irie, S.Taniguchi, R. and T. Yamamoto. High Sensitivity Measurement of Charged Particles Emitted During Pulsed Electrolysis of D2O. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Yamamoto, T.Taniguchi, R. and T. Yamamoto, High sensitivity measurement of charged particles using a silicon surface barrier detector. Hoshasen, 1990. 16: p. 29 (in Japanese).
CA=Yamamoto, T.Taniguchi, R. and T. Yamamoto. Fine Structure of the Charged Particle Bursts Induced by D2O Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Yamamoto, T.Taniguchi, R. Characteristic Peak Structures on Charged Particle Spectra During Electrolysis Experiment. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Taniguchi, S., et al. ICP-MS Analysis of Electrodes and Electrolytes after HNO3/H2O Electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Shimadu, S., CA=Narita, S., CA=Odashima, T., CA=Teshima, N., CA=Ohmori, T.Tanzella, F.L., et al. Parameters affecting the loading of hydrogen isotopes into palladium cathodes. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=McKeown, A., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Williams, M., CA=Wing, S.
Abstract
We have tested our new Degree of Loading (DoL) cell design which can be directly transferred to the SRI mass flow calorimeter. We have shown that appropriately prepared Pd cathodes can reach high loadings in this new design and that the cells can be transferred to the calorimeter without degrading the cathode’s or cell’s performance. In all of the experiments the cathode deloaded at higher current densities, and ostensibly identical cathodes yield significantly different D:Pd loading/current density profiles.
In the new cell design high purity Pd from IMRA Materials and Johnson Matthey have generally loaded better than recent lots of 99.9% Engelhard Pd. Pd that IMRA Materials cast in air with added CaB6 held its loading best at higher current densities. Electrolyte additives Al, Si, Nd and Sm had no perceptible effect on loading behavior. The regular addition of Cl- ion, similar to what might happen when topping up open cells, can increase or maintain loading. The presence of Cu is detrimental to good loading . . .
Tanzella, F.L., M.C.H. McKubre, and P.L. Hagelstein. Methods for Observing Anomalous Energy Transfer in Solids. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Hagelstein, P. L.Tanzella, F.L., et al. Triggered Energy Release From Palladium Deuteride (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Hagelstein, P. L., CA=Orondo, P.
Research Objective
To understand what limits the rate of energy release (power) from the FPE in intentionally destructive experiments employing small, safe samples of ~1:1 PdD in a novel low temperature calorimeter.
To search for evidence of potential products of nuclear reaction.
To understand underlying reaction processes and mechanisms (theory).
To generate, measure, and understand nuclear-level heat effects:
* in small, safe samples of ~1:1 PdD
* electrochemically formed from fine, short PdDx wires with various known He content
* stimulated electrically and/or by laser pulse
* measure heat in a novel calorimeter
* verify nuclear effects by analyzing the wires for changes in their 3He and 4He content and ratio.
Taplin, H. "Light Element Fission", The Lithium-Fast Proton Nuclear Reaction. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Tateno, H. and Y. Iwashita, An attempt to observe nuclear fusion in titanium by internal friction. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl., 1991. 30: p. 41.
CA=Iwashita, Y.Taubes, G., Cold Fusion Conundrum at Texas A & M. Science, 1990. 248: p. 1299.
Taubes, G., Bad science. The short life and weird times of cold fusion. 1993, NY: Random House.
Taylor, C.A., Defining the scientific community: A rhetorical perspective on demarcation. Commun. Monogr., 1991. 58: p. 402.
Taylor, S.F., et al. Search for Neutrons from Deuterated Palladium Subject to High Electric Currents. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Claytor, T. N., CA=Tuggle, D. G., CA=Jones, S. E.Tazima, K.L., et al. Time-Correlated Neutron Detection From Deuterium Loaded Palladium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Dong, S. Y., CA=Wang, S. C., CA=Mo, D. W., CA=Luo, C. M., CA=Lin, Q. R., CA=Wu, X. D., CA=Li, W. Z., CA=Zhu, Y. F., CA=Hou, P. L., CA=Chang, L.Terazawa, H., Are Super-Hypernuclei Found in Cosmic Rays? J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1991. 60: p. 1848.
Terazawa, T., et al. Sustentation of higher deuterium loading ratio in palladium. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Sano, T., CA=Kamiya, Y., CA=Oyabe, Y., CA=Ohi, T.Tesch, S., Yet again 'cold' nuclear fusion. Radio. Fernsehen Elektro. (East Ger.), 1990. 39 53 (In German).
Thacker, B. and J.E. Stratman, Transmuting common substances. The cold fusion controversy and the rhetoric of science. J. Business Tech. Commun., 1995. 9: p. 389.
CA=Stratman, J. E.Thomassen, K.L., Remarks by Keith I. Thomassen. J. Fusion Energy, 1991. 10(1): p. 123.
Thompkins, P. and C. Byrd, The Secret Life of Plants. 1993, New York: Penguin Books.
CA=Byrd, C.Thompson, A.W., Hydrogen Compatibility of Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys. Metal. Trans. A, 1974. 5: p. 1855.
Thompson, D.T., A report from the meeting in Salt Lake City. Platinum Met. Rev., 1990. 34: p. 136.
Tian, J., et al. "Excess heat" and "heat after death" in a gas loading hydrogen/palladium system. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Yu, W. Z., CA=Mei, M. Y., CA=Cao, D. X., CA=Li, A. L., CA=Li, J., CA=Zhao, Y. G., CA=Zhang, C.
ABSTRACT
“Super-absorption” could occasionally appear when an H/Pd gas-loaded system was heated by an incandescent tungsten filament. The system-pressure was kept on in 10-2 Pa for several hours without any aid of pumping. In this stage both “excess heat” and “heat after death” was observed once. By calibration, the feature constant of the system was 12.8şC/W in maximum. When the “excess heat” appeared, the system temperature was reached 153şC at the highest whereas the stable inputting power was 0.45mW. When the “heat after death” appeared—there was no power input to the system—the temperature of the system abruptly jumped up to 761şC. In the former, 25kJ “excess heat” within 12 hours was measured which corresponded to 180 eV/atom Pd. And about 2MJ “heat after death” within 43 hours was corresponding to 13keV/atom Pd. The maximum excess powers in each case were 3.3 and 49W and the correlated power density were 230 and 3600 W/cm3 Pd respectively. The variation results of concentration of Li-7and Li-6 and their abundance ratio in Pd suggested that the anomalous heat might come from a nuclear origin.
Tian, J., et al. Anomalous heat flow and its correlation with deuterium flux in a gas-loading deuterium-palladium system. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Yu, W. Z., CA=Cao, D. X., CA=Zhou, R., CA=Yu, Z. W., CA=Jiang, Z. F., CA=Liu, Y., CA=He, J., CA=Zhou, R. X.
ABSTRACT
A special experimental device was designed to test the anomalous thermal effect of Pd with deuterium flux (Df ) caused by deuteron diffusion passing through a thin wall of a Pd tube under a D2 pressure difference across the Pd wall. It is found that the variation of the flux was the significant precursor of the anomalous heat, because a remarkable heat flow was detected when the Df was becoming obviously larger. The experiment was repeated for more than 16 times, and the maximum heat flow detected was 4.8mW whereas the accuracy of the calorimeter is better than 30μW. There were no heat flow detected when the temperature of the device was increased and when the D2 pressure difference equaled to zero. Neither heat flow nor flux was observed in the control experiment using N2.gas. The results of TLD (Themoluminescence dosimeter) detection implied a nuclear origin of the heat flow because the dosage of radiation in reaction vessel was often higher than that in reference vessel.
Tian, J., et al. "Excess Heat" during Electrolysis in Platinium/K2CO3/Nickel Light Water System. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Jin, L. H., CA=Weng, Z. K., CA=Song, B., CA=Zhao, X. L., CA=Xiao, Z. J., CA=Chen, G., CA=Du, B. Q.Tian, J., et al. Heat Measurements And Surface Studies Of Pd Wires After Being Exposed To A H2 Gas-Loading System Irradiated With A YAG Frequency Doubling Laser. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.
CA=Jin, L. H., CA=Shen, B., CA=Wang, Q., CA=Dash, J.Abstract: This study involved excess heat triggering attempts with a YAG frequency doubling laser (λ=532nm) used to irradiate palladium hydrides with different gas-loading ratios. The results showed that experiments using laser stimulation produced no significant excess heat evidence. However, on the surface of Pd sample there were some new elements including Ag and Cd. These were found in localized sites by SEM and EDS analysis.
AU=Tian, J.Tian, J., et al. Excess Heat Triggering by 532nm Laser in a D/Pd Gas-Loading System. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Jin, L. H., CA=Shen, B. J., CA=Weng, Z. K., CA=Lu, X.A laser (532 nm) operated in three modes (continuous, static pulsed and dynamic pulsed) was used to irradiate a series of palladium deuterides with different deuteron loading ratios in a D/Pd gas-loading system. (The loading ratios were D/Pd=0, 0.08, 0.10, 0.17 and 0.27.) The results showed that static pulsed triggering produces a maximum excess heat effect of about 2.6 kJ within a half hour when the loading ratio of Pd was about 0.1 and input power was 25 mW. This corresponds to 4.9 × 10-15 J/atom D or 1.8 × 104 W/cm3 Pd. The reason the static pulsed triggering produced more excess heat than other two modes needs to be further studied. The proper ratio in the Pd lattice matching a suitable triggering power may be a key point for heat production.
AU=Tian, Z. Q.Tian, Z.Q., A proposal for a cold fusion study in the Ti/D system. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 92.
Tien, J.K., et al., Hydrogen Transport by Dislocations. Metal. Trans. A, 1976. 7: p. 851.
CA=Thompson, A. W., CA=Bernstein, I. M., CA=Richards, P. M.Timashev, S.F., Possible mechanisms for nuclear-chemical transformations in a palladium matrix during heavy water electrolysis. Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1989. 63: p. 2283 (in Russian).
Timashev, S.F., Nuclear-chemical transformations in the condensed phase. Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1995. 69: p. 1396 (in Russian).
Tisenko, Y.A., Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. I. Sov. Phys. J., 1993. 36: p. 764.
Tisenko, Y.A., Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. II. Sov. Phys. J., 1993. 36: p. 769.
Tisenko, Y.A., Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. III. Russ. Phys. J., 1994. 37: p. 590.
Toimela, T. Effective Interaction Potential in the Deuterium Plasma and Multiple Resonance Scattering. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Abstract
The effective interaction potential for charged particles is calculated in the deuterium plasma formed in the surface region of the palladium cathode in the electrolysis of heavy water. It is shown that the Coulomb potential is overscreened producing, at certain distances, an attractive potential between deuterium nuclei pairs and also between the deuterium nuclei and the surface atoms. This behavior of the effective potential in the deuterium plasma can be regarded as a counterpart of the Friedel oscillations of the electron gas at zero temperature. Because of this attractive potential, there are bound states for the deuteron pairs as well as for the surface atoms and deuterons. In these bound states the equilibrium distance between the nuclei is of the order 0.15 - 0.2 Ĺ depending on the number density of deuterons. The fusion rate is calculated for the bounded deuteron pairs and it is found to be of the order per deuteron pair for the highest deuteron densities. Furthermore, it is shown that larger fusion rates are possible for the deuterons bound to the surface atoms. This may arise by a process, where the trapped deuterons share the released energy collectively via a proposed Multiple Resonance Scattering (MRS) mechanism. It is then found that the 4He-channel is the overwhelmingly dominant fusion channel. Moreover, the appearance of the transmutation processes in this MRS procedure are briefly discussed.
Toimela, T. Multiple Resonance Scattering. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
The previously proposed Multiple Resonance Scattering (MRS) theory is elaborated. In addition of predicting a radiationless fusion of two deuterium nuclei into a 4He-nucleus in its ground state, the MRS theory is also shown to be in agreement with the experimental results concerning the transmutations of heavier nuclei. A form for the nuclear active environment is suggested and new experiments are proposed to verify the MRS theory.
AU=Toki, H.Toki, H. and K. Sugimoto, Deuteron-alpha Bose-Einstein condensation for coherent deuteron fusion in Pd double structure cathode. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 2000. 76B(3): p. 35.
CA=Sugimoto, K.Tomanek, D., Z. Sun, and S.G. Louie, Ab initio Calculation of Chemisorption Systems: H on Pd(001) and Pd(110). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 4699.
CA=Sun, Z., CA=Louie, S. G.Tomas, P., et al., Deuterium nuclear fusion in metals at room temperature. Fizika (Zagreb), 1989. 21: p. 209.
CA=Blagus, S., CA=Bogovac, M., CA=Hodko, D., CA=Krcmar, M., CA=Miljanic, D., CA=Pravdic, V., CA=Rendic, D., CA=Vajic, M., CA=Vukovic, M.Tomellini, M. and D. Gozzi, On the possibility for local oversaturation of deuterium in palladium. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1990. 9: p. 836.
CA=Gozzi, D.Tom-nek, D., Z. Sun, and S.G. Louie, Ab initio Calculation of Chemisorption Systems: H on Pd(001) and Pd(110). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 4699.
CA=Sun, Z., CA=Louie, S. G.Toriyabe, Y., et al. Elemental Analysis Of Palladium Electrodes After Pd/Pd Light Water Critical Electrolysis. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Mizuno, T., CA=Ohmori, T., CA=Aoki, Y.Elemental analyses of palladium electrodes were conducted after a new type of light water electrolysis was performed at optimum conditions in a system designed to induce a nuclear reaction. This process is referred to as Pd/Pd light water critical electrolysis. The conjecture that a nuclear transmutation process is occurring in this experiment is easier to test in this system, because it is easy to determine whether the elements detected on the cathode surface are impurities or transmutation products. We assume that the elements found only on the cathode surface, and nowhere else in the cell as contamination, namely iron, titanium, chromium and so on, must be transmutation products. Furthermore, countless Ohmori-type palladium craters were observed for the first time for this system, and these are evidence that nuclear reactions occurred at the electrode surface.
AU=Toriyabe, Y.Toriyabe, Y. and J. Kasagi. Development of New Detector System for Charged Particle Emission. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Kasagi, J.Toumey, C.P., Conjuring science in the case of cold fusion. Public Understand. Sci., 1996. 5: p. 121.
Tran, D.N., et al., Investigation of nuclear fusion at the normal temperature. Tap Chi Vat Ly, 1990. 15(1): p. 29 (in Vietnamese).
CA=Tran, D. T., CA=Truong, T. A., CA=Phi, T. H., CA=Tran, V. V.Triassi, A. Variation Of The Concentration Of Isotopes Copper And Zinc In Human Plasmas Of Patients Affected By Cancer. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
Tripodi, P., et al., Temperature coefficient of resistivity at compositions approaching PdH. Phys. Lett. A, 2000. 276: p. 122.
CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Honnor, P. A., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Celani, F., CA=Violante, V.Tripodi, P., et al. Dynamics of hydrogen loading in palladium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Borelli, R., CA=Vinko, J. D.Trower, W.P., Cold Fusion As Seen With X-Ray Vision. Physics Today, 1989. July: p. 13.
Tsarev, V.A., Cold fusion. Sov. Phys. Usp., 1990. 33(11): p. 881.
Tsarev, V.A. and D.H. Worledge. Review of new results on cold nuclear fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Worledge, D. H.Tsarev, V.A. Cold Fusion Studies in the USSR. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
Tsarev, V.A. Current Status of Cold Fusion. in First Int. Sakharov Conf. 1991. Moscow, USSR.
Tsarev, V.A. and P.I. Golubnichii, Geological manifestations of cold fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1991(3): p. 22.
CA=Golubnichii, P. I.Tsarev, V.A. and D.H. Worledge, New results on cold nuclear fusion: a review of the conference on anomalous nuclear effects in deuterium/solid systems, Provo, Utah, October 22-24, 1990. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 484.
CA=Worledge, D. H.Tsarev, V.A., Anomalous nuclear effects in solids ("cold fusion"): questions still remain. Sov. Phys. Usp., 1992. 35: p. 842.
Tsarev, V.A. Cold Fusion Researches in Russia. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Tsarev, V.A. and D.H. Worledge, Cold fusion studies in the USSR. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 138.
CA=Worledge, D. H.Tsarev, V.A. and V.A. Chechin, On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical nature of anomalous nuclear effects in a solid. Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1992. 9-10: p. 47 (in Russian).
CA=Chechin, V. A.Tsuchida, T., Role of hydrogen atoms in palladium. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1963. 18: p. 1016.
Tsuchiya, K., et al., Interaction between two neighboring deuterium atoms in palladium. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 1371.
CA=Ohashi, Y. H., CA=Ohashi, K., CA=Fukuchi, M.Tsuchiya, K., K. Ohashi, and M. Fukuchi. Mechanism of Cold Fusion in Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Ohashi, K., CA=Fukuchi, M.Tsuchiya, K., K. Ohashi, and M. Fukuchi, Mechanism of Cold Nuclear Fusion II. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 493.
CA=Ohashi, K., CA=Fukuchi, M.Tsuchiya, K., K. Ohashi, and M. Fukuchi, A possible mechanism for nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 452.
CA=Ohashi, K., CA=Fukuchi, M.Tsuchiya, K. A possible model for nuclear reaction in metal vacancy including condensed Bose particles. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Tsuchiya, K. Quantum states of deuterons in palladium. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is one of the candidates to induce the nuclear fusions in solids, because d-d repulsions are screened by conduction electrons and deuterons can be condensed at defects in solids. In this work, d-d fusion rate in Pd induced by BEC is estimated. The equivalent linear two-body method, which is based on an approximate reduction of many-body problems by variational principle, is used for the calculation. Thomas-Fermi and non-linear screening potentials are used as d-d interactions.
AU=Tsuchiya, K.Tsuchiya, K., Quantum states of deuterons in palladium. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2004. 20: p. 1513-1519.
Tsuchiya, K. and H. Okumura. Theoretical Study of Nuclear Reactions Induced by Bose-Einstein Condensation in Pd. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Okumura, H.Tsuchiya, K., et al. Observation of Optical Phonon in Hydrogen Storage Pd Using Raman Spectroscopy. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Watanabe, A., CA=Ozaki, M., CA=Sasabe, S.The techniques of hydrogen loading in Pd are developed by many workers. And the states of hydrogen in Pd attract many interests because they might be related to the nuclear reactions. In this study, we have tried to observe optical phonon induced by hydrogen-hydrogen interactions in Pd using Raman spectroscopy. This measurement can be done for the sample completely sealed in a glass tube cutting off the influence of the external air, because glass materials are Raman inactive. In the measurement chamber of spectroscopy device, scattered waves of the incident laser beam from the hydrogen storage Pd are detected and Raman shifts including the information about the optical phonon in the sample are derived.
AU=Tsvetkov, S. A.Tsvetkov, S.A., et al., Molecular-dynamics calculation of phase transitions in the Pd-D system and cold nuclear fusion. Phys. Metals Metallogr., 1993. 76: p. 399.
CA=Bondarenko, N. B., CA=Bel'tyukov, I. L., CA=Varaksin, A. N., CA=Zhivoderov, A. A.Tsvetkov, S.A., E.S. Filatov, and V.A. Khokhlov. EXCESS HEAT IN MOLTEN SALTS OF (LiCl-KCl)+(LiD+LiF) AT THE TITANIUM ANODE DURING ELECTROLYSIS. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Filatov, E. S., CA=Khokhlov, V. A.
The electrochemical cell and technique of realization of precision calorimetric measurements is developed.
Experiments with molten salts containing of deuteride lithium are carried out. Calorimetric measurements made on the titanium anode during experiments. Measurements made in an inert atmosphere of helium and in an atmosphere of deuterium at various density of an electrolysis current. Excess heat was obtained on the titanium anode in an atmosphere deuterium at electrolysis. The X-ray diffraction analysis made on the used titanium anode. The analysis of the received results is resulted.
Tsvetkov, S.A. Possibility Of Using Of Cold Fusion For Nuclear Waste Products Transmutation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Abstract
The possibility of using of cold fusion for nuclear waste products transmutation is investigated in this paper. In generally a method is based on saturation of the titanium by a mixture of deuterium and air. Possible nuclear fusion reactions are discussed. Their "burning out" sections, effective half-life periods and intensity of neutron beams are evaluated. Applicability of the method for a transmutation of the nuclear waste containing Cesium -137 is considered.
Tuggle, D.G., et al., Solid State Fusion Update. 1990: Los Alamos.
CA=Claytor, T. N., CA=Menlove, H. O., CA=Catapano, L.Tuggle, D.G., T.N. Claytor, and S.F. Taylor. Tritium Evolution from Various Morphologies of Palladium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
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CA=Hamada, Y., CA=Matsumura, Y., CA=Hayashi, T.Uchikawa, H., T. Okazaki, and K. Sato, New Technique of Activating Palladium Surface for Absorption of Hydrogen or Deuterium. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 1993. 32: p. 5095.
CA=Okazaki, T., CA=Sato, K.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Activation is carried out by heating a Pd specimen at about 600 °C for several minutes in air. The activated surface is blue, and it is bleached when immersed hi hydrogen gas. The blue film is identified as PdO, and the bleached surface consists of nanocrystallites of metallic Pd, as proved by electron diffraction. An activated Pd plate 0.7 mm in thickness is capable of absorbing, in 1 h, about 70 at% of H or D, the saturation value, in hydrogen gas of 1 atm at room temperature. The atomic ratio of H absorbed in Pd has been estimated to be about 70% when Pd metal is in equilibrium with hydrogen gas of 1 atm at 250C. . . .
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CA=Rush, J. J., CA=Fanagan, T. B., CA=Noh, H., CA=Andersson, Y.Ueda, S., K. Yasuda, and A. Takahashi. Study of Excess Heat and Nuclear Products with Closed Electrolysis System and Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
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CA=Lee, W. M.Uhm, H.S. and W.M. Lee, High concentration of deuterium in palladium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 75.
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CA=Valiev, A. N., CA=Ketko, A. Ya., CA=Kiseleva, E. V., CA=Skorodumov, B. G., CA=Ulanov, V. G., CA=Yatsevich, I. O.Vakarin, S.V., et al. Influence of Perfection of Sodium Tungsten Bronze Single Crystals on Neutron Emission. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=Samgin, A. L., CA=Andreev, V. S., CA=Tsvetkov, S. A.Valone, T. One Cold Fusion Speaker is One Too Many for a Future Energy Conference. in APS April Meeting, Session S13 - General Physics. 2001. Washington.
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CA=Zhivoderov, A. A., CA=Bondarenko, N. B., CA=Shipitsin, V. F.Vaselli, M., et al., Screening effect of impurities in metals: a possible explanation of the process of cold nuclear fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1989. 11(6): p. 927.
CA=Harith, M. A., CA=Palleschi, V., CA=Salvetti, G., CA=Singh, D. P.Velev, O.A. and R.C. Kainthla, Heat flow calorimeter with a personal-computer-based data acquisition system. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 351.
CA=Kainthla, R. C.Verbruggen, A.H., C.W. Hagen, and R. Griessen, Gorsky Effect in Concentrated a-PdHx. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1984. 14: p. 1431.
CA=Hagen, C. W., CA=Griessen, R.Veziroglu, T.N. MĂ ssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in ?-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.
Veziroglu, T.N. MĂ ssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in b-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.
Veziroglu, T.N. Mˆssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in ?-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.
Veziroglu, T.N. Mˆssbauer Study of the Local Hydrogen Distribution Near Substitutional Impurities in b-PdHx. in The Miami International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Energy Systems. 1981. Miami: Pergamon Press.
Vielstich, W., et al., Search for neutrons from controlled deuterium concentrations in palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 303: p. 211.
CA=Iwasita, T., CA=von Buttlar, H., CA=Farzin, K., CA=Uebelguenn, K.Vigier, J.P. New Hydrogen Energies in Specially Structured Dense Media: Capillary Chemistry and Capillary Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Vigier, J.P. New Hydrogen (Deuterium) Bohr Orbits in Quantum Chemistry and Cold Fusion Processes. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
Vigier, J.P., On cathodically polarized Pd/D systems. Phys. Lett. A, 1996. 221: p. 138.
Vignati, M. Transformation From Heat of Low Temperature Sources into Work. Fundamentals for a Maximum of Efficiency. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
Vijh, A.K. and A. Belanger, Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Metals and Silver-Palladium Alloys in Relation to Their Electronic Configuration. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1989. 11: p. 147.
CA=Belanger, A.Villa, M., On the gamma radiation measurements on the Rossi system. 2011, Bologna University and INFN Sezione di Bologna.
We report here on the measurement of gamma emission from the system built by Rossi et al. to produce energy. While the details of the production system are still not known, an international patent request (WO/2009/125444) and a paper describing the main characteristics and performances are available: copper synthesis starting from an hydrogenated nickel compound and energy production lasting for months. On the 14th of January 2011, the first public test of this system was performed under partially controlled conditions. . . .
AU=Violante, V.Violante, V. and A. De Ninno. Collision Between Two Deuterons in Condensed Matter: Ion Trap Mechanism. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
CA=De Ninno, A.Violante, V. and A. De Ninno. Quantum mechanical description of a lattice ion trap. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=De Ninno, A.Violante, V. and A. De Ninno, Lattice ion trap: a possible mechanism inducing a strong approach between two deuterons in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 219.
CA=De Ninno, A.Violante, V. Extended Analysis of the Lattice Radio-Frequency Trap as Possible Collision Mechanism Between Nucleus in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Violante, V., A. Torre, and G. Dattoli, Lattice ion trap: classical and quantum description of a possible collision mechanism for deuterons in metal lattices. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 156.
CA=Torre, A., CA=Dattoli, G.Violante, V., Lattice ion-trap confinement for deuterons and protons: Possible interaction in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1999. 35: p. 361.
Violante, V., et al. Hydrogen Isotopes Interaction Dynamics in Palladium Lattice. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Sibilia, C., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Tripodi, P.Violante, V., et al., 3 Dimensional Analysis of the Lattice Confinement Effect on ion Dynamics. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39(2 (March)).
CA=Torre, A., CA=Selvaggi, G., CA=Miley, G. H.Violante, V., et al., Three-dimensional analysis of the lattice confinement effect on ion dynamics in condensed matter and lattice effect on the d-d nuclear reaction channel. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 266.
CA=Torre, A., CA=Selvaggi, G., CA=Miley, G. H.Violante, V., et al. Metallurgical effects on the dynamic of hydrogen loading in Pd. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Borelli, R., CA=Pizzuto, A., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Adrover, A., CA=Giona, M., CA=Capobianco, L.
ABSTRACT
A theoretical work based on computer modeling is presented in order to explain the difference on the hydrogen electrochemical loading dynamics for two shapes of palladium cathodes. Pd foils and wires have been investigated solving the transport equations, in order to study the effect of self stress propagating. The results allow us to study the influence of the stress relaxing (via dislocation slipping) on the loading process.
Violante, V., et al. X-ray emission during electrolysis of light water on palladium and nickel thin films. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Tripodi, P., CA=Di Gioacchino, D., CA=Borelli, R., CA=Bettinali, L., CA=Santoro, E., CA=Rosada, A., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Pizzuto, A., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L.
ABSTRACT
Electrochemical experiments have been carried out in order to investigate the emission of X-rays during electrochemical hydrogen loading of thin metallic films of Pd and Ni. An estimate of the inventory of the most significant chemical elements in the cells has also been done. The activity was developed within the framework of a cooperative research effort between ENEA and SRI. In order to minimize the background due to environmental contamination, the experimental cells were manufactured using only two materials (pure polyethylene and pure platinum). The thin films were produced by sputtering pure materials on supports made of the same pure polyethylene used for the cells.
Violante, V., et al. Analysis Of Ni-Hydride Thin Film After Surface Plasmons Generation By Laser Technique. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Castagna, E., CA=Sibilia, C., CA=Paoloni, S., CA=Sarto, F.A nickel-hydride thin film was studied by the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) method. The differences between a “black” film and a pure nickel film “blank” behaviour are showed. The black Ni-hydride film has been obtained by a short electrolysis with 1 M Li2SO4 electrolyte in light water. A shift in the minimum of the observed reflected light occurs, together with a change in the minimum shape, i.e. its half-height width increases. This two phenomenon are due to the change in the electronic band structure of the metal induced by the electron added in the lattice by hydrogen. The changing of the electronic structure, revealed by the laser coupling conditions, leads to consider that an hydride phase was created. Both the blank (not hydrogenated) and black (hydrogenated) specimens were taken under He-Ne laser beam at the reflectance minimum angle for about three hours. A SIMS analysis was also implemented to reveal differences in the isotopic composition of Cu, as marker element, between the blank and black films, in order to study the coupled effect of electrolysis and plasmon-polariton excitation on LENR processes in condensed matter.
AU=Violante, V.Violante, V., et al. Search For Nuclear Ashes In Electrochemical Experiments. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Apicella, M., CA=Capobianco, L., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Roada, A., CA=Santoro, E., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Sibilia, C.Electrochemical experiments have been carried out in order to identify traces of nuclear processes occurring in condensed matter. The experimental activity was primarily designed to reduce the background element impurities by using ultra-pure cleaning procedures to eliminate contamination. The working conditions allowed to obtain a clear signal from the investigated phenomena. Neutron activation, SIMS and high resolution Mass Spectrometer analysis yielded experimental data greater than the measurement error and well above the detection limits of the instruments. The isotopic abundance has been studied for some elements and a strong difference as been observed between experimental data and natural values. A correlation has been observed between the shift of the isotopic composition and a weak emission of X-rays, in some experiments.
AU=Violante, V.Violante, V., et al. Study Of Lattice Potentials On Low Energy Nuclear Processes In Condensed Matter. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Mazzitelli, G., CA=Capobianco, L., CA=Sarto, F., CA=Santoro, E., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Miley, G. H., CA=Luo, N., CA=Shrestha, P., CA=Sibilia, C.The phenomena of anomalous heating effects in deuterated metals gained worldwide attention through the famous announcement of "cold fusion" in 1989. Recently, a number of experiments have identified nuclear reaction products that are attributed to hydrogen or deuterium interaction with the host metal. Consequently workers have renamed this field as “Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter”. This work has used a variety of configurations and a variety of loading techniques giving reaction products ranging from Helium-4, Tritium, to an array of heavy elements.
AU=Violante, V.Violante, V., et al. Progress In Excess Power Experiments With Electrochemical Loading Of Deuterium In Palladium. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Moretti, S., CA=Bertolotti, M., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Sibilia, C, CA=Sarto, F., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Dardik, I., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Zilov, T.Violante, V., et al. Progress in Excess Power Production by Laser Triggering (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Bertolotti, M., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Dardik, I., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Moretti, S., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Sibilia, C, CA=Sarto, F., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Zilov, T.PowerPoint slides for the paper of the same title.
AU=Violante, V.Violante, V., et al. Progress in Excess Power Production by Laser Triggering. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Bertolotti, M., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Dardik, I., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Moretti, S., CA=Lesin, S., CA=Sibilia, C, CA=Sarto, F., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Zilov, T.Violante, V., et al. Joint Scientific Advances in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Sarto, F., CA=Castagna, E., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Knies, D., CA=Dardik, I., CA=Sibilia, C.
A joint effort performed by ENEA, SRI, Energetics Technologies, NRL and the University of Rome La Sapienza allowed to obtain a remarkable level of sheared reproducibility both in high loading of palladium with deuterium and in observing excess power production during calorimetric experiments. The excess heat was observed with a signal well above the measurement uncertainty, with up to 70% of reproducibility.
The wide-ranging scientific work carried out in optimizing the palladium electrodes and the accuracy of the calorimetry are the reasons for the success of this project.
Violante, V., et al. Material Science on Pd-D System to Study the Occurrence of Excess Power. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Sarto, F., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Sansovini, M., CA=Lecci, S., CA=Knies, D., CA=Grabowski, K. S., CA=Hubler, G. K.A recent joint work [1] identified the crucial role of material science in improving control of the Pd-D system to enhance the production of excess power during electrochemical loading of palladium foils with deuterium. Very high reproducibility, close to 100%, in loading Pd up to D/Pd ~1 (atomic fraction) was achieved. High loading about the threshold value of 0.9 is considered necessary to achieve the effect. This work demonstrated it is necessary but not sufficient. As a consequence, the focus of our research moved to the material properties of cathodes, especially surface characteristics, and an effort to correlate these properties with cathode performance during electrolysis. This paper describes the material properties examined that appear to produce excess heat.
AU=Violante, V.Violante, V., et al. Evolution and Progress in Material Science for Studying the Fleischmann and Pons Effect (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
CA=Sarto, F., CA=Castagna, E., CA=Lecci, S., CA=Sansovini, M., CA=Torre, A., CA=Hubler, G. K., CA=Knies, D., CA=Grabowski, K. S., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L., CA=Sibilia, C, CA=Del Prete, P., CA=Zilov, T.
Research Frame
Since 1996 in ENEA material status was identified to be responsible of the loading
1) Material science study to increase both reproducibilityand signals
2) Calorimetric experiments conceived to have anappropriate signal/noise ratio
3) Theoretical work to identify methods to trigger the effect
Violante, V. and F. Sarto, eds. Proceedings 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (Part 1). 2009, ENEA: Rome, Italy. 385.
CA=Sarto, F.
This file is from:
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This is Part 1, title page to page 184.
Part 2, page 185 to page 385, is here:
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Violante, V. and F. Sarto, eds. Proceedings 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (Part 2). 2009, ENEA: Rome, Italy. 385.
CA=Sarto, F.
This file is from:
http://iccf15.frascati.enea.it/docs/proceedings.html
This is Part 2, page 185 to page 385.
Part 1, title page to page 184 is here
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf
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CA=Kornilova, A. A., CA=Samoylenko, I. I., CA=Zykov, G. A.Vysotskii, V., et al., Observation and mass-spectrometry. Study of controlled transmutation of intermediate mass isotopes in growing biological cultures. Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(36): p. 64.
CA=Kornilova, A. A., CA=Samoylenko, I. I., CA=Zyhov, A.Vysotskii, V., et al. Catalytic influence of caesium on the effectiveness of nuclear transmutation on intermediate and heavy mass isotopes in growing biological cultures. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Kornilova, A. A., CA=Samoylenko, I. I., CA=Zykov, G. A.Vysotskii, V. Optimized dd-fusion without Coulomb barrier in a volume of cold gas of deuterium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
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CA=Shevel, V., CA=Tashirev, A., CA=Kornilova, A. A.The problem of utilization of high-activity waste by effect of nuclear transmutation in growing associations of microbiological cultures was study. For the first time we have observed utilization of several kinds of highly active isotopes in the volume of distilled water extracted from first contour of water-water atomic reactor to nonradioactive nuclei.
AU=Vysotskii, V.Vysotskii, V., et al. The Theory And Experimental Investigation Of Controlled Spontaneous Conversion Nuclear Decay Of Radioactive Isotopes. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Kornilova, A. A., CA=Perfiliev, Y., CA=Kulikov, L.This paper paper discusses the theory and results of a direct experimental investigation into the control of internal electron conversion channels of radioactive isotopes' spontaneous decay. This occurs by controlling the action of an oriented crystal matrix on the motion of conversion electrons. The same effect takes place at any beta-processes (including at decay of a neutron with an emission of electrons and neutrino). It was shown that parameters of internal electron conversion decay greatly depended on the structure of the crystal matrix and on the distance between the excited nucleus and the crystal matrix.
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CA=Odintsov, A., CA=Pavlovich, V., CA=Tashirev, A., CA=Kornilova, A. A.Vysotskii, V. and A.A. Kornilova. The Spatial Structure Of Water And The Problem Of Controlled Low Energy Nuclear Reactions In Water Matrix. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Kornilova, A. A.Ordinary water has a number of unique features, among which there are its stable spatial structure and long-term “memory.” Numerous experiments confirm the existence of water memory, which is activated under the influence of various physical fields (e.g., magnetic field, mechanical impact, abrupt temperature or pressure change) and may store information about such influence for many hours and days. Such activated water has altered physical and chemical (including biochemical) features. An increasing number of reliable experiments show that the continuous model is inadequate for describing the structure of water.
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This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Spontaneous neutron emissions were intermittently detected from activated palladium rods well soaked with deuterium gas in a closed glass bulb. By the stimulation of the palladium rods with a high voltage discharge between the rods, a burst of neutron flux 2 × 104 times larger than background was detected. Atoms or molecules of mass number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were found in the residual gas. Nuclear fusion in solid is interpreted in terms of the supersaturation of the solid solution of deuterium.
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CA=Stringham, R.
ABSTRACT
“Genie”, a 40 KHZ sonofusion reactor consists of 2 opposing 40 KHz piezos separated by 4 mm of D2O, with a centered Ti target foil, with one piezo transmitting, the other receiving and taking that signal, amplifying it, then feeding it back to the transmitter as the resonating frequency of the reactor. This process makes for efficient watt input, Qi, where 80% of these watts will be used as the acoustic input, Qa, to the “Genie” sonofusion reactor. In the reactor the transient cavitation bubbles, TCBs, produce billions of low energy high density jets per second that accelerate deuterons into foil targets producing excess heat, Qx. The Qx is determined by calorimetric measurements of experiments that use coolant water circulated to the surface of the well insulated reactor and data collected in the form of T in and T out at steadystate temperatures and coolant flow rate. The total watts out, Qo, minus Qa ideally should equal zero, and we know that this calorimetry method has several losses that are not measured. This makes the method very conservative when looking for Qx. The Qx must make up those heat losses before making its presence known. The result from experiments of system I using flow x DT x 4.184 for Qo – Qi = Qx shows that Qx values over unity are the norm. System II used a more realistic calculation for Qx where flow x DT x 4.184 for Qo – Qa = Qx showed increased results. The calibration of the reactor with a Joule heater, JH, and substituting H2O for D2O produced measurements that showed the reactor calorimetry was close to zero Qx production as one would expect. These measurements showed that heat in = heat out, a good zero indicating no Qx, for the operation of the “Genie” sonofusion reactor.
Walling, C. and J. Simons, Two innocent chemists look at cold fusion. J. Phys. Chem., 1989. 93: p. 4693.
CA=Simons, J.Walters, R.T. and M.W. Lee, Two Plateaux for Palladium Hydride and the Effect of Helium from Tritium Decay on the Desorption Plateau Pressure for Palladium Tritide. J. Less-Common Met., 1990.
CA=Lee, M. W.Wan, C.M., et al. Anomalous Heat Generation/Absorption in Pd/Pd/LiOD/D2O/Pd Electrolysis System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Chen, S. K., CA=Liang, C. Y., CA=Linn, C. J., CA=Chu, S. B., CA=Wan, C. C.Wan, C.M., et al. Repeated Heat Bursts in the Electrolysis of D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Lihn, C. J., CA=Chin, Z. H., CA=Liang, C. Y., CA=Chen, S. K., CA=Wan, C. C., CA=Perng, T. P.Wang, C., et al. Identification of the Energetic Charged Particles in Gas-Loading Experiment of "Cold Fusion" Using CR-39 Plastic Track Detector. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Kang, T. S., CA=Wang, K. L., CA=Dong, S. Y., CA=Feng, Y., CA=Mo, D. W., CA=Li, X. Z.Wang, D.L., et al. Experimental Studies on the Anomalous Phenomenon in Pd Metal Loaded with Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Chen, S. H., CA=Fan, D., CA=Chen, W. J., CA=Li, Y. J., CA=Fu, Y. B., CA=Zhang, X.-W.Wang, D., et al., Neutrons, gamma-rays and x-rays in a gas discharge. Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao, 1993. 10(3): p. 2789 (in Chinese).
CA=Chen, S., CA=Li, Y., CA=Liu, R., CA=Wang, M., CA=Fu, Y., CA=Zhang, X., CA=Zhang, W.-S.Wang, D., et al., Research and progress of nuclear fusion phenomenon at normal temperature. Trends Nucl. Phys., 1995. 12(4): p. 31 (in Chinese).
CA=Chen, S., CA=Li, Y., CA=Wang, M., CA=Fu, Y.Wang, D. and X. Zhang, Experimental discovery of X-ray new spectral series and interpretation. High Power Laser Part. Beams, 2005. 17(9): p. 1335-1340.
CA=Zhang, X.
Note: This paper is in Chinese. Here is the English abstract:
Hydrogen (deuterium) gas discharge source was used to bombard target of non-crystalloid deuterate polyethylene polymethylmethacrylate, etc. The scattering spectrum was measured. There are several sharp X-ray spectral lines on the scattering spectrum, but the primary spectrum of the discharge does not include these lines of the scattering spectrum. It is confirmed that they are neither the characteristic X-ray of C, O or other possible impurity element, nor diffractive spectral lines, nor the ˇ°absorption cut offˇ±of electron bremsstrahlung spectrum. It is most likely that they are a kind of X-ray spectral series of new kind of atom state. A new theory model called small hydrogen atom was put forward to explain the spectrum. It assumes that the discharge of hydrogen gas will produce small hydrogen atoms. . . .
Wang, K.L., et al. Search for Better Material for Cold Fusion Experiment Using CR-39 Detector. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Dong, S. Y., CA=Wang, S. C., CA=Mo, D. W., CA=Luo, C. M., CA=Lin, Q. R., CA=Wu, X. D., CA=Li, W. Z., CA=Zhu, Y. F., CA=Zhou, P. L., CA=Chang, L.Wang, Q. and J. Dash. Effect Of An Additive On Thermal Output During Electrolysis Of Heavy Water With A Palladium Cathode. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Dash, J.A titanium additive to a heavy water-sulfuric acid electrolyte has been found to increase the thermal output during electrolysis with a palladium foil cathode. Eight runs, about six hours each, over a period of 16 days, gave an average of 1.8 watt excess thermal power output compared with a light water control cell. This is about twice the excess obtained in co-deposition experiments. The excess thermal power output ranged from 0.5 ± 0.1 W to 2.6 ± 0.1 W, which was an average of about 17 % more than the input power. The additive apparently catalyzes heat producing reactions on the surface of the palladium. After electrolysis, the Pd cathode contained localized surface concentrations of Ag, Ni, Fe, Ti, S, and Pt.
AU=Wang, R.Wang, R., Remarks on the possibility of cold fusion. Commun. Theor. Phys. (China), 1990. 13: p. 549.
Wang, T., et al. Anomalous Phenomena in E<18 KeV Hydrogen Ion Beam Implantation Experiments on Pd and Ti. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Piao, Y., CA=Hao, J., CA=Wang, X., CA=Jin, G., CA=Niu, Z.Wang, T., et al. Interpretation of Excess Energy in Terms of Quasi-Atom Multi-body Model. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Piao, Y., CA=Jin, G., CA=Niu, Z., CA=Hao, J., CA=Wang, X.Wang, T., et al. Anomalous Radiation Induced by 1-300 keV Deuteron Ion Beam Implantation on Palladium and Titanium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Wang, Z., CA=Jing, G., CA=Iida, T., CA=Takahashi, A.Wang, T., et al. Nuclear and Atomic Cluster Effect of Deuterium Molecular Ion (D3+). in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Maruta, K., CA=Datemichi, J., CA=Sugimoto, H., CA=Iida, T., CA=Takahashi, A., CA=Piao, Y.Wang, T., et al. Study of Possible Indirect Fusion Reaction in Solids. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Ochiai, K., CA=Maruta, K., CA=Iida, T., CA=Takahashi, A.Wang, T., et al., Investigating the Unknown Nuclear Reaction in a Low-Energy (E<300 keV) p + T2Hx Experiment. Fusion Technol., 2000. 37: p. 146.
CA=Wang, Z., CA=Chen, J., CA=Jin, G., CA=Piao, Y.Wang, T., et al. Nuclear Phemonena in P+Ti2Hx Experiments. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Zhu, Y., CA=Wang, Z., CA=Li, S., CA=Zheng, S.Wang, T., et al. Study of the Deuterated Titanium Ti2Hx Samples by Using Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Materials Analysis Methods. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Ding, B., CA=Wang, Z., CA=Zheng, S., CA=Hang, Y., CA=Li, W.Wang, X.W., S.G. Louie, and M.L. Cohen, Hydrogen interactions in PdHn (1 <= n <= 4). Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(8): p. 5822.
CA=Louie, S. G., CA=Cohen, M. L.Wang, X., et al. A New Device for measuring Neutron Bursts in Cold Fusion Experiments. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Tang, P., CA=Zhang, W., CA=Liu, H., CA=Lu, F., CA=Chen, G., CA=Liu, J., CA=Chen, Z., CA=Zhu, R.Wang, X., et al., Time distribution of neutron burst in thermal D/soiled system. Chin. Sci. Bull., 1996. 41(1): p. 73.
CA=Tang, P., CA=Zhang, W., CA=Liu, H., CA=Chen, Z., CA=Li, Z., CA=Zhou, C., CA=Zhu, R., CA=Ding, D.Wark, A.W., et al., The effect of ultra sound on the electrochemical loading of hydrogen in palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996. 418: p. 199.
CA=Crouch-Baker, S., CA=McKubre, M. C. H., CA=Tanzella, F. L.Warner, J. and J. Dash. SEM and EDS Characterization of Titanium Cathodes Before and After Electrolysis in Heavy Water. in Microscopy and Microanalysis. 1999. Portland, OR.
CA=Dash, J.A series of experiments were conducted with titanium cathodes and platinum anodes electrolyzed in heavy water-sulfuric acid electrolyte in closed cells. Each of the cathodes in these experiments was cut from the same titanium foil (99.99% Ti). Each cathode underwent a pre-experiment and a post-experiment SEM (ISI-SS40) and EDS (LINK AN10000) analysis. Of the eight experimental cathodes, three showed post-experimental evidence of localized chemical changes. This is consistent with other findings from this lab. Results obtained on one of these cathodes are presented here.
AU=Warner, J.Warner, J. and J. Dash. Heat Produced During the Electrolysis of D2O with Titanium Cathodes. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Dash, J.Warner, J., J. Dash, and S. Frantz. Electrolysis of D2O With Titanium Cathodes: Enhancement of Excess Heat and Further Evidence of Possible Transmutation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Dash, J., CA=Frantz, S.
Abstract:
Using Ti-Pt electrodes in closed electrolytic cells containing D2O-H2SO4 electrolyte, evidence for excess thermal power generation has been observed (i.e. Power out – Power in > 0). It had been noted that experiments (8-cell) with smaller cathodes (larger perimeter to area ratio) performed better than experiments (SEC system) in which larger cathodes (smaller perimeter to area ratio) were used. In an effort to increase the magnitude of the excess power output, slits were introduced into the larger cathodes to increase the perimeter to area ratio. Two SEC systems were used during the course of these experiments. Using data from the first SEC system we find that four of seven (57%) of the experiments with slit cathodes showed an excess thermal power, averaging 322 mW (ranging from 136 to 509 mW) and five of fourteen (36%) of the experiments with no cathode slits gave excess thermal power, averaging 171 mW (ranging from 115 to 233 mW). Overall, 10 of 13 (77%) of the experiments with slit cathodes showed excess power while only 5 of 15 (30%) of the experiments with no slits in the cathodes showed excess power. This result shows an increase in both the magnitude and reproducibility of the excess power output effect. In addition, Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) was performed on several cathodes (post-experiment) where greater concentrations of unexpected elements are found in those cells that showed excess power compared to those cells that did not show excess power.
Wasserman, A., Electrochemical method of reducing aluminum oxide and producing additional energy. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 168.
Watanabe, K., et al. A Search for Fracture-Induced Nuclear Fusion in Some Deuterium-Loaded Materials. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
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CA=Liu, F. S., CA=Khanna, S. N., CA=Rao, B. K., CA=Jena, P.Wei, Q., et al. Excess heat in Pd/C catalyst electrolysis experiment (Case-type cathode). in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Cui, Y.O., CA=Pan, G. H., CA=Deng, X. Q., CA=Li, X. Z.At high temperatures, the Pd/C catalyst cathode (Case-type) electrolysis in heavy water might produce more excess heat than at room temperature. While the “excess heat” in Case-type experiment was apparently confirmed at the higher temperature, the method raised new problems with electrolysis near boiling temperatures.
AU=Wei, Q.Wei, Q., X.Z. Li, and Y.O. Cui. Excess Heat In Heavy Water--Pd/C Catalyst Cathode (Case-Type) Electrolysis At Temperatures Near The Boiling Point. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Cui, Y.O.Wei, Q., et al. Deuterium (Hydrogen) Flux Permeating through Palladium and Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
CA=Liu, B., CA=Mo, Y., CA=Zheng, S., CA=Cao, D. X., CA=Wang, X., CA=Tian, J.Deuterium (hydrogen) flux permeating palladium has been analyzed using mass spectroscopy (SRS RGA200) in a new apparatus. The “mass 6” component has been confirmed again. It is found that Langevin rate of D3+ generation in the mass spectrometer plays an important role. However, “mass 6” component cannot be attributed to D3+ only. The palladium plays an important role as well. The mixture of deuterium and hydrogen gas has been used to test the prediction of resonant tunneling theory as well.
AU=Wei, Q.Wei, Q., et al. High Resolution Mass Spectrum for D2 (H2) Gas Permeating Palladium Film. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Liu, B., CA=Mueller, N., CA=Schoch, P., CA=Orhre, H.Wei, Q., et al. Element Analysis of the Surface Layer on the Pd and Pd-Y Alloy after Deuterium Permeation. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
CA=Rao, Y. C., CA=Zheng, S., CA=Luo, D. L., CA=Li, X. Z.Wei, S.H. and A. Zunger, Instability of diatomic deuterium in fcc palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 367.
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Peter Hagelstein is trying to revive hope for a future of clean, inexhaustible, inexpensive energy. Fifteen years after the scientific embarrassment of the century, is this the beginning of something?
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CA=Brenner, D. W., CA=Mowrey, R. C., CA=Mintmire, J. W.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Embedded atom, local-density-functional, and Hartree-Fock methods are used to calculate the effective interaction between deuterium (or equivalently within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation hydrogen) nuclei within palladium. No effects were found to suggest that the repulsion between deuterons in gas phase D2 is reduced within the octahedral and tetrahedral interstices of this transition metal.
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CA=Larsen, L.Wiesmann, H., Examination of cathodically charged palladium electrodes for excess heat, neutron emission, or tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 350.
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CA=Szeflinski, Z., CA=Tarasiuk, J., CA=Turowiecki, A., CA=Zlomanczuk, J.Will, F.G., Groups Reporting Cold Fusion Evidence. 1990, National Cold Fusion Institute: Salt Lake City, UT.
A table showing 92 groups from 10 countries that reported replications of cold fusion by September 12, 1990. Published by the National Cold Fusion Institute. This table reproduced from Mallove, E., Fire From Ice. 1991, NY: John Wiley, pp. 246-248
AU=Will, F. G.Will, F.G., et al. Studies of Electrolytic and Gas Phase Loading of Palladium with Deuterium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Cedzynska, K., CA=Yang, M. C, CA=Peterson, J. R., CA=Bergeson, H. E., CA=Barrowes, S. C., CA=West, W. J., CA=Linton, D. C.Highlights are presented of recent results obtained on deuterium and hydrogen loading of palladium both in electrolytes and in the gas phase. Reproducible tritium generation has been found on palladium cathodes with deuterium loadings approaching one deuterium atom per palladium atom. Tritium generation has been observed on four out of four such highly loaded cathodes. No tritium has been observed in four light water control cells operating simultaneously. Total tritium analysis was performed on all hermetically sealed cells before and after each experiment. Tentative evidence is presented for neutron generation and a single anomalous heat excursion. A novel high-pressure electrochemical cell is also described which employs a fuel cell approach, thereby avoiding oxygen evolution. Two anomalous heat excursions have been observed in this cell with excess power values up to 30%. Gas phase experiments of the Wada-type have been performed on palladium, using electrical discharges to activate the palladium. Neutron bursts up to 280 neutrons in 128 microseconds and tritium enhancements in the palladium of up to 25X background have been observed in the palladium. In both electrolytic and gas phase experiments, the tritium distribution in the palladium wires was found to be non-uniform.
AU=Will, F. G.Will, F.G., K. Cedzynska, and D.C. Linton, Reproducible tritium generation in electrochemical cells employing palladium cathodes with high deuterium loading. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 360: p. 161.
CA=Cedzynska, K., CA=Linton, D. C.Will, F.G., K. Cedzynska, and D.C. Linton. Tritium Generation in Palladium Cathodes With High Deuterium Loading. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
CA=Cedzynska, K., CA=Linton, D. C.
ABSTRACT
Tritium up to fifty times background has been observed upon electrolyzing 1N D2SO4 in four out of four cells when using Pd cathodes “of a certain type”. No tritium was detected in four control cells, containing H2S04 in H2O, employing Pd cathodes cut from the same wire spool. Tritium amounts were from 7 x 1010 to 2.1 × 1011 atoms, corresponding to average generation rates from 5.1 × 104 to 2 × 105 atoms/sec/cm2. In all cases, D/Pd and H/Pd loadings of 1 ± 0.05 were attained. A cyclic loading/unloading regime rather than the usual continuous constant current regime was applied to attain these high loadings. Tritium analysis was performed in Pd, electrolyte and the gas head space of the sealed cells. Maximum tritium concentrations of 8.9 × 1010 atoms/g Pd, 180 times the detection limit, were found in the D-loaded Pd cathodes, none in the Η-loaded Pd, Also, no tritium within detection limit was found in 150 unused Pd pieces. Of these, 13 were cut randomly from the same wire spool as the four D-loaded Pd cathodes. The probability that the tritium in the latter was due to random spot contamination is computed as 1 in 2,380. It is concluded that the tritium was generated by nuclear reactions in the Pd. However, no tritium was detected in four D-loaded Pd cathodes of a different type in spite of attaining loadings D/Pd = 1. Different metallurgical history and impurity contents may play an important role.
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CA=Lawson, D. R., CA=Packham, N. J. C., CA=Wass, J. C.Wolf, K.L., et al., Neutron emission and the tritium content associated with deuterium-loaded palladium and titanium metals. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 105.
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Wolf, W.L., et al. Neutron Emission from Deuterium-Loaded Metals. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
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CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Du, J. H., CA=Tian, J., CA=Hao, J. Z., CA=Ma, B., CA=Chen, J. P., CA=Liu, B., CA=Lei, S. Y.Wyrzykowski, K. and B. Baranowski, Pressure-Concentration Isotherms of Pd-H Thin Films up to 0.2 GPa of Gaseous Hydrogen. J. Less-Common Met., 1988. 141: p. 73.
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CA=Li, P.Xu, J., et al. D-D Distance in PdD0.4 at High Pressure. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
CA=Manghnani, M. H., CA=Huang, N. Z., CA=Gao, Q.Xu, Y. and A. Butt, Confirmatory experiments for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation. Nucl. Eng. Des., 2005. 235(10-12): p. 1317-1324.
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CA=Yan, H., CA=Han, B., CA=Guo, D., CA=Xie, D., CA=Zhu, Q., CA=Hu, R., CA=An, X.Yabuuchi, N. Quantum Mechanics on Cold Fusion. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Yabuuchi, N. Two Types of Nuclear Fusion in Solids. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Yagi, M., et al., Measurement of neutron emission from a SiO2-D2 system. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1989. 137(6): p. 421.
CA=Mitsugashira, T., CA=Satoh, I., CA=Hara, M., CA=Shiokawa, Y., CA=Inoue, K., CA=Masumoto, K., CA=Suzuki, S.Yagi, M., et al., Measurement of neutron emission from a titanium-deuterium system. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137(6): p. 411.
CA=Shiokawa, Y., CA=Suzuki, S., CA=Hara, M., CA=Satoh, I., CA=Masumoto, K., CA=Mitsugashira, T.Yague, A.R., Cold nuclear fusion and its history. Metal. Electr. (Spain), 1990. 54(618): p. 134 (in Spanish).
Yamada, H., et al. Neutron Emission from Palladium Electrodes in Deuterium Gas under Highly Non-uniform Electric Field. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Sugaya, N., CA=Kamioka, T., CA=Matsukawa, M., CA=Fujiwara, T., CA=Noto, K.Yamada, H., et al., Carbon Production on Palladium Point Electrode with Neutron Burst under DC Glow Discharge. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 55.
CA=Nonaka, H., CA=Dohi, A., CA=Hirahara, H., CA=Fujiwara, T., CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Chiba, A.Yamada, H. and T. Fujiwara, Neutron emission from palladium point electrode in pressuriszed deuterium gas under DV voltage application. Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources, 1998. 6(1): p. 14.
CA=Fujiwara, T.Yamada, H., et al. Tritium Production in Palladium Deuteride/Hydride in Evacuated Chamber. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Narita, S., CA=Inamura, I., CA=Nakai, M., CA=Iwasaki, K., CA=Baba, M.
ABSTRACT
The controlled out-diffusion method was employed to induce a nuclear reaction in a palladium (Pd) plate with a MnOx film. The time-resolved mass spectra for Pd deuteride revealed tritium (T) production during the out-diffusion experiment. Similar time behaviors of mass number 1-4 and 6 in the spectra was also observed for Pd hydride. Film blackening was observed for most Pd deuteride as well as Pd hydrides using a normal monochromatic negative photographic film. The radiation from the Pd plate consists of two kinds of components for a Pd hydride. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy has shown considerable increase in counts of Li for Pd hydride after the out-diffusion experiment.
Yamada, H., et al., Producing a radioactive source in a deuterated palladium electrode under direct-current glow discharge. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 253.
CA=Uchiyama, K., CA=Kawata, N., CA=Kurisawa, Y., CA=Nakamura, M.Yamada, H., et al. Production of Ba and several anomalous elements in Pd under light water electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Narita, S., CA=Fujii, Y., CA=Sato, T., CA=Sasaki, S., CA=Omori, T.Yamada, H., et al. Analysis By Time-Of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy For Nuclear Products In Hydrogen Penetration Through Palladium. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Narita, S., CA=Onodera, H., CA=Suzuki, N., CA=Tanaka, N., CA=Nyui, T.Elemental analysis was performed for the palladium foil through which the hydrogen gas penetrated. We analyzed sample surface by Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and searched for newly produced elements during the gas permeation process. Significant increase of the counts for Cr, Fe, Cu and Ag were found after the permeation. These elements could have been produced by nuclear transmutation.
AU=Yamada, H.Yamada, H., et al. Producing Transmutation Elements on Plain Pd-foil by Permeation of Highly Pressurized Deuterium Gas. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Narita, S., CA=Taniguchi, S., CA=Ushirozawa, S., CA=Kurihara, S., CA=Higashizawa, M., CA=Sawada, H., CA=Itagaki, M., CA=Odashima, T.Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka, Cold fusion induced by controlled out-diffusion of deuterons in palladium. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1990. 29(4): p. L666.
CA=Nishioka, T.A gigantic neutron burst of (1-2)×106 n/s has been detected from deuterated Pd plates with heterostructures set in a vacuum chamber. An explosive release of D2 gas, biaxial bending of all the samples, and excess heat evolution were also observed at the same time. It has been concluded that these phenomena are caused by the cooperative production of D accumulation layers at Pd surfaces due to controlled out-diffusion of D-atoms.
AU=Yamaguchi, E.Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka. Nuclear Fusion Induced by the Controlled Out-Transport of Deuterons in Palladium. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Nishioka, T.Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka. Direct Evidence for Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Deuterated Palladium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Nishioka, T.Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka, Helium-4 production and its correlation with heat evolution. Oyo Butsuri, 1993. 62(7): p. 712 (in Japanese).
CA=Nishioka, T.Yamaguchi, E. and T. Nishioka, Helium-4 production from deuterated palladium. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1993. 69(7): p. 743 (in Japanese).
CA=Nishioka, T.Yamaguchi, E. and H. Sugiura. Excess Heat and Nuclear Products from Pd:D/Au Heterostructures by the 'In-vacuo' Method. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
CA=Sugiura, H.Yamaguchi, M., et al., Thermodynamic theory of magnetic field effects on chemical equilibra and applications to metal-hydrogen systems. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253: p. 191.
CA=Yamamoto, I., CA=Ishikawa, F., CA=Goto, T., CA=Miura, S.Yamaguchi, T., et al. Investigation of Nuclear Transmutation Using Multilayered CaO/X/Pd Samples Under Deuterium Permeation. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Sasaki, A., CA=Nohmi, T., CA=Taniike, A., CA=Furuyama, Y., CA=Kitamura, A.We constructed an experimental system in which accelerator analyses by PIXE, ERDA, NRA and RBS can be made in situ under deuterium (D) gas permeation through multilayered CaO/X/Pd samples to induce nuclear transmutation in the element X. Furthermore, to examine the effect of flow direction, we made a D gas permeation system separated from the accelerator beam-line chamber for ex-situ accelerator analysis. We report the results of recent experiments in this paper.
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Yamamoto, H. An Explanation of Earthquakes by the Blacklight Process and Hydrogen Fusion. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
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CA=Taniguchi, R., CA=Oka, T., CA=Kawabata, K.Yamashita, I., et al., Hydrogenation characteristics of TiFe1-xPdx (0.05*x*0.30) alloys. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 238.
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CA=Watanabe, Y., CA=Yoshitake, H., CA=Kamiya, N., CA=Ota, K.Yan, X., et al., Room temperature deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction rate - a strong- -coupling plasma model. Chin. Phys. Lett., 1989. 6: p. 343.
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CA=Chen, D., CA=Zhou, G., CA=Wu, Q., CA=Huang, J., CA=Tang, L., CA=Cheng, X., CA=Xie, D., CA=Gu, L.Yang, J., L. Tang, and X. Chen, Dineutron model research of cold fusion. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Norm. Hunanensis, 1996. 19(2): p. 25.
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CA=Wang, C. W., CA=Lin, E. K., CA=Wu, J. K.Yaroslavskii, M.A., Nuclear reactions induced by temperature changes and phase transitions in solids. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 307: p. 600 (in Russian).
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CA=Nitta, Y., CA=Takahashi, A.Yasui, K., Fractofusion mechanism. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 400.
Yasui, K. Fractofusion Mechanism. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Yi, K., et al., A study of D-D fusion in TiD target induced by 197Au bombardment. Nucl. Techniques (China), 1994. 17: p. 722 (in Chinese).
CA=Jiang, D., CA=Qian, X., CA=Lin, J., CA=Ye, Y.Yi-Fang, C. and L. Zheng-Rong. Nonlinear barrier penetration and cold fusion. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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CA=Aradono, Y., CA=Hirabayashi, T.Yoshihara, K., T. Sekine, and T. Braun, An attempt to detect fracto-fusion during microwave irradiation of D2O loaded silica gel. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137: p. 333.
CA=Sekine, T., CA=Braun, T.Yoshikawa, N., et al. Search for Tritium in Pd+D Systems by a Gas Proportional Chamber. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Aoki, T., CA=Kurata, Y., CA=Ebihara, H., CA=Mori, K.You, J.H., et al., Interior adsorption, channel collimation, and nuclear fusion in solids. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1991. 43: p. 7293.
CA=Cheng, F. H., CA=Cheng, F. Z., CA=Huang, F. H.Yu, C.Z. and Y.F. Chang. Internal Conversion Mechanism in Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
CA=Chang, Y. F.Yuan, L.J., et al. Neutron Monitoring on Cold-Fusion Experiments. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Wan, C. M., CA=Liang, C. Y., CA=Chen, S. K.Yue, S., Z. Qingfu, and G. Qingquan. The crystal change and "excess heat" production by long time electrolysis of heavy water with titanium cathode due to deuterium atom entering the lattice of titanium. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Qingfu, Z., CA=Qingquan, G.Yuhara, T. and H. Futami, Method for Identifying Nuclides that Can be Produced in Cold Nuclear Fusion. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 135.
CA=Futami, H.Yuki, H., et al. Reaction rates of the D+D reaction in metal at very low energies. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Satoh, T., CA=Ohtsuki, T., CA=Aoki, T., CA=Yamazaki, H., CA=Kasagi, J.Yuki, H., T. Satoh, and T. Ohtsuki, D + D reaction in metal at bombarding energies below 5 keV. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1997(23): p. 1459-1464.
CA=Satoh, T., CA=Ohtsuki, T.Abstract. In order to study the electron screening effect on low-energy nuclear reactions in metals, the D + D reaction in Ti and Yb was investigated. Yields of protons emitted in the D(d, p)T reactions from the deuteron bombardment of Ti and Yb thick targets with bombarding energies between 2.5 and 7.2 keV were measured. The obtained yields were compared with those predicted by using the parametrization of cross sections at higher energies. It was found that the reaction rates in metals are enhanced over those of the bare nuclei for Ed < 5 keV, and the enhancement can be interpreted as caused by the electron screening. The electron screening potentials in Ti and Yb are deduced to be 19 ± 12 eV and 81 ± 10 eV, respectively.
AU=Yuki, H.Yuki, H., et al., Measurement of the D(d,p) reaction in Ti for 2.5 < Ed < 6.5 keV and electron screening in metal. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1997. 66: p. 73.
CA=Sato, T., CA=Ohtsuki, T., CA=Yorita, T., CA=Aoki, Y., CA=Yamazaki, H., CA=Kasagi, J., CA=Ishii, K.In order to study the electron screening effect on low-energy nuclear reactions in metals, the D+D reaction in Ti was investigated. Measured were thick target yields of protons emitted in the D(d, p)T reaction from the bombardment of Ti metal with deuteron energies between 2.5 and 6.5 keV. The obtained yields were compared with those predicted by using the parameterization of cross sections at higher energies. It was found that the reaction rates in Ti are slightly enhanced over those of the bare D+D reaction for Ed < 4.3 keV, and the enhancement can be interpreted as caused by the electron screening. The electron screening potential in Ti is deduced for the first time to be 19 ± 12 eV.
AU=Yuki, H.Yuki, H., Anomalous enhancement of DD reaction in Pd and Au/Pd/PdO heterostructure targets under low-energy deuteron bombardment. JETP Lett., 1998. 68(11).
Yields of protons emitted in the D + D reaction in Pd, Au/Pd/PdO, Ti, and Au foils are measured by a dE–E counter telescope for bombarding energies between 2.5 and 10 keV. The experimental yields are compared with those predicted from a parametrization of the cross section and stopping power at higher energies. It is found that for Ti and Au target the enhancement of the D(d,p)T reaction is similar to that observed with a deuterium gas target (several tens of eV). The dependence of the yields on the bombarding energy corresponds well to the screening potential parameters Ux=250±15 eV for Pd and 601±23 eV for Au/Pd/PdO. Possible models of the enhancement obtained are discussed.
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CA=Ju, J. B., CA=Cho, B. W., CA=Cho, W. I., CA=Park, S. Y.Yurichev, I.A. and E.G. Ponyatovsky, Isomorphic Transitions and Critical Phenomena in F.C.C. Metals Under Hydrogen Pressure. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1980. 58: p. 57.
CA=Ponyatovsky, E. G.Zahm, L.L., et al., Experimental Investigations of the Electrolysis of D2O Using Pd and Pt Electrodes. 1989.
CA=Klein, A. C., CA=Binney, S. E., CA=Reyes, J. N., CA=Higginbotham, J. F., CA=Robinson, A. H., CA=Daniels, M.Zahm, L.L., et al., Experimental investigations of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cathodes and platinum anodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 281: p. 313.
CA=Klein, A. C., CA=Binney, S. E., CA=Reyes, J. N., CA=Higginbotham, J. F., CA=Robinson, A. H.Zak, J., Low-temperature fusion of light nuclei in the Fleischmann-Pons reaction. Inz. Aparat. Chem., 1989. 28(5): p. (in Polish).
Zakharova, V.P. and G.A. Kotel'nikov, To the question of cold nuclear fusion. Atom. Tekh. za Rubez., 1989. 9: p. 28 (in Russian).
CA=Kotel'nikov, G. A.Zakowicz, W. and J. Rafelski. Coupled Channel Model for Ultra-Low Energy Deuteron-Deuteron Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Rafelski, J.Zakowicz, W., Possible resonant mechanism of cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 170.
Zawodny, J., Method for Producing Heavy Electrons, Patent US 2011/0255645 Al. 2011, NASA.
A method for producing heavy electrons is based on a material system that includes an electrically-conductive material is selected. The material system has a resonant frequency associated therewith for a given operational environment. A structure is formed that includes a non-electrically-conductive material and the material system. The structure incorporates the electrically-conductive material at least at a surface thereof. The geometry of the structure supports propagation of surface plasmon polaritons at a selected frequency that is approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the material system. As a result, heavy electrons are produced at the electrically-conductive material as the surface plasmon polaritons propagate along the structure.
Patent Assignee: NASA
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CA=Bozhko, V. P., CA=Golovnya, V. Ya., CA=Oleinik, S. N.Zelenskii, V.F., et al., Experiments on cold nuclear fusion in Pd and Ti saturated with deuterium by ion implantation. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved. , 1990. 52(1): p. 65 (in Russian).
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CA=Gou, Q., CA=Zhu, Z., CA=Luo, J., CA=Liu, F., CA=Sun, J., CA=Miao, B., CA=Ye, A., CA=Cheng, X.Zhang, Q., et al., The relationship of crystal structure transition of Ti-cathode and 'excess heat' on cold fusion. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1996. 13(3): p. 257 (in Chinese).
CA=Gou, Q., CA=Zhu, Z., CA=Liu, F., CA=Luo, J., CA=Sun, Y.Zhang, Q., et al., The experimental study on the 'excess heat' for deuteron absorbed in the lattice of titanium. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1998. 15: p. 210 (In Chinese).
CA=Liu, F., CA=Sun, Y., CA=Cheng, L., CA=Zhou, X., CA=Cheng, X.Zhang, W.X., Possibility of phase transitions inducing cold fusion in palladium/deuterium systems. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 82.
Zhang, W.-S., X.-W. Zhang, and H.Q. Li, The maximum hydrogen (deuterium) loading ratio in the Pd|H2O(D2O) electrochemical system. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997. 434: p. 31.
CA=Zhang, X.-W., CA=Li, H. Q.Based on the Volmer-Heyrovsky-Tafel mechanism, Frumkin adsorption and thermodynamic data of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption in Pd, effects of surface parameters on the hydrogen deuterium) loading ratio into Pd in the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction are discussed. There is a change of mechanism from the Volmer-Tafel route to the Volmer-Heyrovsky route when the current density rises, and there exists the maximum loading ratio at a certain current density when the symmetry factor of the Heyrovsky step is less than that of the Volmer reaction. The theoretical results fit the experimental data presented before very well; other factors that affect the loading ratio are discussed as well.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S. and X.-W. Zhang, A numerical approach to the voltammograms of a thick plate Pd|H electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 445.
CA=Zhang, X.-W.The kinetics of H sorption in a thick plate Pd|H electrode in cyclic voltammetry (CV) are studied by numerical methods and the effects of various parameters on the peak potential, peak current and hydrogen concentration are discussed. We find that the hydrogen concentration in PdHx is much less than the equilibrium value and give a simple criterion for the existence of phases occurring during CV. The voltammetric electro-sorption of H into Pd and electro-desorption of H from Pd are controlled by the adsorption of H on Pd and diffusion of H in Pd, respectively. By comparison with the previous experimental results, it is concluded that there are two sorts of adsorption, strong and weak playing key roles in H absorption into Pd at anodic and cathodic overpotentials (vs. RHE), respectively.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., X.-W. Zhang, and X.G. Zhao, Voltammograms of thin layer Pd/H(D) electrodes in the coexistence of a and Ăź phases. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 458: p. 107.
CA=Zhang, X.-W., CA=Zhao, X. GThe kinetics of a thin layer Pd H(D) electrode at the coexistence of α and β phases in cyclic voltammetry are studied and the effects of various parameters are discussed. It is found that the voltammogram of the α ↔ β phase transition is trigonal in shape which differs significantly from those for diffusion and adsorption. The kinetic characteristics of the α + β mixed region are controlled by the deviation of parameters from the thermodynamic values. These results indicate that cyclic voltammetry can be used for studying the kinetics of phase transition occurring in a layer electrode. The present treatment is verified by comparison with the previous experimental results.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S. and Z.-L. Zhang, Effects of self-stress on the hydrogen absorption into palladium hydride electrodes of plate form under galvanostatic conditions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999. 474.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L.Effects of diffusion induced stress on the hydrogen absorption into plate form electrodes of β-phase PdHx are discussed numerically based on the Volmer-Tafel route of the hydrogen evolution reaction, and thermodynamic considerations involving stress fields and non-ideal interactions of hydrogen in the electrode. It is found that the self-induced stresses enhance the absorption rate and may exceed the yield stress, especially when the thickness of the plate and/or charging current (or negative potential) increase. On the other hand, a plate with both sides exposed to electrolyte absorbs hydrogen more rapidly than that with only one side exposed to electrolyte under the same equivalent thickness and other conditions. Of course, the stresses developed in the former plate are always greater than those of the latter.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., et al., Numerical simulation of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption into Ăź-phase hydride (deuteride) palladium electrodes under galvanostatic conditions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999. 474.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L., CA=Zhang, X.-W., CA=Wu, F.The kinetics of H(D) absorption into a β-phase PdHx (PdDx) electrode are discussed numerically, based on the Volmer–Tafel route of the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction and thermodynamic and kinetic data of H(D) in the b-phase PdHx (PdDx). It is found that the asymptotic loading ratio of H(D) is determined only by the Tafel step under galvanostatic conditions. The kinetics of H(D) absorption can be characterised by a parameter . . .
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., X.-W. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang, Effects of self-induced stress on the steady concentration distribution of hydrogen in fcc metallic membranes during hydrogen diffusion. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 2000. 62.
CA=Zhang, X.-W., CA=Zhang, Z.-L.Based on the thermodynamics involving the lattice expansion due to hydrogen insertion, the interaction between hydrogen atoms and the blocking effect in hydrogen diffusion, we discuss the profiles of hydrogen concentration and self-induced stress, and their interaction in the steady state during hydrogen diffusion across elastic membranes of fcc metals or alloys. Contrary to the conventional viewpoint, it is found that the selfinduced stress suppresses the departure of the concentration distribution from the linearity. The residual stress profile depends on the phase of metal-hydrogen system. However, the diffusion flux is independent of the existence and magnitude of self-stress; this conclusion means that the conventional steady-state method for measurement of the diffusion coefficient can be applied experimentally even while the self-stress effect is significant. Finally, although these results are obtained from the fcc metal-hydrogen system, our conclusions can be extended to the diffusion problem of other interstitials in solid samples.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Z.-L. Zhang, and X.-W. Zhang, Effects of temperature on hydrogen absorption into palladium hydride electrodes in the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2000. 481.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L., CA=Zhang, X.-W.On the basis of the thermokinetics of the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction and the thermodynamics of Pd+H(D) system, we analytically and numerically discuss effects of temperature on the loading ratio of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption into electrodes of β-phase PdHx (PdDx) under the galvanostatic charging condition. It is found that the change of the loading ratio with temperature depends on the absorption enthalpy, adsorption enthalpy and apparent activation energy of the exchange current density of the Tafel reaction. Our theoretical predictions fit the available experimental results well.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Z.-L. Zhang, and X.-W. Zhang. Effects of Temperature on Loading Ratios of Hydrogen (Deuterium) in Palladium Cathodes under the Galvanostatic Conditions. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L., CA=Zhang, X.-W.On the basis of the thermokinetics of the hydrogen (deuterium) evolution reaction and the thermodynamics of Pd+H(D) system, we analytically and numerically discuss effects of temperature on the loading ratio of hydrogen (deuterium) absorption into electrodes of β-phase PdHx (PdDx) under the galvanostatic charging condition. It is found that the change of the loading ratio with temperature depends on the absorption enthalpy, adsorption enthalpy and apparent activation energy of the exchange current density of the Tafel reaction. Our theoretical predictions fit the available experimental results well.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S. and Z.-L. Zhang, Steady concentration distribution of hydrogen in elastic membranes during hydrogen diffusion. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2000. 302.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L.A critical discussion on non-linear steady-state concentration profiles for hydrogen diffusion in elastic metallic membranes, proposed by other authors, is provided based on mathematical analysis and numerical simulation. It is shown that the non-linear distribution is non-existent and the linear form is the only solution for the ideal solid solution phase.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S. and Z.-L. Zhang, Effects of hydrogen self-stress in thin circular-plates with clamped edges. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2002. 346.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L.A description of self-stress produced by hydrogen absorption into thin metallic circular-plates with clamped edges is presented. The plate deflects when the average hydrogen content exceeds a critical value, which depends mainly on the size of the plate, if no external load is applied; the plate distortion exhibits bistable characteristics, i.e. the deflection direction may be either upward or downward. On the other hand, a plate deflects prior to hydrogen insertion while an external force is imposed on it. The self-stresses and their effects on the solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen in plates are discussed as well.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Z.-L. Zhang, and X.-W. Zhang, Effects of self-induced stress in tubular membranes during hydrogen diffusion. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2002. 336.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L., CA=Zhang, X.-W.Various effects induced by self-stress during hydrogen diffusion across metallic tabular membranes are discussed. The up-hill diffusion in the initial time of permeation, the time course of inner pressure change, the steady distributions of hydrogen concentration and residual stress in membranes, and the acceleration of permeation rate on interruption of hydrogen charging are properly interpreted.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Z.-F. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang. Electrochemical effects on the resistance measurements of Pd/H electrode. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Zhang, Z.-F., CA=Zhang, Z.-L.Additional resistances contributed to that of PdHx electrode in an electrolyte using the direct current method are calculated. It is found that an electrode with a large ratio of length to radius, an active surface, a surrounding electrolyte with high conductance and high electrolysis current will induce substantial additional resistances.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Z.-F. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang. Primary calorimetric results on closed Pd/D2O electrolysis systems by calvet calorimetry. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Zhang, Z.-F., CA=Zhang, Z.-L.Anomalous heat absorption was observed in a closed Pd|D2O electrolysis system by Calvet calorimetry. The average excess power was – 14.6 mW over 105 hours period, which corresponds to a volume excess power of – 10.3 W/cm3 Pd and heat absorption of 3.81 MJ/cm3 Pd or 350 eV/atom Pd.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Z.-F. Zhang, and Z.-L. Zhang, Some problems on the resistance method in the in situ measurement of hydrogen content in palladium electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2002. 528.
CA=Zhang, Z.-F., CA=Zhang, Z.-L.Some problems on the resistance method in determining the hydrogen content in PdHx electrodes are discussed. First, the resistivity ratio of PdHx, the temperature coefficient of resistivity and the resistance of PdHx, and the resistance of Pd having undergone hydriding-dehydriding cycles are discussed. It is found that the resistivity ratio is somewhat higher than the resistance ratio with the same x value and their difference depends on the internal stress-state arising from hydrogen insertion. Another fact that has been omitted in past work is that the temperature coefficients of PdHx resistance and resistivity increase while x > 0.7. The Pd resistance decreases with hydriding-dehydriding cycle number due to the shape deformation of the electrode, which occurs. . . .
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Effects of electrochemical reaction and self-stress on hydrogen diffusion in tubular membranes during galvanostatic charging. J. Alloys and Compounds, 2003. 256-357.
Based on theories of hydrogen electrode reactions at the palladium surface and self-stresses of hydrogen in thin tubular shells established earlier, we numerically calculate transport properties of hydrogen across a tubular membrane under galvanostatic charging conditions. It is found that the exited hydrogen flux is much less than the charging current since the hydrogen combination reaction takes place at the outer surface. On the other hand, the overall system is in an unstable state after a long time charging; this makes the determination of hydrogen diffusivity difficult in experiments. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained before.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., et al., Effects of reaction heat and self-stress on the transport of hydrogen through metallic tubes under conditions far from equilibrium. Acta Mater., 2004.
CA=Hou, M.-Q., CA=Wang, H.-Y., CA=Fu, Y. B.A thermokinetic model of hydrogen diffusion across a metallic tube is established. It includes the enthalpy change of the metal-hydrogen reaction, heat losses, dependences of reaction rate and hydrogen diffusion coefficient on temperature, and self-stress effects, etc. A phenomenon, the super fast diffusion of hydrogen before the up-hill diffusion and Fickian diffusion during hydrogen gas charging process, which has been found experimentally for 35 years, is presented by this model. Effects of pressures and other parameters are discussed.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., et al., Numerical simulation of diffusivity of hydrogen in thin tubular metallic membranes affected by self-stresses. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2004. 29.
CA=Hou, M.-Q., CA=Wang, H.-Y., CA=Fu, Y.Based on the self-stress theory for hydrogen in thin tubular shells, we numerically calculate apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of hydrogen in membranes obtained from the time-lag and half-rise methods under chemopotential- and flux-step boundary conditions. It is found that ADCs differ from the diffusion coefficient under stress-free conditions when either the initial concentration or the chemopotential-step (or flux-step) is taken to be a nonzero value. At the same time, effects of other parameters on values of ADC are discussed as well. The theoretical results are qualitatively consistent with the available experimental data. Our results indicate that a small current will give the minimum error in determining the diffusion coefficient while the initial hydrogen content is nonzero.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., Resistance shifts of a Pd|H electrode in measurement and electrolysis with direct currents. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2004. 571.
Some mistakes in the paper published in the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 528 (2002) 1 are corrected. The resistance changes of a Pd|H electrode caused by the co-conduction of the electrolyte, the concentration-cell effect and collection of electrolysis current in the in situ resistance measurement using direct currents are calculated analytically. Some advice is given for resistance measurements.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., J. Dash, and Q. Wang. Seebeck Envelope Calorimetry With A Pd/D2O+H2SO4 Electrolytic Cell. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
CA=Dash, J., CA=Wang, Q.Anomalous excess heat in Pd/D2O+H2SO4 electrolytic cells was confirmed using an accurate method of heat measurement, Seebeck Envelope Calorimetry. A cell was placed in the calorimeter, which measures the output heat flux directly and avoids many of the problems other methods have. The maximum excess power thus far was 1.3 W (or 11 W cm-3) with input power of 13 W at a current density of 0.4 A cm-2. Calibrations were carried out before and after electrolysis experiments using a Pt/H2O+H2SO4 electrolytic cell, a dummy cell with inner resistor, or a pure resistor. Different calibrations gave consistent device constants within experimental error. Pd cathodes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. Unexpected elements were observed on the sample surface after electrolysis.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S. and J. Dash. Excess Heat Reproducibility And Evidence Of Anomalous Elements After Electrolysis In Pd/D2O+H2SO4 Electrolytic Cells. in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2007. Sochi, Russia.
CA=Dash, J.Electrolyte temperature is a key factor in excess heat production using Pd|D2O+H2SO4 electrolytic cells. Best results are obtained when the electrolyte temperature is close to the boiling point. Stable excess heat is generated by events on or near the Pd cathode surface. In addition to the stable excess heat, heat bursts are sometimes observed. These occurred most frequently in experiments using 2 mm diameter tubes for the cathodes. Excess heat measured by isoperibolic calorimetry is directly verified by Seebeck envelope calorimetry. Experiments with D2SO4 replacing H2SO4 in heavy water electrolyte showed that there was no affect on excess heat production. After electrolysis, localized concentrations of silver were found on Pd cathode surfaces. Three characteristic surface features, (1) craters with rims containing electroplated Pt; (2) cracks in the sample; and (3) palladium regions around the cathode edges are preferred locations for the occurrence of silver.
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S., J. Dash, and Z.-L. Zhang. Construction of a Seebeck Envelope Calorimeter and Reproducibility of Excess Heat. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
CA=Dash, J., CA=Zhang, Z.-L.A Seebeck Envelope Calorimeter (SEC) was designed and built. The inner volume is 17.6 L. Its outer wall temperature was controlled within 0.01°C. The device constant was 6 W/V and its time constant was 5 minutes. Dash-type cells were tested. Both an isoperibolic calorimeter and the SEC measured excess heat with the same Pd cathode of 25 × 25 × 0.3 mm3. The SEC showed excess heat ranging from 0.15 ± 0.02 to 0.41 ± 0.03 W (average value 0.22 W) at applied current of 3 to 3.5 A (0.24 to 0.28 A cm-2).
AU=Zhang, W.-S.Zhang, W.-S. Characteristics of excess heat in DPd|D2O+D2SO4 electrolytic cells measured by electrolytic Seebeck Envelope Calorimetry (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
1. Introduction
* What are key factors for reproducibility of excess heat?
* (1) Temperature increment delta T
* (2) Pre-electrolysis
Zhang, X., et al. On the Explosion in a Deuterium/Palladium Electrolytic System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Zhang, W.-S., CA=Wang, D., CA=Chen, S., CA=Fu, Y., CA=Fan, D., CA=Chen, W.An explosion in a D/Pd electrolytic system is analyzed; it is not a chemical explosion but a cold fusion reaction. A possible mechanism of cold fusion is presented.
AU=Zhang, Z.Zhang, Z., et al., Calorimetric studies on the electrorefining process of copper. J. Thermal Anal., 1997. 50: p. 89.
CA=Liu, F., CA=Liu, M., CA=Wang, Z., CA=Zhong, F., CA=Wu, F.Zhang, Z. and Z. Z., A probable theoretical model on deuterion-deuterion two-body tight bound states. Nucl. Phys. Rev. (China), 1999. 16: p. 95 [in Chinese].
CA=Z., Zhang.Zhang, Z.-L., et al. Calorimetric Observation Combined with the Detection of Particle Emissions During the Electrolysis of Heavy Water. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
CA=Yan, B. Z., CA=Wang, M. G., CA=Gu, J., CA=Tan, F.Zhang, Z.-L. and S.I. Liu. Thermodynamic Theory of Cold Nuclear Fusion (C.N.F.). in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
CA=Liu, S. I.Zhang, Z.-L., et al., Precision calorimetric studies of H2O electrolysis. J. Thermal Anal., 1995. 45: p. 99.
CA=Sun, X., CA=Zhou, W., CA=Zhang, L., CA=Li, B., CA=Wang, M., CA=Yan, B. Z., CA=Tan, F.Zhang, Z.-L., et al. Measurements of Excess Heat in the Open Pd/D2O Electrolytic System by the Calvet Calorimetry. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
CA=Zhang, W.-S., CA=Zhong, M. H., CA=Tan, F.Excess heat was observed in the Pd|D2O electrolytic system using a Calvet type microcalorimeter. It was found that the average excess power was 0.025 W over 79 hours period. This result corresponds to a volume excess power of 8.75 W /cm3 Pd or a surface excess power of 0.044 W /cm2 Pd, and a specific excess heat of 2.48 MJ/cm3 Pd or 228 eV/atom Pd. The current density and D/Pd ratio for excess power production were lower than the recognized ‘threshold’ values 100–150 mA/cm2 and 0.83–0.92 D/Pd, this indicates that the critical requirement for reproduction of the anomalous heat can be ‘cut down’ using high sensitivity calorimetry. By comparison with that of the Pd/D2O system, no anomalous excess heat was measured in the Pd/H2O electrolytic system within the experimental uncertainty.
AU=Zhang, Z.-L.Zhang, Z.-L., W.-S. Zhang, and Z.-Q. Zhang. Further study on the solution of Schrödinger equation of hydrogen-like atom. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Zhang, W.-S., CA=Zhang, Z.-Q.
ABSTRACT
In this work the Schrödinger equation of the hydrogen-like atom is analytically solved. Three sets of analytical solution are obtained if the factor r-l is not neglected. The first solution is the same as the traditional radial wave function; another one diverges; the last one is far different from the traditional solution. On the consideration of the finite size of the nucleus, the third wave function does not diverge while r approaches to zero. Its radial wave function has below characteristics: (1) the angular-momentum quantum number l must be greater than the principal quantum number n; (2) l must not be 0 or 1; (3) the electron-cloud distribution differs from the traditional one; (4) the electron is closer to the nucleus by comparison with that in traditional results. On the other hand, the validity of solutions needs to be verified experimentally.
Zhang, Z.-L. and W.-S. Zhang. Possibility of electron capture by deuteron. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Zhang, W.-S.
In this work, the results about deuteron capturing electron are obtained from some calculation according to the experimental data presented in “NUCLEAR WALLET CARDS”. The half–life of such electron capture decay is about 1.04 × 1011 y, which is almost as same as t1/2 =1.28 × 109
year of K40, the t1/2 =1.3 × 1013 year of Te123 and t1/2 =1.4 × 1017 year of V50 shown in that “CARDS”. The mass defect of this process is 6.694207691 × 10-5 u. . . .
Zhang, Z.-Q., Z.-L. Zhang, and W.-S. Zhang. Are there some loose bound states of nucleus-nucleus two-body system? in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
CA=Zhang, Z.-L., CA=Zhang, W.-S.
ABSTRACT
We obtain the possible solutions of the stable Schrödinger equation with Coulomb barrier and square well potential induced by nuclear force for a two nuclei system. The wave functions, energy eigenvalues and the existence condition of the possible loose bound states of this system are given. The binding energy is few keV for ground states of some light nuclei here.
Zhong, L.X. Searching for Truth With High Expectations- 5 Year Studies on Cold Fusion in China. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Zhou, X., X.Z. Li, and B. Liu. Bethe's Calculation For Solar Energy And Selective Resonant Tunneling. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
CA=Li, X. Z., CA=Liu, B.The Selective Resonant tunneling model is compared with Bethe’s early model for the solar energy calculation. They are similar in considering the resonance effect, the weak interaction, and the assumption for nuclear potential and the Coulomb barrier in order to obtain the correct result for the energy density in the sun. However, the selectivity of resonant tunneling is new in the present selective resonant model.
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CA=Wang, X., CA=Lu, F., CA=Luo, L., CA=He, J., CA=Ding, D., CA=Menlove, H. O.Zhu, R., et al., Measurement of neutron burst production in thermal cycle of D2 absorbed titanium chips. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 349.
CA=Wang, X., CA=Lu, F., CA=Ding, D., CA=He, J., CA=Liu, H., CA=Jiang, J., CA=Chen, G., CA=Yuan, Y., CA=Yang, L., CA=Chen, Z., CA=Menlove, H. O.Zhu, S.B., J. Lee, and G.W. Robinson, Kinetic energy imbalance in inhomogeneous materials. Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989. 161: p. 249.
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CA=Lee, J., CA=Robinson, G. W.Zhu, S., et al., An investigation of cold fusion. Nucl. Techniques (China), 1993. 16(8): p. 475 (in Chinese).
CA=Xiao, X., CA=Lu, T., CA=Chen, Q., CA=Que, Z., CA=Liu, J., CA=Xie, H., CA=Sha, R., CA=Liu, F., CA=Sun, H.Ziegler, J.F., et al., Electrochemical Experiments in Cold Nuclear Fusion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1989. 62(25): p. 2929.
CA=Zabel, T. H., CA=Cuomo, J. J., CA=Brusic, V. A., CA=Cargill, III, G. S., CA=O'Sullivan, E. J., CA=Marwick, A. D.Zimmermann, G.J., Internal Friction and Modulus Behaviour of Pd-H with H-Contents Up to n=0.9. J. Less-Common Met., 1976. 49: p. 49.
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Zywocinski, A., et al., Analysis for light atoms produced in the bulk phase of a tubular palladium/ silver alloy cathode working electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 319: p. 195.
CA=Li, H. L., CA=Tuinman, A. A., CA=Campbell, P., CA=Chambers, J. Q., CA=Van Hook, W. A.Zywocinski, A., et al., Calorimetric measurements during long-term electrolysis of some LiOD solutions. Thermochim. Acta, 1992. 197: p. 277.
CA=Li, H. L., CA=Campbell, P., CA=Chambers, J. Q., CA=Van Hook, W. A.